How to make concrete

Steps
1. 1
Plan your concrete project carefully. There is a set sequence of steps you must take to
be successful, and following them will save a lot of problems later on.
2. 2
Purchase or gather the raw materials for your concrete. You will need Portland type I
or II cement, masonry or builder's sand or other clean sand, and if you want, as a filler,
gravel or crushed limestone. The Portland cement usually comes in one cubic foot bags,
weighing in at about 96 pounds each, so you may need help handling them, as well as a
truck to haul it.
3. 3
Build a mixing box, or get a good, sturdy wheel barrow to mix the materials in. If it
is a large project, rent a concrete mixer to do the hardest part of the work for you. We
have mixed as much as 6 or 8 cubic feet with a mason's hoe and shovel, in a large plastic
tub, so not having the best equipment shouldn't stop you from trying it.
4. 4
Allow yourself time to complete the whole process when you begin. If the concrete is
a large "finished" slab, start early in the morning and gather all the help you can.
5. 5
Build the form you are placing the concrete in, brace it off securely, level and plumb
it up, and then carefully measure the dimensions to determine the volume in cubic
feet. This is done by multiplying width X length X height in feet. An example would be 5
ft. X 2 ft. X .5 ft. (6 inches)= 5 cubic feet.
6. 6
Mix Portland cement and sand at a 1:2 or 1:3 ratio in your mixing container. The 1:2
ratio will yield concrete with about a 3500 pound per square inch compression stress. The
1:3 ratio will yield somewhat less than 3000 PSI, which is typical for house slabs,
footings, and sidewalks.
7. 7
Add gravel or crushed stone to the dry mixture to a ratio of as much as 5 parts
gravel to 1 part cement and sand mixture. The gravel doesn't effect the tensile strength
of the concrete unless you add so much there isn't enough cement paste to fill the voids in
the finished concrete, it merely acts as a filler, taking up space. Adding too much gravel
can make it difficult to get a smooth finished surface on the cured concrete. Normal Ratio
is 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 3 parts gravel (trade the word part for shovel, bucket,
or any other measuring device).
8. 8
Begin adding water to the mixture slowly, and while mixing continuously, until it
becomes plastic enough to place in your form. The plastic character of the concrete is
 measured in "slump", which is determined by filling a metal "slump" cone with the
mixed, wet concrete, and lifting the cone off gently, then measuring how far the concrete
sagged, or slumped. In inches, the typical "slump" of good structural concrete is about 3
or 4 inches.
9. 9
Mix the concrete until it is uniformly and thoroughly mixed, and continue mixing
for 2 or 3 more minutes to begin the process of hydration, which ultimately is what
causes the concrete to harden.
10. 10
Place the concrete in your form, tapping all the edges to remove air pockets and
settle in firmly down, then, using a magnesium float or a smooth flat board, level the
concrete across the top by dragging the tool, tilted slightly upward, across the
surface of the concrete. This is known as floating, and will float the cement paste to the
surface, giving you material which you can finish either by brushing, brooming, or
troweling when it begins to "set" or harden.
11. 11
Leave the concrete alone after you have floated it level and brought up some cement
paste, or grout as it is sometimes called, until it becomes firm enough to finish
without leaving tool marks. Doing this on a large slab or surface is done by crawling
onto the slab with the appropriate hand tools on "knee boards", or pieces of plywood that
you can walk on and not sink into the concrete. For very large slabs, you will need a "bull
float" and possibly a power troweling machine, and this is an investment that is better left
to professionals.
12. 12
Clean up all the tools and the mixing container as soon as you are finished with
them. The cured, hard concrete is difficult to remove, and take special care of any rented
equipment you use, as the rental company often will charge an additional fee for cleaning
them when you return them.
13. 13
It takes approx. 5 Bags of Portland cement, 8 cubic ft of sand, and 20 cubic ft of gravel
to make approximately 1 cubic yard (27 cubic feet) of concrete. The math does not
appear to work because the finer powder of the Portland cement fills voids in the mixture
of sand and gravel.()

Bibliography
http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Concrete. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2011, from
http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Concrete.