შემდგ. ი.

გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

Tema 7. ganaTleba

Temis Seswavlis Semdgom Tqven SeZlebT:

• SeafasoT ganaTlebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucilebloba
• axsnaT saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo funqciebi
• daaxasiaToT ganaTlebis ekonomikuri problemebi

ganaTleba aris codnis, unaris, daxelovnebis, azrovnebis kulturis, xasiaTis, da sxva

Tvisebebis swavlebisa da ganviTarebis procesi legalur saswavlo dawesebulebebSi. sas-
wavlo aqtivoba gulisxmobs codnis warmoebasa da ganawilebas, romelic tardeba regula-
rulad saswavlo institutebSi, dawesebulebebSi an sxvagan. aqcenti aseT dawesebulebebSi
gakeTebulia oficialurad miRebul saganmanaTleblo sistemaze. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom arsebiTi saswavlo procesebi mimdinareobs sxva institutebSic, rogoricaa eklesiebi,
samxedro dawesebulebebi, samoqalaqo organizaciebi, klubebi, biznes-firmebi da sxva.
ganaTlebis ekonomikis cneba dakavSirebulia ganaTlebisa da ekonomikis funqciebis
ganxorcielebasTan. igi aris codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor akeTebs arCevans adamiani da
sazogadoeba fuladi resursebiT an usasyidlod imisTvis, rom gamoiyenos SezRuduli
resursebi da ganaxorcielos sxvadasxva tipis swavleba, ganaviTaros codna, daxelovneba,
goneba, azrovneba, xasiaTi da a.S., gaanawilos swavlebis procesSi warmoebuli sulieri da
ganivTebuli dovlaTi da moixmaros igi individisa da sazogadoebis miznebis Sesabamisad.
yoveli sazogadoebis winaSe dgeba swori arCevanis gakeTebis aucilebloba SezRuduli
sawarmoo da finansuri resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva tipis swav-
lebis uzrunvelsayofad. ganaTlebis sistemis marTvis codna xels uwyobs SemoqmedebiTi
xasiaTis socialuri qmedebebis ganviTarebas. es procesi emyareba ganaTlebis ekonomikuri
Rirebulebis, misi ekonomikuri Sefasebis, masTan dakavSirebuli resursebis ganawilebis,
dagegmvisa da marTvis saxelmwifo politikisa da strategiis gansazRvras, saswavlo da
samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobisTvis aucilebeli resursebis Seqmnasa da gamoyenebas.
ganaTlebis ekonomikis obieqtia yvela saxis oficialuri skola, sadac mimdinareobs
codnis formireba, misi gamravleba da ganawileba miznobriv jgufebsa da individebs Soris.
am procesebis sazogadoebrivi regulireba xorcieldeba ganaTlebisaTvis aucilebeli
xarjebis gamoyofiT, imis gansazRvriT, Tu ramdeni unda daxarjos sazogadoebam an
saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis mimRebma subieqtma am saqmianobaze da ganaTlebis romeli
saxeobebi unda iqnes SerCeuli codnis efeqtiani warmoebisa da moxmarebisaTvis.
ganaTleba sakmaod mniSvnelovani dargia, rac ufro ganviTarebulia qveyana, miT ufro
maRalia mis mTlian Sida produqtSi ganaTlebis sferos wili. msoflio ekonomikis ganviTa-
rebasTan erTad gamovlinda yvela qveynisTvis saerTo tendencia: danaxarjebi ganaTlebis
sferoze izrdeba ufro swrafad, vidre izrdeba masSi dasaqmebulTa da moswavleTa rao-
denoba. es, uTuod dadebiTi movlenaa, Tumca misi pirdapiri ekonomikuri Sedegis dadgena
sakmaod rTulia, vinaidan igi moiTxovs ganaTlebis, rogorc saboloo produqtis raode-
nobisa da xarisxis cvlilebebis analizs da misi zegavlenis Seswavlas erovnuli ganviTa-
rebis ekonomikur da socialur procesebze.
mTliani danaxarjebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi srulad ar gamoxatavs ganaTlebaze
investiciebis cvlilebebs. amJamad farTod aris aRiarebuli, magram sakamaTod rCeba
argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, ganaTlebis xarjebis mniSvnelovani wili modis TviT saswavlo
kontingentis Semonatanebze, miuxedavad imisa, rom wignebsa da sxva saswavlo nivTebze
SesaZloa arsebobdes sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi.
saswavlo dawesebulebebis ganviTarebaze pasuxismgebeli subieqtia saxelmwifo, mag-
ram sxvadasxva qveyanaSi am pasuxismgeblobas inawileben sxvadasxva donis centraluri da
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis saxelmwifo institutebi. saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo poli-

1
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

tika xorcieldeba xelisuflebis mier, sadac sxvadasxva miznebidan gamomdinare, gansxvave-

bulia maTi maregulirebeli da makontrolebeli funqciebi da zemoqmedebis berketebi.
ganaTlebis procesi moicavs SezRuduli resursebis arsebiTi nawilis gamoyenebas,
amitom sirTuleebi warmoiqmneba mis optimalur da racionalur ganawilebasTan dakav-
SirebiT.
ganaTlebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucileblobis argumentebia:
• gare efeqtebis arseboba;
• saxelmwifos mier umciresobis uflebebis dacva;
• ganaTlebis rolis zrda demokratiis ganviTarebaSi;
• sastarto SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa;
• „saerTo Rirebulebebis“ dadgenis aucilebloba;
• ganaTlebis efeqtis gansazRvra ekonomikur zrdaze.

saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo funqciebia:

• ganaTlebis gamowvevebisa da miznebis ganxorcieleba;
• saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis warmarTva sxvadasxva doneebze;
• gansazRvrul asakamde savaldebulo ganaTlebis miRebis uzrunvelyofa;
• saswavlo gegmebisa da programebis Seqmna;
• saxelmZRvaneloebisa da saswavlo masalebis Seqmna;
• saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis dafinanseba.

ganaTlebis ekonomikuri problemebi SeiZleba daiyos xuT jgufad:

1. ganaTlebis ekonomikuri Rirebulebis gansazRvra da gazomva;
individebi da mTlianad sazogadoeba Rebuloben gadawyvetilebas ganaTlebaSi inves-
ticiebis dabandebis Sesaxeb. sasurvelia, maTi investiciebis Rirebulebis gazomva, rac
gulisxmobs saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis danaxarjebisa da ganaTlebidan miRebuli
sargeblis Sefasebas.
2. ganaTlebis resursebis ganawileba;
ganaTlebis procesi moiTxovs ganaTlebidan miRebuli Sedegebis gansazRvras masSi
dabandebuli resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis saqmianobis
efeqtianobis dadgenas, rac ekonomikuri analizis gziT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.
3. ganaTlebis dagegmva;
ganaTleba aris gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis produqti da masze xSirad ar moqmedebs
sabazro konkurencia. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs imis aucilebloba, rom dagegmva ganxor-
cieldes resursebis optimaluri gamoyenebis mizniT.
4. finansebi;
vin unda gadaixados saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis safasuri? unda gaiRos Tu ara
umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebis ganviTarebisaTvis xarjebi rogorc saxelmwifom, ise
kerZo seqtorma? ganaTlebis xarjebis ra wili unda gaiRos saxelmwifom da ra wili unda
hqondes saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis mimRebT? amasTan, Tu mizanSewonilia subsidiebis
gamoyofa ganaTlebis sferoSi, vin unda miiRos igi uSualod, saganmanaTleblo insti-
tutebma Tu studentebma, da ra formiT? es SekiTxvebi ganaTlebis dafinansebas exeba da
isini sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli gzebiT wydeba. amas emateba xelfasebis gansazRvris
problemac, romlis gadaWrac aucilebelia saganmanaTleblo institutebis marTvis efeq-
tianad ganxorcielebisaTvis.
5. zemoaRniSnuli yvela problema gardamaval periodSi saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-
lebebis sabazro relsebze gadayvanasac gulisxmobs da ganaTlebis ekonomikis specifikuri
problemebic mxolod yoveli qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis Sedegad
warmoiSva.

2
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

ramdenime mizezi Tu ratom unda Caerios saxelmwifo ganaTlebis sistemaSi?

sazogadod ganaTlebidan miRebuli sikeTe piradulia: ganaTlebuli adamiani nayofierad
muSaobs da Sesabamisad met xelfass iRebs. Tumca, piradi sargeblis garda ganaTlebas dade-
biTi gare efeqtebic axasiaTebs:
1) mcodne mosaxleoba informirebul amomrCevels niSnavs, es ki ukeTesi mTavrobis
arCevas gulisxmobs;
2) mcodne mosaxleoba aumjobesebs kriminogenul situacias;
3) ganaTlebuli sazogadoeba xels uwyobs teqnologiuri miRwevebis gavrcelebas, es
ukanaskneli ki yvelas Sromis nayofierebasa da xelfasis dones aamaRlebs.
naxazze 7.1 naCvenebia, rom moTxovnis mrudi ar asaxavs produqtis (ganaTlebis) sazo-
gadoebriv Sefasebas. imis gamo, rom ganaTlebis socialuri Rirebuleba aRemateba kerZos,
socialuri Rirebulebis mrudi da miwodebis mrudi (rac Rirebulebas asaxavs) gadaikve-
Teba. amdenad, socialurad optimaluri raodenoba metia, vidre kerZo bazris mier gansa-
zRvruli raodenoba. am SemTxvevaSi mTavrobas SeuZlia gamoasworos sabazro Cavardna
bazris monawileebis stimulirebiT, gaiTvaliswinon dadebiTi gare efeqti. imisaTvis, rom
sabazro wonasworoba sazogadoebriv optimumTan daaaxloos, dadebiT gare efeqts subsi-
direba sWirdeba, swored amitom axdens mTavroba ganaTlebis sferos subsidirebas1. sazo-
gadod uaryofiTi gare efeqti bazrebs socialurad misaRebze ufro meti raodenobis
produqtis warmoebisken ubiZgebs. dadebiTi gare efeqti bazrebs socialurad misaRebze
ufro naklebi raodenobis produqtis warmoebisken ubiZgebs. imisTvis, rom problema
moagvaros, mTavrobam unda gaiTvaliswinos gare efeqtebi im produqtebis dabegvriT, ro-
melsac uaryofiTi gare efeqti moaqvs da imis subsidirebiT, romelsac dadebiTi gare efeq-
ti moyveba (am SemTxvevaSi ganaTlebas subsidireba esaWiroeba).

განათლების დადებითი გარე ეფექტი

ფასი

. .
მიწოდება (კერძო დანახარჯები)

სოციალური ღირებულება

მოთხოვნა (კერძო ღირებულება)

Q საბაზრო Qოპტიმუმი განათლების რაოდენობა

naxazi 7.1. ganaTleba da socialuri optimumi

sajaro skolebis marTvis problemebi

keTildReobis ekonomikis mixedviT Cven viwyebT fundamenturi SekiTxviT: ratom iRebs
saxelmwifo aseT eqstensiur pasuxismgeblobas ganaTlebaze imis nacvlad, rom igi bazars
dauTmos? roca bazari ver uzrunvelyofs efeqtianad dovlaTis (produqtis) saWiro
raodenobas, maSin rodesac saubaria sazogadoebriv dovlaTze – warmoiqmneba gare
efeqtebi.
argumentebi, romlebic ganaTlebis sferoSi saxelmwifos intervencias asabuTebs eko-
nomikis efeqtianobas ukavSirdeba. keTildReobis ekonomikis mixedviT, gasaTvaliswine-
belia swavlebis erTianobis faqtoric da am TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo swavlebis argumen-

1
menqiu g., ekonomikis principebi, 2008, gv. 197-198.
3
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

tTa Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia. ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba socialuri mobilobis mniSv-

nelovani wyaroa. amrigad, ganaTleba yvela moqalaqisTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdomi.
Tu ganaTleba sazogadoebrivi produqtia, maSin saxelmwifos misi subsidireba unda
surdes. Tumca, subsidirebis sazRvrebs gavcdebiT, rodesac aRvniSnavT, rom dawyebiTi ga-
naTleba da saSualo skola aris ara marto ufaso (finansdeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier)
aramed savaldebuloc. aseTi sistema, romelic bevr qveyanaSi msgavsia, mxolod efeqtia-
nobis safuZvelze ar aris racionaluri. ufro metic, ra aris iseTi gansakuTrebuli ganaT-
lebaSi, rac mTavrobas aiZulebs, ara mxolod uzrunvelyos, aramed awarmoos kidec igi?
erT-erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo ganaTleba adamianur kapitals qmnis da amave dros
adamianebs arsebuli politikuri sistemis rwmenas unergavs. adamiani sakuTar adamianur ka-
pitalze zrunavs, Tumca politikuri sistemis mimarT rwmenidan pirad sargebels ar iRebs.
kerZo skolebi ki imiT konkurireben, rom sakuTar resursebs moswavlis adamianuri kapi-
talis formirebas axmaren. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, arsebuli demokratiuli procesebis mi-
marTulebiT saxelmwifoebrivi erTgulebis formireba ufro martivad xorcieldeba sa-
xelmwifo saskolo sistemaSi, romelic konkurenciisgan daculia.
saxelmwifo ganaTlebis Taobaze arsebuli debatebis mTavari sakiTxia is, Tu ramdenad
sakmarisia masze gaweuli danaxarjebi. sainteresoa amaRlebs Tu ara maRali danaxarji ga-
naTlebis xarisxs?
saboloo jamSi Cven vzrunavT ara ganaTlebaze gaweul danaxarjze, rogorc aseTze,
aramed im Sedegebze, romlebsac moswavle ganaTlebis saSualebiT aRwevs. amdenad, gvesaWi-
roeba im urTierTobebis codna, romelic Sesyidul sawarmoo saSualebebsa da warmoebuli
ganaTlebis masStabs Soris arsebobs. ganaTlebis sxvadasxva saSualebaTa gamoyenebis do-
neebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis (maswavlebelTa gamocdileba wlebis mixedviT, maswav-
lebelTa raodenoba TiToeul moswavleze da a.S.) Sefaseba sakmao sirTuleebTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. sirTulis nawili `ganaTlebis~ Sedegis gansazRvras ukavSirdeba, mis Sefasebaze
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT.
adamianuri kapitalis zrdis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba sagamocdo testis qulebi, das-
wrebis Canawerebi, garicxulTa raodenoba, maRal kursebze swavlis gagrZelebis msurvelTa
raodenoba da Sromis bazris iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa umuSevrobis done da Semosav-
lis done. hanuSekma [2002] im urTierTobis 376 statistikuri Sefaseba gamoikvlia, romelic
sawarmoo saSualebaTa gamoyenebisa da ganaTlebis donis Sefasebis sxvadasxva meqanizms So-
ris arsebobs. sawarmoo saSualebebSi Sedis maswavlebeli/moswavlis proporcia, maswavleb-
lis ganaTleba, gamocdileba, xelfasi da TiToeul moswavleze danaxarji. igi gasaocar das-
kvnamde mivida: monacemebis mixedviT, erT moswavleze gaweuli Sroma misi ganaTlebis
xarisxze ar moqmedebs. daskvna mainc winaaRmdegobrivia (Sanderi, 1993). Cndeba aseTi kiTxva:
rogor davTvaloT danaxarji, romelic unarSezRuduli bavSvebis SedarebiT mcire jgufze
iqna gaweuli – danaxarji gamoxatuli unda iyos fulis saxiT, romelic saSualod moswav-
leze daixarja?
mecnierebi fiqroben, rom skolebis avkargianobis Sesaxeb `mtkicebulebis yvelaze
swori interpretacia aris is, rom zogierTi skola efeqtianad moixmars resursebs, magram
es skolebi im skolebiTaa dabalansebuli, romlebic amas ver axerxeben~. aseve, `ver viwinas-
warmetyvelebT romeli skola iqneba efeqtiani, Tu ubralod CavixedavT maT xelT arsebuli
ganaTlebis saSualebaTa nusxaSi. igive marTebulia maswavleblebis SemTxvevaSi – miuxedavd
imisa, rom direqtori yovelTvis `karg~ maswavlebels (maswavleblebi, romelTa moswavle-
ebic karg Sedegebs uCveneben) arCevs, mopovebuli akademiuri xarisxis an maswavleblis ga-
mocdilebis wlebis mixedviT kargi da cudi maswavleblis identificireba Zneldeba~ [hanu-
Seki, 2002, gv.46].
klasSi moswavleTa raodenobis Seswavlam gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi Sedegi gamoiRo.
rogorc aRmoCnda, sxva faqtorebs Soris, igi akademiur moswrebaze ar moqmedebs. saswavlo

4
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

Sedegis Sefasebis pirobiTi berketebis pirobebSi 20 moswavlisgan Sedgenil klasSi swav-

leba 30 moswavlianTan SedarebiT ar aris ufro efeqtiani.
Carteruli skolebi. Tu ganaTlebaze danaxarjis gazrda situacias ar aumjobesebs, ra
berketis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli? ekonomistebi fiqroben, rom problemuri bazari gaum-
jobesdeba, Tu igi konkurentul garemos SeuerTdeba. es marTebulia im debatebis SemTxve-
vaSic, romlebic Seexeba qveynis skolebSi gasatarebel RonisZiebebs. zogierTi ekonomisti
amtkicebs, rom swavlis xarisxi gaumjobesdeba, Tu skolebi moswavleTa mozidvisTvis kon-
kurirebas daiwyeben. es aris Carteruli skolis motivaciis erTi mxare. aRniSnuli skola
saxelmwifoa da saxelmwifo Carteris qveS funqcionirebs, ris gamoc saTanado standarts
icavs, Tumca aqvs eqsperimentis Catarebis uflebac, aseve garkveuli Tavisufleba xarjvis
da personalis daqiravebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. magaliTi arsebobs arizonas
StatSi, sadac Carteruli skola arCevanis mravalferovnebas da mSobelTa kmayofilebas
zrdis. Catarda ekonometrikuli kvlevebi, romlebic amtkicebs, rom Tu sajaro skola kon-
kurirebs Carterul skolasTan, maSin sajaro skolebSi swavlis xarisxi umjobesdeba. ana-
logiuri Sedegebi aCvena miCiganis StatSi Catarebulma kvlevebma. faqtobrivad danaxarje-
bis zrdis gareSe konkurenciis Sedegad amaRlda swavlebis xarisxi orive saxeobis skolaSi.
vauCerebi. bolo periodSi didi yuradReba eqceva gegmebs, romelTa mizani arCevanis
SesaZleblobis mniSvnelovani gazrdis safuZvelze sajaro skolebis xarisxis amaRlebaa,
rac vauCeruli sistemis farglebSi unda ganxorcieldes. ZiriTadi principia moswavleTa
da ara pirdapir skolis finansuri daxmareba. TiToeul moswavles miecema saswavlo vauCe-
ri, romelic misi ojaxis mier nebismieri maRali xarisxis skolis SerCevisTanave ganaRddeba.
Teoriis mixedviT, ganaTlebis bazarze konkurenciis efeqti iseve sasargeblo iqneba,
rogorc sxva bazrebze. dabali xarisxis skolebSi SemsvlelTa ricxvi Semcirdeba da isini
daixureba. Sedegad ki maswavleblis Sesaxeb moswavleTa da mSobelTa Sexeduleba, romelic
saxelmwifo saskolo sistemis mier met-naklebad ignorirebulia, cud maswavlebelTa das-
jis safuZveli gaxdeba. swavlidan gadasaxadis miRebis SesaZlebloba mewarmeebs waaxali-
sebT, axali skolebi im adgilebSi Camoayalibon, sadac arsebuli skolebi dabali xarisxisaa.
es scenari WeSmaritebasTan sakmaod axlos dgas. mogebaze orientirebulma kompania
𝐸𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡-ma ukve daaarsa 149 skola 84 aTasi moswavliT, romelTac ZiriTadad sajaro
sabWosTan aqvT kontraqti dadebuli.
aseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba uamravi sakiTxis gadawyvetas moiTxovs. ra masStabis Tavi-
sufleba aqvs skolas saswavlo gegmis Camoyalibebisas? SeuZlia, Tu ara skolas rekomenda-
ciis armqone maswavleblebis daqiraveba? ra kriteriumiT unda miiRos skolam moswavleebi
Tu bevri msurvelia? SeuZliaT Tu ara mSoblebs, damatebiTi resursebi gadascen skolas,
romelsac isini airCeven, Tu es arRvevs Tanaswori ganaTlebis standarts? ra wyarodan Se-
ityoben moswavleTa ojaxebi skolis arCevisas sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb?
bazarze orientirebuli sqemebis kritikosebi bevr prezumcias uaryofen. maTgan Ziri-
Tadia is, rom momxmareblebi ganaTlebis bazris Taobaze kargad informirebulni ar arian;
amdenad, konkurenciis Sedegi namdvilad ar iqneba damakmayofilebeli. am mosazrebis momx-
reni mianiSneben saeWvo reputaciis profesiul-teqnikuri saswavleblebis momravlebaze,
romlebic im studentebze `nadiroben~, vinc studentur sesxs an vauCers miiRebs. isini
amtkiceben, rom Camoyalibdeba tendencia, romlis mixedviTac, SedarebiT karg students,
romelic ufro susts ukan Camoitovebs, vauCeriT sargeblobis ufleba miecema, rac mas da-
bali xarisxis skolisgan daicavs. studentis ganaTlebis xarisxi nawilobriv misi Tanato-
lis imave maCvenebelzea damokidebuli. swored amitom susti studenti iZulebuli iqneba,
ufro dabali xarisxis skolaSi iswavlos, vidre vauCeruli sistemis danergvamde iswavlida.
marTlac, rodesac CileSi ramdenime wlis win vauCeruli sistema dainerga, aRmoCnda, rom
sajaro skolidan maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone bevri studenti gamovida [𝐿𝑎𝑑𝑑, 2002, 19].
amis pasuxad arCevanis momxreebi SeniSnaven, rom xarjebis mniSvnelovani zrdis miu-
xedavad, sajaro skolis xarisxi aSS-Si TandaTan iklebs. SesaZloa adamiani Raribi iyos, mag-

5
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

ram SvilebisTvis SesaZleblobaTa moZieba surdes. dRes mraval qveyanaSi skolebSi vau-
Ceruli sistemis danergvis mimarTulebiT eqsperimentebi tardeba.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis subsidirebis erT-erTi racionaluri mxarea is, rom igi gare
efeqts warmoSobs. es argumenti dawyebiTi da saSualo swavlebis SemTxvevaSi sakmaod dama-
jerebelia. aseTi sistema ara mxolod zrdis individis Sromisunarianobas, aramed amcirebs
danaSauls, wvlili Seaqvs ganaTlebuli da informirebuli mosaxleobis formirebaSi, rac
aucilebelia Tanamedrove demokratiis Tavisufali funqcionirebisTvis.
zogierTi amtkicebs, rom unda moxdes kolejSi swavlebis subsidireba, radgan igi
zrdis mwarmoeblurobas. marTlac, sajaro kolejebi da universitetebi moqmedi subsi-
diebis saxiT saxelmwifosa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisagan wliurad daaxloebiT 50
mlrd aSS dolars iReben. is rom koleji zrdis mwarmoeblurobas, SesaZloa WeSmaritebac
iyos. magram vidre kolejis kursdamTavrebulis Semosavali mis mwarmoeblurobas asaxavs,
garegani efeqti faqtobrivad ar xorcieldeba, kolejis kursdamTavrebulTa Semosavali
mniSvnelovnad maRalia maTi Tanatolebis Semosavalze, romelTac koleji ar daumTav-
rebiaT. SromiTi resursebis ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi skolaSi
ganaTlebis miRebis TiToeuli weli wliur Semosavals 5-11%-iT zrdis. imisaTvis, rom gare
efeqtis argumenti damajerebeli iyos, individma unda daamtkicos, rom mwarmoeblurobis
Sedegi am diferencirebas aWarbebs.
es mtkicebulebac ki ver asabuTebs mimdinare programis formas, romelic yvela uf-
lebamosili studentis subsidirebas erTi da imave ganakveTiT axorcielebs. aris Tu ara
kolejis treningis Sedegad miRebuli yvela saxis gare efeqti Tanaswori - axorcieleben Tu
ara erTnair gare efeqts xelovnebis istoria, buRalteria, samdicino kursebi? Tu ase ar
aris, maSin efeqtianoba maT gansxvavebuli ganakveTiT subsidirebas moiTxovs.
arsebobs dakvirveba, rom subsidiebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi kolejSi studentTa
Semcirebuli odenoba swavlobs. es SesaZloa asec iyos, Tumca subsidiis racionalobas ar
asabuTebs. Tu subsidias iRebs axalgazrda, romelsac surs avtoSemkeTebeli saamqros gax-
sna, maSin subsidiebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi saamqroebis odenobac Semcirdeba. ratom unda
vepyrobodeT gansxvavebulad potenciur manqanis meqanikossa da potenciur klasikoss?
zogierTi amtkicebs, rom kolejis studentebisTvis saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili
subsidiebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze mtkivneuli dartyma SedarebiT Raribi oja-
xidan gamosul students miadgeba, radgan misTvis kerZo seqtoridan sesxis aReba gansakuT-
rebiT Zneli iqneba. metad rTulia adamianuri kapitalis investirebisTvis aucilebeli ses-
xisTvis giraos uzrunvelyofa; amdenad, aseTi sesxebis bazarTa materializacia SeuZle-
belia. bazris ararsebobiT gamowveuli problemis gamosworeba SeiZleba, Tu saxelmwifo
xelmisawvdoms gaxdis sesxebs sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTiT. ar arsebobs efeqtianobis
safuZveli, romelic daasabuTebda sargeblis ganakveTis subsidirebis racionalobas, Tu
ar ganxorcieldeba dadebiTi gare efeqti.
keTildReobis ekonomika aRiarebs, rom araefeqtiani programa SesaZloa dasabuTdes,
Tu igi ganawilebis `sasurvel~ Sedegs qmnis. kolejis studentebisTvis minWebuli subsidia
misTvis gadamxdelis, rogorc mTliani jgufis, transfertia. Tu students SevxedavT,
rogorc im ojaxis nawils, romelSic igi gaizarda, maSin marTla davinaxavT, rom saswavlo
daxmarebis programebi Semosavlis Tanasworobas zrdis. federaluri daxmarebis miRebis
albaToba ojaxis Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad iklebs. Tumca, rodesac kolejSi Semsvlel-
TaTvis tardeba swavlebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb statistikuri analizi, romelic student-
Ta SesaZleblobis Sefasebas iTvaliswinebs, swavlebis gadasaxadisa da ojaxis Semosavlis
mniSvneloba arsebiTad mcirdeba.
subsidirebuli sesxebi da pirdapiri grantebi studentebisa da kolejebisTvis didi
daxmarebaa. maT SenarCunebas orive maTYgani intensiurad lobirebs. gare efeqtis arsebobis
damajerebeli mtkicebulebis gareSe ki sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTlianis sargebeli
bundovania.

6
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

saqarTveloSi ganaTleba saxelmwifos erT-erTi prioritetia. saxelmwifom 2015 wli-

dan ufaso swavlebas uzrunvelyofs 21 specialobis mixedviT. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis,
mecnierebis, kulturisa da sportis saministro mowodebulia, sazogadoebis monawileobiT
Camoayalibos Tanamedrove da inovaciuri saganmanaTleblo da samecniero garemo. es garemo
efuZneba arCevanis Tavisuflebisa da TanamSromlobis, samarTliani konkurenciisa da Tana-
bari SesaZleblobebis, samoqalaqo erTianobisa da kulturuli TviTmyofadobis pativis-
cemis principebs da xels uwyobs adamianebs, SeiZinon da ganaviTaron socialuri warmate-
bisa da TviTrealizebisTvis saWiro codna da unarebi. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi mimdina-
reobs umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebis akreditaciisa da avtorizaciis procesi gamkac-
rebuli kriteriumebiT.

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema asaxulia mocemul sqemaze 7.1.1:

saqarTvelos kanoni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia 2004 wlis 21 dekembers)

gansazRvravs saqarTveloSi umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis saganmanaTleb-
lo da samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis process, umaRlesi ganaTlebis
marTvisa da dafinansebis principebsa da wess, aseve umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-
lebis dafuZnebis, saqmianobis, reorganizaciisa da likvidaciis wess, avtorizaciisa da
akreditaciis principebs.

1
https://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=131&lang=geo
7
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTleba sami safexurisgan Sedgeba: bakalavriati, magis-

tratura da doqtorantura.
umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi erTi saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi saganma-
naTleblo programa moicavs saSualod 60 kredits. swavlebis pirveli safexuris (baka-
lavriati) saganmanaTleblo programa Sedgeba aranakleb 240 kreditisgan.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirveli safexuri SeiZleba moicavdes maswavleblis momzade-
bis saganmanaTleblo programas. bakalavriatSi swavlis ufleba aqvs mxolod sruli zoga-
di ganaTlebis damadasturebeli saxelmwifo sertifikatis mflobels an masTan gaTanabre-
bul pirs. meore safexuris (magistratura) saganmanaTleblo programa moicavs aranakleb
120 kredits. magistraturaSi swavlis ufleba aqvs aranakleb bakalavris an mas-
Tan gaTanabrebuli akademiuri xarisxis mqone pirs.
samedicino/stomatologiuri ganaTlebis programa aris erTsafexuriani umaRle-
si saganmanaTleblo programa, romelic mTavrdeba diplomirebuli medikosis/stomato-
logis akademiuri xarisxis miniWebiT.
diplomirebuli medikosis 360-kreditiani an diplomirebuli stomatologis 300-kre-
ditiani saganmanaTleblo programis gavlis Sedegad miniWebuli akademiuri xarisxi gaTa-
nabrebulia magistris akademiur xarisxTan. swavlebis mesame safexuri (doqtorantura)
Sedgeba aranakleb 180 kreditisagan. doqtoranturaSi swavlis ufleba aqvs aranakleb
magistris an masTan gaTanabrebuli akademiuri xarisxis mqone pirs.
swavlis yoveli safexuris gavlis Semdeg gaicema saTanado diplomi. umaRlesi sagan-
manaTleblo dawesebuleba uflebamosilia saganmanaTleblo programis nawilis gavlis
SemTxvevaSi mianiWos students Sualeduri kvalifikacia. Sualeduri kvalifikaciis mini-
Weba dasaSvebia Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo programis nawilis gavlisTvis dadgenili
swavlis Sedegebis miRwevis Semdeg, romelic ar SeiZleba iyos saganmanaTleblo programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli kreditebis naxevarze naklebi

umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis saxeebi

saqarTveloSi moqmedebs sami saxis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba:
▪ universiteti – umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba, romelic axorcielebs
samive safexuris umaRles saganmanaTleblo programebs da samecniero kvlevebs
▪ saswavlo universiteti – umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba, romelic axor-
cielebs umaRles saganmanaTleblo programas/programebs (garda doqtoranturisa).
saswavlo universiteti aucileblad axorcielebs meore safexuris – magistraturis
– saganmanaTleblo programas/programebs.
▪ koleji – umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba, romelic axorcielebs akademi-
uri umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxolod pirveli safexuris saganmanaTleblo programas.
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis statusis mopoveba da Sesabamisi sagan-
manaTleblo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebebis avtorizaciis debulebiT dadgenili wesiT avtorizaciis gavlis SemTxvevaSi.
avtorizacia aris umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis statusis mopovebis
procedura, romlis mizania saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli ganaTlebis damadasturebeli
dokumentis gasacemad Sesabamisi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli standar-
tebis dakmayofilebis uzrunvelyofa. avtorizacias axorcielebs ganaTlebis xarisxis
ganviTarebis erovnuli centri saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis avtorizaciis debu-
lebiT dadgenili wesiT. saxelmwifo aRiarebs mxolod akreditebuli da an masTan gaTanab-
rebuli umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis mier gacemul diploms1.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problemaa universitetebisa
da saxelmwifos urTierTdamokidebuleba. yvela qveyanaSi daoben imis Taobaze, Tu ra uf-

1
https://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=131&lang=geo
8
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

lebebiT unda sargeblobdnen avtonomiuri umaRlesi saswavleblebi da saxelmwifom unda

marTos Tu ara isini standartebiT.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelmwifom unda misces umaRles saswavleblebs TviTmar-
Tvis ufleba, radgan saswavlo dawesebulebis ganviTareba saganmanaTleblo standartebis
dacviT efeqtiania maSin, roca mas aqvs instituciuri damoukidebloba. es ki saSualebas
miscems mas gadawyvetilebis miRebis efeqtiani meqanizmis gziT gansazRvros cvlilebebi
saswavlo procesSi, magram rodesac saqme exeba akademiuri standartebis dacvas, saxelm-
wifom iuridiulad unda akontrolos damoukidebeli saswavleblebi.
2020 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs 31 universiteti, 21
saswavlo universiteti, 4 koleji da 8 marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi
saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba1.
saqarTvelos kanoni profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia 2007 wlis 28 marts)
adgens saqarTveloSi profesiuli saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis pirobebs,
gansazRvravs profesiuli ganaTlebis saxeebs, safexurebsa da dafinansebis principebs. am
dokumentis Sesabamisad gansazRvrulia profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis ori
saxe: profesiuli koleji da sazogadoebrivi.
profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba/koleji – iuridiuli piri, romelic uf-
lebamosilia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT ganaxorcielos profesiuli
saganmanaTleblo programebi, mokle ciklis saganmanaTleblo programebi, profesiuli
momzadebis programebi, profesiuli gadamzadebis programebi da saxelmwifo enaSi mom-
zadebis programebi2.
profesiuli koleji aris profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba, romelic
axorcielebs mxolod pirveli sami safexuris profesiul saganmanaTleblo programebs.
sazogadoebrivi koleji axorcielebs yvela safexuris profesiul saganmanaT-
leblo programebs, agreTve mosamzadebel zogadsaganmanaTleblo, qarTuli enisa da
liberaluri ganaTlebis saganmanaTleblo programebs (ix. sqema 7.1).
2020 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs 18 avtorizebuli sa-
xelmwifo sazogadoebrivi/profesiuli koleji, 7 saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT
dafuZnebuli koleji da 41 avtorizebuli kerZo profesiuli/sazogadoebrivi koleji.
saqarTveloSi am sistemis erT-erTi gamowvevaa profesiuli saganmanTleblo dawe-
sebulebebis Tanamedrove infrastruqturiT, materialur-teqnikuri baziT aRWurva, rac
umniSvnelovanesia studentebis mosamzadeblad realuri samuSao garemos Sesabamisad,
Tanamedrove an momavalSi saWiro teqnologiebisa da moTxovnebis mixedviT.
saqarTvelos kanoni „mecnierebis, teqnologiebisa da maTi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb“
(miRebulia 1994 wlis 22 noembers) qmnis mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis ganviTarebis
sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis samarTlebriv safuZvels, rac qveynis inteleqtualuri da
teqnologiuri progresis da keTildReobis sawindaria.
saxelmwifo aRiarebs, rom samecniero-teqnologiuri progresi sazogadoebis ganvi-
Tarebis, mosaxleobis keTildReobisa da sulieri aRmavlobis erT-erTi mTavari faqtoria
da xelSemwyob pirobebs uqmnis qveynis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobaTa gamovlenas da
ekonomikis winsvlas. igi uzrunvelyofs humanitarul, sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikur
mecnierebaTa, rogorc erovnuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis ganuyofel nawilTa, ganviTa-
rebas da samecniero kvlevas SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis formad miiCnevs.
ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebisTvis mowinave qveynebSi cdiloben biznesSi da-
saqmebuli mkvlevarebis wilis zrdas. ase, magaliTad, „ek 27-Si mkvlevarTa 45%-ia dasaq-
mebuli kerZo seqtorSi aSS-Si es maCvenebeli 78%-ia, CineTSi - 62%, xolo iaponiaSi - 74%“3.

1
https://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=1855&lang=geo
2
https://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=215&lang=geo
3 Support for continued data collection and analysis concerning mobility patterns and career paths of researchers,

Deliverable 8 – Final report MORE2 Prepared for: European Commission Research Directorate-General Directorate B –
9
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 7

aseve, „samuSao ZalaSi evrokavSirSi yovel 100 kacze 6 mkvlevaria, roca igive maCvenebeli
aSS-Si aris 9, xolo iaponiaSi – 11. zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba umaRles ganaTlebaze
gaweuli danaxarjebis wili, rac evrokavSirSi saSualod mSp-is 1,3%-ia, aSS-Si - 2,7%, xolo
iaponiaSi - 1,5%“1.
TemaSi ganxiluli maCveneblebi da saTanado statistikuri informacia SesaZlebelia
ixiloT saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris veb-gverdze (www.geostat.ge).

ZiriTadi terminebi:
ganaTleba Carteruli skolebi
vauCeri sajaro skolebi
umaRlesi ganaTleba profesiuli ganaTleba

SekiTxvebi gameorebisTvis:
1. SeafaseT ganaTlebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucilebloba;
2. axseniT saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo funqciebi;
3. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT ganaTleba da socialuri optimumi;
4. daaxasiaTeT ganaTlebis ekonomikuri problemebi;
5. daaxasiaTeT sajaro skolebis marTvis problemebi;
6. isaubreT umaRlesi ganaTlebis marTvis problemebze.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. maRlakeliZe S., saxelmwifos roli ganaTlebaSi, http://videochannel.iliauni.edu.ge
2. menqiu g., ekonomikis principebi, 2008, gv. 197-198.
3. rouzeni h.s., sajaro finansebi, tomi pirveli, Tb., 2006, gv. 77-84; 115-117.
4. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Supporting
growth and jobs – an agenda for the modernization of Europe's higher education systems {SEC(2011) 1063 final}.
Brussels, 20.9.2011, COM(2011) 567 final. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0567&from=EN გვ. 2;8.
5. Support for continued data collection and analysis concerning mobility patterns and career paths of researchers,
Deliverable 8 – Final report MORE2 Prepared for: European Commission Research Directorate-General Directorate B
– European Research Area, Brussels, August 2013, გვ.7
https://cdn4.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/policy_library/final_report_0.pdf
6. www.geostat.ge
7. www.mes.gov.ge
8. http://literatura.mcvane.ge/main/literatura/biografia/317

European Research Area, Brussels, August 2013, გვ.7

https://cdn4.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/policy_library/final_report_0.pdf
1 COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Supporting
growth and jobs – an agenda for the modernization of Europe's higher education systems {SEC(2011) 1063 final}.
Brussels, 20.9.2011, COM(2011) 567 final. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0567&from=EN გვ. 2;8.

10