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Source of Acquisition

NASA Washington, D. C.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AWO S PACE ADMINISTRATION


OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546
PREFACE

The intent 'of this document is to provide a


current description of the Skylab Experiment Program to
a level of detail adequate for a general understanding
of program rationale and experiment operation. The
major research areas of Life Sciences, Solar Physics,
Earth Observations, Astrophysics, Material Science and
Manufacturing in Space, and Engineering and Technology
are outlined, relating disciplinary goals and past
accomplishments to t he Skylab Experiment Program.
Appended to these overall disciplinary chapters are
descriptions of the individual experiments, including
experiment objectives, relation to discipline, hardware
description, and operational protocol.
Ths Skylab Exps~im@n%h o g r m 2.

Appandix
Append5%

Appendix III

Appendix Bone
~078 23
Appendix

Appendix
Appendix @ytogeiplet$cS t u d i e s sf the Blood,
mx * 31

Appendix 8nd Wdd Cb%l Lf%8


Blood 9a"0l~@
Span, mf3 36

XII

Appendix
Appendix
Title

Appendix XV Metabolic Activity, Ml71


Appendix XVI Body Mas8 Measurement, MI72
Appendix XVXI E f f e c t s of Zero-g on Single
Human Cells, SO15
Appendix XVIII Circadian Rhythm - Pocket Mfce,
so71
Appendix XLX Circadian Rhythm - Vinegar
Gnat, SO72

Chapter Three S o l a r Physics

Appendix I X-Ray/tTV S o l a r Photography ,


SO20
Appendix I1 The H-Alpha Telescopes
Appendix I11 White Light Coronagraph, SO52
~ d p e n idx IV X-Ray Spectrographic Telescope,
SO54
Appendix V W Scanning Polychromtor
Spectrohelimeter, SO55
Appendix VS Dual X-Ray Telescopes, SO56
Append 3.x VII XW Spectrograph/Spectrohelf o-
graph, SO82

Chapter Four Earth Observations


(r

Appendix I Multispectral Photographic


F a c i l i t y , S190
Appendix I1 Infrared Spectrometer, Sl91

Appendix I11 Multispectral Scanner, Sl92


iii
Title

Appendix

Appendix L-Band Microwave Radiometer,


sag4 115

Chapter Five Astrophysics 117


8

Append ix Nuclear Emulsion, SO09 121


R

Appendix UV S t e l l a r Astronomy, SO19 125


Appendix W Airglow Horizon Photography,
so63 128
Appendix Gegenscheinhodiacal L i g h t ,
so73 131
Appendix P a r t i c l e Collection, Sl4g 133
Appendix VI Galactic X-Ray Mapping, S150 136
Appendix VII W Panorama, 8183 139

Chapter Six Material Science and Manu-


f a c t u r i n g i n Space 142

Appendix Zero Gravity Flammability,


n479 144
Appendix Materials Processing Fac%Zity,
M512 147
Appendix 11% Metals Melting, M551 150
Appendix IV Exothermic Brazing, M552 153
Appendix V Sphere Forming, M553 3.56
Appendix VI Composite Casting, M554 159
Appendix VII @aAs Crystal Growth, M555 162
Title
Chapter Seven h g i n e e r i n g and Tec%mo%ogy
Experiment8 165

Append i.x Mdiadion i n Spacecraft, 1x108 168


Append Ax The'p?m%Control Coat%nas,
W24 17-1
1
Appendix 3. C o n t ~ o 1Coatings,
~43.5 3.75
Appendix Hsebitabil$ty/Crew Quarters,
MU7
Append %x Astronaut Mneuvering Equip-
ment, Mi509 181
Append l x Crew Act%vitiespE4aintenance,
~53.6 3-85
Append i x P%anaaa%Navigation Sfghtings,
"roo2 3.88
Appendix I n f l i g h t A ~ P O S QAnalysis,
~
,
-. TO03 . 193-
Appendix Grewflehic3-e Disturbances,
920x3 . . 3.94
Appendix Foot-Controlled hnuevering
g]rra%.t, TO20 3-98
Appendix
Append %x Coromgraph ContaminatLon
Measurements, TO25 204
Apperndf x ATM Condadnation Measurements,
~027 208
CHAPTER ONE
THE SKYLAB EXPERIMEDTT PROGRAM

INTRODUCTION
The Skylab Program c a p i t a l i z e s on t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s
and r e s o u r c e s developed i n t h e Apollo Program t o accomplish
s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n o l o g i c a l and biomedical i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n
space, expanding t h e s c i e n t i f i c knowledge of our e a r t h and t h e
surrounding u n i v e r s e . I n a d d i t i o n , Skylab w i l l b u i l d a foun-
d a t i o n of knowledge a g a i n s t which t h e United S t a t e s can decide
on t h e f u t u r e cours~eof manned e x p l o r a t i o n beyond t h e e a r t h -
moon system.
The b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s of t h e Skylab Program a r e :
S c i e n t i f i c Investigation i n Earth Orbit - S c i e n t i f i c
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e a s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n of t h e s k y l a b missions.
The i n f o r m a t i o n received from t h e s e s c i e n t i f i c experiments w i l l
s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e man's k ~ o w l e d g eof t h e sun and b r i n g
c l o s e t h e day when he can understand t h e remarkable p h y s i c a l
phenomena e v i d e n t t h e r e and t h e e f f e c t of t h e s e phenomena on
man's e x i s t e n c e on e a r t h . Astronomical and space p h y s i c s
experiments w i l l be conducted i n a d d i t i o n t o s e v e r a l b i o l o g i c a l
experiments. Advances i n knowledge concerning t h e u n i v e r s e , t h e
space environment and t h e phenomena t h a t e x i s t i n t h e s o l a r
system and t h e e f f e c t of t h e environment of man on e a r t h a r e
foreseen.
E a r t h Observations from O r b i t - Skylab experiments
f o r e a r t h r e s o u r c e s s t u d y w i l l use remote s e n s i n g techniques t o
g a t h e r d a t a f o r use by e x p e r t s studying oceanography, water
management, a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , geology, geography and
ecology. The o r b i t a l p a t h of Skylab f l i g h t s w i l l permit e a r t h
r e s o u r c e s survey coverage of t h e e n t i r e contiguous United S t a t e s
and much of t h e world.
Long Duration Space F l i g h t s of' Men and Systems - The
unique c a p a b i l i t i e s of man a s a p a r t i c i p a n t i n space f l i g h t
a c t i v i t i e s w i l l be e v a l u a t e d . H a b i t a b i l i t y , biomedical,
b e h a v i o r a l and work e f f e c t i v e n e s s experiments w i l l be performed.
The l i f e of systems and subsystems of space v e h i c l e s w i l l be
measured by techniques developed i n Skylab f l i g h t s .
I n t h e f i r s t Skylab f l i g h t t h e e f f e c t s of prolonged
w e i g h t l e s s n e s s on man's h e a l t h and behavior w i l l be i n v e s t i g a t e d
as w e l l a s h i s a b i l i t y t o c a r r y o u t h i s v a r i o u s d u t i e s . T h i s
f i r s t mission w i l l l a s t up t o 28 day's o r twice t h e d u r a t i o n of
e x i s t i n g experience. The second and t h i r d Skylab f l i g h t s a r e
planned t o l a s t up t o 56 days, approaching t h e crew c y c l e s of
a space s t a t i o n o r space b a s e .
E f f e c t i v e ~ c o n o m i c a lAmroach
. .. t o Develo~ment* of a '
B a s i s f o r P o t e n t L a l F u t u r e space Frograms - Skylab m i s s i o n s
w i l l prbvi.de t h e development of t h e c a p a b i l i t y f o r man t o
o p e r a t e i n space f o r i n c ~ e a s i n ~ ll oy n g e r p e r i o d s of time. The
b a s i s f o r f u t u r e long-duration space s t a t i o n design and devel-
opment w i l l be explored and e v a l u a t e d on t h e s e missions.
MISSIONS
The Skylab v e h i c l e w i l l ,operate i n space f o r
approximately e i g h t months d u r i n g 'which time t h e r e w i l l be
t h r e e manned missions and two p e r i o d s of unmanned o p e r a t i o n
The f i r s t manned mission w i l l begin w i t h two launches
from t h e Kennedy Space C e n t e r ' s Launch Complex 39. The f i r s t
lauhch, which i s unmanned, w i l l use a two-stage S a t u r n V
b o o s t e r . I t s payload w i l l be Skylab which c o n s i s t s of t h e
O r b i t a l Workshop, t h e Airlook Module, t h e M u l t i p l e Docking
Adapter, t h e Apollo Telescope Mount, and an Instrument Unit
A shroud w i l l cover t h e payload during a s c e n t t o o r b i t ,

Skylab w i l l be i n s e r t e d i n t o a n e a r - c i r c u l a r o r b i t a t
an a l t i t u d e of 235 n a u t i c a l miles w i t h a nominal o r b i t i n c l i n -
a t i o n of 50 degrees t o t h e E a r t h ' s e q u a t o r . The second launch
w l l l occur t h e day f o l l o w i n g t h e Skylab launch, and w i l l use
a S a t u r n IB t o boost t h e Command and S e r v i c e Module (CSM)
and i t s crew of t h r e e a s t r o n a u t s i n t o a n i n t e r i m e l l i p t i c a l
o r b i t from which i t w i l l t r a n s f e r t o t h e Skylab o r b i t and w i l l
rendezvous w i t h Skylab and dock t o ' t h e a x i a l p o r t of t h e
M u l t i p l e Docking Adapter. The crew w i l l e n t e r and a c t i v a t e
Skylab f o r h a b i t a t i o n .
For t h e 28 days of t h e f i r s t manned mission, t h e crew
i n Skylab w i l l conduct t h e experiment program and w i l l e v a l u a t e
t h e h a b i t a b i l i t y of Skylab. A t t h e end of t h e mission t h e crew
w i l l p r e p a r e Skylab f o r unmanned o p e r a t i o n , and then t r a n s f e r
t o t h e CSM and s e p a r a t e from Skylab. Using t h e S e r v i c e Module
p r o p u l s i o n system, t h e d e o r b i t d e c l e r a t i o n maneuver w i l l be
performed followed by s e p a r a t i o n of t h e Command Module from
t h e S e r v i c e Module, and atmospheric e n t r y and p a r a c h u t e des-
c e n t of t h e Command Module t o a splashdown i n t h e west A t l a n t i c
recovery a r e a .
The second manned mission w i l l s t a r t with a n o t h e r
S a t u r n I B launch approximately 60 days a f t e r r e t u r n of t h e
f i r s t crew. O r b i t i n s e r t i o n , rendezvous and doaking proce-
dures w i l l be s i m i l a r t o t h e previous f l i g h t . The a c t i v i t i e s
performed by t h e crew a f t e r t r a n s f e r t o Skylab w i l l be s i m i l a r
t o t h o s e i n t h e p r e v i o u s m i s s i o n . The mission d u r a t i o n w i l l be
i n c r e a s e d Go 56 days w i t h recovery a g a i n i n t h e west A t l a n t i c .
Launch of t h e t h i r d manned mission, about 30 days
a f t e r t h e second crew r e t u r n s , w i l l a l s o be from Launch Complex
39. I n t h i s mission, a l s o of 56 days d u r a t i o n , t h e Skylab
experiment program w i l l be completed and a d d i t i o n a l s t a t i s -
t i c a l d a t a w i l l be obtained on t h e c r e w ' s a d a p t a b i l i t y and
performance o v e r t h e planned missioq d u r a t i o n . Recovery of
t h i s crew and d a t a w i l l o c c u r i n t h e mid-Pacific a r e a .
EXPERIMENTS ,

The Skylab experiment program c o n s i s t s of more t h a n


f i f t y experiments r e p r e s e n t i n g v i r t u a l l y every f i e l d t h a t
has been recognized a s being a b l e t o b e n e f i t from o p e r a t i o n s
i n n e a r - e a r t h o r b i t . The i n s t r u m e n t s , s e n s o r s , and o t h e r
equipment f o r t h e s e experiments a r e l o c a t e d i n v a r i o u s p a r t s
of Skylab, some i n s i d e and some o u t s i d e . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e
permanently mounted equipments, t h e r e a r e two small a i r l o c k s
through which small s c i e n t i f i c i n s t r u m e n t s can be i n s e r t e d
f o r operation outside the vehicle.
The major experiment a r e a s a r e :
L i f e Sciences, which q o n s i s t s of 19 experiments
d e a l i n g w i t h t h e e f f e c t s on,men and animals of
long d u r a t i o n i n t h e space environment.
E a r t h Observations, i n which a group of s i x remote
s e n s i n g i n s t r u m e n t s w i l l support a hundred o r more
i n d i v i d u a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s f o r t h e s t u d y of t h e
e a r t h from space.
Solar Physics, in which nine solar instruments will
provide unprecedented observations of solar phen-
omena.
Astrophysics, in which seven instruments will make
observations of the solar system and beyond.
Material Science, in which the properties of orbital
weightlessness will be exploited to investigate
'the advantages of materials processing in space.
Engineering and Technology, which will advance the
I knowledge for design and operation of future space
systems.
These experiments and their implications are discussed in
the chapters which follow.
CHAPTER TWO

L I F E SCIENCES

EXPERIMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND

Rationale

From t h e beginning of manned s p a c e f l i g h t , t h e r e has


been a c o n t i n u i n g c o n t r o v e r s y about whether man can l i v e and
e f f i c i e n t l y perform under s p a c e f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s . The
c o n t r o v e r s y can b e a t t r i b u t e d p a r t l y t o concern f o r t h e
adequacy o f ' t h e l i f e s u p p o r t systems f o r man. T h i s a r e a of
concern must be c o n s i d e r e d a s an i n h e r e n t p a r t of each mission.
The remaining p o r t i o n of t h e c o n t r o v e r s y concerns the a b i l i t y
of man, a s a l i v i n g organism, t o a d j u s t t o t h e s p a c e f l i g h t
environment, and t o r e a d j u s t t o t h e e a r t h environment upon
return.

The c o n t r o v e r s y h a s continued throughout t h e f i r s t


decade of manned s p a c e f l i g h t because t h e m i s s i o n s through
Apollo have been d e d i c a t e d t o s i n g l e f l i g h t g o a l s t h a t over-
rode any c o n c e n t r a t e d e f f o r t t o o b t a i n d e t a i l e d biomedical
data.
Before NASA can embark on major manned programs of
e x p l o r a t i o n and o r b i t a l o p e r a t i o n s , man's v i a b i l i t y and u s e f u l -
n e s s i n s p a c e must be a s s u r e d . This can only be done through
a c a r e f u l q u a n t i t a t i v e s t u d y of man's p h y s i o l o g i c a l , psycholog-
i c a l , and s o c i a l a d j u s t m e n t s a s t h e y o c c u r i n f l i g h t . Measures
f o r t h e o v e r a l l s t a t u s of t h e crew a t a g i v e n time d u r i n g f l i g h t
must be e s t a b l i s h e d , and an a c c u r a t e time p r o f i l e of t h e
a d a p t a t i o n of men t o s p a c e c o n d i t i o n s must be developed. We
must f i n d o u t whether t h e long-term adjustments a man makes i n
s p a c e e v e n t u a l l y l e a d t o a new s t a b l e l e v e l , o r whether con-
t i n u a l a d j u s t m e n t s cause him t o e v e n t u a l l y exceed h i s r e s e r v e
c a p a c i t y f o r meeting s t r e s s . Even i f man does s u c c e s s f u l l y
a d a p t t o s p a c e c o n d i t i o n s , t h e r e t u r n t o e a r t h i n v o l v e s an
a d d i t i o n a l a d a p t i v e changeabout which we must l e a r n more.

The Skylab Program o f f e r s t h e f i r s t o p p o r t u n i t y t o


s t u d y t h e s e q u e s t i o n s i n d e p t h . The 2 8 and 56-day m i s s i o n s
a r e long enough t o s t u d y a c u t e e f f e c t s which could t h r e a t e n
man's s a f e t y a s w e l l a s t o observe s l o w e r b i o l o g i c a l pro-
c e s s e s . The biomedical experiments f o r t h e Skylab Program
have been d e s i g n e d t o s t u d y t h e s u s p e c t e d changes and t o
u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r b a s i c mechanisms. The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e n o t
c o n c e i v e d as m e d i c a l m o n i t o r i n g p r o c e d u r e s . The l a t t e r f u n c t i o n
w i l l b e performed o p e r a t i o n a l l y - b y known and f u l l y t r i e d b i o -
i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n a n d - m e d i c a l t e c h n i q u e s and p r o c e d u r e s .

The S k y l a b m e d i c a l program i s an i n t e n s i v e s t u d y of
normal, h e a l t h y men and t h e i r r e a c t i o n s t o t h e numerous s t r e s s e s
of s p a c e f l i g h t . Seldom h a s s u c h a comprehensive e x a m i n a t i o n !
been performed i n ground-based s t u d i e s , and n e v e r under t h e .
u n u s u a l s t r e s s e s of p r o l o n g e d s p a c e f l i g h t . A s u b s t a n t i a l g a i n
i n fundamental knowledge a b o u t human p h y s i o l o g y i s a n t i c i p a t e d .
I n a d d i t i o n , by p r e p a r i n g f o r and c o n d u c t i n g t h e s e multi-man
e x t e n d e d m i s s i o n s , advances i n e a r t h - b a s e d m e d i c a l a p p l i -
c a t i o n s i n such a r e a s a s non-invasive bio-sensors, continuous
l o n g term m o n i t o r i n g of p h y s i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s and! b i o -
t e l e m e t r y w i l l have a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t on m e d i c a l d i a g n o s i s
and t r e a t m e n t .

A b a s i c s e t o f b i o m e d i c a l d a t a h a s been c o l l e c t e d a s
a s a f e t y m o n i t o r i n g p r o c e d u r e on a l l t h e manned f l i g h t s o f t h e
Mercury, Gemini, and A p o l l o programs. The p a r a m e t e r s r e c o r d e d
have been h e a r t r a t e , r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e , body t e m p e r a t u r e and
b l o o d p r e s s u r e . These w e r e supplemented by a v a r i e t y o f p r e -
and p o s t f l i g h t measurements o f s u c h f a c t o r s a s e x e r c i s e capa-
b i l i t y , c a r d i o v a s c u l a r r e s p o n s e , hematology-biochemistry
f a c t o r s , immunology s t u d i e s , and m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s .
I n t h e Gemini program, m e d i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s o f a n i n i t i a l s c o p e
,were c o n d u c t e d i n f l i g h t t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e t i m e c o u r s e o f t h e
changes which had b e e n n o t i c e d b e f o r e and a f t e r p r e v i o u s m i s s i o n s .
Taken as a whole, t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s have g e n e r a t e d
t h e following p i c t u r e of t h e physiological e f f e c t s of space
f l i g h t on man:
1) A c o n s i s t e n t l o s s of body w e i g h t .

2) A s m a l l b u t r e p e a t e d l o s s i n bone c a l c i u m and
muscle m a s s .
3) A r e d u c t i o n i n t h e a b i l i t y of b l o o d v e s s e l s t o
a c t i v e l y d i s t r i b u t e b l o o d t o p r o p e r p a r t s of t h e
body i n r e s p o n s e t o g r a v i t y - imposed s h i f t s i n
fluid.
These e f f e c t s c o m p l e t e l y r e v e r s e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h i n
a few days a f t e r r e t u r n t o e a r t h and s o f a r have shown no con-
s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n t o f l i g h t d u r a t i o n (up t o 1 4 d a y s ) , However,
t h e r e remains some concern t h a t continued e f f e c t s i n extended
m i s s i o n s could s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduce man's e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n
space and i n c r e a s e t h e danger of r e - a d a p t i n g t o t h e g r a v i t y
c o n d i t i o n s on e a r t h .
ROLE OF SKYLAB
Each manned mission i n t h e United S t a t e s space program
was b u i l t upon t h e cwnulative experience of preceding f l i g h t s .
Skylab w i l l f l y more men, i n a l a r g e r s p a c e c r a f t , w i t h more
v a r i e d a c t i v i t i e s , and f o r l o n g e r times t h a n any p r e v i o u s
American o r Russian f l i g h t . It w i l l provide t h e t e s t c o n d i t i o n s
under which t h e biomedical e f f e c t s observed t o d a t e can be
s t u d i e d more e x t e n s i v e l y t h a n has p r e v i o u s l y been p o s s i b l e .
The Skylab biomedical program c o n s i s t s of f o u r
p a r t s , each designed f o r s e p a r a t e purposes;

1) The a c t u a l s t a y of t h r e e men i n space, w i t h t h e


a s s o c i a t e d o p e r a t i o n a l medical monitoring and
t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s of crew performance i n a wide
v a r i e t y of s c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l t a s k s .
This i s designed t o v e r i f y o u r e x p e c t a t i o n s
t h a t man can perform s a f e l y and e f f e c t i v e l y
i n space'.

2) The medical experiments a r e designed t o i n v e s t i -


g a t e i n depth t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s r e v e a l e d
i n previous f l i g h t s . T h e i r r e s u l t s w i l l provide
g r e a t e r understanding of t h e f a c t o r s c u r r e n t l y
b e l i e v e d t o l i m i t t h e u s e f u l d u r a t i o n of man's
s t a y i n space.

3 ) The b i o l o g y experiments a r e designed t o study


fundamental b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s i n t h e w e i g h t l e s s
environment which might u l t i m a t e l y be t h e f a c t o r s
l i m i t i n g t h e s u r v i v a l time of any animal i n space.
4) The biotechnology experiments ( s e e Chap. 7 ) a r e
d i r e c t e d toward advancing t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of
man-machine systems i n space o p e r a t i o n s and
improving t h e technology of space-borne b i o -
instrumentation.
The knowledge and experience gained from a l l f o u r
p a r t s o f t h e program w i l l be used t o e s t a b l i s h c r i t e r i a f o r
incremental i n c r e a s e s i n t h e d u r a t i o n of manned missions
a f t e r t h e 28 and 56-day Skylab f l i g h t s .
Three nutrition and musculoskeletal experiments
have been designed to investigate the extent of skeletai and
muscular alterations, and to evaluate biochemical changes
and nutritive requirements. These investigations will
measure input and output of fluid and biochemical consti-
tuents (Appendix l), assess hormones and electrolytes in
body fluids (Appendix 2 ) , and measure bone mineral changes
by the photon absorptiometric technique (~ppendix4).
A cardiovascular study with a lower body negative
pressure device (Appendix 5) will test the cardiovascular
reflexes which regulate the regional distribution of blood
through the body. This important measurement will help to
determine the onset and progression of changes in these
reflexes. The cardiovascular investi ation also includes
inflight vec torcardiograms (Appendix8) during exercise
on a bicycle ergometer, in order to evaluate the response of
the cardTovascular system to calibaated workload in weight-
lessness.
Investigations in hematology and immunology
(Appendices 7-11) will investigate the effects of space
flight on the blood cells, body fluid compartments, the
homeostatic mechanism, body immunity, and chromosomal aber-
rations.
A neurophysiology investigation will evaluate
several nervous systems responses. A human vestibular exper-
ment (Appendix 12) will investigate the effects of weight-
lessness on man's perception of body orientation in space
and will test for changes in sensitivity and susceptibility
to rotation in weightlessness.
A second experiment in this area, sleep monitorin
(Appendix 13), will investigate the effects of the spacefliEht
environment on sleep state patterns derived from an analysis
of electroencephalographic (brain wave) and elec tro-oculographic ..
(eye movement) data.
A time and motion study (Appendix 14) will evaluate U
the relative differences and consistencies between ground and
inflight task performance by comparing moving picture sequences
of inflight activities with similar ground-based activities.
Energy e x p e n d i t u r e s ( ~ p p e n d i x15) w i l l be measured
by comparfng t h e metabolic r a t e observed during r e s t w i t h
t h a t found d u r i n g t h e b i c y c l e ergometer e x e r c i s e s ,
To provide s u p p o r t i n g information t o t h e s e exper-
ments, man and m a t e r i a l s w i l l be "weighedtt i n zero-g w i t h
two mass measurement d e v i c e s of a p p r o p r i a t e range ( ~ p p e n dcie s
3 and 1 6 ) ,
C i r c a d i a n rhythm s t u d i e s a r e concerned wfth t h e
p h y s i o l o g i c a l p e r i o d i c i t y of many body f u n c t i o n s about t h e
24-hour t e r r e s t r i a l day/night c y c l e . I n a d d i t i o n t o obvious
rhythms such a s s l e e p and wakefulness, t h e endocrine, c a r d i o -
v a s c u l a r , nervous, and o t h e r systems and biochemical p r o c e s s e s
a r e influenced by t h i s c y c l i c phenomenon.
A more fundamental i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e f u n c t i o n of
t h e b i o l o g i c a l c l o c k which i s b e l i e v e d t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
t h e timing of t h e s e rhythms i n man and o t h e r animals w i l l be
conducted by experiments w i t h mice ( ~ p p e n d i x18) and v i n e g a r
g n a t s ( ~ p p e n d i xl g ) , These experiments t e s t t h e s t a b i l i t y of
t h e c l o c k mechanism under space c o n d i t i o n s and may provide
some i n d i c a t i o n of i t s dependence on f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
t h e r o t a t i o n of t h e e a r t h .
I n a n o t h e r b i o l o g y experiment ( ~ p p e n d i x17), t h e
biochemistry a,nd microscopic s t r u c t u r e of human c e l l s I n
t i s s u e c u l t u r e w i l l be examined d u r i n g space f l i g h t by time-
l a p s e photography and chemical t r e a t m e n t ,
I n t h e biotechnology a r e a s , a n e v a l u a t i o n w i l l be
conducted of a s p e c i a l maneuvering u n i t designed t o a s s i s t
crewmen i n conducting work o u t s i d e t h e s p a c e c r a f t . I n a d d i t i o n
a s y s t e m a t i c o b s e r v a t i o n w i l l be conducted of t h e manner i n
which crewmen move i n zero g r a v i t y from one l o c a t i o n t o
another, and t r a n s p o r t small and l a r g e o b j e c t s i n space.
Of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t t o L i f e Sciences i s an exper-
iment d e a l i n g w i t h t h e h a b i t a b i l i t y o r l i v a b i l i t y of t h e
Skylab. The e f f i c i e n c y of t h e d e s i g n of t h e l i v i n g a r e a ,
t h e waste management system, food system and p e r s o n a l hygiene
system i s t h e major concern of t h i s experiment. The r e l a -
t i o n s h i p of t h i s equipment t o t h e h e a l t h and well-being of
t h e crew i s obvious.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The 28 and 56-day Skylab f l i g h t s w i l l g i v e us a
good p i c t u r e of man's a d a p t a t i o n t o t h e space environment
and h i s a b i l i t i e s t o perform many o p e r a t i o n s i n space. It
w i l l t e l l u s whether t h e r e i s any fundamental l i m i t a t i o n
%n man's a b i l i t i e s i n , and t o l e r a n c e t o , w e i g h t l e s s n e s s f o r
a 2-month s t a y i n space.
Should l i m i t a t i o n s become e v i d e n t from t h e r e s u l t s
of t h e Skylab experiments, t h e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l have
been obtained from which f u t u r e experiments can be planned,
t h e responses of f l i g h t crews i n f u t u r e missions can be
p r e d i c t e d and p r e v e n t i v e measures can be implemented. Such
p r e v e n t i v e measures may have l i m i t e d e f f e c t s on s p a c e c r a f t
d e s i g n and program planning, such a s d i f f e r e n t e x e r c i s e
methods, o r s p e c i a l d i e t s , o r they may r e q u i r e r a d i c a l d e s i g n
changes i n o r d e r t o provide a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . Such ?
d e c i s i o n w i l l have a major impact on t h e d e s i g n and oper-
a t i n g procedures f o r f u t u r e o r b i t a l s t a t i o n s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i n f o r m a t i o n about man, o u r
p r e s e n t approach t o t h e d e s i g n of long-term l i f e s u p p o r t
systems w i l l be s e v e r l y t e s t e d i n Skylab, and t h e experience
gained w i l l be i n d i s p e n s i b l e i n t h e d e s i g n of l a r g e r , l o n g e r
d u r a t i o n systems.
APPENDIX I
Mineral Balance,'Experiment M071

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : G . Donald Whedon, L\R,.D., N I H


Co-Principal I n v e s t i g a t o r : Loe Lutwak, M.D., C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y
Development . . Center: MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: None

Objectives
The o b j e c t i v e of Experiment M071 i s t o determine
t h e e f f e c t s of s p a c e f l i g h t on t h e muscle and s k e l e t a l body
systems by q u a n t i t a t i v e assessment of t h e g a i n s and l o s s e s o f
b i o c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s of m e t a b o l i c importance. These
c o n s t i t u e n t s a r e Water, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium,
Sodium, Potassium, N i t r o g e n , Urea, Hydroxyproline, ~ r e a t i n i n e
and C h l o r i d e .
Background
Continuous l o s s e s o f calcium and n i t r o g e n , such a s
t h o s e which o c c u r i n ground-based s i m u l a t i o n s t u d i e s , d u r i n g
long d u r a t i o n m i s s i o n s might r e s u l t i n impairment of s k e l e t a l
and muscle i n t e g r i t y and t h e f o r m a t i o n of kidney s t o n e s .
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e r a t e s of a c t u a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n w i l l allow
s p e c i f i c countermeasures t o b e t a k e n on l a t e r flightiis such a s
t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of e x e r c i s e r o u t i n e s and t h e m a n i p u l a t i o n of
dietary constituents.
The p r i n c i p a l method o f a s s e s s i n g t h e e f f e c t o f a
s t r e s s o r on t h e biochemical i n t e g r i t y o f t h e s k e l e t a l and
muscular systems i s t o determine whether t h e s t r e s s o r promotes
a c a t a b o l i c r e s p o n s e which i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e a n a b o l i c capa-
b i l i t i e s of t h e t i s s u e s . The change i n e q u i l i b r i u m may b e
r e f l e c t e d i n an imbalance between t h e n u t r i e n t i n t a k e of t h e
c o n s t i t u e n t i n q u e s t i o n and t h e o u t p u t of it and/or i t s
metabolites. A s t a t e of n e g a t i v e n i t r o g e n o r calcium b a l a n c e
i s n o t i t s e l f d e t r i m e n t a l u n l e s s it i s of an e x t e n t and
d u r a t i o n which r e s u l t s i n compromise of t h e i n t e g r i t y of muscle
o r bone w i t h r e s u l t a n t i n c r e a s e s i n s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o d i s e a s e
o r a c t u a l pathology. P r i o r t o t h e o n s e t of r e c o g n i z a b l e
d i s e a s e , however, minor changes i n f u n c t i o n can be demonstrated
which w i l l r e f l e c t l a t e r d e t e r i o r a t i o n .
Bed rest immobilization studies have shown that in
healthy young adults urinary calcium increases to 2-3 times
the control level within 5 weeks after confinement. X-ray
studies of the bones have demonstrated demineralization as
soon as 2-3 weeks after immobilization. Gemini pre- and post-
flight X-rays have suggested a similar loss of mineral from
peripheral bones; and the Gemini 7 mineral balance experiment
has demonstrated a trend toward negative mineral balance.
This experiment was not conclusive because of operational
diff5culties.
Hardware
The hardware to support MOT1 is supplied by other
experiments and operational systems. Crew body mass will be
determined by the Body Mass Measuring Device supplied by
Experiment M172. Unconsumed food remnants, feces and vomitus
will be mass measured by the Specimen Mass Measurement Device
supplied by Experiment M074. Facilities for collecting urine,
feces and vomitus are supplied by the Waste Management System.
This system will also provide for urine volume measurement
and sampling, specimen preservation (drying for feces and
vomitus, and freezing for urine samples) and storage. The
Inflight Blood Collection System will provide the capability
to draw venous blood and centrifuge the samples for preser-
vation. The on-board freezing capability will be used to
preserve the samples during the mission and maintain them in
a frozen state. They will be returned in a frozen condition
in a urine return container for postflight analysis. This
inflight blood collection system and allied facilities will
be utilized to obtain, process, preserve and return hematology
samples for Experiments MO71, M073, M112, M113, ~ 1 1 4
and Mll5.
The Food Management System includes the food storage and
preparation facilities including the water dispensing and
measuring device.
Protocol
The experiment MOT1 will be accomplished in three
phases: (1) Preflight, for 21 days, (2) In-flight, and
(3) Post-flight for 18 consecutive days, beginning immediately
post-flight . The functions to be performed and the controls
to be exercised are:
a) Body weight (or mass) will be measured once
daily immediately after the first urine voiding
following the sleep period.
b) A d i e t of d e f i n e d composition w i l l be used
s i n c e t h e composition of t h e crewman's d i e t
must be known and c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d . Pre-
f l i g h t , each crewman w i l l u s e t h i s d i e t p r i o r
t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of b a s e l i n e ( o r normal) d a t a
t o allow t h e establishment of i n d i v i d u a l meta-
b o l i c e q u i l i b r i u m . Every e f f o r t w i l l be made
t o make t h e d i e t p a l a t a b l e .
c) F l u i d can be taken a s d e s i r e d but a l l i n t a k e
w i l l be recorded. This i n c l u d e s f l u i d used f o r
food r e c o n s t i t u t i o n .
d) A l l u r i n e , f e c e s and vomitus w i l l be c o l l e c t e d
p r e - ' and p o s t - f l i g h t and preserved f o r a n a l y s i s .
I n - f l i g h t , t h e amount of d a i l y u r i n e output from
each crewman w i l l be determined, and a measured,
homogeneous sample of a t l e a s t 122 m i l l r l i t e r s
(45 f o r M071, 75 f o r M073, and 2 f o r t r a c e r method
volume d e t e r m i n a t i o n ) taken, f r o z e n and s t o r e d f o r
r e t u r n a s experiment d a t a . A l l f e c e s and vomitus
passed w i l l be c o l l e c t e d , mass measured, d r i e d and
s t o r e d f o r r e t u r n a s experiment d a t a .
e) Period blood samples pre-, in-, and p o s t - f l i g h t
w i l l be taken and t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s e l e c t e d
c o n s t i t u e n t s determined.
Data Return
During t h e Skylab Program, t h r e e crews of t h r e e men
each w i l l occupy t h e o r b i t a l workshop on t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
o c c a s i o n s . The i n i t i a l mission w i l l l a s t f o r up t o 28 days
and t h e o t h e r two f o r up t o 56 days each. The Mineral Balance
Experiment w i l l o c c u r on a l l t h r e e missions so t h a t by t h e
end of t h e Skylab Program, a continuous q u a n t i t a t i v e assessment
of t h e muscle and s k e l e t a l body systems f o r n i n e d i f f e r e n t
i n d i v i d u a l s w i l l have been o b t a i n e d . F o r each i n d i v i d u a l , a
p r e f l i g h t b a s e l i n e w i l l be obtained followed by a day-by-day
p r o f i l e - o f h i s p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n t o t h e space environment
and, p o s t - f l i g h t , h i s r e - a d a p t a t i o n t o e a r t h normal c o n d i t i o n s .
S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e f o l l o w i n g d a t a on a d a i l y b a s i s w i l l be
obtained pre-f l i g h t , i n - f l i g h t and p o s t - f l i g h t ;
1. Food consumption - nutritional mfneral and
caloric content.
Fluid consumption.
3. Feces - mass and concentration of biochemical
constituents specified in the Objectives .
4. Urine - total voids volume, and concentration of
the biochemical constituents specified in the
Objectives.
5 Vomitus - mass and concentration of the biochemical
constituents specified in the Objectives.
6. Body mass.
I n addition, blood samples will be taken periodically
pre-, in-, and post-flight and those parameters specified in
the Objectives in addition to alkaline phosphatase, total
protein, electrophoresis pattern and sugar will be determined.
APPENDIX I1
B i o a s s a y o f Body F l u i d s , Experiment MOT3

Principal Investigator: C a r o l y n S . Leach, Ph.D., NASA, MSC


i
.

%.

Development C e n t e r : MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: None

Objectives
The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s e x p e r i m e n t i s t o e v a l u a t e t h e
e n d o c r i n o l o g i c a l a d a p t a t i o n r e s u l t i n g from e x p o s u r e t o t h e
s p a c e f l i g h t environment f o r p e r i o d s up t o 56 days and t o
r e - a d a p t a t i o n p o s t f l i g h t . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e f o l l o w i n g elements
i n b l o o d and u r i n e w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d : A d r e n o c o r t i c o t r o p i c
Hormone ( A C T H ) , 17-Hydroxycorticosterone ( C o r t i s o l ) ,
A n g i o t e n s i n 11, Renin, A l d o s t e r o n e , A n t i d i u r e t i c Hormone
(ADH), E p i n e p h r i n e , N o r e p i n e p h r i n e , u r i n e e l e c t r o l y t e s (sodium
and p o t a s s i u m ) , u r i n e and plasma o s m o l a l i t y , e x t r a c e l l u l a r
f l u i d volume, t o t a l body w a t e r , C a l c i t o n i n , Serum T h y r o c a l -
c i t r o n i n , P a r a t h y r o i d Hormone, Serum T h y r o x i n e .
Background
Although many e x t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e s c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e
environment o f t h e human o r g a n i s m a s a whole, t h e environment
of i t s b a s i c u n i t , t h e l i v i n g c e l l , i s wholly i n t e r n a l . S i n c e
*
changes i n e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d p r o d u c e changes i n t h e compo-
s i t i o n of t h e i n t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e
normal f u n c t i o n o f c e l l s t h a t t h e c o n s t a n c y of t h i s f l u i d b e
- m a i n t a i n e d . T h i s i s a c h i e v e d by t h e c l o s e i n t e r a c t i o n o f
s e v e r a l o r g a n s y s t e m s , t h e k i d n e y s h o l d i n g a predominant r o l e .
The k i d n e y s a r e t h u s viewed a s a n o r g a n which n o t o n l y removes
metabolic wastes, b u t a c t u a l l y performs h i g h l y important
h o m e o s t a t i c f u n c t i o n s by a d j u s t i n g plasma volume and compo-
sition.
The n e c e s s i t y of e l u c i d a t i n g t h e h o m e o s t a t i c c o n t r o l
mechanisms which g o v e r n plasma volume and c o m p o s i t i o n i s e v i d e n t
hhen one r e a l i z e s t h e complex and, a s y e t , u n e x p l a i n e d i n t e r a c t i o n s
o f t h e s e m e t a b o l i c and e n d o c r i n e c o n t r o l s . I n man's c o n s t a n t l y
c h a n g i n g environment, t h e r e i s a narrow margin o f p r o t e c t i v e
s a f e t y between normal, hypo and hyperfunction of t h e s e mechan-
isms. Evidence now e x i s t s t o suggest t h a t derangements of t h e s e
normal mechanisms may p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n man's adapta-
tion t o gravitational stress.
Hardware
The hardware t o support M073 and M O T 1 a r e i d e n t i c a l .
Crew body mass w i l l be determined by t h e Body Mass Measuring
Device s u p p l i e d by Experiment Ml72. Uncomsumed food remnants
w i l l be mass measured by t h e Specimen Mass Measurement Device
s u p p l i e d by Experiment ~ 0 7 4 . F a c i l i t i e s f o r c o l l e c t i n g u r i n e ,
f e c e s and vomitus a r e s u p p l i e d by t h e Waste Management System.
This system w i l l a l s o provide f o r u r i n e volume measurement and
sampling, specimen p r e s e r v a t i o n ( d r y i n g f o r f e c e s and vomitus,
and f p e e z i n g f o r u r i n e samples) and s t o r a g e . The I n f l i g h t
Blood C o l l e c t i o n System w i l l provide f o r hematology sampling
during f l i g h t ( s e e ~ 0 7 1 ) . The Food Management System i n c l u d e s
t h e food s t o r a g e and p r e p a r a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s i n c l u d i n g t h e
water d i s p e n s i n g and measuring d e v i c e .
Protocol
This experiment and t h e Mineral Balance Experiment,
MO71, a r e c l o s e l y coupled and d a t a g e n e r a t e d from MOT1 i s
r e q u i r e d f o r M073. Durtng t h e missions, combined u r i n e
samples w i l l be c o l l e c t e d f o r MOT1 and MOT3 and s p l i t p o s t -
f l i g h t . I n a d d i t i o n , o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a w i l l be taken which
w i l l allow assessment of crew member metabolism. This c o n s i s t s
of (1) a s p a c e c r a f t humidity and temperature h i s t o r y , p a r t i c u -
l a r l y e x c u r s i o n s from t h e crew comfort range, ( 2 ) times of
1
o p e r a t i o n (mission elapsed time and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of p a r -
t i c i p a t i n g crew member(s) i n ( a Experiment M092, Lower Body
Negative P r e s s u r e , ( b ) Experiment M171, Metabolic A c t i v i t y ,
and ( c ) E x t r a v e h i c u l a r A c t i v i t i e s , and ( 3 ) g e n e r a l crew
a c t i v i t i e s ( s l e e p periods, physical a c t i v i t i e s , e t c . ) .
The experiments w i l l be accomplished i n t h r e e phases:
(1) p r e f l i g h t , f o r 21 days, ( 2 ) i n - f l i g h t , and (3) p o s t - f l i g h t
u n t i l r e - a d a p t a t i o n has been e s t a b l i s h e d , beginning immediately
post-flight. The f u n c t i o n s t o be measured a r e :
a) Body weight ( o r mass) w i l l be measured once d a i l y
immediately a f t e r t h e f i r s t u r i n e voiding f o l l o w i n g
the sleep period.
b) A d i e t o f d e f i n e d composition w i l l be used s i n c e
t h e composition of t h e crewman's d i e t must b e
known and c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d . P r e f l i g h t , each
crewman w i l l u s e t h i s d i e t p r i o r t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n
of b a s e l i n e ( o r normal) d a t a t o allow t h e e s t a b l i s h -
ment of i n d i v i d u a l m e t a b o l i c e q u i l i b r i u m . Every
e f f o r t w i l l be made t o make t h e d i e t p a l a t a b l e .

c) F l u i d c a n be t a k e n a s d e s i r e d b u t a l l i n t a k e w i l l
be r e c o r d e d . T h i s i n c l u d e s f l u i d used f o r food
reconstitution,
d) A l l u r i n e w i l l be c o l l e c t e d p r e - and p o s t - f l i g h t
and p r e s e r v e d f o r a - n a l y s i s . I n - f l i g h t , t h e amount
of d a i l y u r i n e o u t p u t from each crewman w i l l be
determined, and a mea'sured, homogeneous sample of
a t l e a s t 122 m i l l i l i t e r s t a k e n (45 f o r MO71, 75
f o r M073, and 2 f o r b r a c e r method volume determina-
t i o n ) , f r o z e n and s t o r e d f o r r e t u r n a s experiment
data.
e) P e r i o d i c blood samples p r e - , i n - , and p o s t - f l i g h t
w i l l be t a k e n and t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s e l e c t e d
c o n s t i t u e n t s determined.

During t h e Skylab P r o g ~ & m ,b h ~ e ecmws of' t h r e e men


eash w i l l adcupg t h e o r b i t a l ~ o r k s h e @ on t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
o c c a s i o n s . The i n i t i a l m i s s i o n w i l l l a s t f o r 28 days and t h e
o t h e r two f o r 56 days each. The B i o a s s a y of Body F l u i d s
Experiment w i l l o c c u r on a l l t h r e e m i s s i o n s s o t h a t by t h e end
of t h e Skylab Program, a c o n t i n u o u s q u a n t i t a t i v e assessment of
the endocrinological adaptation f o r nine d i f f e r e n t individuals
w i l l have been o b t a i n e d . For each i n d i v i d u a l , a p r e f l i g h t
b a s e l i n e w i l l be o b t a i n e d followed by a day-by-day p r o f i l e of
h i s p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n t o t h e space environment, and p o s t -
f l i g h t , h i s r e - a d a p t a t i o n t o e a r t h normal c o n d i t i o n s .
S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e f o l l o w i n g d a t a oh a d a i l y b a s i s w i l l b e
o b t a i n e d p r e f l i g h t , i n - f l i g h t , and p o s t - f l i g h t :
1. Data o b t a i n e d from Mineral Balance, Experiment
M071.
2. Urine -
c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e biochemical
constituents specified i n t h e Objectives.
I ,

I n a d d i t i o n , blood samples w i l l b e t a k e n p e r i o d i c a l l y
p r e - , i n - , and p o s t - f l i g h t and t h o s e p a r a m e t e r s s p e c i f i e d i n
t h e O b j e c t i v e s w i l l be determined.
APPENDIX 111

Specimen Mass Measurement, Experiment M0 74

Principal Investigator: William E . Thornton, M.D., NASA, MSC s.

Co-principal Investigator: John W . O r d , Colonel, U S A F , Medical


Development C e n t e r : MSC Corps, Brooks A F B -
I n t e g r a t i o n C e n t e r : MSFC
C o n t r a c t o r : Southwest Research I n s t i t u t e , Inc.,

Objectives
The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s experiment a r e :

1. To p r o v i d e t h e on-board c a p a b i l i t y f o r specimen
mass measurement i n s u p p o r t of t h e Mineral
Balance Experiment, M071, and t h e Bioassay of
Body F l u i d s Egperiment, M073.

2. To d e m o n s t r a t e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of making mass
d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f , u p t o 1000 gm i n a g r a v i t y
f r e e environment u s i n g c a l i b r a t i o n masses.
3. To v a l i d a t e t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e
d e v i c e under f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s which w i l l i n c l u d e
t h e f i n i t e mass of t h e s p a c e c r a f t and t h e e f f e c t s
caused by s p a c e c r a f t environment, i n c l u d i n g
v i b r a t i o n s , l i f t - o f f s t r e s s e s , atmospheric and
temperature v a r i a t i o n s .

Background I

S t u d i e s from t h e Mercury, Gemini and Apollo Programs


i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n f l i g h t bone and muscle d e t e r i o r a t i o n o c c u r s
and t h i s may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t performance d u r i n g extended
space f l i g h t s . I n - f l i g h t experiments w e r e designed t o i n v e s t i -
g a t e t h e s e phenomena and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o t o c o l r e q u i r e d
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e masses of food r e s i d u e s , vomitus, and
feces. To f u l f i l l t h i s need, a ground-based program was under-
t a k e n t o p r o v i d e a non-gravimetric mass measurement d e v i c e which
f u n c t i o n e d independent of g r a v i t y . The c o n c e p t chosen f o r t h e
d e v i c e depends upon t i m i n g t h e p e r i o d ' o f o s c i l l a t i o n of a
l i n e a r spring-mass pendulum system. The'mass t o be measured
u n i q u e l y d e t e r m i n e s t h e p e r i o d (seconds p e r c y c l e ) of t h e
d e v i c e and by measuring t h i s p e r i o d , t h e mass of an o b j e c t
can b e determined.
Hardware

The Specimen Mass Measurement ~ e v i c ei s a s e l f -


c o n t a i n e d u n i t c a p a b l e of measuring t h e mass of o b j e c t s
up t o 1000 grns i n a z e r o g r a v i t y environment, The i n s t r u -
ment c o n s i s t s of a specimen t r a y s u p p o r t e d on s p r i n g s
a t t a c h e d t o t h e bottom p a n e l of an e n c l o s i n g c a s e . The
t r a y i s locked t o p r e v e n t o s c i l l a t i o n when n o t i n u s e ,
I

To o p e r a t e t h e u n i t , t h e t r a y i s unlocked and
a c t i v a t e d w i t h o u t an o b j e c t on t h e t r a y t o i n s u r e t h a t t h e
d e v i c e o p e r a t e s smoothly w i t h no rubbing o r b i n d i n g . The
t r a y i s s e c u r e d and t h e o b j e c t t o be mass measured i s p l a c e d
on t h e t r a y and s e c u r e d w i t h t h e r e s t r a i n t s provided. The
pan i s unlocked, l a t c h e d i n a p o s i t i o n d i s p l a c e d 3/16 i n c h e s
from t h e n e u t r a l p o i n t , and r e l e a s e d . The l a t c h i s used t o
i m p a r t a known d i s p l a c e d e n t t o t h e s p r i n g system t o i n i t i a t e
oscillation,
An o p t i c a l u n i t sends a s i g n a l t o t h e t i m e r each t i m e
t h e measurement s e n s o r c r o s s e s t h e midpoint i n i t s o s c i l l a t -
i n g c y c l e . The f i r s t two c y c l e s a r e n o t counted i n o r d e r t h a t
any n o i s e produqed by t h e r e l e a s e mechanism i s d i s s i p a t e d ,
The n e x t t h r e e c y c l e s a r g t i m e d . The d e v i c e i s s h u t down
by a c t i v a t i n g t h e c o n t r o l l e v e r which moves t h e measurement
t r a y t o t h e o f f s e t p o s i t i o n , l a t c h e s t h e t r i g g e r and sets t h e
l o c k i n g c o n t r o l t o t h e lock p o s i t i o n , The r e s u l t s a r e recorded
and the measurement r e p e a t e d . The t o t a l crew t i m e r e q u i r e d
f o r t h e e n t i r e p r o c e d u r e i s approximately - f i v e -minutes.
",
The Mass Measuring U n i t r e q u i r e s power f o r t h e
e l e c t r o n i c s subsystem. Two u n i t s a r e needed, one i n t h e food
p r e p a r a t i o n a r e a and t h e o t h e r i n t h e waste management compart-
ment. Each u n i t weighs 33 l b s i n c l u d i n g t h e c a l i b r a t i o n
masses. The dimensions a r e approximately 10 x 11 x 1 6 i n c h e s .
Protocol
Each i n s t r u m e n t w i l l b e c a l i b r a t e d t h r e e t i m e s
d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n ( e a r l y , middle and l a t e i n t h e m i s s i o n )
u s i n g t h e c a l i b r a t i o n w e i g h t s o f known mass. The s t a b i l i t y of
t h e i n s t r u m e n t w i l l be a s c e r t a i n e d by a comparison of t h e
t h r e e c a l i b r a t i o n curves obtained during t h e mission*
The Specimen Mass Measurement Device is vital to
the success of Experiments M071 and M073. Residue from all
partially eaten food containers must be mass measured* All
fecal material and vomitus passed by each crewman must be
mass measured before being preserved by drying.
Data Return
The data return from this experiment will be the
calibration curves generated at three different times during
the mission, The vast majority of the data will consist of
that required to support M071 and M073. Specifically, the
mass of a11 unconsumed food and all feces and vomitus passed
by each crewman taking part in the three Skylab missions
will be measured.
The routine use of the Specimen Mass Measurement
Device will validate the theoretical concept employed and
will evaluate the design of this specific instrument.
APPENDIX IV
Bone Mineral Measurement, Experiment M078

Principal Investigator: John M e Vogel, M.D., USPHS Hospital,


San Francisco, California
x
.
CO-principal ~nvestigator: John R. Cameron, Ph.D., University
of Wisconsin Medical Center
8
Development Center: MSC
Integration Center: None
Contractor: None

Obi ective
The objective of this experiment is to determine
by the photon absorptiometric technique the occurrence and
degree of bone mineral changes in the Skylab crewmen which
might result from exposure to the weightless condition,
Background
Stimulus of bone'metabolism is a function of the
pulling force exerted on the bone by the attached muscles
and the force exerted along the longitudinal axis of the
skeletal system by gravity. Both forces are altered during
complete bed rest and absence of gravity, Consequently,
bone mineral losses have been associated with long tern bed
rest and were anticipated as a potential problem for the
crews of long term space flights.
In both Gemini and early Apollo flights, small but
significant losses have been measured in astronaut bone mass.
In contrast to the Gemini and early Apollo studies, which
used a radiographic densitometry technique, the bone mineral
studies performed on Apollo 14 using the gamma ray absorption
technique revealed no significant losses in bone mineral
content. More data from both ground based and inflight
studies are necessary to resolve the issue prior to committing
man to extended space travel,
Hardware
This experiment uses the photon absorptiometric
technique for bone mineral measurements. . A rectilinear
scanning device, containing Iodine-125 to provide the photon
source, is mounted in opposition to an X-ray detector, The
scanning system and its associated electronics will acquire
data on bone mineral content along the left 0s-calcis (heel)
and the right radius (forearm) positioned in the beam path.
Foot molds and restraining equipment are utilized for accurate
positioning of the subject for the scan.
Protocol
Foot molds for the flight crew, backup crew, and
control group members will be made at least six weeks prior
to the first scheduled measurement at F-30 days. Heel X-rays
will be taken at least seven days prior to the first scheduled
measurement at F-30 days.
Pre-flight scans of the left 0s-calcis and right
radius will be accomplished on the flight crew, backup crew,
and control group on days F-3057, F-1422, and F-353.
Post-flight scans of the left 0s-calcis and right
radius will be accomplished on the flight crew and control
group on days R+0 (within 10 hours of recovery), R+2 to 3,
R+5 to 10, and R+30 to 45. The scan on R+30 to 45 days is
not required if baseline values are reached on the R+5 to 10
day scan.
Dqta Return
The data returned by this experiment will be the
pre- and past-flight bone density measurements of the 0s-calcis
and radius of each Skylab crewmember (three from the 28-day
mission and six from the 56-day missions) and nine control
group members. The data will be used to determine the impact
of the space flight environment on the occurrence and degree
of bone mineral changes.
APPENDIX V
Lower Body Negative P r e s s u r e , Experiment M092

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : Robert L. Johnson, M.D., NASA, MSC


Co-Principal I n v e s t i g a t o r : John W e Ord, Colonel, USAF, Medical,
Corps, Brooks AFB
Development Center: MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
. C o n t r a c t o r : MSFC, Martin M a r i e t t a Corp.

Objectives
T h i s experiment i s designed t o provide i n £ormation
concerning t h e t i m e c o u r s e of c a r d i o v a s c u l a r a d a p t a t i o n
d u r i n g f l i g h t and t o provide i n - f l i g h t d a t a f o r p r e d i c t i n g
t h e degree of o r t h o s t a t i c i n t o l e r a n c e and impairment of
p h y s i c a l c a p a c i t y t o be expected f o l l o w i n g r e t u r n t o e a r t h
environment,
Background
Cardiovascular adaptation involves a p a r t i a l f a i l u r e
of t h e l e g blood v e s s e l s t o p r e v e n t e x c e s s i v e pooling of blood
i n t h e l e g s when t h e person assumes an e r e c t p o s t u r e i n a
g r a v i t y f i e l d . When t h i s e x c e s s i v e blood pooling t a k e s p l a c e ,
t h e r a t e of blood flow through t h e h e a r t and lungs i s less,
c a u s i n g t h e p u l s e p r e s s u r e ( d i f f e r e n c e between s y s t o l i c and
d i a s t o l i c blood p r e s s u r e ) t o be less, and t h e average p r e s s u r e
t o be t o o low, causing reduced flow t o t h e b r a i n . Therefore,
d i z z i n e s s and f a i n t i n g a r e p o s s i b l e when t h e p e r s o n s t a n d s up.
The Lower Body Negative P r e s s u r e (LBNP) experiment
i n t e n t i o n a l l y imposes a s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n of e x t e r n a l p r e s s u r e
t o t h e lower h a l f of t h e body t o t e s t how t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
system r e a c t s t o a c o n t r o l l e d amount of blood pooling d u r i n g
w e i g h t l e s s f l i g h t . T h i s w i l l be done i n Skylab t o a s s e s s t h e
time c o u r s e and degree of c a r d i o v a s c u l a r a d a p t a t i o n i n crew
members d u r i n g w e i g h t l e s s f l i g h t .
Hardware
The i n - f l i g h t LBNP a p p a r a t u s c o n s i s t s of t h r e e b a s i c
units: (1) a c y l i n d r i c a l t a n k w i t h a w a i s t s e a l i n t o which
t h e a s t r o n a u t p u t s h i s l e g s and h i p s . It can be evacuated t o
a c o n t r o l l a b l e p r e s s u r e of 0-50 mm Hg below t h e ambient c a b i n
p r e s s u r e ; ( 2 ) a l e g volume measuring system which r e c o r d s
t h e circumference of each l e g a t t h e l e v e l of t h e c a l f muscle;
(3) an a u t o m a t i c blood p r e s s u r e measuring system. I t h a s an
a u t o m a t i c a l l y i n f l a t a b l e arm c u f f w i t h a microphone f o r d e t e c t -
i n g b l o o d flow and r e c o r d s s y s t o l i c and d i a s t o l i c blood
p r e s s u r e . The experiment a l s o u s e s t h e vectorcardiogram
equipment from M093and t h e Body Temperature Measuring System
from ML71. The a p p a r a t u s weighs 175 l b s and h a s a stowed
volume of 59 c u b i c f e e t .
Protocol
The experiment i s performed on each a s t r o n a u t every
t h r e e d a y s , and an a t t e n d i n g a s t r o n a u t i s needed t o a s s i s t t h e
s u b j e c t f o r each performance o f t h e experiment. The e n t i r e
experiment t a k e s a b o u t 60 minutes t o perform. During t h e
f i r s t h a l f - h o u r t h e e l e c t r o d e s and s e n s o r s a r e a t t a c h e d t o
t h e s u b j e c t and h e e n t e r s t h e d e v i c e and s e c u r e s t h e w a i s t
s e a l . Then a 5-minute r e s t i n g b a s e l i n e r e c o r d i n g i s made of
blood pressure,vectorcardiogram, l e g volume, and body
temperature. T h i s i s followed by 1 5 minutes of r e c o r d i n g a t
s u c c e s s i v e l y lower p r e s s u r e l e v e l s t o a minimum l e v e l determined
f o r each crewman, The experiment ends w i t h a 5-minute p o s t -
n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e r e c o r d i n g of t h e same parameters.
Data Return
The i n - f l i g h t vectorcardiogram, blood p r e s s u r e , volume
of b o t h l e g s , body t e m p e r a t u r e , v o i c e l o g , and t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
and p r e s s u r e o f t h e i n t e r i o r of t h e LBNP d e v i c e a r e e i t h e r
s t o r e d on t a p e o r t e l e m e t e r e d d i r e c t l y , depending on t h e a v a i l -
a b i l i t y of ground t r a c k i n g caverage. A t l e a s t once each day
t h e d a t a i s t o be r e t u r n e d t o t h e ground t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n s ,
The e n t r i e s i n t h e d a t a l o g book a r e t o b e r e a d down v i a v o i c e
link.
ESS

SUBJE

Lower Body Negative Pressure Device (LBNPD)


APPENDIX V I

Vectorcardiogram, Experiment M093

Principal Investigator: Newton W e Allebach, M.D., USN Aero-


s p a c e Medical I n s t i t u t e
Co-Principal I n v e s t i g a t o r : Raphael F , Smith, M.D., V c n d e r b i l t
University
Development C e n t e r : MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: M a r t i n M a r i e t t a Corp.

Objectives

T h i s experiment i s d e s i g n e d t o measure t h e v e c t o r -
c a r d i o g r a p h i c p o t e n t i a l s of each a s t r o n a u t p e r i o d i c a l l y
t h r o u g h o u t t h e m i s s i o n s o t h a t f l i g h t - i n d u c e d changes i n
h e a r t f u n c t i o n can be d e t e c t e d and compared w i t h a b a s e l i n e
established preflight.

Background
The t e c h n i q u e of v e c t o r c a r d i o g r a p h y y i e l d s more
information than t h e conventional electrocardiogram. In
a d d i t i o n t o d e t e c t i n g t h e e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y of t h e h e a r t ,
which i s common t o b o t h methods, t h e v e c t o r c a r d i o g r a p h i c
method of p r o c e s s i n g s i g n a l s from t h e e l e c t r o d e s e n a b l e s
t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r t o d i r e c t l y i n f e r t h e p o s i t i o n of the h e a r t
i n s i d e t h e c h e s t and i t s change i n p o s i t i o n a t v a r i o u s
i n s t a n t s d u r i n g t h e h e a r t b e a t c y c l e . T h i s more p r e c i s e
information i s necessary i n analyzing h e a r t function i n
weightlessness. The measurements w i l l be done b e f o r e , d u r i n g
and a f t e r t h e ergometer e x e r c i s e o f M171 and t h e Lower Body
N e g a t i v e P r e s s u r e Experiment (M092) r u n s ,

Hardware
The equipment c o n s i s t s of (1) a s e t of e i g h t e l e c -
t r o d e s which a r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e a s t r o n a u t immediately b e f o r e
each experiment run; (2) a h a r n e s s which s e r v e s a s a mechanical
s u p p o r t f o r t h e c o n n e c t o r between t h e i n d i v i d u a l e l e c t r o d e
l e a d s and c a b l e ; ( 3 ) The s u b j e c t i n t e r f a c e box which mounts
on e i t h e r t h e Ergometer o r LBNPD and c o n t a i n s t h e p r e - a m p l i f i e r s
f o r e a c h e l e c t r o d e and t h e e l e c t r i c a l shock p r e v e n t i o n c i r c u i t r y ;
( 4 ) t h e VCG E l e c t r o n i c s Module, which h a s a r e s i s t a n c e network
f o r c o n v e r t i n g t h e e i g h t i n p u t s i g n a l s from t h e e l e c t r o d e s i n t o
t h e t h r e e standard vectorcardiographic signals. T h i s module
is mounted in the Experiment Support System (ESS) and contains
circuits for computing and displaying the heart rate, and for
measuring the electrode-skin resistance. The apparatus weighs
54 lbs and has a stowage volume of about 1-5 cubic feet.
Protocol
Every three days of the flight each astronaut is
scheduled to perform VCG measurements, Five of these scheduled
experiment sessions per astronaut during the 28-day mission
and eight sessions per astronaut during the 56-day missions
will utilize data obtained by the Experiment M171 protocol.
The remaining sessions will be independent M093 VCG measure-
ments taken before, during, and after a two-minute exercise
period on the ergometer. An assistant is required to help
the subject attach and remove the electrodes. Each independent
M093 session takes about 45 minutes, including time to set up
and attach the electrodes, run the experiment, take down the
equipment, and stow it. The vectorcardiogram equipment is
also used in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Experiment,
(M092), and its use is described in that experiment protocol.
Data Return
The data is recorded on tape to be telemetered to
the nearest ground tracking station. It consists of the
three standard VCG analog voltage signals and a heart rate
channel, along with voice identification of the conditions
of recording. No equipment or samples are to be returned to
the ground.
BODY WWEMTUm d
mASUzPaLHG 5%'
PROBE

ELECTRODES BLOOD PRESSUM


SYSTEM CUFF.

BPMS ELEC.

NOMENCLK URE ANATOMICAL


ANATOMICAL ABBREVIATIONS
RIGKT SACRUM RS
LEFT AXILLA LA
LEFT CHEST LC
FRONT F
LEFT SACRUM LS
NECK N
RIGHT AXILLA ' RA
BACK B
C y t o g e n e t i c S t u d i e s of t h e Blood, Experiment M l ~ l

Principal Investigator: L i l l i a n H. Lockhart, M . D . , University


of Texas, Medical Branch
Co-Principal I n v e s t i g a t o r : P. Carolyn Gooch, Brown & Root -
Northrop
Development Center: MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: None
,
Objectives

The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s ' e x p e r i m e n t a r e t o make p r e -


and p o s t f l i g h t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of chromosome a b e r r a t i o n
f r e q u e n c i e s i n t h e p e r i p h e r a l blood l e u k o c y t e s of t h e Skylab
f l i g h t crewmembers, and t o p r o v i d e -- i n v i v o r a d i a t i o n dosimetry.

Background
I n m i t o s i s , each chromosome d u p l i c a t e s i t s e l f w i t h
t h e d u p l i c a t e s b e i n g s e p a r a t e d from each o t h e r a t c e l l
d i v i s i o n , One d u p l i c a t e chromosome goes i n t o t h e nucleus
of one d a u g h t e r c e l l and t h e o t h e r d u p l i c a t e goes i n t o t h e
n u c l e u s of t h e second d a u g h t e r c e l l . The end p r o d u c t of t h i s
p r o c e s s i s c e l l d i v i s i o n which i n v o l v e s s e v e r a l phases. Each
phase i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a p a r t i c u l a r p a t t e r n of chromosome
behavior. I t i s d u r i n g one o f t h e s e phases ( t h e m e t a p h a s e ) ,
t h a t chromosomal a b e r r a t i o n s may b e m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y observed.

Chromosome a n a l y s e s w e r e done f o r a l l of t h e Gemini


m i s s i o n s ( w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of Gemini V I I I which was
t e r m i n a t e d e a r l y ) under the o p e r a t i o n a l medical program. '
S i g n i f i c a n t , though s l i g h t , i n c r e a s e s i n some t y p e s of chro-
mosomal a b e r r a t i o n s were seen f o l l o w i n g some of t h e m i s s i o n s ,
This e f f e c t c o u l d n o t b e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h mission d u r a t i o n ,
e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s , i s o t o p e i n j e c t i o n of t h e crews o r
o t h e r obvious f l i g h t p a r a m e t e r s , Observations on t h e Skylab
crewmembers can a s s i s t i n e l u c i d a t i n g t h e mechanism of t h i s
phenomenon.
Measurement of t h e number o f ehromosome a b e r r a t i o n s
h a s been demonstrated by ground-based s t u d i e s t o be a s e n s i t i v e
method of b i o l o g i c a l r a d i a t i o n dose e s t i m a t i o n , ient
r a d i a t i o n encountered d u r i n g long d u r a t i o n m i s s i o n s o r
unexpected s o l a r f l a r e e v e n t s could produce s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s
i n a b e r r a t i o n l e v e l s . Even i f no d e t e c t a b l e i n c r e a s e s i n aber-
r a t i o n l e v e l s a r e observed i n t h e Skylab m i s s i o n s , t h e e x p e r i -
ment w i l l have s e r v e d t h e u s e f u l purpose of d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e
l a c k of a d e t e c t a b l e g e n e t i c h a z a r d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e
missions.
Protocol
P e r i o d i c blood sample$ w i l l be t a k e n pre- and posg-
f l i g h t beginning one month b e f o r e launch and t e r m i n a t i n g t h r e e
weeks p o s t recovery.
The l e u k o c y t e s w i l l be p l a c e d i n a s h o r t term t i s s u e
c u l t u r e . During t h e f i r s t c y c l e of m i t o t i c a c t i v i t y i n t h e
i n v i t r o c u l t u r e s , s t a n d a r d chroiosome p r e p a r a t i o n s o f t h e
--
leukocytes w i l l be prepared.
The l e u k o c y t e s from t h e c e l l c u l t u r e w i l l be removed
d u r i n g metaphase and " f i x e d " . A v i s u a l a n a l y s i s w i l l be
performed which i n v o l v e s c o u n t i n g t h e chromosomes, t h e number
of b r e a k s , and t y p e s where p o s s i b l e , and t h e n making a comparison
between t h e i d e n t i f i a b l e chromosome forms w i t h groups of
chromosomes comprising t h e normal human complement.
S t a n d a r d s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s w i l l be used t o
determine i f a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n chromosome a b e r r a t i o n
frequencies appears p o s t f l i g h t . This a n a l y s i s w i l l include
comparisons of p r e f l i g h t a b e r r a t i o n l e v e l s i n normal i n d i v i -
duals of the general population. "Predicted" aberration
l e v e l s f o r p o s t f l i g h t samples w i l l be c a l c u l a t e d by u s i n g
i n f l i g h t p h y s i c a l d o s e r a d i a t i o n measurements and e x i s t i n g
e x p e r i m e n t a l l y determined chromosome a b e r r a t i o n p r o d u c t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s . The e f f e c t s of any o t h e r o p e r a t i o n a l , o r
e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e l i k e l y t o produce chromosomal aber-
r a t i o n s (such a s r a d i o i s o t o p e i n j e c t i o n s ) w i l l be measured
on normal c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s . These c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s w i l l
comprise t h e Ground C o n t r o l Group (GCG) and w i l l b e s i m i l a r
i n age and p h y s i c a l a t t r i b u t e s t o t h e crewmembers. A s
c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s t h e GCG w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e i n a l l tests and
medical p r o c e d u r e s undertaken by t h e f l i g h t crewmembers.
Examination w i l l be made of t h e chromosomes of t h e ground
c o n t r o l members and t h e f l i g h t crew p r i o r t o i n i t i a t i o n of
p r e f l i g h t procedures and tests t o d e t e c t any chromosomal
aberrations already present.
Hardware

No i n f l i g h t hardware 'is r e q u i r e d s i n c e t h e experiment


i s pre- and p o s t f l i g h t . Ground b a s e equipment c o n s i s t s of
standard laboratory apparatus.
Data Return
The d a t a from t h i s experiment w i l l consist of t h e
chromosome a b e r r a t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s which appear p o s t f l i g h t
f o r n i n e men, t h r e e of whom w i l l have e x p e r i e n c e d 28 days i n
e a r t h o r b i t and t h e rest 56 days each. An e s t i m a t e of t h e
r a d i a t i o n dose e x p e r i e n c e d by each man w i l l be made based on t h e
number of Chromosome breaks,
APPENDIX V I I b
Man's Immunity, I n V i t r o ' A s p e c t s , Experiment M l l 2

Principai Iiivestigators: Stephan E . Ritzmann, M-D., S h r i n e r s


Burns I n s t i t u t e
W i l l i a m C , Levin, M , D , , U n i v e r s i t y of
Texas,
. . Medic.al Branch
Development C e n t e r : MSC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: None
Contractor: None

O b je c t i v e s

The o b j e c t i v e o f t h e ,experiment i s t o a s s a y changes


i n humoral and c e l l u l a r immunity a s r e f l e c t e d by t h e concen-
t r a t i o n s of plasma and blood c e l l p r o t e i n s , b l a s t o i d t s a n s -
f o r m a t i o n s and s y n t h e s i s of r i b o n u l e i c (RPJA) and d e s o q -
r i b o n u c l e i c a c i d s (DNA) by t h e lymphocytes,
Background L

I n f o r m a t i o n on manPs humoral and c e l l u l a r s t a t u s of


immunity and c o a g u l a t i o n phenomena d u r i n g and f s l l a w i n g
exposure t o s p a c e f l i g h t i s e s s e n t i a l b e f o r e f l i g h t - c r e w s can
be committed t o extended m i s s i o n s , S i g n i f i c a n t a l t e r a t i o n s s f
t h e immunity mechanisms w i l l produce p r e j u d i c a l e f f e c t s upon
t h i s i n h e r e n t d e f e n s e system, t h e r e b y s e r i o u s l y compa~omising the I
I

crewman's o p e r a t i o n a l s t a t u s . The c e l l u l a r immunity system i s


e x q u i s i t e l y s e n s i t i v e t o r a d i a t i o n , and t h e c o a g u l a t i o n s t a t u s
i s a f f e c t e d by man8s a c t i v i t y ,
The e x p e r i m e n t a l program measures i t e m s which con-
t r i b u t e t o man's a b i l i t y t o combat i n f e c t i o n s and r e p a i r t r a u -
matized t i s s u e s a f t e r exposure t o w e i g h t l e s s n e s s , s p a c e c r a f t
atmosphere, s u b l e * a l . i o n i a i n g r a d i a t i o n , t h e monotonous i m u n o -
l o g i c s t i m u l a t i o n o f a c l o s e d environment, and t h e unusual
p o s i t i o n i n g and s t a t e of p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y , S i g n i f i c a n t a l t e r a -
t i o n s of ' t h e humoral o r c e l l u l a r irnmuaae-mechanisms may produce
d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s upon normal p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n s ,
may r e s u l t i n i n c r e a s e d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o i n f e c t i o n s , and
conceivably can i n d u c e t h e o n s e t o f autoimmune d i s e a s e s ,
Protocol
The experiment w i l l o b t a i n p r e f l i g h t b a s e l i n e s ,
which w i l l be i n d i c a t i o n s of normal metabolism, from t h e
crewmembers and a Ground Control Group (GCG) composed of
t h r e e men p h y s i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o t h e crew members who w i l l
s e r v e a s c o n t r o l s while t h e crewmembers a r e i n s p a c e f l i g h t .
I n f l i g h t blood samples w i l l be taken f o u r times from each
crewman d u r i n g t h e 28 day mission and e i g h t times from each
crewman d u r i n g t h e 56 day m i s s i o n s . Upon recovery a f t e r t h e
s p a c e f l i g h t , information w i l l be a a i n obtained from t h e
crewmembers b e f o r e body f u n c t i o n s 'normalize" and compared
w i t h t h e p r e f l i g h t b a s e l i n e s , i n f l i g h t p r o f i l e s , and w i t h t h e
d a t a being obtained from t h e GCG t o d e t e c t any s i g n i f i c a n t
d e v i a t i o n s . An e x t e n s i v e b a t t e r y of a n a l y s e s w i l l be p e r -
formed using a p p r o p r i a t e l a b o r a t o r y techniques t o d e t e c t
q u a l i t a t i v e and/or q u a n t i t a t i v e changes. P e r i o d i c examinatiocs
w i l l be made of t h e blood p r o t e i n s and lymphocytes u n t i l t h e
p o s s i b l e a l t e r e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e l i k e l y t o have s t a b i l i z e d .
Hardware
The I n f l i g h t Blood C o l l e c t i o n System w i l l provide
t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o draw venous blood and c e n t r i f u g e t h e samples
f o r p r e s e r v a t i o n . The on-board f r e e z i n g c a p a b i l i t y w i l l be
used t o p r e s e r v e t h e samples d u r i n g t h e mission and maintain
them i n a f r o z e n s t a t e . They w i l l be r e t u r n e d i n a f r o z e n
condition i n a urine return container f o r p o s t f l i g h t analysis.
This i n f l i g h t blood c o l l e c t i o n system and a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e s ,

w i l l be u t i l i z e d t o o b t a i n , p r o c e s s , p r e s e r v e and r e t u r n
hematology sqmples f o r Experiments MO71, M073, M112, M113,
M114, and Mll5.
Data Return
The d a t a f ~ o mt h i s experiment w i l l c o n s i s t of t h e
r e s u l t s from t h e many a n a l y s e s performed on t h e blood borne
immunity systems. A l l n i n e members of t h e Skylab f l i g h t crew
w i l l participate.
APPENDIX I X

Blood Volume and Red C e l l L i f e Span, Experiment MI13

Principal Investigator: P h i l i p C. Johnson, J r . , M.D., Baylor


U n i v e r s i t y , College of Medicine
Development Center: MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: None
Contractor: None

Objectives
The o b j e c t i v e of t h i s experiment i s t o determine t h e
e f f e c t of e a r t h o r b i t a l m i s s i o n s on t h e plasma volume and t h e
r e d blood c e l l p o p u l a t i o n s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n p a i d t o
changes i n r e d c e l l mass, r e d c e l l d e s t r u c t i o n r a t e , r e d c e l l
l i f e s p a n , and r e d c e l l p r o d u c t i o n r a t e .

Background
The r e d blood c e l l s (RBC) of t h e c i r c u l a t o r y system
p r o v i d e s t h e means o f t r a n s p o r t i n g oxygen from t h e lungs t o
a l l p a r t s of t h e body. The oxygen c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of t h i s
system i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e amount of RBC a v a i l a b l e , A d e c r e a s e
i n RBC mass f o r c e s t h e system t o compensate by i n c r e a s i n g t h e
h e a r t r a t e , b r e a t h i n g r a t e , e t c . , a t c o n s t a n t oxygen t r a n s p o r t
r a t e s , and a s a r e s u l t , t h e a b i l i t y of t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r system
t o meet peak oxygen demands i s reduced.
R a d i o i s o t o p e s t u d i e s on Gemini V and V I I showed
d e c r e a s e s i n r e d blood c e l l mass w h i l e a t t h e same t i m e
normal r e d blood c e l l s u r v i v a l t i m e s were s h o r t e n e d i n t h r e e
of t h e f o u r crewmen. The p r o d u c t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n and des-
t r u c t i o n o f r e d blood c e l l s needs t o be i n v e s t i g a t e d i n o r d e r
t o u n d e r s t a n d this RBC phenomena.
Protocol
This experiment h a s f o u r p a r t s ; i n each a d i f f e r e n t
r a d i o i s o t o p e t r a c e r i s used t o e v a l u a t e t h e f o u r r e d blood
c e l l parameters o u t l i n e d i n t h e Objectives.
The s i t e of r e d blood c e l l (RBC) p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e
mature a d u l t i s the marrow of membranous bones (e.g. sternum
and v e r t e b r a e ) w i t h t h e r a t e o f - p r o d u c t i o n dependent on meta-
b o l i c demands and t h e c u r r e n t r e d c e l l p o p u l a t i o n . The r a t e of
Rl3C p r o d u c t i o n w i l l be measured q u a n t i t a t i v e l y by i n j e c t i o n of
a known q u a n t i t y of a r a d i o a c t i v e i r o n t r a c e r i n t o crewmembers.
The r a d i o i r o n , combined w i t h g l o b u l i n , i s t r a n s p o r t e d t o o t h e r
p a r t s of t h e body. The i r o n (non-tagged and r a d i o i r o n ) which
r e a c h e s t h e membranous bones i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o the heme
p o r t i o n of hemoglobin by t h e bone marrow. S i n c e n o t a l l t h e
i r o n a p p e a r i n g i n t h e plasma i s used f o r e r y t h r o c y t e p r o d u c t i o n
b u t i s i n s t e a d t a k e n up by t h e i r o n p o o l s of t h e body, a f r a c t i o n
of t h e i n j e c t e d r a d i o i r o n w i l l be u n a v a i l a b l e f o r i n c o r p o r a -
t i o n i n t o developing R B C ' s . T h i s can b e determined by measuring
t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f r a d i o i r o n i n t h e c i r c u l a t i n g RBC a f t e r
seven days and comparing it w i t h t h e i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n
of r a d i o i r o n i n t h e plasma.
I S i n c e t h e r a t e of RBC p r o d u c t i o n a c t s w i t h RBC l o s s
t o i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e t h e t o t a l RBC mass p r e s e n t a t a g i v e n
t i m e , any changes i n t h e r a t e s of RBC p r o d u c t i o n and d e s t r u c t i o n
w i l l be necessarily r e f l e c t e d i n t h e red c e l l m a s s . Such
changes i n r e d c e l l mass w i l l b e measured and analyzed i n t h e
f l i g h t crewmembers by i n j e c t i o n o f r a d i o a c t i v e chromium ( i n t h e
form of sodium chromate) t a g g e d ' r e d , c e l l s . The sodium chromate.
d i f f u s e s through t h e c e l l menibrane where i t i s converted
t o chromium c h l o r i d e and, i n t h i s form, bound t o hemoglobin.
The volume of R B C ' s i s t h e n c a l c u l a t e d by allowing t h e chromium-
t a g g e d c e l l s t o d i s p e r s e through t h e c i r c u l a t o r y system and
measuring t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e chromium h a s become d i l u t e d .
The f a c t t h a t chromium does n o t r e e n t e r t h e r e d c e l l makes i t
a good t r a c e r f o r RBC mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . Chromium i n c o r -
p o r a t e d i n t o t h e hemoglobin s t r u c t u r e of t h e c i r c u l a t i n g
r e d c e l l a l s o p r o v i d e s a means f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e r a t e of
random c e l l d e s t r u c t i o n by m o n i t o r i n g t h e r a t e a t which
chromium d i s a p p e a r s from t h e r e d c e l l mass.
To determine s e l e c t i v e age dependent e r y t h r o c y t e
d e s t r u c t i o n and mean r e d c e l l l i f e span, carbon 1 4 l a b e l l e d
g l y c i n e w i l l be i n j e c t e d i n t o a s u p e r f i c i a l arm v e i n of
each crewmember and c o n t r o l s u b j e c t . The g l y c i n e g i v e s a
c o h o r t t a g of t h e R B C ' s by i t s i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o t h e heme
p o r t i o n of hemoglobin and l a b e l s t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s d u r i n g
t h e i r development. S e q u e n t i a l blood sampling w i l l t h e n
g i v e t h e p e r c e n t a g e of t h e l a b e l i n t h e blood a t a g i v e n t i m e
( d a y s ) , and by p l o t t i n g t h i s d a t a , a s u r v i v a l . c u r v e can b e
o b t a i n e d . ' The r e s u l t a n t c u r v e can t h e n be analyzed mathe-
m a t i c a l l y and a m e a n l i f e span of t h e c e l l s determined. Only
a s m a l l p o r t i o n of t h e carbon 1 4 i s r e - u t i l i z e d by t h e r e d
c e l l s making i t an i d e a l RBC l a b e l .
F i n a l l y , plasma volume changes w i l l be measured by
adding a known amount of r a d i o i o d i n a t e d human serum albumin
t o each crewmember's blood. Albumin i s a major c o n s t i t u e n t
of t h e plasma and i s t h e p r o t e i n most r e s p o n s i b l e f o r main-
t a i n i n g t h e 3smotic p r e s s u r e a t t h e c a p i l l a r y membrane. It
a c t s t o p r e v e n t plasma f l u i d from l e a k i n g o u t of t h e c a p i l -
l a r i e s i n t o i n t e r s t i t i a l space.
A ground c o n t r o l group, s i m i l a r i n age and p h y s i c a l
a t t r i b u t e s t o t h e crewmembers, w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e i n a l l t e s t s
and medical procedures undertaken by t h e f l i g h t crew.
Hardware
The I n f l i g h t Blood C o l l e c t i o n System w i l l p r o v i d e
t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o draw venous blood and c e n t r i f u g e t h e samples
f o r p r e s e r v a t i o n . The on-board f r e e z i n g c a p a b i l i t y w i l l be
used t o p r e s e r v e t h e samples d u r i n g t h e mission and m a i n t a i n
them i n a f r o z e n s t a t e . They w i l l be r e t u r n e d i n a f r o z e n
condition i n a urine return container f o r p o s t f l i g h t analysis.
This i n f l i g h t blood c o l l e c t i o n system and a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e s
w i l l be u t i l i z e d t o o b t a i n , p r o c e s s , p r e s e r v e and r e t u r n
hematology samples f o r Experiments MO71, M073, M112, M113,
M114, and M115.
Data Return
The d a t a from t h i s experiment w i l l c o n s i s t of t h e
mass changes, production and d e s t r u c t i o n r a t e s , and l i f e span
of t h e red blood c e l l s from t h e Skylab crewmen, t h r e e of whom
w i l l have s p e n t 28 days i n o r b i t and t h e o t h e r s 56 days each.
APPENDIX X

Red Blood C e l l Metabolism,' Experiment M I 1 4

Principal Investigator: C h a r l e s E , Mengel, M.D., U n i v e r s i t y of


M i s s o u r i , School of Medicine
Development Center: MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: None
Contractor: None

Objectives
The o b j e c t i v e of t h i s experiment i s t o determine
i f any m e t a b o l i c and/or membrane changes o c c u r i n t h e human
r e d blood c e l l a s a r e s u l t of exposure t o t h e s p a c e - f l i g h t
environment.
Background
I n o r d e r t o remain f u n c t i o n a l and e f f e c t i v e l y s e r v e
i t s purpose, it i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e r e d c o r p u s c l e m a i n t a i n
an optimum osmotic b a l a n c e a g a i n s t a s t e e p i o n i c g r a d i e n t ,
r e s i s t f o r c e s which t r y t o change i t s biconcave shape t o
s p h e r i c a l and m a i n t a i n an a c t i v e t r a n s p o r t mechanism which
a l l o w s t h e passage of g l u c o s e and i o n s a c r o s s t h e r e d blood
c e l l membrane. Energy i s r e q u i r e d t o accomplish t h e s e f u n c t i o n s
and most i m p o r t a n t l y , energy i s r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n t h e cor-
p u s c l e ' s a b i l i t y t o t r a n s p o r t t h e oxygen r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n
l i f e i n t h e body t i s s u e s . I t i s obvious t h a t any i n t e r r u p t i o n
i n t h e energy-giving m e t a b o l i c p r o c e s s could r e n d e r t h e r e d
blood c e l l i n e f f e c t u a l and prove c a t a s t r o p h i c t o t h e a s t r o n a u t .
T h i s experiment w i l l a s s e s s t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e
s p a c e f l i g h t environment on t h e m e t a b o l i c p r o c e s s e s which s u p p o r t
t h e crewmember's e r y t h r o c y t e s , and i s designed t o complement
Blood Volume and Red C e l l L i f e Span, Experiment M113.
Protocol
The r e d blood c e l l c o n t a i n s no glycogen. Consequently,
f o r i t s continu'ed metabolism, i t must have c o n s t a n t a c c e s s t o
g l u c o s e . The p r o c e s s by which t h e g l u c o s e p e n e t r a t e s t h e ery-
t h r o c y t e membrane i s n o t known. However, i t i s an a c t i v e
t r a n s p o r t p r o c e s s r a t h e r t h a n simple d i f f u s i o n . It i s
suspected t h a t t h e membrane, i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e l i p i d
f r a c t i o n , i s f u n c t i o n a l i n t h i s p r o c e s s . Because t h e
e r y t h r o c y t e membrane i s a dynamic component of t h e r e d
c o r p u s c l e , i t s chemical composition and s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y
w i l l be addressed by t h i s experiment. Standard l a b o r a t o r y
techniques w i l l be used.
The metabolic breakdown of g l u c o s e f o r energy
p r o d u c t i o n i s accomplished a n a e r o b i c a l l y . It i s through
t h i s g l y c o l y t i c p r o c e s s t h a t energy i s s t o r e d i n chemical
bonds. To d e t e c t any changes i n t h e g l u c o s e metabolic
pathway t h a t may o c c u r a s a r e s u l t of s p a c e f l i g h t exposure,
s e v e r a l key i n t r a c e l l u l a r enzymes w i l l be analyzed u s i n g
standard laboratory techniques.
Hardware
The I n f l i g h t Blood C o l l e c t i o n System w i l l provide
t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o draw venous blood and c e n t r i f u g e t h e samples
f o r p r e s e r v a t i o n . The on-board f r e e z i n g c a p a b i l i t y w i l l be
used t o p r e s e r v e t h e samples d u r i n g t h e mission and maintain
them i n a f r o z e n s t a t e . They w i l l be r e t u r n e d i n a f r o z e n
container i n a urine return container f o r postflight analysis,
This i n f l i g h t blood c o l l e c t i o n system and a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e s
w i l l b e u t i l i z e d t o o b t a i n , p r o c e s s , p r e s e r v e and r e t u r n
hematology samples f o r Experiment M071, M073, M112, M113,
M114, and M115.
Data Return
,
The d a t a from t h i s experiment w i l l c o n s i s t of t h e
r e s u l t s from t h e a n a l y t i c a l procedures, some 1 4 i n a l l . A l l
n i n e crewmen from t h e Skylab Program w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e .
APPENDIX X I

S p e c i a l Hematologic E f f e c t , Experiment M115

Principal Investigator: S t e p h e n L . Kimsey, Ph.D., NASA, MSC


Co-Principal I n v e s t i g a t o r : C r a i g L. F i s c h e r , M,D., NASA, MSC
Development Center: MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: None
C o n t r a c t o r : None

Objectives
The primary o b j e c t i v e of t h i s experiment i s t o
examine c r i t i c a l physiochemical blood p a r a m e t e r s r e l a t i v e
t o t h e maintenance of a s t a b l e s t a t e of e q u i l i b r i u m between
c e r t a i n blood elements and t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s of s p a c e
f l i g h t on t h e s e parameters, A secondary o b j e c t i v e i s t o
p r o v i d e e s s e n t i a l d a t a on blood which w i l l a s s i s t i n i n t e r -
p r e t a t i o n of o t h e r hematology/imrnunology experiments,
Background
Blood s t u d i e s made on Gemini and Apollo a s t r o n a u t s
have shown t h a t changes i n r e d c e l l mass, blood c o n s t i t u e n t s ,
and i n t h e f l u i d and e l e c t r o l y t e b a l a n c e can be expected
a s a r e s u l t of t h e s p a c e environment, The d a t a i n d i c a t e d
t h a t some o f t h e changes were caused by z e r o g r a v i t y , some
by t h e h i g h oxygen c o n t e n t of t h e s p a c e c r a f t atmosphere and
some by t h e combination of t h e two environments.
T h i s experiment p r o v i d e s more e x t e n s i v e a n a l y s i s
of t h e blood p r e - , i n - , and p o s t - f l i g h t and i s aimed a t a b e t t e r
u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e c a u s e s of changes.

Protocol
P e r i o d i c blood samples w i l l be t a k e n p r e - and p o s t -
f l i g h t beginning one month b e f o r e l a u n c h and ending t h r e e
weeks a f t e r r e t u r n . The samples w i l l be p r o c e s s e d on s i t e
immediately. During f l i g h t f o u r and e i g h t samples, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
w i l l b e t a k e n from e a c h crewman on t h e 28 and 56-day f l i g h t s .
The f o l l o w i n g parameters w i l l be i n v e s t i g a t e d :
red c e l l count; hematocrit; hemoglobin; r e d c e l l i n d i c e s ;
r e t i c u l o c y t e count; white c e l l count; d i f f e r e n t i a l and
morphology; p l a t e l e t count; a c i d and osmotic f r a g i l i t i e s ;
r e d c e l l c r i t i c a l volume and red c e l l volume d i s t r i b u t i o n ;
photomicroscopy; c e l l u l a r e l e c t r o l y t e s ; hemoglobin assay;
membrane and c e l l u l a r u l t r a s t r u c t u r e ; i n t r a e r y t h r o c y t i c
e l e c t r o l y t e s ; red c e l l electrophoretic mobility; red c e l l
d e n s i t y s e p a r a t i o n ; c e l l u l a r RNA and p r o t e i n d i s t r i b u t i o n .
Hardware
The I n f l i g h t Blood C o l l e c t i o n System w i l l p r o v i d e
t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o draw venous blood and c e n t r i f u g e t h e samples
f o r p r e s e r v a t i o n . The on-board f r e e z i n g c a p a b i l i t y w i l l be
used t o p r e s e r v e t h e samples d u r i n g t h e mission and m a i n t a i n
them i n a f r o z e n s t a t e . They w i l l be r e t u r n e d i n a f r o z e n
condition i n a urine return container f o r p o s t f l i g h t analysis.
This i n f l i g h t blood c o l l e c t i o n system and a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e s
w i l l be u t i l i z e d t o o b t a i n , p r o c e s s , p r e s e r v e and r e t u r n
hematology samples f o r Experiments MO71, M073, M112, M 1 1 3 ,
M114, and M115.
Data Return ,

The d a t a from t h i s experiment w i l l c o n s i s t of


t h e r e s u l t s of t h e many a n a l y s e s performed.
APPENDIX X I 1

Human V e s t i b u l a r F u n c t i o n , Experiment M131

Principal Investigator: Ashton G r a y b i e l , M.D., Naval Aerospace


Meidcal I n s t i t u t e , P e n s a c o l a , F l o r i d a
0

C O - p r i n c i p a l ~ n v e s t i g a t o r : E a r l F , Miller, Ph.D., Naval Aero-


s p a c e Medical I n s t i t u t e , P e n s a c o l a ,
b
Florida

Development C e n t e r : MSC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractor: Applied P h y s i c s Laboratory

Objectives
The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s experiment a r e t o o b t a i n d a t a
p e r t i n e n t t o e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e v a l i d i t y o f measurements of
s p e c i f i c behavioral/physiological r e s p o n s e s i n f l u e n c e d by
v e s t i b u l a r a c t i v i t y under one g and z e r o g c o n d i t i o n s ; t o
d e t e r m i n e man's a d a p t a b i l i t y t o unusual v e s t i b u l a r c o n d i t i o n s
and p r e d i c t h a b i t a b i l i t y of f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t c o n d i t i o n s i n -
v o l v i n g reduced g r a v i t y and C o r i o l i s f o r c e s ; and t o measure
t h e accuracy and v a r i a b i l i t y i n man's judgement of s p a t i a l
c o o r d i n a t e s based upon a t y p i c a l g r a v i t y r e c e p t o r cues and
inadequate v i s u a l cues.

Background
I t i s hypothesized t h a t t h e b a s i c semicircular canal
r e s p o n s e s w i l l show a c u t e and c h r o n i c changes a f t e r normal g
l o a d i n g i s removed and t h a t s e n s i t i v i t y t o motion a s provoked
by o r b i t i n g a s w e l l a s o r b i t a l r o t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s w i l l d i f f e r
from s i m i l a r measurements made on e a r t h and w i l l change a s a
f u n c t i o n of time i n s p a c e . To e v a l u a t e t h e s e hypotheses and
t o p r o v i d e t h e d a t a r e q u i r e d t o v e r i f y p r e d i c t i o n methods, pre-
and p o s t f l i g h t r e s p o n s e s t o e a r c a n a l s t i m u l a t i o n w i l l be
compared w i t h i n f l i g h t r e s p o n s e s u s i n g a r o t a t i n g c h a i r and
a c c e s s o r y equipment.

I t i s a l s o h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t prolonged absence of
g r a v i t a t i o n a l s t i m u l i w i l l produce changes i n g r a v i t y r e c e p t o r
a c t i v i t y which w i l l be r e f l e c t e d i n changes i n s p a t i a l l o c a l i -
z a t i o n i n t h e absence of a d e q u a t e v i s u a l c u e s , T h i s h y p o t h e s i s
w i l l be e v a l u a t e d by u s i n g t h e t i l t i n g l i t t e r / c h a i r d e v i c e t o
compare pre- and p o s t f l i g h t measures of s p a t i a l l o c a l i z a t i o n
with i n f l i g h t responses.
Hardware
The equipment f o r t h i s experiment c o n s i s t s o f :
1. A l i t t e r c h a i r which can be r o t a t e d by a motor a t
i t s b a s e o r , when n o t b e i n g r o t a t e d , can tilt
forward, backward o r t o e i t h e r s i d e .

2. A c o n t r o l console t h a t provides supporting displays


and c o n t r o l s n e c e s s a r y t o o p e r a t e t h e c h a i r i n i t s
r o t a t i o n a l mode, and a " r e s p o n s e m a t r i x " f o r coding
a s u b j e c t ' s response t o t h e r o t a t i o n a l t e s t s .
3. An o t o l i t h t e s t goggle w i t h a b i t e - b o a r d mounting.
The goggles c o n t a i n an i l l u m i n a t e d l i n e which can
be a d j u s t e d by t h e man t o h i s p e r c e i v e d v e r t i c a l
o r horizontal position.
4. A r e f e r e n c e s p h e r e w i t h a magnetic r o d , used by
t h e a s t r o n a u t . t o i n d i c a t e body o r i e n t a t i o n non-
visually.
The a p p a r a t u s w e i g h t s 255 l b s . , and h a s an approxi-
mate volume o f 29.2 c u b i c f e e t .

Protocol
I n t h e r o t a t i o n t h r e s h o l d phase of t h e s e m i c i r c u l a r
c a n a l t e s t , c a l l e d t h e " o c u l o g y r a l i l l u s i o n mode", t h e s u b j e c t
i s r o t a t e d o v e r a p r o f i l e t h a t c o n s i s t s of a c o n s t a n t a n g u l a r
a c c e l e r a t i o n followed by a c o n s t a n t a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y followed
by a c o n s t a n t a n g u l a r d e c e l e r a t i o n . A t s p e c i f i e d t i m e s
d u r i n g t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n and d e c e l e r a t i o n , t h e s u b j e c t opens
h i s eyes and r e p o r t s any p e r c e i v e d motion of t h e t a r g e t l i g h t
i n t h e goggles. T h i s motion i s t h e o c u l o g y r a l i l l u s i o n .
I f no motion i s d e t e c t e d t h e a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n was below
threshold. The r o t a t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t i o n i s i n c r e a s e d i n
s u c c e s s i v e t r i a l s u n t i l h i s t h r e s h o l d i s recorded.
I n t h e motion s u s c e p t i b i l i t y phase of t h e c a n a l t e s t s ,
c a l l e d t h e "motion s e n s i t i v i t y mode," t h e c h a i r i s r o t a t e d a t
a moderate speed f o r a minute and t h e n t h e s u b j e c t performs a
p r e a r r a n g e d s e r i e s of head movements and r e p o r t s h i s s u b j e c t i v e
s e n s a t i o n s , which t h e o b s e r v e r r e c o r d s i n t h e r e s p o n s e m a t r i x .
The head movements a r e continued u n t i l e i t h e r a p r e s e t v a l u e
i s reached on t h e r e s p o n s e m a t r i x o r 30 head movement s e r i e s
a r e completed.
This sequence t a k e s about 30 minutes and i s t o be
performed by two crew members a s a s u b j e c t s i x t i m e s d u r i n g
t h e 28-day mission.
In the s p a t i a l localization t e s t s , the subject is
t i l t e d t o various p o s i t i o n s r e l a t i v e t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t with
h i s eyes c l o s e d and i s asked t o i n d i c a t e b o t h h i s p e r c e i v e d
d i r e c t i o n of g r a v i t y and body o r i e n t a t i o n . He i n d i c a t e s t h i s
b o t h by s e t t i n g t h e d i r e c t i o n of an i l l u m i n a t e d l i n e i n t h e
t e s t goggles and by l i n i n g ' u p a magnetic i n d i c a t o r r o d on a
hand-held s p h e r e .
The l o c a l i z a t i o n t e s t s t a k e about 4 5 minutes and
a r e t o be done on each a s t r o n a u t t h r e e times d u r i n g t h e
28-day mission. The t e s t s a r e n o t t o be done on t h e same
day as t h e r o t a t i o n experiments.

Data Return

The v o i c e d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e s u b j e c t ' s symptoms,


experiment c o n d i t i o n s , and r e s p o n s e m a t r i x s c o r e s a r e r e -
corded on t a p e and t e l e m e t e r e d t o t h e n e a r e s t ground t r a c k i n g
s t a t i o n . The o t o l i t h t e s t goggles a r e r e t u r n e d f o r p o s t
f l i g h t c a l i b r a t i o n and 390 f t . of motion p i c t u r e f i l m covering
s e v e r a l s e l e c t e d experiment sequences a r e r e t u r n e d a s e x p e r i -
ment d a t a .
HUMAN VESTIBULAR FUNCTION
S K Y L A B EXPERIMENT MI31

.xp- CONTROL CONSOLE

OGI TEST
APPENDIX X I 1 1
1

' Sleep Monitoring, ~ x ~ e r i m e n


M133
t

Principal Investigator: J , D, F r b s t ' , J r , , M.D.


Baylor U n i v e r s i t y , C o l l e g e
I
06 Medicine
1.
Development C e n t e r : MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractor: Martin M a r i e t t a Corporatjon

Objectives
The d b j e c t i v e of t h i s ekperim'ent i s t o e v a l u a t e
s l e e p q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y d u r i n g prolonged s p a c e f l i g h t by
u t i l i z i n g a u t o m a t i c onboard a n a l y s i s o f , E l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a m
(EEG) and E l e c t r o o c u l a g r a m (EOG) a c t i v i t y and t e l e m e t r y of
results,
I I
Backqround
An o b j e c t i v e method of d e t e r m i n i n g t h e q u a n t i t y and
q u a l i t y of s l e e p i s t o r e c o r d t h e e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y of t h e
b r a i n (EEG) and motion of t h e e y e (EOG) d u r i n g t h e s l e e p
p e r i o d , A s an i n d i v i d u a l goes from an awake t o a drowsy
s t a t e , t h e EEG dominant frequency d e c r e a s e s i n a s s o c i a t i o n
with a small decrease i n amplitude, S i m i l a r l y , t h e r e i s a
correspondence between t h e EEG and t h e v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f
s l e e p i n t h a t t h e ~ ea r e d e f i n i t e changes i n c e r t a i n wave
forms a s ' a p e r s o n goes from a drowsy t o a s l e e p s t a t e . In
a d d i t i o n , t h e p e r i o d i c appearance of b u r s t s of r a p i d eye move-
ments (REMs) h a s been a s s o c i a t e d w i t h dreaming. Based upon
t h e EEG and EOG c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s l e e p may b e d i v i d e d by
c u r r e n t l y accepted c r i t e r i a i n t o f i v e c l i n i c a l s t a g e s ,
{

There i s a d e f i n i t e and w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d i n d i v i d u a l
r e q u i r e m e n t f o r each s l e e p s t a g e , A s u b j e c t ' s s l e e p p e r i o d i s
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by f l u c t u a t i o n s i n and o u t of t h e v a r i o u s s t a g e s
of s l e e p , I n a s s e s s i n g t h e q u a l i t y of a p a r t i c u l a r s l e e p
period; t h e r e f o r e , t h e time-duration p l o t with respect t o t h e
s l e e p stages provide e s s e n t i a l information regarding s l e e p
q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y and i s r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e s l e e p p r o f i l e .
I n o r d e r t o accomplish t h e s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e
experiment i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n EEG, EOG and head-
movement i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e s u b j e c t c o n t i n u o u s l y d u r i n g 8-
hour s l e e p p e r i o d s . The EEG a c t i v i t y w i l l p r o v i d e t h e most
e s s e n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e a n a l y s i s system and w i l l p e r m i t
d e t e c t i o n of t h e awake s t a t e and s t a g e s 1 through 4 o f s l e e p .
A d d i t i o n of t h e EOG d a t a w i l l a l l o w d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e REM
s t a g e of s l e e p . D e t e c t i o n o f head povement w i l l a l l o w t h e
a n a l y s i s c i r c u i t r y t o i g n o r e s e c t i o n s of d a t a which may be
contaminated w i t h a r t i f a c t s due t o head movement i n e x c e s s
of t o l e r a b l e l i m i t s .
Hardware

The major i n f l i g h t hardware i t e m s r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t


M133 a r e : ( a ) t h e cap assembly, which c o n t a i n s t h e . s i g n a l
s e n s o r s ; ( b ) t h e p r e a m p l i f i e r and a c c e l e r o m e t e r assembly, which
f i t s on t o p of t h e cap; ( c ) t h e p a n e l assembly, which a n a l y z e s ,
encodes, and r e c o r d s t h e EEG and EOG d a t a ; ( d ) a n a l o g s i g n a l
t a p e s , f o r l a t e r more complete a n a l y s i s and v a l i d a t i o n of
t e l e m e t e r e d d a t a ; and ( e ) crew l o g s , s t o r a g e and r e t u r n con-
t a i n e r s . Power and t e l e m e t ~ ya r e s u p p l i e d by t h e s p a c e c r a f t
systems.
Ground-based s u p p o r t f a c i l i . t i e s i n c l u d e t e l e m e t r y
r e c o r d e r s , a n a l y z e r s , and d i s p l a y s of s l e e p - s t a g e i n f o r m a t i o n .

Protocol
Crew p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n M133 i s i n t h r e e phases:
1. Preflight: A s t r o n a u t t r a i n i n g , and b a s e l i n e s l e e p
d a t a on t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e n i g h t s (8
hours t o t a l each n i g h t ) recorded f o r
one prime and one backup, crew member.
. In-flight: F i f t e e n s p e c i f i e d n i g h t s of d a t a on
one crewman d u r i n g r e g u l q r 8-hour s l e e p
p e r i o d s on t h e 28-day mission. 'Twenty-
one s p e c i f i e d n i g h t s of d a t a on one
crewman d u r i n g r e g u l a r 8-hour s l e e p
p e r i o d s on t h e f i r s t 56-day m i s s i o n .
3, Post-flight: Three n i g h t s o f s l e e p r e c o r d i n g from
same man a s f l i g h t d a t a (on n i g h t s +1,
+3 and +5) .
F i v e minutes a r e need@d - f o r p r e p a r a t i o n ( f o r donning
t h e s l e e p c a p and 'hardware checkout) and seven minutes a f t e r
s l e e p ( f o r d o f f i n g , stowage, and h a i r c l e a n i n g ) . No s p e c i a l
crew a c t i v i t i e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o produce t h e s e EEG and EOG d a t a ,
and normal s l e e p s h o u l d n o t be i n t e r f e r e d w i t h by t h e cap and
i t s a s s o c i a t e d equipment.
Data Return
The primary EEG and EOG data will be supplemented
by crew self-reports on qualitative aspects of the astronaut's
sleep status, such as comfort and dreams.
In-flight data anlysis of EEG and EOG data will con-
vert the analog signals to 3-bit binary codes for near-real-
time telemetry, sampled once every 10 seconds. Seven discrete
states will b$ encoded: awake, 4 stages of sleep depth, rapid
eye movements (indicative of dreaming), and head movements.
Uncoded continuous analog signals will be tape Pecorded and
returned for more detailed post-flight analysis and comparison
with in-flight telemetered data.
Near-real-time monitoring and display of sleep data
will be available in the mission control center. It will show
the astronaut's current sleep-state, cumulative time in each
stage, and a graphic continuous sleep-profile display.
SLEEP STATION

MI33 Equipment
APPENDIX XIV

Time-and-Motion Study, Experiment M151

Principal Investigator: J. F. Kubis, Ph.D., Fordham University


Co-Principal Z n v e s t i g a t o r : E. J. McLaughlin, Ph.D., NASA/MM
*

Development Center: MSC


I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractor: None

Obiectives

The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s s t u d y a r e t o e v a l u a t e t h e
e f f e c t s of s p a c e c o n d i t i o n s on time-and-motion c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of crew performance, by measuring t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s , d i f f e r e n c e s ,
and r e l a t i v e c o n s i s t e n c i e s between t a s k a c t i v i t i e s i n e a r t h -
based s i m u l a t i o n s and i n z e r o - g r a v i t y s p a c e f l i g h t .

I n s u p p o r t of t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s , t h i s experiment w i l l
photograph and a n a l y z e t h e f o l l o w i n g t y p e s of crew a c t i v i t i e s :
1) Locomotion and t r a n s l a t i o n i n t h e zero-g
environment, w i t h and w i t h o u t l o a d s .

2) F i n e and g r o s s motor a c t i v i t i e s d u r i n g
o p e r a t i o n s w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e u s e of
restraints.

3) Long-term a d a p t a t i o n s i'n t h e p r o f i l e s of
representative tasks.

Background

V i s u a l r e c o r d s i n t h e Mercury, ~ e m i n i ' ,and Apollo


programs have shown t h a t t h e time-and-motion p a t t e r n s of
a s t r o n a u t t a s k performance may be a f f e c t e d by many f a c t o r s ,
e s p e c i a l l y zero-gravity. Lack of r e c o r d i n g equipment and
operational c o n s t r a i n t s i n those missions prevented t h e in-
f l i g h t q u a n t i t a t i v e s t u d y of t h e s e e f f e c t s .
O b j e c t i v e d a t a on crew a d a p t i o n s t o zero-g would b e
v a l u a b l e f o r t h e p l a n n i n g and d e s i g n of crew t a s k s , r e s t r a i n t s
and t o o l s , and e v a l u a t i n g t h e f i d e l i t y Of p r e s e n t s i m u l a t i o n
techniques,
T h i s experiment e v a l u a t e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c r e w t a s k s
t h a t are performed as p a r t s of o t h e r planned experiments and
o p e r a t i o n s , The primary t a s k s t h a t w i l l be s t u d i e d a r e :
a) I n f l i g h t Lower Body Negative P r e s s u r e (LBNP),
Experiment M092: Biomedical p r e p a r a t i o n
a c t i v i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e Vectorcardiogram,
Experiment M093, which i n v o l v e on-the-body
m a n i p u l a t i v e t a s k s r e q u i r i n g f i n e motor coor-
d i n a t i o n and two-man i n t e r a c t i o n f o r s u c c e s s f u l
completion; i n g r e s s t o t h e LBNP d e v i c e , which
i n v o l v e s p r e c i s i o n t r a n s l a t i o n and f i n e motor
c o o r d i n a t i o n . E g r e s s from t h e LBNP d e v i c e i s
a backup s t u d y t a s k .
b) Metabolic A c t i v i t y , Experiment M171: Biomedical
p r e p a r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g u s e of t h e meta-
b o l i c a n a l y z e r , t r a n s l a t i o n t o t h e b i c y c l e ergo-
meter, mounting and u s e of t h e ergometer. This
ergometry t a s k r e p r e s e n t s unique r e s t r a i n t
problems and i s 'one of t h e few lower t o r s o work
c o n d i t i o n s i n Skylab.
c) Specimen Mass Measurement, Experiment M074:
Food p r e p a r a t i o n and specimen mass measurement
a t s p e c i f i c m i s s i o n i n t e r v a l s . Food p r e p a r a t i o n
i s a v i t a l long-term a c t i v i t y and m a s s measure-
ment i s a r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e r e p e t i t i v e o p e r a t i o n .
d) A s t r o n a u t Maneuvering U n i t , Experiment M509:
' These t a s k s i n v o l v e (1) t h e disassembly and
reassembly of r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e equipment d u r i n g
replacement of t h e p r o p e l l a n t supply c y l i n d e r
t o r e c h a r g e t h e maneuvering u n i t , ( 2 ) t r a n s l a -
t i o n d u r i n g r e c h a r g i n g o p e r a t i o n s , and ( 3 ) donning
and d o f f i n g of t h e maneuvering u n i t .
e) S c i e n t i f i c Airlock Activity: Four experiments
w i l l be e v a l u a t e d , Primary coverage w i l l be
d e r i v e d from TO2 7 (Contamination Measurement)
and S149 (Micrometeorite C o l l e c t i o n ) . Contin-
gency coverage w i l l be a v a i l a b l e from TO25
(Coronagraph Contamination Measurement) and
SO19 ( U l t r a v i o l e t S t e l l a r Astronomy). A l l
of t h e s e i n v o l v e t a s k s on l a r g e and bulky
equipment t h a t must be handled w i t h d e l i c a c y
and p r e c i s i o n .
f) O p e r a t i o n a l S u i t Donning and Doffing: These
v i t a l l y important functions w i l l be s t u d i e d
from t h e M509 and ATM a c t i v i t i e s .

.Gt
Hardware

The i n f l i g h t cameras, l i g h t s , v o i c e r e c o r d e r s and


t a s k equipment a r e t h e same a s t h e o p e r a t i o n a l and experiment
hardware needed f o r t h e s e o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s , and o n l y a d d i t i o n a l
f i l m i s d i r e c t l y r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t M151.

I n f l i g h t motion p i c t u r e documentation f o r t h i s s t u d y
w i l l c o n s i s t of 38 400-ft. c a s s e t t e s of 16 nun. c o l o r f i l m .
T h e i r weight and volume a r e 28.0 l b s . i n 0.304 c u b i c f t . f o r
t h e 28-day m i s s i o n (16 c a s s e t t e s ) and 19.25 l b s . i n 0.209 c u b i c
f t . on each of t h e two 56-day m i s s i o n s (12 c a s s e t t e s ) .
Ground s u p p o r t f 6 a c i l i t i e s i n c l u d e r e c o r d i n g of v o i c e
and TV communications. ; No: a d d i t i o n a l m o n i t o r i n g equipment o r
t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s a r e : r e q u i r e d f o r M15 1.

Protocol

Crew p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n M151 i s i n t h r e e phases:

1) P r e f l i g h t : A s t r o n a u t t r a i n i n g and b a s e l i n e
d a t a are i n t e g r a t e d w i t h t h e i r
t r a i n i n g on t h e t a s k s and e x p e r i -
ments t o be covered by M151. These
i n c l u d e n e u t r a l buoyancy tests ,
six-degree-of-freedom s i m u l a t i o n s ,
and KC135 zero-g t r a j e c t o r y f l i g h t s .

2) Inf l i g h t : No s p e c i a l t e s t - t a s k s are r e q u i r e d .
Observations are i n t e g r a t e d w i t h
t h e performance of t h e o t h e r a c t i -
vities.

3) P o s t f l i g h t : C r e w d e b r i e f i n g , and p o s s i b l e
f i l m i n g of a c t i v i t i e s t h a t r e v e a l e d
problems, o r f o r which p r e f l i g h t base-
l i n e d a t a was n o t o b t a i n e d .
Except f o r equipment s e t u p (approximately 1 8 min.)
and pos t - t a s k s e c u r i n g (approximately 4 min. ) , no a d d i t i o n a l
t a s k t i m e i s r e q u i r e d f o r MI51 d a t a . Task t i m e s w i l l depend
upon the t a s k s b e i n g s t u d i e d . Schedules of o b s e r v a t i o n are
based upon t h e s c h e d u l i n g of t h o s e t a s k s .
T h i s experiment w i l l be performed on a l l t h r e e
Skylab m i s s i o n s .
Data Return
.
Primary motion p i c t u r e f i l m d a t a w i l l be o b t a i n e d a t
r a t e s of two o r s i x frames/second, depending on t h e t a s k s b e i n g
s t u d i e s . These v i s u a l r e c o r d s w i l l be supplemented by crew
v o i c e comments and w r i t t e n l o g s .
Real-time monitoring w i l l n o t be r e q u i r e d , A l l M151
d a t a w i l l be s t a t i s t i c a l l y e v a l u a t e d p o s t f l i g h t . The r e s u l t s
may b e used t o i d e n t i f y long-term performance a d a p t a t i o n s and
a r e a s f o r s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g o r m o n i t o r i n g , v a l i d a t e ground-based
t i m e - l i n e e s t i m a t e s and f i d e l i t y of s i m u l a t i o n s , and a s s i s t
i n p l a n n i n g and d e s i g n of f u t u r e work-aids and s p a c e f a c i l i t i e s .
APPENDIX XV

Metabolic A c t i v i t y , Experiment M171

Principal Investigator: Edward L. Michel, NASA, MSC


Co-Principal I n v e s t i g a t o r : J o h n A. Rwnmel, Ph.D., NASA, MSC

- Development C e n t e r : MSC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractor: MSFC, Martin M a r i e t t a , P e r k i n E l m e r

-Obi
. e ct i v e s

The primary o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s experiment i s t o


d e t e r m i n e i f man's e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n d o i n g mechanical work
i s p r o g r e s s i v e l y a l t e r e d by exposure t o t h e s p a c e e n v i r o n -
ment. Two secondary o b j e c t i v e s a r e t o e v a l u a t e t h e b i c y c l e
ergometer a s an e x e r c i s e d e v i c e f o r l o n g d u r a t i o n m i s s i o n s and
t o e v a l u a t e ground-based r e d u c e d - g r a v i t y s i m u l a t o r s .
Backcrround
Man's muscular system needs t o be used t o m a i n t a i n
i t s c a p a c i t y and e f f e c t i v e n e s s t o perform mechanical work;
unused, it d e t e r i o r a t e s . Since zero gravity r e l i e v e s t h e
mechanical stress on t h e m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l system, it i s e s s e n -
t i a l t h a t a m i s s i o n p r o f i l e o f t h e c r e w ' s work c a p a c i t y and
e f f e c t i v e n e s s be o b t a i n e d . These p a r a m e t e r s can be e v a l u a t e d
by m e t a b o l i c measurements.

There h a s been a c o n t i n u i n g ground-based program t o


a s c e r t a i n t h e m e t a b o l i c c o s t of working under c o n d i t i o n s t h a t
s i m u l a t e t h e environment of space. The r e s u l t s of t h e s e ground-
"
based s t u d i e s w i l l be compared w i t h t h e m e t a b o l i c measurements
made d u r i n g an a c t u a l s p a c e m i s s i o n .

Hardware
The equipment c o n s i s t s of a m e t a b o l i c a n a l y z e r , a
mouthpiece assembly, a b i c y c l e ergometer and a body tempera-
t u r e measuring system. I n a d d i t i o n , Experiment M093 Vector- -
cardiogram, and t h e blood p r e s s u r e measuring system provided
f o r Experiment M092 -
I n - f l i g h t Lower Body Negative P r e s s u r e
a r e required.
The m e t a b o l i c a n a l y z e r i s an e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l
d e v i c e which measures oxygen consumption, carbon d i o x i d e
p r o d u c t i o n and minute volume ( t h e average volume of a i r
i n s p i r e d p e r m i n u t e ) , The major components of t h e a n a l y z e r
a r e an i n s p i r a t i o n s p i r o m e t e r ( a d e v i c e f o r measuring t h e
volume o f a i r e n t e r i n g t h e l u n g s ) , an e x p i r a t i o n s p i r o m e t e r , a
Mass Spectrometer f o r measuring oxygen, n i t r o g e n , carbon
d i o x i d e and w a t e r vapor c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , and a c a l i b r a t i o n
assembly, The a n a l y z e r e l e c t r o n i c s a r e a l s o c a p a b l e of
computing v i t a l c a p a c i t y and t h e r e s p i r a t i o n q u o t i e n t ( r a t i o
of carbon d i o x i d e e x p i r e d t o oxygen consumed).
The ergometer i s a r o t a r y b i c y c l e - t y p e d e v i c e d e s i g n e d
t o allow a s u b j e c t t o e x e r c i s e i n zero g r a v i t y using e i t h e r h i s
hands o r h i s f e e t . I t i s c a p a b l e of a u t o m a t i c a l l y programming
h e a r t r a t e by a feedback c o n t r o l which v a r i e s t h e l o a d t o
produce t h e d e s i r e d h e a r t r a t e o v e r a range of 100 t o 200 b e a t s
p e r minute. Heart r a t e i s d e r i v e d from t h e v e c t o r c a r d i o p r a m
system, o r an e a r l o b e s e n s o r . The ergometer i s a l s o c a p a j i e
of o p e r a t i o n w i t h manually s e l e c t e d c o n s t a n t work load. Body
t e m p e r a t s s e i s measured by an i n d i v i d u a l l y f i t t e d e a r probe
and a s s o c i a t e d e l e c t r o n i c s ,
A 1 1 of t h e d a t a d e r i v e d from t h i s experiment i s
r e c o r d e d on t h e s p a c e c r a f t t a p e r e c o r d e r and t r a n s m i t t e d t o
t h e ground a t a l a t e r t i m e . Manual d a t a r e c o r d i n g i s a v a i l a b l e
a s a backup mode, Voice comments a r e a l s o recorded. Motion
picture d a t a w i l l be obtained using t h e operational data
a c q u i s i t i o n camera w i t h f i l m provided by Experiment M151,
Time and Motion S t u d i e s . The weight of t h e hardware f o r t h e
m e t a b o l i c a c t i v i t y experiment i s 536. l b s .
Protocol
The m e t a b o l i c a c t i v i t y experiment w i l l be conducted
on each crewman f i v e t i m e s i n t h e 28-day mission and e i g h t
times d u r i n g each 56-day m i s s i o n , w i t h t e s t s e s s i o n s s p r e a d
evenly throughout t h e mission.
The t e s t procedure c o n s i s t s of measuring t h e s e l e c t e d
p h y s i o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s of a s u b j e c t who f o l l o w s a p r e s c r i b e d
p a t t e r n of a c t i v i t y on t h e ergometer, F i r s t , t h e r e s t i n g
s t a t e v a l u e s of body t e m p e r a t u r e , h e a r t and m e t a b o l i c r a t e s
a r e measured s e t t i n g t h e b a s e l i n e f o r t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s , t h e n
d u p l i c a t e measurements a r e made of v i t a l c a p a c i t y and r e s p i r a -
t o r y r e s e r v e , A p e r i o d of programmed e x e r c i s e on t h e ergometer
i s performed followed by a r e s t i n g p e r i o d , Blood p r e s s u r e
measurements a r e t a k e n a u t o m a t i c a l l y d u r i n g t h e t e s t procedure,
The t e s t procedure i s performed f i v e t i m e s i n t h e
1 2 months p r e c e d i n g launch. Three days p r i o r t o launch an
e x e r c i s e t o l e r a n c e t e s t w i l l be performed.
A t 1 2 and 2 4 hours a f t e r p o s t - f l i g h t r e c o v e r y , each
crewman w i l l be given an e x e r c i s e t o l e r a n c e t e s t . I n a d d i t i o n ,
i f t h e r e a r e any s i g n i f i c a n t changes i n m e t a b o l i c performance
d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of t h e m i s s i o n , t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l parameters
w i l l be followed u s i n g t h e i n - f l i g h t procedures. T h i s w i l l
be r e p e a t e d e v e r y t h r e e days u n t i l b a s e l i n e l e v e l s a r e reached.

Data Return
The d a t a r e t u r n from t h i s experiment w i l l c o n s i s t o f
t h e p r o f i l e s which o c c u r d u r i n g a p r e s c r i b e d e x e r c i s e regime
i n z e r o g r a v i t y f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s : body tempera-
t u r e , blood p r e s s u r e , h e a r t r a t e , v e c t o r c a r d i o g r a m and
m e t a b o l i c r a t e . The m e t a b o l i c r a t e i s computed from measure-
ments of oxygen consumption and carbon d i o x i d e p r o d u c t i o n .
These p r o f i l e s of t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l parameters w i l l
be o b t a i n e d f i v e t i m e s f o r each of t h r e e men on t h e 28-day
mission and e i g h t t i m e s p e r man f o r each 56-day mission.
Together w i t h t h e p r e f l i g h t d a t a , t h e e f f e c t of t h e s p a c e
f l i g h t environment on man's a b i l i t y t o perform mechanical
work w i l l be e v a l u a t e d . Decrements i n performance w i l l be
i n d i c a t e d by e l e v a t i o n s i n h e a r t r a t e a t a f i x e d work Load
o r a d e c r e a s e i n work o u t p u t a t a f i x e d h e a r t r a t e . The ergom-
e t e r has t h e c a p a b i l i t y of o p e r a t i n g i n e i t h e r mode. The
e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e crewman t o perform mechanical work i s
measured d i r e c t l y by t h e m e t a b o l i c r a t e .
Metabolic Analyzer
Bicycle Ergometer
APPENDIX X V I
Body Mass Measurement, Experiment M172

Principal Investigator: W i l l i a m E. Thornton, M.D., NASA, 1vlSC

CO-Principal I n v e s t i g a k o r : John W . O r d , C o l o n e l , USAF Medical


Corps, Brooks AFB
Development Center: MSC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Southwest Research I n s t i t u t e , I n c .

Objectives

The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s experiment a r e t o demonstrate


t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of body mass measurement i n t h e absence of
g r a v i t y , t o v a l i d a t e t h e t h e o r e t i c a l behavior of t h e Body
Mass Measuring Device, and t o s u p p o r t t h o s e biomedical experi-
ments r e q u i r i n g body mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

Background
S t u d i e s from t h e Mercury, Gemini and Apollo Programs
i n d i c a t e d t h e requirement f o r e x t e n s i v e i n f l i g h t biomedical
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . An i n t e g r a t e d b a t t e r y of experiments were
designed f o r t h e Skylab missions and t h e r e a r o s e from t h e s e
experiments, a need f o r i n f l i g h t measurements of t h e crewman's
weight o r mass. S i n c e t h e normal ground based weighing tech-
niques r e q u i r e g r a v i t y f o r t h e i r o p e r a t i o n , a program was
undertaken t o provide a m a s s measurement device which functioned
independent of g r a v i t y , The concept chosen f o r t h e device depends
upon timing t h e o s c i l l a t i n g p e r i o d of a l i n e a r spring-mass
pendulum system. The mass t o be measured uniquely determines t h e
p e r i o d (seconds/cycle) of t h e device and, by measuring this p e r i o d
t h e body mass of a crewman can be determined.

Hardware
The Body Mass Measurement Device i s a l i n e a r s p r i n g /
pendulum c h a i r system. .When moved, t h e i n e r t i a of t h e mass i n
t h e c h a i r causes a pendulum c y c l e , t h e p e r i o d of which i s
determined by t h e m a s s being measured. The device e l e c t r o n i -
c a l l y t i m e s t h e p e r i o d of t h e pendulum and d i r e c t l y d i s p l a y s
t h e r e s u l t s f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n of body mass.
To o p e r a t e t h e d e v i c e , t h e s u b j e c t p o s i t i o n s h i m s e l f
i n t h e c h a i r and f a s t e n s t h e r e s t r a i n t system, The e l e c t r o n i c s
a r e t u r n e d on and t h e r e a d o u t d i s p l a y c l e a r e d by a c t i v a t i n g a
reset s w i t c h . A c o n t r o l l e v e r r e l e a s e s a lock and t h e c h a i r
b e g i n s t o o s c i l l a t e . The c o n t r o l ' l e v e r i s used t o i m p a r t a
c o n s t a n t d i s p l a c e m e n t t o t h e s p r i n g system t o i n i t i a t e o s c i l l a -
tion.

An o p t i c a l u n i t s e n d s a s i g n a l t o t h e t i m e r each t i m e
t h e c h a i r c r o s s e s t h e midpoint i n i t s o s c i l l a t i n g c y c l e . The
f i r s t two c y c l e s a r e n o t counted i n o r d e r t h a t any n o i s e pro-
duced by t h e r e l e a s e mechanism i s d i s s i p a t e d . The n e x t t h r e e
c y c l e s a r e counted and timed. The d e v i c e i s s h u t down by
a c t i v a t i n g t h e c o n t r o l l e v e l which moves t h e ,measurement s e a t
t o t h e o f f s e t p o s i t i o n , l a t c h e s t h e t r i g g e r and sets t h e
locking c o n t r o l t o t h e lock position. The r e s u l t s a r e r e c o r d e d
and t h e measurement r e p e a t e d t w i c e . The t o t a l c r e w t i m e re-
q u i r e d f o r t h e e n t i r e p r o c e d u r e i s approximately 5 minutes.
The d e v i c e i s self-c~ntained~requiring o n l y power
f o r t h e e l e c t r o n i c s subsystem. I n t h e stowed p o s i t i o n , it
measures 20 i n c h e s h i g h , 24 i n c h e s long, and 30 i n c h e s wide.
I n t h e o p e r a t i n g p o s i t i o n i t measures 31 1 / 4 i n c h e s by 3 8 3/4
i n c h e s by 30 1 / 2 i n c h e s wide. F l i g h t w e i g h t i s 7 7 i b s . The d e v i c e
w i l l be c a l i b r a t e d u s i n g e x i s t i n g f l i g h t hardware o f known mass.

Protocol
The mass of each crewman w i l l be measured once e a c h
2 4 h o u r s immediately a f t e r t h e f i r s t u r i n a t i o n f o l l o w i n g t h e
s l e e p period. This information is i n d i r e c t support of
M i n e r a l Balance, Experiment M071, Assay of Body F l u i d s , Ex-
p e r i m e n t M073, and Metabolic A c t i v i t y , Experiment M171,
The d e v i c e w i l l b e c a l i b r a t e d t h r e e t i m e s d u r i n g
e a c h m i s s i o n ( e a r l y , middle and l a t e i n t h e m i s s i o n ) ,
Data Return

The d a t a r e t u r n from t h i s experiment w i l l be t h e


d a i l y mass measurement of e a c h crewman t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e
t h r e e Skylab m i s s i o n s . The day-to-day f l u c t u a t i o n s and t h e
m i s s i o n p r o f i l e w i l l b e determined f o r n i n e d i f f e r e n t men.

The r o u t i n e employment of t h e Body Mass Measurement


Device w i l l . e v a l u a t e t h e d e s i g n of t h i s s p e c i f i c i n s t r u m e n t .
Body Mass Measurement Device
APPENDIX XVII
E f f e c t s o f Zero-G on S f n g l e Human C e l l s , E x p e r i m e n t so15

THIS EXPERIMENT I S CURRENTLY UNDER REVISION.


INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
INTENTIONALLY L W T BLANK
4

APPENDIX XVIII
Circadian Rhythm Pocket Mice, Experiment SO71

Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert G. Lindberg,


Northrop Corporation
Development Center: ARC
1 n t 6 ~ r a t i o n Center : MSC
Contractor: Northrop Corporation

Objective
The purpose of the experiment is to find out whether
the daily physiological rhythms of a mammal are altered in
space flight.
Background
If the stability (precision) or the period of
physiological rhythms change significantly during flight,
then there is a strong indicatioq that bio-rhythms of
animals on earth are timed by some factor (or environmental
force) which is absent or significantly altered in space.
This, along with similar evidence from thevinegar Gnat Circadian
Rhythm Experiment (5072), would imply that weightless space
flight alters the functioning of basic control mechanisms
for metabolic activity. The maintenance of normal biological
rhythms in man during space flight is important to his well-
being and effectiveness in space,
On the other hand if the pocket mice in space con-
tinue their terrestrial bio-rhythms , then we can conclude
that space conditions impose no stress on the basic biological .
clock mechanism and that manPs.performancewill not be degraded
because of rhythm disturbances.
Hardware
The equipment for thss experiment consists of cages
and a life support system for six pocket mice, and a data
system which is shared with SO72 (the Vinegar Gnat Experiment),
The animals are kept in constant darkness and isolated from
sound and smell sensations. An environmental control system
maintains an atmosphere equivalent to sea level pressure and
composition, a temperature of 60°F and a relative humidity of
60%. The apparatus is mounted with SO72 hardware and packaged
as a unit weighing 235 pounds and occupying a 43"x25"~20"
volume.
Protocol
Six pocket mice will be enclosed in a dark, constant
temperature, atmospheric pressure chamber for approximately
three weeks immediately before flight. Continuous measurements
will be made of their body temperature, heart rate, and activity
level in order to establish the natural period, phase, and stabil-'
ity of the rhythms. The experiment chamber will then be launched
in the Service Module and the same measurements continued
throughout flight.
The equipment is completely automatic in flight. She
only astronaut task is to operate back-up controls at the re-
quest of the ground crew in the events of malfunction or
emergency.
Data Return
The body temperature, heart rate and activity level of
the six pocket mice will be telemetered to a ground station and
relayed to the principal investigator for interpretation.
SO71 CiRCADIAN RHYTHM-POCKET MICE
SO72 CIRCADIAN RHYTHM-VfNEGAR GNAT
APPENDIX XIX

Circadian Rhythm - Vinegar - ~ n a t Experiment


, SO 72

Principal Investigator: Colin S. P i t t e n d r i g h , S t a n f o r d


University
Development Center: ' ARC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSC
Contractor: Northrop Corporation

Obiectives
This experiment i s designed t o f i n d o u t whether t h e
d a i l y emerging c y c l e of v i n e g a r g n a t ( d r o s o p h i l a ) pupae i s
a l t e r e d i n space f l i g h t .
Background
Extensive experiments have shown t h a t even though
g n a t s i n t h e pupae s t a g e develop a t d i f f e r e n t r a t e s depending
on temperature, they w i l l n o t emerge from t h e pupae as a d u l t
g n a t s u n t i l some k i n d of i n t e r n a l s i g n a l i s given o f f . This
t r i g g e r i n g s i g n a l i s somehow timed t o occur a t an e x a c t l y
f i x e d t i m e delay a f t e r a f l a s h of l i g h t , and i t occurs a t t h e
same d a i l y time i n t e r v a l t h e r e a f t e r , r e g a r d l e s s of t h e tempera-
t u r e . The experiment w i l l measure t h e emergence t i m e s of pupae
i n two groups, one a t 15OC and t h e o t h e r a t 2 0 ° C , t o f i n d o u t
whether space f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s change t h e mechanism which
keeps t h e rhythm c o n s t a n t d e s p i t e changes i n temperature. Each
of t h e two temperature groups i s f u r t h e r d i v i d e d i n h a l f s o
t h a t they can be i n i t i a t e d by t h e synchronizing f l a s h a t two
d i f f e r e n t times, 1 2 hours a p a r t . I f t h e delayed group shows
t h e same rhythms of emergence response a s t h e e a r l i e r group,
then it i s l i k e l y t h a t no e x t e r n a l f a c t o r c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e
rhythm behavior and t h a t the rhythms a r e i n t e r n a l l y synchronized.
This experiment and C i r c a d i a n Rhythm of Pocket Mice,
Experiment S071, t e s t s t h e s t a b i l i t y of bio-rhythms i n two
completely d i f f e r e n t kinds of l i v i n g systems -
i n s e c t s and
mammals, r e s p e c t i v e l y . I f both rhythm systems become d i s r u p t e d
d u r i n g t h e Skylab m i s s i o n t h e n w e can s a y t h a t s p a c e f l i g h t
a f f e c t s some k i n d of b a s i c p r o c e s s common t o b o t h rhythm
mechanisms, and it i s l i k e l y t h a t man's b i o l o g i c a l c l o c k
mechanism w i l l be s i m i l a r l y a f f e c t e d .
Hardware
The a p p a r a t u s c o n s i s t s of f o u r i d e n t i c a l chambers,
each c o n t a i n i n g about 18'0 pupae p l a c e d immediately above 180
p h o t o c e l l s . The t e m p e r a t u r e of a l l chambers i s h e l d a t 5OC
u n t i l the experiment i s i n i t i a t e d i n o r b i t , a t which t i m e two
a r e r a i s e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y t o 15OC and t h e o t h e r two chambers
a r e b r o u g h t t o 20°C. A f t e r t h e specimens a r e synchronized w i t h
w h i t e l i g h t , a d i m m e r r e d l i g h t i s t u r n e d on e v e r y 10 minutes
and the 180 p h o t o c e l l s a r e scanned e l e c t r o n i c a l l y . I f a g n a t
has emerged, t h e corresponding pupae w i l l be t r a n s p a r e n t and
i t s p h o t o c e l l w i l l b e a c t i v a t e d . The i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e
emerged pupae i s s t o r e d i n t h e memory o f t h e d a t a system. One
of t h e chambers a t each t e m p e r a t u r e w i l l b e synchronized (with
t h e w h i t e l i g h t ) 12 hours l a t e r t h a n t h e o t h e r one, as d e s c r i b e d
above. The a p p a r a t u s i s mounted w i t h t h e S071, hardware and
packaged as a u n i t weighing 235 l b s . and occupying a 4 3 " x 25"
x 20" volume.
Protocol
The equipment i s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e S e r v i c e Module
s h o r t l y b e f o r e launch and i s completely a u t o m a t i c i n f l i g h t .
The o n l y a s t r o n a u t t a s k i s t o o p e r a t e backup c o n t r o l s a t the
r e q u e s t o f t h e ground crew i n t h e e v e n t of a m a l f u n c t i o n o r
emergency.
Data Return
The d a t a w i l l b e t e l e m e t e r e d t o a ground s t a t i o n f o r
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . I t w i l l c o n s i s t of t h e r a t e o f pupae emergence
events versus t i m e . This r a t e s h o u l d r e a c h a maximum once a
day w i t h a d e f i n i t e t i m e d e l a y a f t e r the i n i t i a l s y n c h r o n i z i n g
flash.
CHAPTER THREE
SOLAR PHYSICS

EXPERIMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND


Rationale
The sun c e r t a i n l y i s one of t h e most widely s t u d i e d
o b j e c t s i n t h e sky; y e t much remains t o be understood. Such
q u e s t i o n s a s t h e o r i g i n of s o l a r f l a r e s , t h e development and
decay of a c t i v e r e g i o n s ( s u n s p o t s , p l a g e s and prominences) and
t h e temperature c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e corona ( t h e d i f f u s e
r e g i o n extending m i l l i o n s of miles above t h e s o l a r s u r f a c e )
remain w i t h us today. U n t i l r e c e n t l y i t was p o s s i b l e t o observe
emissions only a t wavelengths which could p e n e t r a t e t h e
a r t h l s atmosphere. T h i s meant v i s i b l e and r a d i o emission.
hus t h e v i t a l u l t r a v i o l e t and x-ray regions of t h e s o l a r
spectrum a r e c u t o f f from earth-bound viewing. I n a d d i t i o n ,
t h e daytime atmospheric s c a t t e r i n g of v i s i b l e l i g h t causes t h e
sky t o be much b r i g h t e r t h a n t h e s o l a r corona. Thus r a r e s o l a r
e c l i p s e s a r e t h e only o p p o r t u n i t y t o view t h e extended s o l a r
corona.
There a r e t h r e e major a s p e c t s of s o l a r r e s e a r c h :
a. The sun has a very important i n f l u e n c e on t h e e a r t h .
It i s t h e u l t i m a t e source of a l l energy on t h e e a r t h ,
and a l l t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e depends upon t h e sun. It
c o n t r o l s o u r environment and i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o u r
ionosphere, which i s c r u c i a l f o r r a d i o communication.
b. The sun i s t h e n e a r e s t s t a r . The sun i s t h u s t h e
" ~ o s e t t as t o n e " of s t e l l a r astronomy. Understanding
of t h e s t a r s depends on o u r understanding t h e sun.
c. The sun i s an a s t r o p h y s i c a l l a b o r a t o r y c l o s e a t
hand. The p r o p e r combination of volumes, p r e s s u r e s ,
and temperatures r e q u i r e d f o r s t e l l a r phenomena
cannot be c r e a t e d i n earth-based l a b o r a t o r i e s , b u t
by using t h e sun we can study atomic, n u c l e a r and I

plasma p h y s i c s , aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and I


magneto-hydrodynamics . I
Through t h e u s e of t h e i n s t r u m e n t s i n space t o
study t h e sun, we look forward t o a b e t t e r understanding of
t h e f o l l o w i n g s o l a r p h y s i c s problems:
a. How i s t h e corona heated?
b. What i s t h e n a t u r e of t h e atmospheric s t r u c t u r a l
d e t a i l , such a s s p i c u l e s ?
c. What do coronal s t r e a m e r s look l i k e i n space?
d. What i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e s e s t r e a m e r s
and s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s ?
e. What a r e s o l a r f l a r e s ?
f. Row do a c t i v e regions evolve?
History
Making use of sounding r o c k e t s , b a l l o o n s and small
unmanned s p a c e c r a f t , s o l a r astronomers have been s t u d y i n g t h e
sun from space and near-space s i n c e t h e end of World War 11.
These s t u d i e s have revealed much about t h e g e n e r a l n a t u r e of
t h e sun i n t h e x-ray and u l t r a v i o l e t r e g i o n s . The f i r s t r o c k e t
u l t r a v i o l e t spectrum of t h e sun was obtained i n 1946. The
f i r s t x-ray image of t h e sun was obtained from a sounding
rocket i n 1960. Use of o r b i t a l s p a c e c r a f t , such a s O r b i t i n g
S o l a r O b s e r v a t o r i e s (OSO), O r b i t i n g Geophysical O b s e r v a t o r i e s
(OGO), and t h e U . S. Navy SOLRAD s a t e l l i t e s , has r e s u l t e d i n
a g r e a t d e a l of i n s i g h t i n t o s o l a r p r o c e s s e s . However, t h e
a b i l i t y t o o b t a i n o b s e r v a t i o n s of s u f f i c i e n t l y high r e s o l u t i o n
i n energy, time, and space i s l i m i t e d by t h e s i z e of t h e
i n s t r u m e n t s which can b e c a r r i e d by t h e s e s p a c e c r a f t .
Phenomena occur on t h e sun o v e r a r e a s s m a l l e r t h a n
can p r e s e n t l y be resolved, and i n time i n t e r v a l s s h o r t e r t h a n
can be resolved without l a r g e r , more s e n s i t i v e i n s t r u m e n t s .
Spectroscopy, t h e r e s o l u t i o n of l i g h t i n t o d i f f e r e n t wave-
l e n g t h s , i s t h e most v a l u a b l e t o o l f o r s t u d y of c e l e s t i a l b o d i e s .
With l a r g e r i n s t r u m e n t s t h e a b i l i t y t o o b t a i n f i n e r s p e c t r a l
r e s o l u t i o n can be o b t a i n e d .
ROLE OF SKYLAB
There a r e s e v e r a l b a s i c f e a t u r e s of t h e s u n ' s
emission which a r e of i n t e r e s t t o s o l a r p h y s i c i s t s . The f i r s t
of t h e s e i s c a l l e d t h e hydrogen alpha emission. This i s a r e d
l i g h t emitted by t h e hydrogen g a s p r e s e n t n e a r t h e s o l a r
s u r f a c e . The t o t a l v i s i b l e emission of t h e sun changes o n l y
very s l i g h t l y d u r i n g s o l a r f l a r e s ; however, t h e hydrogen alpha
emission i s g r e a t l y enhanced and has been a fundamental f e a t u r e
of f l a r e and a c t i v e r e g i o n s t u d i e s f o r some time. The hydro-
gen a l p h a images w i l l be a v a i l a b l e t o t h e a s t r o n a u t s t o a s s i s t
them i n f i n d i n g i n t e r e s t i n g p o r t i o n s of t h e s o l a r d i s k t o
s t u d y w i t h t h e Skylab i n s t r u m e n t s . There a r e two H-alpha
t e l e s c o p e s on board Skylab.
S e v e r a l of t h e i n s t r u m e n t s w i l l study a r e g i o n of
t h e s o l a r atmosphere c a l l e d t h e chromosphere. This r e g i o n i s
TOO t o approximately 6,000 m i l e s above t h e s u r f a c e of t h e sun.
The temperature i n t h i s r e i o n i s r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g from
5 , 0 0 0 ~t~o about 1,000,000 Q C . The much h i g h e r temperatures
of t h e chromosphere g i v e r i s e t o t h e u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n .
The u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n w i l l be s t u d i e d i n terms of p a r t i c u -
l a r emission f e a t u r e s a t s p e c i f i e d wavelengths. These s t u d l e s
w i l l r e v e a l t h e types of atoms p r e s e n t i n t h i s r e g i o n under
v a r i o u s phases of s o l a r a c t i v i t y and p o s s i b l y shed some l i g h t
on t h e mechanism which s u p p l i e s t h e h e a t t o t h i s r e g i o n . There
a r e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t u l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t o r experiments and an
a d d i t i o n a l u l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t o r operated from t h e Skylab
scientific airlock ( ~ 0 2 0 ) .
The s o l a r corona begins about 6,000 m i l e s above t h e
s o l a r s u r f a c e and c o n t i n u e s f a r i n t o space. The d e n s i t y of
m a t t e r i n t h e corona i s q u i t e low, but t h e temperatures vary
from almost a m i l l i o n degrees i n q u i e t r e g i o n s t o t e n s of
m i l l i o n s of degrees i n c e r t a i n r e g i o n s during s o l a r f l a r e s .
These high temperatures cause t h e i o n s and e l e c t r o n s i n t h e
corona t o r a d i a t e x-rays. There a r e x-ray t e l e s c o p e s on
Skylab equipped with cameras t o photograph t h e x-ray corona
of t h e sun.
Because t h e corona i s s o l a r g e and hot, many f r e e
e l e c t r o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e t o s c a t t e r t h e white v i s i b l e l i g h t
r a d i a t e d from t h e s u r f a c e of t h e sun. This s c a t t e r e d l i g h t
i s very much weaker t h a n t h e r a d i a t i o n from t h e s o l a r s u r f a c e .
A coronagraph i s an instrument capable of s t u d y i n g t h e f a i n t
corona without viewing t h e b r i g h t s o l a r s u r f a c e . Since t h e
i n t e n s i t y of s c a t t e r e d l i g h t i s a measure of t h e e l e c t r o n
d e n s i t y i a t h e corona, photographs t a k e n o u t t o 3 m i l l i o n m i l e s
from t h e s o l a r s u r f a c e w i l l g i v e us t h e f i r s t look o v e r an
extended p e r i o d of time a t t h e corona.
Skylab w i l l c a r r y more t h a n 2,200 1bs.of s o l a r
i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n i n a module designated t h e Apollo Telescope
Mount (ATM). The t o t a l weight of t h e t e l e s c o p e mount i s
24,650 l b s . The ATM i s mounted on a t r u s s support s t r u c t u r e
which surrounds t h e a i r l o c k module and m u l t i p l e docking
a d a p t e r . The A T M c a n i s t e r i s approximately 11 f e e t long and
9 f e e t i n diameter. The f i v e ATM experiments w i l l be mounted
i n s i d e t h e c a n i s t e r , c a r e f u l l y a l i g n e d so t h a t each experiment
p o i n t s toward t h e same s p o t on t h e s o l a r s u r f a c e . No a s t r o -
nomical instrument on e a r t h o r i n space i s p e r f e c t l y r i g i d .
Yet t h e ATM system can remain s t a b l e t o w i t h i n 1/700 of a
degree f o r a 15-minute p e r i o d , This minimizes t h e b l u r r i n g
of s o l a r images and w i l l allow d e t a i l e d r e s o l u t i o n of f e a t u r e s
approximately 1,000 m i l e s i n s i z e on t h e s o l a r s u r f a c e when
s h o r t exposures a r e t a k e n .
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Already, s o l a r astronomers a r e mapping t h e f u t u r e
s t r a t e g y f o r r e s e a r c h on t h e sun. We know t h a t h i g h e r r e s o l u -
t i o n of s u r f a c e d e t a i l on t h e sun i s n e c e s s a r y t o t h e under-
s t a n d i n g of many s o l a r p r o c e s s e s . But t o a very l a r g e degree,
t h e r e s e a r c h emphasis and t h e phenomena t o be s t u d i e d w i l l be
i n f l u e n c e d by t h e Skylab r e s u l t s . Hence t h e f u t u r e d i r e c t i o n
of s o l a r r e s e a r c h depends s t r o n g l y upon a n a l y s i s of t h e ATM
observations.
APPENDIX I

X-ray/W Solar Photography, Experiment S020*

Principal Investigator: Dr. Richard Tousey


U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Wash.,D.C.

Development Center: MSC


Integration Center: MSC
Contractor: Naval Research Laboratory, (Sub-contractor:
Martin-Marietta Corporation)

Objectives
The objective of this experiment is to record on
photographic film the detailed energy spectrum of x-ray and
ultraviolet radiation from normal and explosive areas in the
solar atmosphere. This instrument will primarily study weak
emission lines of the solar emission spectrum from 10 to
200 &, a region of the spectrum only partially covered by
ATM instruments.
Background
The solar corona and chromosphere can act as a high
temperature laboratory providing clues to atomic,and plasma
processes unavailable elsewhere. The 10 to 200 A region is
rich in emission lines of highly ionized atoms. Many of these
emission lines are weak and require instruments of high sensi-
tivity for their observation. SO20 will make these observations
by taking advantage of the long exposure times and film return
capability of the manned Skylab spacecraft.
Hardware
The SO20 spectrograph is sensitive over the x-ray
and extreme ultraviolet range (10-200 A) .
Sunlight, entering
a narrow slit, is diffracted into its different energies by a

*In addition to the solar physics experiments mounted in


the ATM, this experimenl; covering the x-ray and ultraviolet
regions will be performed from the scientific airlock.
concave grating which is mounted at a grazing angle of incidence
to the light beam. The intensity can be determined to an accuracy
separation of .05It
of 10% and energy ifferences corresponding to a wavelength
can be resolved. Filters of thin metallic
films, transparent to x-rays, are placed in front of the entrance
slit to block undesired ultraviolet and vibible ligh-t.which could
fog the film.
The instrument is mounted in an airlock in the Skylab
wall facing the sun; this being the only solar experiment which
is not mounted in the ATM module. The film strips are mounted
in cassettes which are attached to the back of the instrument.
A finder telescope enables an astronaut to center the slit on
the area of the sun to be studied. The spectrograph weighs about
85 lbs. and has a rectangular shape approximately 8" x 8" x 18".

Protocol
The astronaut places the spectrograph in the airlock
and aligns the slit with the ATM towards the sun in cooperation
with a second astronaut. He then takes a sequence of exposures
of up to one hour durations.
Exposures are taken several times during the Skylab
mission. During periods of activity on the sun, a "flare watch"
is maintained with an astronaut on standby alert. When a flare
occurs several exposures are taken from the initial onset to
the decline.
Data Return
The exposed-film is to be returned to the earth for
development.
APPENDIX 111, ,

The H-Alpha Telescopes

Principal Investigator: None


De~elopmentCenter: MSFC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractor: Perkin-Elmer

Q b J
1

Two t e l e s c o p e s s e n s i t i v e t o t h e red hydrogen a l p h a


l i g h t of t h e sun w i l l t a k e TV and photographic p i c t u r e s of t h e
s o l a r d i s k . The H-alpha t e l e s c o p e s w i l l p r o v i d e t h e primary
means f o r t h e b o r e s i g h t p o i n t i n g f o r t h e ATM experiment package.
C o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h W and X-ray phenomena w i l l be made w i t h t h e
H-alpha photographs t a k e n by t h e c a m e r a ' w i t h which one of t h e
t e l e s c o p e s i s equipped.
Background
Hydrogen i s by f a r t h e mo,st abundant element on t h e
s o l a r s u r f a c e . One of t h e s t r o n g e s t emission f e a t u r e s c h a r a c -
t e r i s t i c of hydrogen i s t h e H-alpha r e d l i g h t . Since t h i s
l i g h t i s i n t h e v i s i b l e p o r t i o n of t h e spectrum, i t has been
s t u d i e d f o r y e a r s from e a r t h - b a s e d t e l e s c o p e s . When f l a r e s
occur, g e n e r a l l y t h e t o t a l white l i g h t energy o u t p u t of t h e
sun i s changed i n s i g n i f i c a n t l y . However t h e H-alpha emission
i s enhanced tremendously and t h e amount of H-alpha emission
r e s u l t i n g from a f l a r e i s t h e primary mode of c l a s s i f y i n g t h e
s i z e of t h e f l a r e r e g i o n .
Hardware
There w i l l be two H-alpha t e l e s c o p e s on Skylab. One
w i l l be equipped w i t h a beam s p l i t t e r f o r simultaneous photo-
g r a p h i c and t e l e v i s i o n p i c t u r e s . The o t h e r t e l e s c o p e w i l l be
o p e r a t e d i n t h e TV mode o n l y . Both t e l e s c o p e s w i l l be equipped
w i t h a Fabry-Perot f i l t e r t o make p r e c i s e o b s e r v a t i o n s a t t h e
d e s i r e d wavelength. A zoom c a p a b i l i t y w i l l a l l o w s p e c i f i c
p o r t i o n s of t h e s o l a r d i s k t o be viewed i n d e t a i l .
One t e l e s c o p e weighs 190 l b s . and i s 9' long and
approximately 1' i n diameter. The second t e l e s c o p e which is
n o t used f o r photographic purposes i s 5 ' long, 1' i n diameter
and weighs 110 l b s .
Protocol
The H-alpha t e l e s c o p e w i l l be one of t h e "eyesw of
t h e a s t r o n a u t . Active r e g i o n s w i l l be followed a s t h e y t r a v e r s e
t h e s o l a r d i s k . When f l a r e s a r e observed, t h e amount of H-alpha
emission w i l l be c o r r e l a t e d w i t h emission i n t e n s i t i e s i n o t h e r
energy r e g i o n s .
Data Return
The f i l m taken w i t h t h e l a r g e H-alpha t e l e s c o p e w i l l
be r e t r i e v e d d u r i n g t h e normal e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y e v e n t s
scheduled. The f i l m w i l l be removed and r e p l a c e d from t h e
c e n t e r work s t a t i o n of t h e ATM c a n i s t e r .

Neutral Density
Filters I

ATM HYDROGEN ALPHA 1 TELESCOPE


Neutral Density
Filter

Correctors

Window m d Cell

ATM RQGEN A%PIU1 2 TELESCOPE


APPENDIX 111
White Light Coronagraph; Experiment SO52

Principal Investigator: D r . Robert MacQueen, High A l t i t u d e


Observatory, B o u l d e r , Colorado
Development Center: MSFC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: High A l t i t u d e Observatory, (Sub-contractor:
B a l l Brothers Research Corporation)

Bbiectives
The s o l a r coronagraph views t h e corona o u t t o 3 m i l l i o n
m i l e s (6 s o l a r r a d i i ) i n v i s i b l e l i g h t . Measurements of p o l a r i -
z a t i o n , shape and i n t e n s i t y w i l l be a v a i l a b l e by photographs
t a k e n a t r a t e s up t o one every 13 seconds* Thus r a p i d l y moving
m a t e r i a l may be photographed a s it l e a v e s t h e sun. Since t h e sun
r o t a t e s c o r r e l a t i o n s w i l l be hade w i t h s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s a s they
mov@ into prcup&r p o l i t i b n kEae3r P i & of the sun, The systematic
shangeo in the extent 09 t h e aorona w i l l be apparent a v e r s e v e r a l
Belag Poestksn@of 2 8 days

The s o l a r corona i s a r e g i o n of very h i g h temperatures


(more than a m i l l i o n degrees) and very low presr. .des. Because
most atoms are h i g h l y i o n i z e d under t h e s e condit Lons, g r e a t
numbers of f r e e e l e c t r o n s are p r e s e n t . These e l j c t r o n s a r e
capable of r e f l e c t i n g t h e l i g h t from t h e s o l a r s u r f a c e , During
e c l i p s e s t h e s o l a r corona i s seen t o extend outward by g r e a t
d i s t a n c e s . E a r t h based coronagraphs are hampered because l o c a l
sky b r i g h t n e s s i s g r e a t e r t h a n much of t h e corona. P r e s e n t
coronagraph measurements i n d i c a t e t h a t matter i s o f t e n t r a n s p o r t e d
a t r e l a t i v i s t i c speeds outward i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h e v e n t s on t h e
s u r f a c e of t h e sun a t t h e l i m b .
Hardware
The coronagraph u s e s an e x t e r n a l l y mounted d i s k system
whiah ~ c c u l t st h e b r i l l i a n t s o l a r s u r f a c e while allowing t h e
f a i n t e r r a d i a t i o n of t h e corona t o e n t e r an annulus and be photo-
graphed. P o l a r o i d f i l t e r s w i l l be used t o determine t h e
p o l a r i z a t i o n . A m i r r o r system w i l l allow e i t h e r TV viewing of
t h e corona o r photographic r e c o r d i n g of t h e image.
The coronagraph i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10' l o n g and 1 . 5 '
across. The w e i g h t i s 314 l b s .

Protocol
Photographs w i l l be t a k e n t w i c e a day, They w i l l
be t a k e n a t a f a s t e r r a t e d u r i n g t i m e s of l i m b a c t i v i t y .
Each o b s e r v i n g sequence w i l l normally c o n s i s t of f o u r sequences
of t h r e e exposures: one u n p o l a r i z e d , and t h r e e a t d i f f e r e n t
p o l a r i z a t i o n a n g l e s . T h i s i n s t r u m e n t may o p e r a t e d u r i n g
unmanned phases o f Skylab,

Data Return
Data r e c o r d i n g i s on 35 mm f i l m .

A s t r o n a u t s w i l l r e t r i e v e t h e f i l m from t h e c e n t e r
work s t a t i o n of t h e ATM c a n i s t e r d u r i n g s c h e d u l e d e x t r a v e h i c u l a r
a c t i v i t y periods.
TCS HEATER PANELS

,TEST CONNECTOR

WHITE LIGHT CORONAGRAPH (S052)


APPENDIX IV
X-ray Spectrographic Teleskope, Experiment SO54

Principal Investigator: Dr. Riccardo Giacconi, American Science


and Engineering, Inc ., Cambridge, Mass.
Development Center: MSFC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: American Science and Engineering

Objectives

SO54 w i l l t a k e X-ray photographs i n 6 wavelength bands


from 2-60 A. The r e s u l t i n g photographs w i l l be x-ray images of
t h e s o l a r d i s k . Time development of x-ray producing e v e n t s
( f l a r e s and a c t i v e r e g i o n s ) w i l l be o b t a i n e d i n t h e v a r i o u s
x-ray wavelengths. A t r a n s m i s s i o n g r a t i n g w i l l be placed behind
t h e t e l e s c o p e m i r r o r s t o o b t a i n x-ray s p e c t r a of a c t i v e r e g i o n s
of t h e sun.

A s m a l l 3" g r a z i n g i n c i d e n c e instrument placed i n t h e


unused c e n t r a l p o r t i o n of t h e l a r g e r t e l e s c o p e i s used t o provide
a " l i v e " p i c t u r e of t h e sun i n x-rays f o r t h e a s t r o n a u t t o view.
This a i d w i l l complement t h e H-alpha images on TV and w i l l a s s i s t
t h e a s t r o n a u t s i n o b t a i n i n g t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e d a t a from t h e ATM.
Background
I t has been known f o r many y e a r s that. t h e sun e m i t s
x-rays; however, t h e d e t a i l e d n a t u r e of t h i s emission i s only
now becoming a v a i l a b l e . OSO s p a c e c r a f t a r e r e t u r n i n g s p e c t r a of
t h e s u n ' s x-ray emission; y e t , t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of x-ray
emission i s only crudely known. Since x-ray i n t e n s i t i e s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s o l a r f l a r e s a r e g r e a t l y enhanced over t h a t
observed f o r t h e " q u i e t " sun, photographs of f l a r e e v e n t s a r e
very important. Corona temperatures and e n e r g e t i c p a r t i c l e
d e n s i t i e s w i l l be o b t a i n e d from t h e s e photographs which may
then be c o r r e l a t e d w i t h EbTV and H-alpha photographs.
Hardware
The x-ray t e l e s c o p e c o n s i s t s of two c o n c e n t r i c m i r r o r s
of h i g h l y pol.ished metal a l l o y s t o i n t e r c e p t t h e x - r a d i a t i o n and
focus it at grazing incidence. Filters of beryllium, aluminized
mylar and other materials with varying thickness will select the
x-ray wavelength band to be photographed. A transmission grating
will also be used in conjunction with the filters to obtain
information on the spectral features of the x-ray emission. A
small grazing incidence telescope placed in the unused central
a. portion of the larger telescope provides x-ray images for the
astronaut's use in monitoring the solar x-ray activity. Photo-
multiplier tubes will also give a measure of overall solar
F x-ray activity.
The SO54 telescope is more than 300 lbs. in weight
and is 10' long and 1-1/2' in diameter.
Protocol
The astronauts will obtain photographs of the solar
disk. Special rapid photographic sequences may be initiated
during flares and x-ray events. This experiment will be
operated in an automatic mode when Skylab is unmanned.
Data Return
Film is the primary form of data return for this
experiment. It will contain the x-ray images and spectra.
The film will be resupplied and retrieved from the rear of
the ATM canister during the scheduled extravehicular
activities of the astronauts.
X-RAY SPECTROGRAPHIC TELESCOPE

TIMAGE DISSECTOR
SUPPORT
tT" FORWARD H O U S I N G

FORWARD MOUNT
ASSEMBLY

ASSEMBLY

LENGTH - I20 EHCHES


HEIGHT - 29 INCHES
WIDTH - 20 ItVCHES NASA HQ ML71-5379
WEIGHT - 312 LBS 2-23-71
APPENDIX V
UV Scanning Polychromator Spectroheliometer, Experiment SO55

Principal Investigator: D r . Leo Goldberg, Harvard C o l l e g e


Observatory, Cambridge, Mass.
Development Center: MSFC

Y
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Harvard College Observatory, (Sub-contractor:
B a l l Brothers Research Corporation)

Objectives
To observe temporal changes i n t h e E W ( ~ x t r e m eU l t r a -
v i o l e t ) r a d i a t i o n e m i t t e d by s e v e r a l t y p e s of s o l a r r e g i o n s .
The instrument i s capable of a c c u r a t e l y measuring t h e s t r e n g t h
of c e r t a i n emission f e a t u r e s of elements w i t h h i g h time r e s o l u t i o n
i n v a r i o u s s t a g e s of i o n i z a t i o n . I t observes 7 emission l i n e s i n
t h e wavelength r e g i o n from 300 t o 1350 A. Simultaneous observa-
t i o n s of chromospheric an# c o r o n a l l a y e r s of f l a r e s w i l l be
obtained. The energy r a d l a t e d i n s e l e c t e d emission l i n e s i n
t h e EUV region w i l l be megsured. The instrument o p e r a t e s
p h o t o e l e c t r i c a l l y and r e q u i r e s no f i l m .
Background
The EUV region of t h e s o l a r spectrum i s generated
i n t h e chromosphere and lower corona, Time development of
phenomena r e l a t i n g t o s o l a r a c t i v e r e g i o n s and f l a r e s i s
important. Because of t h e r a p i d response of e l e c t r o n i c
scanning t e c h n i q u e s , t h e t i m e dependence of E W emission
f e a t u r e s w i l l be o b t a i n e d i n r e g i o n s of i n t e r e s t on t h e s o l a r
w d i s k and limb.

Hardware
.
The r a d i a t i o n from t h e sun e n t e r s t h i s i n s t r u m e n t
and i s r e f l e c t e d by a m i r r o r which i s movable along both axes,
The m i r r o r i s a d j u s t e d t o p l a c e t h e d e s i r e d square segment of
t h e s o l a r s u r f a c e on t o a spectrometer g r a t i n g . The remainder
of t h e l i g h t i s r e f l e c t e d back o u t of t h e instrument. The
radiation is broken up into its spectral components and
t h e EUV p o r t i o n i s r e c e i v e d by 7 d e t e c t o r s . The 8 t h
d e t e c t o r i s i n t h e zero o r d e r p o s i t i o n and hence s e e s l i g h t
a t a l l wavelengths. The zero o r d e r d e t e c t o r i n d i c a t e s
whether o r not t h e s o l a r d i s k i s being viewed.
No film is used, All data is recorded electronically.
The instrument is 10' long, 2' x 2' in cross section and welghs
345 lbs.
Protocol
The astronauts will initiate raster scans which wilL
cover entire regions of the disk. They will also align the
H-alpha telescope image, which will be set on the limb of the
sun, with the pointing direction of the SO55 instrument by
observing the loss of light in the zero order detector as the
entrance slit passes the limb of the sun. The two instruments
will then be in alignment.
Data Return
Because no film is used, this instrument has no
extravehicular activity requirement. Also, this instrument
may be operated in an unmanned mode between the manned
visits of Skylab.
ATM EXPERIMENT S055A UV SCANNING POLYCHROMATOR/SPECTROHELIOMETER
APPENDIX V I
Dual X-ray Telescopes,- Experiment SO56

Principal Investigator: J. M i l l i g a n , Marshall Space F l i g h t Center


Development Center: MSFC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Marshall Space F l i g h t Center

Objectives
T h i s i s an x-ray experiment which has two goal^.^ The
f i r s t i s t o t a k e x-ray photographs i n s i x bands from 6-33 A and
t h e second i s t o observe t h e t o t a l x-ray emission of t h e sun i n
t h e wavelength r e g i o n from 2.5-20 & i n t e n channels, X-ray photo-
graphs a r e t a k e n w i t h a smaller v e r s i o n of t h e SO54 x-ray grazing-
i n c i d e n c e t e l e s c o p e . The second i s t o o b t a i n good t i m e r e s o l u t i o n
of s o l a r x-ray emission which w i l l be a v a i l a b l e from t h e propor-
t i o n a l c o u n t e r systems. T h i s i s recorded and d i s p l a y e d
i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y f o r t h e a s t r o n a u t s . An x-ray h i s t o r y h a s proven
t o be an e x c e l l e n t i h d i c a t o r of s o l a r a c t i v i t y . The p r o p o r t i o n a l
c o u n t e r s and t h e x-ray t e l e s c o p e a r e s e p a r a t e systems.
Background
Since t h i s instrument covers much of t h e same x-ray
r e g i o n a s S054, many comments concerning t h a t experiment w i l l
a l s o apply t o t h i s one. The p r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r s on t h e x-ray
e v e n t a n a l y z e r w i l l g i v e s p e c t r a l information w i t h very good
time r e s o l u t i o n . The i n t e n s i t y and time information w i l l
com~lementt h e d a t a taken by o t h e r experiments i n e s t a b l i s h i n g
t h e d e t a i l e d n a t u r e of f l a r e emissions and o t h e r x-ray e v e n t s .
Hardware

The x-ray t e l e s c o p e poxtion of t h e instrument i s


a double r e f l e c t i n g g r a z i n g i n c i d e n c e m i r r o r which focuses
t h e x - r a d i g t i o n on t o photographic f i l m . The x-ray r e g i o n
from 6 - 3 3 A i s covered w i t h s p e c t r a l r e s o l u t i o n determined
by f i l t e r s placed i n f r o n t of t h e camera. Two p r o p o r t i o n a l
c o u n t e r s cover t h e 2.5-20 r e g i o n i n 1 0 channels g i v i n g s p e c t r a l
and temporal information on x-ray e v e n t s . The x-ray a c t i v i t y
l e v e l i s d i s p l a y e d i n analog form on t h e c o n t r o l panel. The
t o t a l package i s 9 ' long and 1-1/2' i n diameter and weighs
354 l b s .

Protocol
The l e v e l of o p e r a t i o n of t h i s experiment i s determined
by s o l a r a c t i v i t y . T h e a s t r o n a u t s w i l l e i t h e r s e l e c t t h e p a t r o l
o r s i n g l e frame mode d u r i n g q u i e t t i m e s o r v a r i o u s a c t i v e modes
which w i l l t a k e more photographs p e r u n i t t i m e . The a s t r o n a u t s
w i l l a l s o a c q u i r e t a r g e t s of i n t e r e s t t o be photographed.
Data Return
Data i s r e t u r n e d from t h e x-ray t e l e s c o p e on f i l m
r e t r i e v e d and r e p l a c e d d u r i n g scheduled e x t r a v e h i c u l a r
a c t i v i t i e s from t h e c e n t e r work s t a t i o n of t h e ATM c a n i s t e r .
The d a t a from t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r s i s recorded i n analog
form. There w i l l be no p r o v i s i o n f o r t h i s experiment t o o p e r a t e
d u r i n g t h e unmanned phases of t h i s mission.
X-RAY TELESCOPES
S K Y L A B EXPERIMENT 5 0 5 6

A F T THERMAL
cnoutn o n FORWARD / SHROUD
CENTER MOUNT

MAGAZIME

& THERMAL
ISOLATION MOUHT
LENGTH - 105 INCHES L I F T FIXTURE
HEIGHT - 20 1MCHES
WIDTH - 231NCHES
VE1GHT - 354 LBS
4*
APPENDIX V I I

XUV Spectrograph/Speatroheliograph, Experiment SO82

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : D r . Richard Tousey, Naval Research


~ a b o r a t o r y ,Wash., D . C .
Development Center: MSFC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Naval Research Laboratory, (Sub-contractor:
B a l l Brothers Research Corporation)

Objectives
These experiments w i l l photograph t h e sun i n s e l e c t e d
u l t r a v i o l e t wavelengths. R e s u l t i n g photographs ( s p e c t r o h e l i o -
grams) w i l l show s p e c i f i c emission f e a t u r e s g r e a t l y enhanced
o v e r photographs of t h e s o l a r d i s k i n w h i t e l i g h t . The sun
w i l l t h e r e f o r e appear q u i t e " b l o t c h y " w i t h much of t h e emission
confined t o a c t i v e r e g i o n s . The s p e c t ~ o h e l i o g r a p hw i l l cover
t h e wavelength region from 150 t o 650 A ( c a l l e d t h e extreme u l t r a -
v i o l e t r e g i o n ) . A second instrument w i l l t a k e d a t a h i g h l y
r e s o l v e d i n t o wavelength i n t h e middle and n e a r u l t r a v i o l e t
r e g i o n . This instrument can be p o i n t e d anywhere on t h e s o l a r
d i s k and o b t a i n t h e d e t a i l e d emission c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a
r e g i o n only 1,000 m i l e s wide,
Background
T h e s o l a r chromosphere and lower corona a r e much
h o t t e r t h a n t h e s u r f a c e of t h e sun c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e w h i t e
l i g h t e m i s s i o n s . To o b s e r v e t h e s e h o t t e r r e g i o n s of
t h e s o l a r atmosphere one must observe i n t h e u l t r a v i o l e t o r even
t h e x-ray region. Rockets and OSO s a t e l l i t e s have taken
u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r a and photographs of t h e sun. Rocket payloads
allow t h e r e t u r n of photographs b u t exposure time i s s h o r t and
catching a flare i n progress with rockets is a d i f f i c u l t task.
The unmanned OSO s a t e l l i t e s do n o t allow t h e r e t u r n of high
r e s o l u t i o n f i l m . Thus Skylab w i l l allow long p e r i o d s of continuous
monitoring of t h e sun r e q u i r e d f o r proper u l t r a v i o l e t s t u d i e s
and man w i l l be a b l e t o r e t u r n t h e f i l m and d i r e c t t h e s p e c t r o -
graph t o i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e s .
Hardware
The spectroheliograph/spectrograph are two separate
instruments with separate housings. The spectroheliograph
("A" instrument) consists of a concave grating which separates
the IJV light into its various wavelength components from 150 to
650 A, Images of the solar disk are formed on film at specific
positions corresponding to wavelength. The "A" instrument
weighs 252 lbs., is 1 0 Y o n g and 3' x 1-1/2' in cross section.
The spectrograph ("Bs' instrument) consists of a mirror
and entrance slit which will select portions of the solar disk
or limb (edge) to be viewed. A get of two gratings will spread
the ultraviolet regipn from 970 A to 3940 8 onto photographic
film. The "B" instrument also contains an X IN monitor which
allows the sun to be viewed by the,astronautson TV in the X UV
regions. The "B" instrument weighs 373 lbs. and is essentially
the same size as the "A" instrument.
Protocol
The astronaut will take photographs of the sun with
the spectroheliograph. The astronauts will select the wavelength
range to be studied and the exposure time,
The "BW instrument will be used to take spectra at
various portions of the limb or solar disk. The astronauts will
select the mode of operation and the wavelength region to be
covered.
The X W monitor provides a display of the 150-650
activity and gives an indication of X W images being taken
photographically by the "A" instrument.
Data Return
Film containing the disk images of the "A" instrument
and the spectra of the "B" instrument will be retrieved and
replaced by the astronaut during the planned extravehicular
activities. The NRL instruments require the film to be
retrieved from the front of the ATM canister, The TV pictures
may be transmitted to the ground and recorded.
WQ I M R U W(L 8 ARE THERMAL COWTROL UNITS

XW Spectroheliograph Experiment S082A


Spectograph and X W Monitor Experiment S082B
CHAPTER FOUR
EARTH OBSERVATIONS

EXPERIMENT PROG BACKGROUND

Rationale
Remote s e n s i n g of t h e E a r t h from o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e s
has t h e p o t e n t i a l of y i e l d i n g information which i s of fundamental
importance f o r e f f e c t i v e use and c o n s e r v a t i o n of n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s
i n b o t h underdeveloped and t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y advanced n a t i o n s .
Photography from o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e s i n t h e v i s i b l e and
n e a r - i n f r a r e d s p e c t r a l r e g i o n s h a s a l r e a d y proven t o be i n v a l u a b l e
f o r s t a n d a r d s y n o p t i c mapping of geographic f e a t u r e s over l a r g e
a r e a s . Systematic use of m u l t i s p e c t r a l remote s e n s i n g techniques -
over an e x t e n s i v e wavelength r e g i o n has t h e p o t e n t i a l of g r e a t l y
extending t h e scope of t h i s c a p a b i l i t y t o i n c l u d e mapping of
t e r r e s t r i a l r e s o u r c e s and Land u s e s on a g l o b a l scale. For
example, r e s o o r c e s amenable t o study a r e ? crop and f o r e s t r y
cover; h e a l t h s t a t e of v e g e t a t i o n ; t y p e s of s o i l ; water s t o r a g e
i n snow pack; s u r f a c e o r n e a r - s u r f a c e mineral d e p o s i t s ; sea-
s u r f a c e temperature; and t h e l o c a t i o n of l i k e l y f e e d i n g a r e a s
f o r f i s h . Comprehensive surveys of such r e s o u r c e s w i l l h e l p cope
with developing world-wide problems of such a c c e l e r a t i n g urgency
a s food s u p p l i e s , mineral s h o r t a g e s , energy needs, environment
p o l l u t i o n and expanding patterns of human settlements.
I t i s imperative t o n o t e t h a t many of t h e environmental
f e a t u r e s r e q u i r i n g s t u d y a r e i n remote r e g i o n s of t h e e a r t h and
a r e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e i n t i m e , Space systems can, t h e r e f o r e , o f f e r
t h e following d i s t i n c t advantages over conventional a i r c r a f t :
(1) a broad f i e l d of view a f f o r d e d by t h e i n c r e a s e d a l t i t u d e ;
( 2 ) p e r i o d i c coverage of t h e same a r e a , and (3) coverage of
remote a r e a s otherwise n o t e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e ,
History
Meteorological s a t e l l i t e s have been used s i n c e t h e
beginning of t h e space program t o provide a d d i t i o n a l meteozo-
l o g i c a l d a t a f o r b e t t e r weather f o r e c a s t i n g and t i m e l y warning
a g a i n s t l i f e - t h r e a t e n i n g atmospheric d i s t u r b a n c e s . Examples
a r e t h e Niqbus, T i r o s and ATS s a t e l l i t e s equipped w i t h v i s i b l e
and i n f r a r e d s e n s o r s .
The f i r s t unmanned s a t e l l i t e d e s i g n e d e x c l u s i v e l y f o r
E a r t h Resources s u r v e y s i s planned f o r launch i n 1972. I t i s
d e s i g n a t e d ERTS-A ( E a r t h Resources Technology S a t e l l i t e ) and
c a r r i e s i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n c o v e r i n g t h e v i s i b l e and n e a r - i n f r a r e d
s p e c t r a l r e g i o n s . Ground r e s o l u t i o n i s s l i g h t l y lower t h a n
t h a t of comparable i n s t r u m e n t s on Skylab.
Development/testing of remote s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s and
i n t e r p r e t a t i s n / c o r r e l a t i a n of i n s t r u m e n t r e s p o n s e o v e r a given
t a r g e t w i t h t h e known c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (ground t r u t h s ) o f t h a t
t a r g e t a r e p a r t of NASA's a i r c r a f t program, T h i s program i s
c e n t e r e d a t MSC and p r e s e n t l y i n c l u d e s t h r e e a i r c r a f t o f d i f f e r e n t
o p e r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . They conduct a e r i a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e of
ground t r u t h s i t e s from a l t i t u d e s r a n g i n g up t o 6 0 1 0 0 0 f t . t o
t e s t measuring equipment, v a l i d a t e i n t e r p r e t i v e t e c h n i q u e s and
a s c e r t a i n t h e d e p e n d a b i l i t y of r e c o g n i z a b l e s p e c t r a l s i g n a t u r e s .
Development h a s r e a c h e d t h e p o i n t where remote s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s
have been used o p e r a t i o n a l l y t o assist, f o r example, i n such
problems a s p i n - p o i n t i n g f o r e s t f i r e s through dense smoke c o v e r
and mapping c o r n b l i g h t damage.
Some e x p l o r a t o r y t e s t s of remote s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s
have a l s o been conducted 5rom manned s p a c e c r a f t d u r i n g Gemini
and Apollo m i s s i o n s . S e v e r a l thousand e a r t h p i c t u r e s of h i g h
q u a l i t y o b t a i n e d by t h e Gemini c r e w have been widely d i s t r i b u t e d
t o p o t e n t i a l u s e r s and e f f e c t i v e l y used i n many d i s c i p l i n e s .
Apollo a f f o r d e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r e x t e n d i n g t h e p h o t o g r a p h i c
t e c h n i q u e s o v e r and beyond t h o s e employed i n Gemini. S i g n i f i c a n t
advances i n v o l v e d t h e a d d i t i o n o f haze f i l t e r s ; multiband photo-
graphy i n t h e v i s i b l e a n d , n e a r - i n f r a r e d wavelength r e g i o n s ;
o v e r l a p photography f o r s t e r e o viewing; and photography o f
ground t e s t s i t e s .
ROLE O F SKYLAB
The E a r t h Resources Experiment Package (E;REP) on
Skylab w i l l t e s t and v a l i d a t e remote s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s o v e r a
wide s p e c t r a l r e g i o n from o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e s . S p e c i f i c a l l y , f i v e
e x p e r i m e n t s i n t h e EREP w i l l p e r m i t s i m u l t a n e o u s remote s e n s i n g
o f ground t r u t h sites i n t h e v i s i b l e , i n f r a r e d and microwave
s p e c t r a l r e g i o n s , These e x p e r i m e n t s a r e desszibed i n d e t a i l
i n t h e appendices,
These Skylab d a t a w i l l be c o r r e l a t e d w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n
o b t a i n e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a b o u t t h e ground t r u t h sites from a i r -
c r a f t and/or from i n s i t u measurements, P a r t i c u l a r emphasis
w i l l be p l a c e d on K l m i n g t h e u t i l i t y of s p e c t r a l s i g n a t u r e
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n from o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e s . The importance of t h i s
procedure i s t h a t it would, f o r example, p e r m i t homogeneous
I
fields of vegetation to be identified without the need for
resolving individual plants. This mode of identification is
highly desirable because it would greatly decrease the data
load required for mapping earth resources (e.g., vegetation
type, surface minerals, etc,) over extensive regions.

z
.
The microwave experiments are of particular interest
since they represent the only all-weather system. This is
because microwave radiation is not severely attenuated by
cloud coverage and precipitation. It is of interest to,note
that the microwave experiments Yequire an antenna too large
to install on ERTS-A.
Men aboard Skylab will be used to acquire preselected
primary or alternate targets, operate the equipment, minimize
the collection of irrelevant data and investigate any necessary
alternatives to the experiment protocol.
In December 1970 NASA announced that data to be
acquired by the EREP facility could be made available to qual-
ified users for investigations in the earth resources disci-
plines. Proposers were also encouraged to consider the use
of data acquired by the unmanned Earth Resources Technology
Satellite (ERTS) and instrumented aircraft and to describe
requirements for in situ ground truth measuremenbs at the
sites to be Observed. In response to this announcement
approximately 270 proposals were received from universities,
industry and local governments and research organizations
located in 38 states and 16 foreign countries, An initial
evaluation of these proposals has been completed and approx-
imately half have been selected for further studies to determine
compatability with crew timelines and viewing opportunities
during the Skylab missions. Final selection will be part of
the detailed flight planning still in progress.
APPENDIX I
MULTISPECTRAL PHOTOGRAPHIC FACILITY, EXPERIMENT SlgO

Principal Investigator: User group t o be s e l e c t e d


( p r o j e c t S c i e n t i s t : M r . K . Demel, MSC)
Development Center: MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: I t e k Corporation ( ~ u l t i s p e c t r a lPhotograph cameras)
Actron I n d u s t r i e s , I n c . ( ~ a r t hT e r r a i n camera)

The M u l t i s p e c t r a l Photographic F a c i l i t y has been


designed t o photograph t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e i n a s p e c t r a l range
which i n c l u d e s v i s i b l e l i g h t and extends i n t o t h e n e a r i n f r a -
red, w i t h s u f f i c i e n t r e s o l u t i o n and s p e c t r a l d e f i n i t i o n t o
allow d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n by s p e c i a l i s t s i n
a v a r i e t y of e a r t h r e s o u r c e s d i s c i p l i n e s .
Background
M u l t i s p e c t r a l photography from a i r c r a f t has become
i n c r e a s i n g l y v a l u a b l e i n l a r g e s c a l e o b s e r v a t i o n s of croplands,
f o r e s t s , watersheds, g e o l o g i c a l formations, c u l t u r a l f e a t u r e s ,
e t c e t e r a , t a k i n g advantage of t h e s p e c t r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r
It
s i g n a t u r e 1 ' of t h e l i g h t r e f l e c t e d from i n d i v i d u a l f e a t u r e s .
Determination of t y p e s and moisture c o n t e n t of s o i l s , of s p e c i e s
and h e a l t h of crops, of t h e e x t e n t of i n s e c t i n f e s t a t i o n of
f o r e s t s , of land use and p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e examples
of t h i s p o t e n t i a l i t y . Extension of t h e s e techniques t o obser-
v a t i o n from o r b i t has been demonstrated on e a r l i e r manned
f l i g h t s and shows c o n s i d e r a b l e promise f o r wide a r e a coverage
under uniform l i g h t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , f o r o b s e r v a t i o n and a n a l y s i s
of l a r g e s c a l e g e o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e , f o r economical a c c e s s t o
remote a r e a s on a r e p e t i t i v e b a s i s , and f o r numerous secondary
advantages.
Hardware
The f a c i l i t y i s i n two p a r t s . One c o n s i s t s of an
a r r a y of s i x 70 rnrn cameras, p r e c i s e l y matched and boresighted
so t h a t photographs from a l l s i w~i l l be a c c u r a t e l y i n r e g i s t e r .
Thus, a l l of t h e f e a t u r e s seen i n one photograph can be simul-
taneously a l i g n e d with t h e same f e a t u r e s i n t h e photographs
from t h e o t h e r cameras. The l e n s e s have a f o c a l l e n g t h of
15.2 cm, f / 2 . 8 a p e r t u r e , producing a square f i e l d of view
30 meters (100 f t 1.
163 km (100 miles on a s i d e . Ground r e s o l u t i o n i s approximately
A combination of black and w h i t e and c o l o r
f i l m s a r e used i n conjunction w i t h s e l e c t i v e f i l t e r s f o r s p e c t r a l
a n a l y s i s , allowing comparison w i t h imagery obtained w i t h t h e
1 3 band m u l t i s p e c t r a l scanner ( ~ 1 9 2 )and w i t h t h e E a r t h
Resources Technology S a t e l l i t e (ERTS). The camera a r r a y i s
mounted behind a 42 cm (16.5 i n ) by 56 cm (22 i n ) o p t i c a l g l a s s
window j u s t forward of t h e r a d i a l docking hatch i n t h e
M u l t i p l e Docking Adapter (MDA).
The second p a r t , t h e Earth T e r r a i n Camera, c o n s i s t s
of a s i n g l e camera which w i l l be operated i n t h e S c i e n t i f i c
Airlock on t h e a n t i - s o l a r s i d e of t h e O r b i t a l Workshop. T h i s
camera, an a d a p t a t i o n of t h e Lunar Topographic Camera, c a r r i e d
on t h e Apollo 1 4 mission, w i l l cover a f i e l d of view approxi-
mately 109 km (68 m i l e s ) on a s i d e , with approximately 11.5
meters (35 f t ) r e s o l u t i o n . It has a 46 cm (18 i n c h ) f / 4 l e n s
and uses 12.7 cm ( 5 f n ) f i l m .
Controls f o r t h e s i x camera a r r a y a r e i n t e g r a t e d
with t h e c o n t r o l s f o r t h e o t h e r EREP sensors l o c a t e d i n t h e
MDA. The E a r t h T e r r a i n Camera c o n t r o l s a r e mounted on t h e
s i d e of t h e camera housing and a r e independent of o t h e r EREP
s e n s o r s . A f i l m v a u l t i s used f o r s t o r a g e of t h e f i l m when
photographs a r e n o t being taken t o p r o t e c t t h e f i l m from
r a d i a t i o n damage. Weight of t h e Muxtispectral Photographic
Cameras i s 135 kg (296 l b s ) . The E a r t h T e r r a i n Camera system
weighs about 110 kg (246 l b s ) .
Protocol
Camera o p e r a t i o n s provide photography both f o r
m u l t i s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s of s e l e c t e d p o i n t s and a r e a s and r e f -
erence d a t a f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s using t h e non-imaging EREP
s e n s o r s . For t h e most p a r t ground t a r g e t s w i l l be p r e s e l e c t e d .
Actual day-to-day f l i g h t planning w i l l t a k e i n t o account t h e
weather p r e d i c t e d i n t h e a r e a s of i n t e r e s t a s well a s t h e
coverage achieved i n t h e p r i o r p a r t s of t h e mission. For
e a r t h r e s o u r c e s o p e r a t i o n s , Skylab d e p a r t s from i t s normal
s o l a r o r i e n t a t i o n t o an o r b i t a l mode which provides continuous
p o i n t i n g of t h e cameras and o t h e r s e n s o r s a t t h e ground
d i r e c t l y below. The crewmen load f i l m , i n s t a l l f i l t e r s , s e t
up t h e camera c o n t r o l s , remove t h e covers from t h e camera
p o r t s , uncover t h e window, i n s t a l l t h e E a r t h T e r r a i n Camera
i n t h e S c i e n t i f i c Airlock, and make o t h e r p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r
camera o p e r a t i o n s . The M u l t i s p e c t r a l Photographic Camera i s
designed f o r i n f l i g h t replacement of c r i t i c a l subsystems by
t h e crew. F o r some phases of t h e o p e r a t i o n t h e a s t r o n a u t s
w i l l s e l e c t t h e p i c t u r e sequences based on t h e i r d i r e c t
o b s e r v a t i o n u s i n g t h e Viewfinder and Tracking System t e l e s c o p e .
It i s expected t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a t o t a l of 65 e a r t h r e s o u r c e s
d a t a p a s s e s i n t h e course of t h e t h r e e Skylab m i s s i o n s .
Data Return
The primary d a t a r e t u r n i s t h e exposed f i l m which i s
r e t u r n e d a t t h e end of each Skylab mission f o r p r o c e s s i n g and
a n a l y s i s on t h e ground. S e v e r a l k i n d s of f i l m w i l l be used,
i n c l u d i n g : b l a c k and white; i n f r a r e d s e n s i t i v e b l a c k and
white; high r e s o l u t i o n c o l o r ; and i n f r a r e d s e n s i t i v e c o l o r .
More t h a n 30,000 frames a r e planned.
S190 Camera Array
Earth Terrain Camera And Support Equipment
APPENDIX I1
Infrared Spectrometer, Experiment S191

Principal Investigator: User group to be selected


(Project Scientist: D r . Thomas L. B a r n e t t ,
MSC)
Development Center: MSC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: Block Engineering Com~any

Objectives
The primary goal of Experiment S191 is to make a
fundamental evaluation of the applicability and usefulness of
sensing Earth Resources, from orbital altitudes, in the visible
through near-infrared (i.e., 0.4 to 2.4~)and in the far-
infrared (i.e., 6.2 to 15.5~)spectral regions.
Another s p e c i f i c g o a l of experiment ,3191 i s t o a s s e s s
t h e value of r e a l - t i m e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of ground t a r g e t s by an
astronaut.

Specifically, this instrument may permit quantitative


correction for a major source of atmospheric attenuation,
because remote spectral-radiance measurements made in the wave-
length regions of strong water vapor absorption (e .g , - 6 . 2 - 8 ~ )
can be related to the atmospheric density profile of this
.
absorbing gas.
The reliability of spectral signature identification
from orbital altitudes will also be checked by comparing results
made with concurrent measurements from aircraft and ground test
sites. This technique has the potential of providing a means of
monitoring from space the extent and health of surface vegetation,
without the need for spatial resolution of individual plants.
Geological informakion and precision sea-surface temperature
measurements will also be obtained.
Although a s i m i l a r instrument has been used t o
accumulate d a t a from a i r c r a f t f l i g h t s , t h e r e s o l u t i o n and t h e
c o n t r a s t i n t h e image a r e s i g n i f i b a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f o r remote
s e n s i n g from o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e s . I t f o l l o w s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t
development tests from s p a c e c r a f t a r e a v i t a l e x t e n s i o n to
s i m i l a r experiments whish have been conducted from a i r c r a f t ,
because measurements from s p a c e c r a f t have many advantages such
a s uniform l i g h t i n g over v a s t a r e a s and r e p e t i t i v e coverage.
Hardware
T h i s instrument i s known as a f i l t e r wedge s p e c t r o -
meter, and it w i l l permit measurements of r e l a t i v e l y high
s p e c t r a l r e s o l u t i o n (e.g., from 1%t o 4 % i n wavelength).
The maximum s p a t i a l r e s o l u t i o n of t h e spectrometer
w i l l be 1 mrad, which corresponds t o ground r e s o l u t i o n of
0,235 nm ( n a u t i c a l m i l e s ) from a 235 nm o r b i t .
The launch weight and volume w i l l be Q 4 2 0 l b s . and
Q 1 9 " x 20" x 5 l " , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The i n f r a r e d r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r s i n t h e spectrometer
must be cooled t o 77' K , and t h i s w i l l be accomplished w i t h a
Malaker c l o s e d loop c o o l i n g system whose power requirements
are i n t h e 30-40 w a t t range. I t u s e s helium gas -in a r e f r i g e r a -
t i o n cycle,
Protocol
T h e spectrometer w i l l have p o i n t i n g and t r a c k i n g
c a p a b i l i t i e s t o 45' forward, 1 0 ' a f t and 20' t o t h e s i d e of t h e
ground t r a c k , The a s t r o n a u t w i l l u s e t h e view-finder/tracker t o
a c q u i r e t h e t a r g e t which w i l l be i n h i s f i e l d of view f o r l e s s than
a minute, I n a c q u i r i n g t h e ground t a r g e t s , t h e a s t r o n a u t must main-
t a i n t h e 0.235 nm diameter r e s o l u t i o n element w i t h i n a t a r g e t c i r c l e
of ~1 nm diameter f o r 1 sec. i n o r d e r t o permit one complete
s p e c t r a l s c a n , A t t h e s t a r t of each s p e c t r a l scan, t h e scene
i n t h e view-finder w i l l be photographed w i t h a s m a l l camera
a t t a c h e d t o t h e view-finder. Thus t h e a s t r o n a u t e f f e c t i v e l y
p a r t i c i p a t e s i n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n program. The a s t r o n a u t w i l l
s e l e c t secondary ground t a r g e t s i f t h e primary s i t e i s obscured
by cloud cover, a s w e l l as o t h e r t a r g e t s ' o f o p p o r t u n i t y a s they
became a v a i l a b l e .
Data Return
The primary d a t a w i l l be recorded on a magnetic t a p e
u n i t along w i t h d a t a from o t h e r s e n s o r s i n t h e EREP (Earth
Resources Experiment Package). The magnetic t a p e and t h e f i l m
from t h e view-finder camera w i l l be r e t u r n e d w i t h each crew
rotation.
"r
FLIGHT V E C T O R
V TS
ELEG D A T A RCQUISlTlON
FCAMERR

MIRROR

LEY
E PIECE L POINTING
CONTROL
SWITCH

NASA HQ ML71-3233
2-2-71
APPENDIX 111

M u l t i s p e c t r a l Scanner, Experiment S192

Principal Investigator: User group t o be s e l e c t e d


( P r o j e c t S c i e n t i s t : D r . Charles L .
Korb, MSC)
Development C e n t e r : MSC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractor: Honeywell R a d i a t i o n C e n t e r

Objectives

The primary g o a l of Experiment S192 i s t o a s s e s s t h e


f e a s i b i l i t y of m u l t i s p e c t r a l t e c h n i q u e s , developed i n t h e a i r -
c r a f t program, f o r remote s e n s i n g of E a r t h Resources from s p a c e .
S p e c i f i c a l l y , a t t e m p t s w i l l be made a t s p e c t r a l s i g n a t u r e
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and mapping of ground t r u t h t a r g e t s i n a g r i c u l -
t u r e , f o r e s t r y , geology, hydrology, and oceanography.

Background

The s c a n n e r w i l l o p e r a t e i n 1 3 s p e c t r a l bands from


0 . 4 t o 1 2 . 5 ~ . These bands a r e r e l a t i v e l y wide (% from 0 . 0 5 t o
2 . 3 ~ ), and t h e y a r e l o c a t e d i n s p e ' c t s a l r e g i o n s w i t h h i g h
atmospheric transmission,

M u l t i s p e c t r a l s c a n n e r s have been flown i n a i r c r a f t


f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , Promising r e s u l t s have been o b t a i n e d f o r
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and mapping of v e g e t a t i o n and s u r f a c e s o i l s .
Some p r o g r e s s h a s a l s o been made i n u t i l i z i n g t h e remotely
s e n s e d d a t a f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e h e a l t h of v e g e t a t i o n .

Achievements i n t h i s a r e a i n c l u d e c r o p i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ,
i n v e n t o r y , s o i l and g e o l o g i c mapping based on unique s i g n a t u r e s
f o r c e r t a i n c r o p s i n t h e s e bands. A i r b o r n e s c a n n e r s have been
used w i t h automated computer d i s c r i m i n a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s f o r a r e a s
a s wide a s 5 0 m i l e s ,

Hardware

The b a s i s i n s t r u m e n t d e s i g n i s t h a t o f an o p t i c a l
mechanical s c a n n e r u t i l i z i n g an o b j e c t p l a n e n u t a t i n g s c a n
m i r r o r , w i t h a f o l d e d 12-inch r e f l e c t i n g t e l e s c o p e used a s
a radiation collector,
The 13 s p e c t r a l bands i n t h e v i s i b l e and t h e i n f r a r e d
a r e 0.41-0.46, 0.46-0.51, 0.520-0.556, 0.565 0.609, 0.620-0.670,
0.680-0.762, 0.783-0-880, 0.980-1.08, 1.09-1.19, 1.20-1.30, 1.55-
1.75, 2.10-2.35 and 10.2-12.51~; and w i l l have a ground r e s o l u t i o n
of 260 f t . by 2 6 0 f t . from an a l t i t u d e of 235 n a u t i c a l m i l e s .
a The improvement i n ground r e s o l u t i o n over t h a t f o r t h e I R
Spectrometer (S191) i s p r i m a r i l y due t o t h e c o a r s e r s p e c t r a l
r e s o l u t i o n of t h e s c a n n e r which p e r m i t s a r e a s o n a b l e s i g n a l t o
v
. n o i s e r a t i o even w i t h s m a l l e r f i e l d s t o p s . The swath i n each
s c a n w i l l be 2 2 . 6 n a u t i c a l m i l e s x 260 f t . and t h e s p a c e c r a f t
motion w i l l p r o v i d e contiguous coverage.
The launch weight and volume a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y $300 l b s .
and % 1 9 . 4 cu. f t . The maximum power requirement i s $ 2 2 0 w a t t s .

The thermal r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r s w i l l r e q u i r e c o o l i n g
t o 90' K . T h i s w i l l be accomplished w i t h a Malaker c l o s e d loop
c o o l i n g system whose power requirements a r e i n t h e 30-40 w a t t
range.

Protocol

The s p e c t r a l range covered by t h e s c a n n e r o v e r l a p s


t h a t f o r b o t h t h e m u l t i s p e c t r a l cameras (S190) and t h e I R
Spectrometer (S191). T h i s w i l l p e r m i t a very u s e f u l c r o s s
check of r e s u l t s deduced from t h e s e t h r e e systems.

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e I R Spectrometer d a t a w i l l h o p e f u l l y
p r o v i d e atmospheric d e n s i t y p r o f i l e s , which would be extremely
u s e f u l f o r c o r r e c t i n g t h e primary causes of atmospheric a t t e n u a -
t i o n of t h e s c a n n e r d a t a .

The a s t r o n a u t can v a s t l y i n c r e a s e t h e amount of


u s e f u l d a t a recorded by only t a k i n g d a t a under r e l a t i v e l y c l e a r
c o n d i t i o n s and by l i m i t i n g t h e d a t a taken t o a r e a s of i n t e r e s t ,
i n c l u d i n g some h i g h l y instrumented t e s t s i t e s and a l s o t a r g e t s
of opport-unity. T h i s can be done by u s i n g t h e view-finder f o r
t h e i n f r a r e d s p e c t r o m e t e r (S191).

Data Return

The primary d a t a w i l l be recorded on a magnetic t a p e


u n i t ( ~ 7 2l b s . ) a l o n g w i t h d a t a from o t h e r s e n s o r s i n t h e EREP
( E a r t h Resources Experiment Package). The magnetic t a p e w i l l
be r e t u r n e d w i t h each c r e w r o t a t i o n .

Local, s t a t e , f e d e r a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u s e r
p a r t i c i p a t i o n f o r a n a l y s e s of t h e accumulated d a t a w i l l be
encouraged.
THERMAL
ALIGNMEN
CONTROLS

ENCLOS

Internal Scanner Assembly


APPENDIX I V

Microwave ~ a d i o ~ e t e r / ~ c a t t e r o m ~ t e r / ~ l t i m e tExperiment
er, S193

Principal Investigator: U s e r group t o be s e l e c t e d


(Project Scientist: M r . D a l l a s E. Evans,
2 MSC ) t

Development C e n t e r : MSC

@ I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: General E l e c t r i c Company

Objectives
The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e experiment a r e t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s
measurement of t h e r a d a r d i f f e r e n t i a l b a c k - s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s
s e c t i o n and t h e p a s s i v e microwave t h e r m a l emission of t h e
l a n d and ocean on a g l o b a l s c a l e and t o p r o v i d e e n g i n e e r i n g
d a t a f o r use i n designing radar altimeters.

Backaround
The Microwave Radiometer/Scatterometer complements
t h e i n f r a r e d s p e c t r o m e t e r and multiband s c a n n e r experiments
(S191 and S192) i n e x t r a c t i n g u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e a r t h s u r f a c e and e a r t h r e s o u r c e s . For
a g r i c u l t u r a l p u r p o s e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , i n f r a r e d remote s e n s i n g
devices a r e very s u i t a b l e i n vegetation i d e n t i f i c a t i o n through
t h e c l e a r s k y ; however, it i s most p r o b a b l e t h a t c l o u d s w i l l
e x i s t i n s c a t t e r e d a r e a s i n t h e sky and t h u s degrade t h e
measurement r e s u l t s and i n t e r r u p t t h e c o n t i n u i t y of coverage.
E f f e c t of c l o u d s on microwave p r o p a g a t i o n i s less s i g n i f i c a n t
and i n g e n e r a l can be accounted f o r by s i m u l t a n e o u s u s e o f
r~ microwaves of two a p p r o p r i a t e f r e q u e n c i e s .
The proposed microwave radiometer/scatterometer
experiment i s a combination of an a c t i v e r a d a r s c a t t e r o m e t e r
and p a s s i v e r a d i o m e t e r o p e r a t i n g a t 13.9 GHz. It i s based on
s i m u l t a n e o u s measurements of r a d a r d i f f e r e n t i a l b a c k - s c a t t e r i n g
c r o s s s e c t i o n and p a s s i v e microwave t h e r m a l emission of t h e
l a n d and oceans on a g l o b a l s c a l e . The r a d a r b a c k - s c a t t e r i n g
c r o s s s e c t i o n measurement g i v e s a measure of t h e combined
e f f e c t of t h e d i e l e c t r i c p r o p e r t i e s and roughness o f t h e
t e r r e s t r i a l s u r f a c e whereas t h e p a s s i v e microwave e m i s s i o n
g i v e s a measure of t h e combined e f f e c t o f t h e d i e l e c t r i c
p r o p e r t i e s , roughness, and b r i g h t n e s s t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e
t e r r e s t r i a l s u r f a c e . The e m i s s i v i t y , i , e . , a measure of t h e
amount of energy of a c e r t a i n frequency e m i t t e d i n a c e r t a i n
d i r e c t i o n ' f r o m an o b j e c t w i t h c e r t a i n d i e l e c t r i c p r o p e r t i e s
and at certain temperaturep is a function of the surface
roughness sf the bodys Thus the microwave radiometer/
scatterometer experiment can extract information about the
roughness and temperature of the terrestrial surface, when
the dielectric properties of the surface are known. The surface
dielectric properties of the land vary a great deal according to
its moisture content and the characteristics of vegetation and,
therefore, to obtain the desired information over land coverage
by the microwave radiometer/scatterometer experiment, "ground
truthw at strategically selected sites must be supplied by
other experimental means. Since the dielectric properties of
oceans are essentially the same everywhere, the microwave
radiometer/ssatterometer experiment is most suitable for
establishing global patterns of ocean surface roughness and
brightness temperature. In turn the ocean surface roughness
patterns can be related to ocean surface wind patterns which
can be used to aid ship navigation and numerical weather predic-
tion in oceanography and meteorology.
Radar ocean backscattering and radiometric measurements
have been carried out extensively by aircraft which usually have
high spatial resolution but limited coverage. Space-borne micro-
wave radiometer/scatterometer measurements offer extensive
coverage with useful resolution. The measurements made by NASA
Earth Resources Aircraft Scatterometer Studies have led to the
following conclusions:
1. Increasing wind speed and the related ocean surface
wavelength result in increasing values of returned
energy for all angles of incidence between 15 and
45 degrees.
2. The increases are substantial, as wind velocity
increases.
3. The radar return is higher for upwind-downwind
conditions than for crosswind conditions.
The space-borne microwave radiometer/scatterometer measurement
results will be used to verify these aircraft findings and to
establish the feasibility of determining patterns of ocean
surface roughness and wind field on a global scale.
An altimeter experiment that shares the antenna
assembly of the microwave radiometer/scatterometer experiment
is also included in this experiment, The main purpose of the
altimeter experiment is to obtain information about ocean state
effects on transient pulse characteristics, Data will be used
for future altimeter design for earth physics and geodetic
studies.
Hardware
Major components consist of:
1. Transmitter for the microwave scatterometer
2. Receiver for the microwave radiometer/scatterometer
3. Transmitter for the altimeter
4. Receiver for the altimeter
5. Antenna assembly
The total assembly weight including antenna is about 260 lbs,
and the total power consumption is about 150 watts.
Protocol
The mechanically scanned antenna sweeps the radar
beam either along track or cross track in either a contiguous
or noncontiguous mode. In the noncontiguous mode the beam
moves in discrete steps from one cell to another, dwelling on
each cell for a predetermined length of time, During this
dwell time, the microwave instrument executes in time sequence
two measurements: a passive radiometric thermal measurement
with the transmitter turned off and an active scatterometer
measurement with the transmitter turned on, Thus a paired
measurement of apparent temperature and differential scatter-
ing cross-section are collected for each illuminated surface
cell of about eight square miles. The scan period is chosen
in accordance with the spacecraft velocity such that the
surface cells are contiguous in the inflight direction,
Astronauts will assist in target identification, and
operate and monitor equipment, Real-time communication between
astronauts and the Mission Control Center will be required for
discussion during the experiment. Ground truth information
desired over test sites will be obtained by the NASA Earth
Resources Aircraft scatterometer team for validation and ex-
trapolation of space-borne measurements.
Data Return
All data will be recorded on magnetic tape on one
digitized channel. The radiometer/scatterometer data is
recorded at 4 kilobits/second; the altimeter data at 10 kilobIts/
second.
S193 Microwave Radiometer/Scatterometar Altimeter
APPENDIX V
L-Band Nicrowave Radiometer, Experiment S194

Principal Investigator: User group to be selected


2 (Project Scientist: Mr. Dallas E. Evans,
MSC)
Development Center: MSC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: Airborne Instrument Laboratory

Objectives
The experimental objective is to supplement experiment
S193 in measuring the brightness temperature of the earkhBs
surface along the spacecraft track.
Background
The L-Band radiometer expe~imentis basically the
same in operating princifile as the radiometer part of the
microwave radiometer/scatterometer experiment (S193) except
the operating frequency is changed from 13.9 GHz to 1,42 GHz.
The primary function of the experiment is to supplement the
measurement results of Experiment S193 by taking into considera-
tion the effect of clouds on radiometric: measurements. By using
two frequencies (Sl93 at 13.9 GHz and S194 at 1.42 GHz) simul-
taneously in measurements, corrections can be made on radiometric
data to include the cloud effects.
The instruments to be used in this experiment are
A
patterned after those which are being used on the NASA/MSC Earth
Resources NP3A aircraft.
Hardware
Major components consisb of:
1. Receiver assembly
-6

2. Antenna assembly
The total weight of the system is about 50 lbs, and total power
consumption is about 15 watts.
Protocol
The antenna, which always points in a local vertical
direction, receives noise-like signals from the thermal emis-
sion of an earth surface cell and any intervening clouds being
viewed along the spacecraft track. These signals are super-
imposed on the instrument system noise. The noise-like signal
can be recognized and its mean value accurately determined if
it is observed long ehough to gain a measurable signal. The
signal is compared with the measured mean value of another
noise source with known temperature. The comparison constitutes
the radiometric measurement and can be correlated to give a
measure of the brightness temperature of the surface if
dielectric properties and surface roughness are known.
When this experiment is carried out simultaneously
with Experiment S193, the astronaut will be needed for
equipment monitoring only.
Data Return
All data will be recorded on magnetic tapes. The
data output is at 200 bits/second.

METALIZED MYLAR
THERMAL BLANKET

PRINTED CIRCUIT

S194 L-Band Radiometer


CHAPTER F I V E

ASTROPHYSICS

EXPERIMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND

Rationale
The f i e l d of astronomy h a s undergone r a p i d develop-
ment i n t h e p a s t few y e a r s . The b i r t h of r a d i o astronomy and
t h e s p a c e program have opened up t h e e n t i r e spectrum of
r a d i a t i o n and p a r t i c l e s t o o b s e r v a t i o n s . Many s c i e n t i s t s
from o t h e r f i e l d s , such a s c h e m i s t r y , b i o l o g y , mathematics and
e s p e c i a l l y p h y s i c s , have developed an i n t e r e s t i n s p a c e re-
s e a r c h . The r e s u l t h a s been a sudden i n c r e a s e i n t h e v a r i e t y
of s t u d i e s and i n s t r u m e n t s which can b e a p p l i e d t o i n v e s t i -
g a t i n g t h e problems of astronomy.
We would l i k e t o know whether o r n o t t h e u n i v e r s e i s
i n f i n i t e i n e x t e n t , What c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r l i f e
t o occur? What p r o c e s s e s d e t e r m i n e t h e l i f e h i s t o r y of m a t t e r
making up t h e s o l a r system, s t a r s , our galaxy and t h e u n i v e r s e
a s a whole?
The f i e l d of astronomy h a s t r a d i t i o n a l l y been an
a r e a where t h e answers t o fundamental q u e s t i o n s have been
s o u g h t and i n which i m p o r t a n t c o n c e p t u a l d i s c o v e r i e s have been
made--the passage and measurement of t i m e , t h e s e a s o n s , t h e
s i z e and shape of t h e e a r t h , i t s p l a c e i n t h e s o l a r system and
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e r e s t of t h e o b s e r v a b l e u n i v e r s e . In
a d d i t i o n , t h e s t u d y of m a t t e r i n p r e v i o u s l y unknown s t a t e s and
of p r o c e s s e s t o o e x o t i c t o occur n a t u r a l l y i n our own environ-
ment--the g e n e r a t i o n of thermonuclear energy i n t h e c e n t e r s of
?
s t a r s , f o r example--have had a g r e a t i n f l u e n c e on t h e growth
of o t h e r p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s .
U n t i l r e c e n t l y , p r o g r e s s i n astronomy h a s been made
by g r a d u a l t h e o r e t i c a l and o b s e r v a t i o n a l advances u s i n g
i n s t r u m e n t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h ground based o p t i c a l t e l e s c o p e s t o
measuring t h e s i z e s , s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , energy d i s t r i b u t i o n
and time changes of v i s i b l e o b j e c t s .

The i n c r e a s e i n a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n brought about


by a c c e s s t o s p a c e and t h e opening up of t h e e n t i r e spectrum
from gamma r a y s t o r a d i o waves h o l d s o u t t h e promise of
new i n s i g h t s i n t o t h e q u e s t i o n s we wish t o r e s o l v e and d i s -
c o v e r i e s of new phenomena, such a s p u l s a r s , p r e v i o u s l y hidden
from our view.
History

With t h e a d v e n t of t h e sounding r o c k e t program,


f o l l o w i n g World War 11, i t became p o s s i b l e t o send s m a l l
p a y l o a d s i n t o s p a c e f o r a few m i n u t e s of o b s e r v a t i o n s . The
r o c k e t program c o n t i n u e s t o b e a v e r y e f f e c t i v e way t o make
s p e c i a l i z e d a s t r o n o m i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s i n u l t r a v i o l e t and X-ray
w a v e l e n g t h s . A i r b o r n e e x p e r i m e n t s on b a l l o o n s and h i g h - a l t i -
t u d e a i r c r a f t , have made o b s e r v a t i o n s of v e r y h i g h energy r a d i -
a t i o n and i n f r a r e d , because t h e upper atmosphere i s p a r t i a l l y
t r a n s p a r e n t t o t h e s e r a d i a t i o n s . Some astronomy e x p e r i m e n t s
have flown piggyback on unmanned s p a c e c r a f t such a s OGO, OSO and
M a r i n e r , t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c o b j e c t i v e s b e i n g r e s t r i c t e d by con-
s i d e r a t i o n s of p e r m i s s i b l e s i z e , weight and c o m p l e x i t y . The
OAO, and SAS s p a c e c r a f t s e r i e s a r e d e d i c a t e d t o u l t r a v i o l e t
and X-ray e x p e r i m e n t s of a more comprehensive n a t u r e .

Astronomy e x p e r i m e n t s have been c a r r i e d on manned


s p a c e c r a f t i n t h e Gemini and Apollo programs t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e
of t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e a s t r o n a u t and t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r f i l m
return.

Unexpected s o u r c e s o f background i l l u m i n a t i o n have


been d e t e c t e d i n t h e UV. I n t e n s e p o i n t s o u r c e s and a d i f f u s e
background of X-rays have been d i s c o v e r e d . Gamma r a y and
i n f r a - r e d r a d i a t i o n have been d e t e c t e d coming from t h e c e n t e r
of o u r g a l a x y s u g g e s t i n g u n u s u a l p r o c e s s e s t a k i n g p l a c e
t h e r e . A number of o t h e r g a l a x i e s have been found t o b e un-
e x p e c t e d l y b r i g h t i n t h e UV and i n t h e i n f r a - r e d .

Different physical processes r e s u l t i n t h e emissicn


of r a d i a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e n a t u r e of t h e p r o c e s s and
p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e s o u r c e , such a s temperatur: and
composition. Usually t h e r a d i a t i o n i s d e t e c t a b l e across s e v e r a l
s p e c t r a l r a n g e s , b u t i t o f t e n i s more n o t i c e a b l e i n one t h a n
t h e o t h e r b e c a u s e of some u n i q u e f e a t u r e r e c o g n i z a b l e above
s u r r o u n d i n g sky background. The s p e c t r a l r a n g e i n which t h e
s o u r c e i s f i r s t d e t e c t e d may n o t b e t h e o n l y one o r t h e one
b e s t suited f o r unraveling i t s properties. The d i s c o v e r y of
p u l s a r s i n t h e r a d i o r a n g e and t h e e x t e n s i o n of t h e i r i n -
v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e v i s i b l e and X-ray wavelength r a n g e s h a s
d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e v a l u e of t h i s t o t a l spectrum c a p a b i l i t y .

ROLE OF SKYLAB

Before l a r g e , e l a b o r a t e space o b s e r v a t o r i e s a r e
d e v e l o p e d , t h e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h i s new o b s e r v i n g
environment must b e known. Ranges of i n t e n s i t i e s , back-
ground l e v e l s and t h e s p e c t r a l p r o p e r t i e s of gamma r a y , X-ray
and u l t r a v i o l e t s o u r c e s must b e e v a l u a t e d , The S k y l a b f a c i l i t y
w i l l p r o v i d e an o p p o r t u n i t y t o perform a v a r i e t y of e x p e r i m e n t s
of a survey n a t u r e w i t h much l o n g e r o b s e r v i n g time t h a n
a v a i l a b l e on r o c k e t s and w i t h a d d i t i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y due t o
t h e p r e s e n c e of a n a s t r o n a u t . A less s t r i n g e n t w e i g h t l i m i t -
a t i o n p e r m i t s l a r g e r i n s t r u m e n t s t o b e flown and f i l m and sample
r e t u r n p r o v i d e b e t t e r r e s o l u t i o n d a t a t h a n could be o b t a i n e d
from an unmanned s a t e l l i t e . Seven a s t r o p h y s i c a l experiments
on t h e Skylab w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e two g e n e r a l a r e a s b e s i d e s t h e
sun, which i s t o be observed u s i n g t h e ATM and experiment 5020,
The o u t e r atmosphere of t h e e a r t h and t h e i n t e r -
p l a n e t a r y medium a r e s t u d i e d by t h r e e experiments:

UV Airglow Horizon Photography (S063)

Gegenschein/ Z o d i a c a l L i g h t (S073)
P a r t i c l e Collection ( ~ 1 4 9 )

O b j e c t s e x t e r n a l t o t h e s o l a r system a r e s t u d i e d
by f o u r experiments:

* Nuclear Emulsion (S009)

UV S t e l l a r Astronomy (S019)

G a l a c t i c X-ray Mapping ( S 1 5 0 )
* UV Panorama (S183)

The Gegenschein/Zodiacal L i g h t 'and P a r t j c l e C o l l e c t i o n


experiments b o t h s t u d y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y
medium; t h e former by viewing t h e s u n l i g h t s c a t t e r e d o f f t h e
d u s t i n t h e s o l a r system, t h e l a t t e r by s t u d y i n g t h e impact
of t h e d u s t p a r t i c l e s themselves on p r e p a r e d s u r f a c e s . The
d u s t p a r t i c l e s a r e b e l i e v e d t o b e v e s t i g e s of p r i m o r d i a l
s o l i d m a t e r i a l i n t h e a s t e r o i d b e l t w h i c h h a s been p u l v e r i z e d
by many c o l l i s i o n s down t o m i c r o s c o p i c d e b r i s . Drawn toward
t h e s u n by g r a v i t y and blown outward by t h e p r e s s u r e of sun-
l i g h t and t h e s o l a r wind, t h e y o r b i t t h e s u n , between t h e
p l a n e t s . They a r e n o t o n l y a p o t e n t i a l h a z a r d t o s p a c e t r a v e l
I
and a s o u r c e of i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n of f a i n t o b j e c t s
o u t s i d e t h e s o l a r system, b u t , p o t e n t i a l l y , c a r r i e r s of i n f o r -
mation a b o u t t h e c o n d i t i o n s under which t h e s o l a r system was
formed .
The UV S t e l l a r Astronomy, W panorama and G a l a c t i c
X-ray experiments a r e i n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e a compre-
h e n s i v e s u r v e y of t h e sky i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s p e c t r a l r a n g e s .
Their o b j e c t i v e s a r e t o determine t h e i n t e n s i t i e s , s p e c t r a l
energy d i s t r i b u t i o n , and t h e l o c a t i o n s of a s many s o u r c e s a s
p o s s i b l e ; t o p r o v i d e a g e n e r a l a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e f a c t o r s i n -
f l u e n c i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e s e s o u r c e s i n s p a c e , such a s
i n t e r s t e l l a r a b s o r p t i o n , background l e v e l s and t h e s t a t i s t i c s
of t h e i r p o s i t i o n s ; and t o p r o v i d e e x p e r i e n c e i n making
a s t r o n o m i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s from manned s p a c e c r a f t .

The two u l t r a v i o l e t experiments d i f f e r i n t h a t t h e


UV Panorama i n designed t o o b t a i n lower r e s o l u t i o n s p e c t r a l i n -
f o r m a t i o n f o r more and f a i n t e r s t a r s t h a n t h e s t e l l a r astronomy
study .
To d a t e , a l l u l t r a v i o l e t s o u r c e s have been recog-
n i z a b l e i n v i s i b l e l i g h t a s s t a r s , g a l a x i e s o r n e b u l a e . The
X-ray s o u r c e s a r e n o t u s u a l l y r e c o g n i z a b l e i n v i s i b l e l i g h t
and a r e s o u n u s u a l t h a t t h e y a r e t h e s u b j e c t of much s p e c u l a t i o n .
The i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d by t h e s u r v e y s w i l l a l s o p r o v i d e
additional i n s i g h t i n t o t h e physical conditions i n these
objects.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

The Skylab experiments w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o i d e n t i f y -


i n g t h e advantages and d i s a d v a n t a g e s of man-attended s p a c e
o b s e r v a t i o n s and o b t a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n e s s e n t i a l f o r p l a n n i n g
f u t u r e , more advanced i n s t r u m e n t s .

I n o p t i c a l astronomy, l a r g e t e l e s c o p e s , p r o b a b l y un-
manned, w i l l b e r e q u i r e d t o p r o v i d e v e r y h i g h r e s o l u t i o n photo-
g r a p h s and s p e c t r a and s p e c i a l i z e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of v e r y
f a i n t o b j e c t s . Large, heavy s p a c e c r a f t , such a s t h e HEAO, w i l l
be r e q u i r e d t o extend gamma-ray and X-ray s u r v e y s t o f a i n t e r
l i m i t i n g magnitudes t h a n can b e d e t e c t e d by s m a l l e r , s h o r t - l i v e d
e x p e r i m e n t s . X-ray t e l e s c o p e s c a p a b a b l e of forming images w i l l
b e needed t o p r o v i d e d e t a i l e d views and h i g h r e s o l u t i o n s p e c t r a
of t h e s o u r c e s .
The Skylab experiments w i l l h e l p i n l a y i n g t h e
n e c e s s a r y groundwork f o r t h e s e p r o j e c t s .
APPENDIX I
Nuclear Emulsion, Experiment SO09

Principal ~nvestigator: D r . Maurice M. S h a p i r o , Naval Research


L a b o r a t o r y , Washington, D. C .

Development Center: MSFC


Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: NRL

Objectives
The objective of this experiment is to record the
cosmic ray flux incident outside the earth's atmosphere, es-
pecially the relative abundance and energy spectrum of heavy
nuclei.

-
Background
Cosmic rays were first discovered in 1912. They con-
sist of the nuclei of the chemical elements having extremtly
high kinetic energies which impinge on the earth's atmosphere
from outer space.

The incident flux of cosmic ray primaries is very


small, %1/2 per second per cm2, but interactions with the gases
in the earth's atmosphere produces showers of particles.
Most of what is known about cosmic rays has been ob-
tained from nuclear emulsion stacks exposed for several hours
( ~ 1 0 )on high altitude balloons. Theories of nucleogenesis
predict the relative abundance of nuclei that would be produced
in the thermonuclear reactions occuring in possible sources such
as neutron stars. It is there fore of great interest to study
the relative abundance of the nuclei reaching the earth. In-
teraction with gases in the upper atmosphere however, has the
effect of breaking up some of the primary nuclei thereby dis-
torting the charge spectrum of particles as measured form a
balloon. To obtain as accurate a measure as possible of the
relative abundance of various nuclei in the primary cosmic ray
flux, experiments must be carried into space.
A nuclear emulsion experiment conducted on a Gemini
flight measured the abundance of light nuclei 2d0. The Skylab
n u c l e a r emulsion experiment w i l l p r o v i d e a long exposure
t o d e t e r m i n e t h e abundance and energy spectrum of t h e heavy
n u c l e i .(Z between about 15 and 3 0 ) . The abundant i r o n nucleus
( 2 = 2 6 ) i s i n t h i s range.

Hardware
The i n s t r u m e n t c o n s i s t s of two a d j a c e n t s t a c k s of
n u c l e a r emulsion s t r i p s . T h i s emulsion d i f f e r s from r e g u l a r
photographic emulsion b e i n g c o n s i d e r a b l y t h i c k e r and c o n t a i n i n g
a much h i g h e r d e n s i t y of g r a i n m a t e r i a l t o improve t h e d e t e c -
t i o n of t r a c k s l e f t by charged p a r t i c l e s . The s t a c k s a r e hinged
t o g e t h e r l i k e t h e two s i d e s o f , a n open book and c o n t a i n s e v e r a l
l a y e r s of d i f f e r e n t emulsion t y p e s .
The emulsion s t a c k s a r e mounted i n s i d e t h e Skylab
M u l t i p l e Docking Adapter, s e p a r a t e d from s p a c e by a t h i n
s e c t i o n of t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a l l . During exposure t h e "book" i s
open, a l l o w i n g high energy p a r t i c l e s which have passed through
t h e w a l l t o e n t e r t h e f r o n t s u r f a c e of both emulsion s t a c k s .
The w a l l t h i c k n e s s , 1/8" of aluminum, i s e q u i v a l e n t t o
2 2
1/2 grn/cm , whereas b a l l o o n s cannot r e a c h l e s s t h a n ~3 gms/cm
of atmospheric t h i c k n e s s . The experiment weighs about 75
pounds, 4 5 of which i s housing, and i t s volume i s less t h a n a
cubic f o o t .
Protocol
The a s t r o n a u t p e r i o d i c a l l y a d j u s t s t h e d i r e c t i o n
towards which t h e f i l m s u r f a c e i s p o i n t e d , d u r i n g exposure,
throughout t h e e n t i r e f i r s t manned v i s i t , t o i n s u r e t h a t o n l y
t h o s e p a r t i c l e s coming from o u t e r s p a c e a r e recorded and t h a t
t h o s e s c a t t e r e d up a f t e r c o l l i s i o n s w i t h t h e e a r t h ' s o u t e r
atmosphere a r e excluded.
A t i m e r a u t o m a t i c a l l y c l o s e s t h e "book" whenever
t h e S k y l a b ' s o r b i t a l p o s i t i o n i s i n s i d e t h e South A t l a n t i c
Anomaly, where t h e Van A l l e n b e l t s d i p c l o s e r t o t h e e a r t h i o r
a t h i g h l a t i t u d e s where t h e e a r t h ' s n a g n e t i c f i e l d p o i n t s down-
ward, and unwanted p a r t i c l e s a r e p e r m i t t e d t o p e n e t r a t e down t o
t h e S k y l a b ' s o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e . The t o t a l exposure w i l l be
about 2 4 0 hours.
Data Return

The exposed emulsion w i l l be r e t u r n e d t o t h e e a r t h


and p e e l e d a p a r t i n t h i n s t r i p s which a r e numbered, developed
and scanned f o r t r a c k s . By measuring t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n t h i c k -
n e s s and d i r e c t i o n of t h e t r a c k s and t r a c i n g t h e i r e n t i r e p a t h
through t h e s t r i p s , t h e energy and c h a r g e of t h e cosmic r a y s
can be determined.
From t h e numbers of p a r t i c l e s recorded a t each v a l u e
of energy and c h a r g e , t h e abundance r a t i o of p a r t i c u l a r n u c l e i ,
and t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n abundance of even and odd Z , one can l e a r n
something a b o u t t h e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s where t h e n u c l e i were
formed, t h e t i m e t h a t h a s e l a p s e d s i n c e t h e y were formed, and
t h e n a t u r e of t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h i n t e r s t e l l a r m a t e r i a l i n
transit.
NUCLEAR EMULSION
' S K Y L A B EXPERIMENT 5009
APPENDIX I1

UV S t e l l a r Astronomy, Experiment SO19

h
P r i n c i p a l ~ n v e s t i g a t o r : D r . Karl G . Henize,
Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center

Development Center: MSC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractors: Northwestern U n i v e r s i t y ( S u b c o n t r a c t o r s :
Martin-Marietta Corp. and
B o l l e r 61 Chivens)

Objectives

The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s experiment a r e t o o b t a i n u l t r a -
v i o l e t l i n e s p e c t r a of a l a r g e number of s t a r s , u l t r a v i o l e t
photographs of t h e c l o u d s and s t a r s i n t h e Milky Way and t o
g a i n e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e t e c h n i q u e s f o r doing astronomy from
manned. s p a c e c r a f t .

Background

S i n c e 1957, u l t r a v i o l e t o b s e r v a t i o n s have been made by


r o c k e t and s a t e l l i t e experiments. For two y e a r s , t h e OAO-A2
has been p r o v i d i n g u l t r a v i o l e t p i c t u r e s and s p e c t r a . T e l e v i s i o n
p i c t u r e s t a k e n through d i f f e r e n t f i l t e r s by t h e OAO-A2 Cele-
scope i n s t r u m e n t have showed t h e u l t r a v i o l e t b r i g h t n e s s of
thousands of s t a r s . The OAO a l s o c a r r i e d spectrophotometers
which have recorded t h e u l t r a v i o l e t energy d i s t r i b u t i o n of
s e v e r a l hundred o b j e c t s ; - p l a n e t s , s t a r s and galaxies--with
a r e s o l u t i o n of about 1A.

The Skylab i n s t r u m e n t i s a s p e c t r o g r a p h designed t o


o b t a i n u l t r a v i o l e t photographs of s t a r s whose images have
r been s p e c t r a l l y d i s p e r s e d . The s p e c t r o g r a p h w i l l have
s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h r e s o l u t i o n t o show atomic l i n e s and t h e t e l e -
scope i s s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e t o r e c o r d many f a i n t s t a r s i n c l u s t e r s
and t h e Milky Way. I t d i f f e r s from t h e OAO i n t h a t it p r o v i d e s
p i c t u r e s w i t h f i n e r d e t a i l and b e t t e r s p e c t r a l r e s o l u t i o n a t t h e
s h o r t e r wavelengths,

Hardware

The i n s t r u m e n t c o n s i s t s of a r e f l e c t i n g t e l e s c o p e , a
35 mm camera and an a d d i t i o n a l moveable m i r r o r . The t o t a l weight
i s 200 pounds, i n c l u d i n g s t o r a g e c o n t a i n e r . The volume i s ap-
proximately 4.5 c u b i c f e e t .
The t e l e s c o p e i s mounted i n a n a i r l o c k i n t h e s i d e of
t h e S k y l a b , w i t h t h e moveable m i r r o r e x t e n d i n g beyond t h e
o u t e r w a l l of t h e s p a c e c r a f t . The camera, c o n t a i n i n g f i l m
s e n s i t i v e t o u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e back of t h e
telescope inside the spacecraft. The t e l e s c o p e m i r r o r i s 6"
i n d i a m e t e r and f o c u s e s a sky a r e a 4" x 5 O o n t o t h e f i l m . A
s p e c i a l p r i s m can b e i n s e r t e d i n f r o n t of t h e t e l e s c o p e t o
s p r e a d t h e l i g h t o n t o each c o l o r ; a group o f , s a y , s i x s t a r s
would t h e n b e r e c o r d e d on t h e photograph a s a group of s i x
spectra.

The i n s t r u m e n t i s s e n s i t i v e o v e r t h e r a n g e o f 1400
3000g. D e t a i l s a s s m a l l a s 20 a r c seconds w i l l b e d i s c e r n i b l e .
The r e s o l u t i o n of t h e s p e c t r a i s determined by which o b j e c t i v e
prism t h e a s t r o n a u t employs--higher d i s p e r s i o n s p r e a d s t h e l i g h t
o v e r a l a r g e r a r e a of f i l m and s p e c t r a of o n l y b r i g h t e r s t a r s
a r e recorged. The r e ~ o l u t i o n , i m p r o v e s a t , s h o r t e r wavelengths
b e i n g < 1 0 A below 1700A and <3A below 1400A.

The f a c t o r l i m i t i n g t h e number of s t a r s r e c o r d e d and


t h e r e s o l u t i o n of t h e images i s t h e motion of t h e Skylab i t s e l f .
The b l u r r k n g by motion r e s t r i c t s t h e l e n g t h of e x p o s u r e s t o a
few m i n u t e s .

The a s t r o n a u t , w i l l p l a c e t h e t e l e s c o p e assembly6 i n
t h e a i r l o c k and p o i n t t h e e x t e r n a l m i r r o r t o c o o r d i n a t e s pro-
v i d e d from t h e ground on t h e b a s i s of t h e S k y l a b ' s c u r r e n t
o r i e n t a t i o n . He w i l l t h e n l o c a t e , by e y e , t h e p a r t i c u l a r sky
a r e a h e w i s h e s t o r e c o r d and i n i t i a t e a n e x p o s u r e which may
l a s t a s long a s f i v e minutes. The a s t r o n a u t w i l l r e c o r d t h e
t i m e and d u r a t i o n of each e x p o s u r e and comment on any c o n d i t i o n s ,
s u c h a s s m a l l image motions which may o c c u r , a f f e c t i n g t h e
q u a l i t y of t h e r e s u l t i n g p i c t u r e . The i n e r t i a of t h e Skylab
w i l l o r d i n a r i l y provide t h e pointing steadiness required. .
He can t a k e t h e p h o t o g r a p h s i n t h e d a r k p o r t i & n of
any o r b i t d u r i n g which t h e t e l e s c o p e i s mounted i n t h e a i r l o c k .
S i n c e t h i s p e r i o d of d a r k n e s s l a s t s r o u g h l y 30 m i n u t e s , s e v e r a l
p i c t u r e s can b e o b t a i n e d i n a n o r b i t . A l t o g e t h e r , some
100-200 p i c t u r e s w i l l b e t a k e n of s e v e r a l dozen a r e a s of t h e
sky.

Data R e t u r n

The exposed f i l m w i l l b e r e t u r n e d t o t h e ground where


it w i l l b e developed and a n a l y z e d . The s p e c t r a can b e examined
f o r d i s c r e p a n c i e s between t h e o r e t i c a l s p e c t r a from model
stellar atmospheres, for evidence of stellar chromospheres, and
for the amount of interstellar extinction. The spectra of
brighter galaxies can be obtained and compared. Background
light levels due to zodiacal light and other sources can be
sought. The experiment will provide a survey of sufficient
scope to guide later more detailed astronomical observations.

~ ~ Operational
1 9 ~onfi~uration
APPENDIX I11
UV Airglow Horizon PKotography, SO63

Principal Investigator: Dr. Donald M. Packer, Naval Research


Laboratory, Washington, D. C .
Development Center: MSC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: NRL (Subcontractor: Martin-Marietta Corp.)

Objectives
The purpose of this experiment is to obtain visual
and ultraviolet photographs of the night airglow and of the
daytime ozone layer on a global scale.
Background
The behavior of ozone is an important factor in the
thermal balance of the atmospbera, A world-wide network of
ground stations also monitors the oeana concentration aa a
tracer for the physical psopertia~and motions a f the atmosphere,
Qsona, oxygen, ~itrageqand w ~ a $ $ . e k yaf ~ k h e rgaseous
species 2n the earth's atmosphere are involved in a complex in-
terplay of chemical reactions stimulated by the sun's radiation,
Much of what is known of the earth's upper atmosphere has been
obtained by observing the night and day airglow emitted during
these reactions. Aurora are particularly bright emissions caused
by the interaction of charged particles, guided by the earth's
magnetic field, with the upper atmosphere.
Ozone and airglow observations have been made from
the ground, aircraft, balloons and rockets. Only visible light
can be seen from below, the ultraviolet light being absorbed
by the lower atmosphere. Visible photographs of the airglow
horizon have been taken from Gemini spacecraft and an ultraviolet
camera will take long-range pictures during translunar coast on
an Apollo mission.
The Skylab experiment will. permit detailed studies to
be mad e of the global variations in the photochemistry of the
upper atmosphere in the ultraviolet light of the principal mole-
cular spectral features.
Hardware

Two 35 rmn cameras a r e provided; one capable of


t a k i n g p i c t u r e s i n t h e v i s i b l e spectrum, t h e o t h e r i n t h e
UV spectrum. The v i s i b l e spectrum camera i s capable of being
mounted i n e i t h e r t h e OWS window o r t h e s o l a r s i d e S c i e n t i f i c
Airlock (SAL). The UV spectrum camera i s capable of being
mounted i n e i t h e r S c i e n t i f i c Airlock, F i l t e r s a r e provided
2 f o r both cameras. The SAL camera mounts a r e equipped with a
telescope.

Y
The a n t i s o l a r SAL camera s h a l l provide f o r t r a c k i n g
along t h e f l i g h t path. The t e l e s c o p e i s o f f s e t from t h e
camera so t h a t w h i l e t h e t e l e s c o p e i s t r a c k i n g a landmark .
on t h e ground, t h e camera i s p o i n t e d approximately 3Q kml
above t h e ground. The s o l a r s i d e SAL mount has two degrees
of freedom f o r t r a c k i n g . The mount i n t h e OWS window p o i n t s
t h e camera along t h e n a d i r . AUV permissive g l a s s panel i s
provided f o r mounting i n t h e SAL's.

T o t a l weight of t h e hardware, i n c l u q i n g s t o r a g e
c o n t a i n e r i s 118 pounds.

Protocol
Observations of t h e ozone l a y e r a r e made w i t h t h e
v e h i c l e i n t h e Z-local v e r t i c a l a t t i t u d e . The UV spectrum
camera i s mounted i n t h e downward looking SAL and t h e v i s i b l e , ,
spectrum camera i n t h e OWS window. The a s t r o n a u t aims t h e
t e l e s c o p e a t a landmark l y i n g on t h e ground t r a c k and t r a c k s
it o p e r a t i n g t h e camera a s he does. A s t h e UV spectrum camera
p a s s e s t h e n a d i r , t h e v i s u a l spectrum camera i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y
triggered,

P i c t u r e s w i l l be t a k e n of t h e t w i l i g h t airglow u s i n g
b o t h cameras w h i l e t h e v e h i c l e i s i n t h e s o l a r i n e r t i a l a t t i t u d e .

Data Return

The exposed f i l m w i l l be r e t u r n e d and developed on


the earth. The v i s i b l e l i g h t photographs of atmospheric
f e a t u r e s , bodies of water, landmarks and clouds w i l l be used
t o i n t e r p r e t t h e u l t r a v i o l e t photographs.

These r e s u l t s w i l l i n c r e a s e o u r understanding of tne


formation, d i s t r i b u t i o n and movements of ozone and o t h e r gases
and t h e i r chemical i n t e r a c t i o n s i n t h e upper atmosphere of the
e a r t h a s w e l l a s on o t h e r p l a n e t s .
+Z SAL,
APPENDIX IV
Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light, Experiment SO73

Principal Investigator: Dr. J. L. Weinberg, Dudley Observatory,


Albany, New Pork
Development Center: MSFC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: Dudley Observatory (Subcontractor:
Martin-Marietta Corp.)

Obj ectives
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the
brightness and polarization of the visible background of the
sky as seen from the Skylab above the earth's atmosphere.
Background
Photographs and light leve1,readings taken from the
ground, rockets and satellites have not yet been sufficiently
accurate to distinguish between models of the sources contribut-
ing to the faint visible background light of the sky outside the
atmosphere. Hand-held photographs, taken from Gemini space-
craft, of the Gegenschein, or anti-solar enhancement, have
established that it is extraterrestrial in origin rather than a
phenomenon occurring in the earth's atmosphere. An Apollo lunar
orbit experiment will attempt to photograph the Gegenschein from
the dark side of the lunar orbit to determine by triangulation
whether or not it is due to a "zero phase" enhancement of sun-
light scattered off the interplanetary medium or a cloud of
dust maintained in the gravitational null point one million
miles from the earth, opposite the sun. The Skylab study will
be a complete survey of the sky from above the variable inter-
ference of visible airglow emission and atmospheric extinction.

Hardware
' There is no dedicated hardware fqr this experiment.
The TO27 photometer and 16 mm operational data acquisition camera
are utilized.
Protocol
The astronaut places the photometer and camera in the
airlock and extends them out into space. He then activates a
mechanism enabling the photometer to perform scans of the sky
automatically. The camera r e c o r d s t h e f i e l d o f view b e i n g
s c a n n e d by t h e photometer, The l i g h t l e v e l r e a d i n g s from t h e
photometer a r e r e c o r d e d on magnetic t a p e t o g e t h e r w i t h c o o r d i -
n a t e s of t h e a r e a of t h e s k y b e i n g measured.

Data Return

The c o n t e n t of t h e m a g n e t i c t a p e i s t e l e m e t e r e d t o
t h e ground. The f i l m i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e ground i n t h e CM.
A f t e r s u b t r a c t i n g t h e s i g n a l c a u s e d by s t a r s i n t h e t e l e s c o p e
f i e l d o f view, t h e photographs and l i g h t l e v e l r e a d i n g s a r e
combined t o make a map of t h e background b r i g h t n e s s o f t h e
sky.

B y comparing t h e amount o f l i g h t a t d i f f e r e n t c o l o r s
and p o l a r i z a t i o n s w i t h t h e s p e c t r u m o f t h e sun one can i n d i r e c t l y
o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e s i z e s , s h a p e s , c o m p o s i t i o n and
numbers of t h e d u s t p a r t i c l e s t r a v e l i n g i n i n t e r p l a n e t a r y s p a c e
which r e f l e c t t h e s u n l i g h t and p r o d u c e t h e z o d i a c a l l i g h t , In
a d d t i o n , t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e b r i g h t n e s s r e l a t i v e t o t h e d i r e c -
t i o n o f t h e s u n and t h e e c l i p t i c p l a n e w i l l e n a b l e t h e i n t e r -
p l a n e t a r y c o n t r i b u t i o n t o background l i g h t l e v e l t o be d i s t i n -
g u i s h e d from t h e i n t e r s t e l l a r background and any c o n t r i b u t i o n
from a h y p o t h e t i c a l d u s t c l o u d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e e a r t h and
moon.
APPENDIX V

P a r t i c l e C o l l e c t i o n , S149

Principal Investigator: D r . C u r t i s L. Hemenway, Dudley


Observatory, Albany, New York
Development C e n t e r : MSC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractor: Dudley Observatory

Objectives
The purpose of t h i s experiment i s t o c o l l e c t m a t e r i a l
from i n t e r p l a n e t a r y d u s t p a r t i c l e s on prepared s u r f a c e s s u i t a b l e
f o r s t u d y i n g t h e i r impact phenomena.

Prepared s u r f a c e s , flown on r o c k e t s and s a t e l l i t e s


have n o t y e t r e c o r d e d impact c r a t e r s which have unambiguously
been i d e n t i f i e d a s having been caused by t h e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y d u s t
p a r t i c l e s impinging on t h e e a r t h ' s o u t e r atmosphere. S u r f a c e s
flown on Gemini s p a c e c r a f t s u f f e r e d from c o n t a m i n a t i o n . The
Skylab experiment p r o v i d e s a l o n g exposure f o r s e v e r a l t y p e s
of s u r f a c e s .

Hardware
The i n s t r u m e n t e n a b l e s sets of extremely smooth p l a t e s
and t h i n m e t a l f i l m s t o b e exposed t o s p a c e though an a i r l o c k
i n t h e w a l l of t h e Skylab. The p l a t e s a r e made of m e t a l , p l a s t i c
and g l a s s w i t h h i g h l y p o l i s h e d s u r f a c e s . They a r e manufactured
and s e a l e d i n c a s s e t t e s under t h e c l e a n e s t c o n d i t i o n s p o s s i b l e .
Each i s pre-scanned m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y and a l l s c r a t c h e s , d u s t and
s u r f a c e i m p e r f e c t i o n s a r e c a t a l o g e d . To make t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
of t h e s e f e a t u r e s e a s i e r , a g o l d f i l m i s f i r s t evaporated o n t o
t h e p l a t e s from a g r a z i n g a n g l e . his produces "shadows" behind
any specks o r p i t s on t h e s u r f a c e , making them s t a n d o u t i n r e -
l i e f . The t h i n m e t a l f i l m s a r e pre-scanned f o r p i n h o l e s .

S e v e r a l p l a t e s , each roughly 6 " s q u a r e , and f i l m s , a r e


mounted i n a r e - s e a l a b l e c a s s e t t e which i s i n t u r n mounted i n a
motorized s u p p o r t u n i t . T h i s u n i t i s extended o u t through t h e
a i r l o c k where it opens and c l o s e s t h e c a s s e t t e s by remote c o n t r o l .
Some s u r f a c e s are n o t exposed and a c t a s c o n t r o l s . The t o t a l
u n i t weighs a b o u t 115 pounds.
Protocol
The a s t r o n a u t p l a c e s t h e i n s t r u m e n t i n t h e a i r l o c k
and exposes t h e p l a t e s f o r s e v e r a l days when t h e Skylab i s
manned. I n t h e p e r i o d s between manned v i s i t s , p l a t e s a r e l e f t
exposed f o r up t o two months, t h e c a s s e t t e b e i n g opened from
t h e ground t o p r e v e n t contamination by t h e t h r u s t e r e x h a u s t s
d u r i n g a r r i v a l and d e p a r t u r e of t h e CSM.
Data Return
A f t e r exposure, t h e p l a t e s and f i l m s a r e r e - s e a l e d i n
t h e c a s s e t t e which i s r e t r a c t e d i n t o t h e Skylab. The c a s s e t t e s
a r e r e t u r n e d t o t h e ground where t h e y a r e opened and t h e s p e c i a l
s u r f a c e s a r e a g a i n scanned m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y f o r new c r a t e r s o r
p u n c t u r e s l e f t from t h e impact of i n t e r p l a n e t a r y d u s t p a r t i c l e s .
Shadowing a t a d i f f e r e n t a n g l e i s used t o a i d i n t h i s s e a r c h .
The t h i n f i l m s a r e scanned f o r e v i d e n c e of p e n e t r a t i o n s .
From t h e s i z e , shape and number of t h e s e impact
f e a t u r e s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e masses
and speeds of d u s t p a r t i c l e s a s w e l l a s t h e number p e r u n i t
volume of s p a c e . P o s s i b l y something about t h e i r composition
can be determined by probing f o r minute chemical t r a c e s of t h e
p a r t i c l e m a t e r i a l which may remain embedded i n t h e bottom of
t h e impact c r a t e r .

I n a d d i t i o n t o p r o v i d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e charac-
t e r i s t i c s of t h e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y d u s t , t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y
w i l l h e l p t o b e t t e r d e f i n e t h e hazard t o s p a c e t r a v e l posed by
dust p a r t i c l e penetration.
S149 Equipment Mounted on TO27 E x t e n s i o n Mechanism

Deployment Arm Subassembly


APPENDIX V I
G a l a c t i c X-Ray Mapping, S150

Principal Investigator: D r . William Kraushaar, U n i v e r s i t y o f


Wisconsin
Development C e n t e r : MSFC 'i

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: U n i v e r s i t y of Wisconsin (Subcontractor:
Spacecraft Inc.)

Objectives
The purpose of t h i s experiment i s t o conduct a s u r v e y
of t h e sky f o r f a i n t x-ray s o u r c e s .
Backaround
X - r a d i a t i o n h a s been observed from more t h a n 40 s t e l l a r
s o u r c e s o v e r t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s . Most of t h e s e s t u d i e s have been
conducted u s i n g r o c k e t s i n t h e energy r e g i o n from 1-10 KeV; however
t h e s e r o c k e t s have a viewing t i m e of o n l y 3 m i n u t e s . S a t e l l i t e s
such a s SAS-A, launched December 1970, w i l l complete t h e s u r v e y
of s t e l l a r s o u r c e s i n t h e 1-10 K e V r e g i o n . The Skylab e x p e r i -
ment p r o v i d e s a sky survey i n t h e 0.2-12 KeV energy range.
Hardware

The i n s t r u m e n t c o n s i s t s of a s e t o f p r o p o r t i o n a l
c o u n t e r s which w i l l c o v e r t h e s p e c t r a l r e g i o n from .2 t o 1 2'

KeV. I t i s p h y s i c a l l y mounted on t h e launch v e h i c l e . Accordingly,


t h e l i f e t i m e of t h e experiment i s l i m i t e d t o 4-5 h o u r s .
During t h i s t i m e d e t e c t o r s w i t h a 20° f i e l d of view w i l l d e t e r -
mine t h e l o c a t i o n of X-ray s o u r c e s t o w i t h i n 20 a r c m i n u t e s ,
Only a b o u t 1/2 of t h e sky w i l l b e viewed, however. Due t o day-
l i g h t X-ray f l u o r e s c e n c e , no d a t a below . 7 KeV w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e
d u r i n g t h e day t i m e h a l f of t h e o r b i t . The d e t e c t o r s , elec-
t r o n i c s package and g a s s u p p l y , which amount t o a b o u t 4 c u b i c
f e e t , weigh a t o t a l of 257 pounds.
Protocol

The experiment, mounted i n t h e I U , will be launched


i n t h e manned phase of t h e Skylab sequence. A f t e r se a r a t i o n
a t 120 nm t h e IU/S-IVB will remain in the 120 nm o r b i f and data
t a k i n g should commence 2-3 h o u r s a f t e r launch. The experiment
i s , t h e r e f o r e , o p e r a t e d unmanned.
Data Return
Data w i l l be recorded and t r a n s m i t t e d back by tele-
metry. S p e c t r a w i l l have energy r e s o l u t i o n of 50% a t 1/2 K e V
e- and 10% a t 10 KeV.
Because most x-ray s o u r c e s a r e n o t r e c o g n i z a b l e from
t h e ground i n v i s i b l e l i g h t , it i s n e c e s s a r y t o d e v e l o p a
9 c a t a l o g l i s t i n g t h e p r e c i s e p o s i t i o n of a s many s o u r c e s as
p o s s i b l e , t o g u i d e l a t e r , more d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s . The r e s u l t s
of t h e Skylab survey w i l l p r o v i d e a c a t a l o g of f a i n t x-ray
(.2-12 KeV) s o u r c e s i n c l u d i n g t h e i r s t r e n g t h and s p e c t r a l charac-
teristics.
(FLIGHT DIRECTION DURING EXPERIMENT PERFORMANCE)

S150 Equipment Sensor Deployed


APPENDIX V I I

W Panorama; S183

r"
Principal Investigator: Dr. Georges C o u r t e s , N a t i o n a l S c i e n t i f i c
Research C e n t e r (CRNS) , F r a n c e

Development C e n t e r : MSFC
n
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Contractor: CRNS, F r a n c e

Objectives

The purpose of t h i s experiment i s t o measure t h e u l t r a -


v i o l e t b r i g h t n e s s of a l a r g e number of s t a r s .

Background

Rocket experiments have o b t a i n e d h i g h r e s o l u t i o n s p e c t r a


of i n d i v i d u a l b r i g h t s t a r s and t h e OAO-A2 t e l e s c o p e h a s o b t a i n e d
images of many s t a r f i e l d s i n f o u r s p e c t r a l bands.

The Skylab experiment w i l l p r o v i d e a p h o t o g r a p h i c


s u r v e y i n two bands w i t h f i n e s p a t i a l and p h o t o m e t r i c r e s o l u -
t i o n of a number of s t a r f i e l d s p r e v i o u s l y u n a v a i l a b l e .

Hardware

The i n s t r u m e n t c o n s i s t s of a t e l e s c o p e and u s e s t h e
same movable m i r r o r a s S019. T o t a l w e i g h t i s about 150 pounds.
The t e l e s c o p e i s mounted i n a n a i r l o c k i n t h e w a l l of t h e
Skylab w i t h t h e moveable m i r r o r e x t e n d i n g o u t w a r d t o p e r m i t
viewing i n d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s .
The t e l e s c o p e i n c l u d e s a g r a t i n g s p e c t r o g r a p h which
c o l l e c t s t h e u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t from t h e spectrum o f a s t a r i n
0 0
i t s f i e l d of view i n t o two 800 A wide bands c e n t e r e d a t 1800 A
0
and 3000 A. The l i g h t i s imaged o n t o f i l m a s two d o t s , each
d o t r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e l i g h t i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e band. A group of
s t a r s i n t h e f i e l d of view would t h u s b e r e c o r d e d a s a group
of d o t p a i r s . ' S t a r s a s f a i n t a s 7 t h magnitude can be recorded
w i t h 7 a r c m i n u t e s of a n g u l a r r e s o l u t i o n o v e r a 7O x 9 O f i e l d
of view.
The s p e c t r o g r a p h i s d e s i g n e d t o p e r m i t v e r y l o n g ex-
p o s u r e s t h r o u g h t h e u s e of a mosaic of l e n s e s which p r e v e n t s
image motion (due t o v a r i a t i o n s i n s p a c e c r a f t p o i n t i n g ) from
o b l i t e r a t i n g t h e s p e c t r a l information contained i n t h e dots.
A s e p a r a t e camera c a n r e p l a c e t h e t e l e s c o p e t o r e c o r d photo-
0

g r a p h s of s t a r s i n a t h i r d u l t r a v i o l e t band c e n t e r e d a t 2500 A.

Protocol

The a s t r o n a u t p l a c e s e i t h e r t h e t e l e s c o p e o r camera
i n the airlock. Using c o o r d i n a t e s p r o v i d e d from t h e ground, h e
p o i n t s t h e movable, e x t e r n a l m i r r o r toward a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a of
t h e sky. S i g h t i n g w i t h a viewing eyepiece, he c e n t e r s t h e f i e l d
of view and makes a s e q u e n c e of e x p o s u r e s up t o 20 m i n u t e s i n
d u r a t i o n , t a k i n g up t o 70 e x p o s u r e s i n a s i n g l e manned v i s i t
t o t h e Skylab.

Data R e t u r n

The photographs a r e r e t u r n e d t o t h e e a r t h f o r p r o c e s -
s i n g . From t h e f i l m images, t h e amount of l i g h t e m i t t e d by s t a r s
i n t h e two u l t r a v i o l e t bands c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d . These v a l u e s can
be compared w i t h t h e o r e t i c a l u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r a and t h e s p e c t r a
of b r i g h t e r s t a r s o b t a i n e d by OAO and t h e SO19 e x p e r i m e n t t o
d e t e r m i n e a v e r a g e u l t r a v i o l e t c o l o r s of d i f f e r e n c e s between
s t a r s of t h e same t y p e . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e v a r i a t i o n w i t h wave-
l e n g t h of o b s e r v a t i o n of d i s t a n t s t a r s due t o i n t e r s t e l l a r d u s t
can b e used t o s t u d y t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n of t h i s
dust. The o v e r a l l a v e r a g e u l t r a v i o l e t c o l o r of a group of
s t a r s s u c h a s a c l u s t e r o r a g a l a x y w i l l b e compared w i t h t h e
v i s i b l e c o l o r f o r unexpected d i s c r e p a n c i e s .
105, 9 ARTICULATED
MIRROR SYSTEM

ARRAY OF LENSES
AND F I L M PLATE

PLANE MIRROR

Spectrograph Optics
CHAPTER SIX

Rationale )

The s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n of v i r t u a l w e i g h t l e s s n e s s
i n t r i n s i c t o o r b i t a l f l i g h t makes i t p o s s i b l e t o perform
o p e r a t i o n s i n m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t h a t would be impossible
o r p r o h i b i t i v e l y d i f f i c u l t on E a r t h . Melting and mixing
without t h e contaminating e f f e c t s of c o n t a i n e r s , t h e sup-
p r e s s i o n of convection and buoyance i n l i q u i d s and molten
rnateria,l, c o n t r o l of voids, and t h e a b i l i t y t o use e l e c t r o -
s t a t i c and 'magne'tic f o r c e s o t h e h i s e masked by g $ a v i t a t i o n
open t h e way t o new knowledge of m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s and
p r o c e s s e s and u l t i m a t e l y t o v a l u a b l e new p r o d u c t s f o r u s e
on E a r t h , These p o t e n t i a l p r o d u c t s range from composite
s t r u c t u r a l materials with highly specialized physical
properties t o l a r g e highly perfect c r y s t a l s with valuable
e l e c t r i c a l and o p t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s t o new vaccines t h a t could
not be produced by conventional means,
History I I

I n NASA, i n t e r e s t i n t h i s a r e a i s t r a c e a b l e t o a
concern f o r t h e p r o p e r t i e s of welding i n z e r o g r a v i t y f o r t h e
purpose of assembling l a r g e s t r u c t u r e s i n space, an e a r l y
concept f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and maintenance of l a r g e o r b i t a l
spacecraft.
It was t h e consensus of s e v e r a l s t u d i e s t h a t e l e c t r o n
beam welding would be t h e b e s t way of performing t h e n e c e s s a r y
j o i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s , Development work on compact e l e c t r o n beam
welders was i n i t i a t e d by t h e Marshall Bpace F l i g h t C e n t e r 'In
1963; t h e e l e c t r o n beam welding experiment was proposed i n
t h e F a l l of 1964 and approved f o r f l i g h t i n December 1966,
A t about t h e same t i m e , c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t was
developing i n t h e i d e a of manufacturing p r o d u c t s i n space
f o r use on E a r t h through c o n t a c t s w i t h i n d u s t r i a l f i r m s and
by s t u d i e s performed w i t h i n t h e Center.
Role of Skylab
The M a t e r i a l s P r o c e s s i n g i n Space i n v e s t i g a t i o n s
on Skylab w i l l probe t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c
p r o c e s s e s and w i l l a c q u i r e d a t a t h a t w i l l a i d i n s e l e c t i n g
t h e most promising p r o c e s s e s and products f o r u s e i n pro-
+
v i d i n g sound d e s i g n c r i t e r i a f o r f u t u r e l a r g e s c a l e f a c i l i t f e s .
D e t a i l s of t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t - i o n s a r e g i v e n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
appendices.
I
P Future Direction

A t t h e same time t h a t understanding of t h e p o t e n t i a l


f o r manufacturing i n space has come i n t o focus, t h e p r o g r e s s
of t h e Space S h u t t l e planning has r a i s e d t h e p r o s p e c t t h a t
v e h i c l e c a p a b i l i t i e s s u f f i c i e n t t o support l a r g e - s c a l e
experiment programs and l i m i t e d commercial manufacturing
o p e r a t i o n s w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e .
I I
P r a c t i c a l experience w i t h p r i n c i p l e s and problems of
development and i n t e g r a t i o n which has been gained i n devel-
oping t h e Skylab m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g f a c i l i t y has a l r e a d y
proved very v a l u a b l e i n t h e concept planning of an improved
and enlarged f a c i l i t y f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o t h e Space S h u t t l e
Program. F i n a l f a c i l i t y d e s i g n f o r S h u t t l e missions w i l l be
determined based upon t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e Skylab program
r e s u l t s and a f t e r d e t a i l e d u s e r requirements have been iden-
tif ied.
APPENDIX I
ZERO GRAVITY FLAMMABILITY, EXPERIMENT M479

Principal Investigator: J. H. Kimzey, MSC


Development Center: MSFC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: None

Objectives
Ignite various materials in a 5 psia oxygen/nitrogen
mixture to determine: (a) extent of surface flame propagation
and flashover to adjacent materials; (b) rates of surface and
bulk flame propa ation under zero canvecticn; ( c ) self-
extinguishment; d) extinguishment by vacuum or water spray.
Background
Previous studies of flame propagation under condi-
tions of zero gravity were done in aircraft. Self-extinguishment
was observed but the flame reappeared when convection resumed
at the end of weightlessness. Longer test times are required
so that more information can be made available on the ignition,
propagation, and extinguishment characteristics of various
non-metallic materials under spac? environments so that the
design of future manned space vehicles will provide maximum
crew safety and reliability.
There are some fundamental scientific benefits to
be gained from a study of combustion in a low gravity envt-
ronment. While ~479is not designed to furnish data of this
sort, it will serve as a baseline for design of later experi-
ments. In low gravity fields, the buoyant motions that
usually dominate the combustion process qre greatly diminished.
This will permit the study of the other qteps in the process,
such as reactant gas diffusion, that are usuaLly masked by
the convective effects.
F u r t h e r , t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equations d e s c r i b i n g
t h e governing t r a n s f e r p r o c e s s e s a r e much more s u s c e p t i b l e
t o s o l u t i o n i n t h e absence of t h e convective terms. Thus,
t h e low g r a v i t y environment o f f e r s a unique viewpoint f o r
observing and understanding t h e combustion p r o c e s s ,
Hardware
The combustion chamber and c o n t r o l s f o r t h f s
experiment a r e provided by Experiment M5l2. The combustion
chamber i s s t a i n l e s s s t e e l w i t h a low e m i s s i v i t y i n t e r i o r ,
A l a r g e opening on one end enables i g n i t e r - f u e l assemblies
t o b e i n s t a l l e d . Chamber connections a r e provided f o r venting
t o vacuum t o g e t r i d O f smoke and products of combustion,
venting t o t h e v e h i c l e i n t e r i o r t o e q u a l i z e p r e s s u r e and t o
permit opening. I n t e r i o r work l i g h t s a r e provided, a s well
a s means t o remove s o l i d a s h p a r t i c l e s by a vacuum c l e a n e r
equipped w i t h a f i l t e r t r a p . P r o v i s i o n s a r e a l s o made t o
add water spray t o e v a l u a t e extinguishment by t h a t means.
The i g n i t e r - f u e l assemblies a r e housed i n a s e p a r a t e c o n t a i n e r
which s e r v e s b o t h a s a p r o t e c t i o n t o t h e assemblies and a s a
p l a c e t o d i s p o s e of used assemblies a f t e r t e s t i n g .
Protocol
A s e r i e s of 37 tests w i l l be performed, Each t e s t
w i l l be oanducted i n the Skylab osygen/nitrogen atmosphere
mixture a t 5 psila, noininally, . The mylar, nylon, polyurethane,
u e l l u l o s a paper, and t e f l o n samples will be e l e c t r i c a l l y
i g n i t e d . Some t e s t s w i l l i n v o l v e i g n i t i o n of t h e t e s t m a t e r i a l
and o b s e r v a t i o n of t h e p r o g r e s s of combustion. There w i l l
a l s o be t e s t s t o observe t h e e f f e c t s of dumping of t h e cham-
b e r atmosphere and t h e a d d i t i o n of a water s p r a y . M a t e r i a l s
w i l l be i g n i t e d a t d i s t a n c e s of 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8" from
i d e n t i c a l u n i g n i t e d samples t o determine minimum d i s t a n c e s
without i g n i t i n g t h e second sample. M a t e r i a l s w i l l a l s o be
i g n i t e d and then detached from t h e i g n i t e r .
The o p e r a t i o n i n v o l v e s manually o p e r a t i n g v a l v e s ,
l a t c h e s , and e l e c t r i c a l c o n t r o l s i n accordance w i t h a check
l i s t . Between t e s t s t h e oQerator has t o remove used specimens,
i n s t a l l new specimens, c l e a n t h e chamber i n t e r i o r w i t h a
vacuum c l e a n e r and c l o t h , and change f i l m a s r e q u i r e d .
Data Return
Motion p i c t u r e coverage of i g n i t i o n and flame
propagation w i l l s e r v e a s t h e primary record of d a t a .
Color f i l m coverage a t 24 frames p e r second i s r e q u i r e d
of a l l but one t e s t s e r i e s i n which i n f r a r e d f i l m w i l l be
used. I n d i v i d u a l f l a m m a b i l i t y t e s t s l a s t a minimum of t e n
seconds t o a maximum of f o u r minukes. Each t e s t w i l l be
photographed i n i t s e n t i r e t y so t h a t combustion r a t e s can
be determined by p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s .
Additional d a t a w i l l be a v a i l a b l e from t h e voice
comments of t h e a s t r o n a u t performing t h e experiment. The
a s t r o n a u t w i l l be i n v a l u a b l e i n observing s e v e r a l a s p e c t s of
t h e t e s t s t h a t may be missed by photography. He should be
b e t t e r a b l e t o n o t e d r i f t r a t e s of detached f u e l specimens,
h e a t l o a d s t o t h e chamber w a l l s , a s h s c a t t e r , condensation,
and s u b l i m a t i o n products and o v e r a l l energy p r o f i l e s a s well
a s t r o u b l e - s h o o t malfunctions of i g n i t e r s , cameras, e t c . ,
and r e p o r t environmental changes e x t e r i o r t o t h e combustion
chamber. Water spray p a t t e r n s can a l s o be r e p o r t e d .
APPENDIX I1
MATERIALS PROCESSING FACILITY,, EXPERIMENT M512

Principal Investigator: P . G . Parks, MSFC


Development Center: MSFC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Co.

Objectives
a . To provide a b a s i c a p p a r a t u s and a common
s p a c e c r a f t i n t e r f a c e f o r a group of m e t a l l i c and non-
m e t a l l i c m a t e r i a l s experiments.
b . To t e s t and demonstrate a system approximating
t h e " f a c i l i t y approach" p r o j e c t e d f o r f u t u r e space experf-
mentation, where common hardware w i l l be used t o perform
m u l t i p l e experiments.
Background
Experiment M512, approved f o r f l i g h t i n 1966, was
o r i g i n a l l y conceived t o demonstrate i n space t h e f e a s i b i l i t y
of j o i n i n g m e t a l l i c m a t e r i a l s by applying h e a t through a n
e l e c t r o n beam and an exothermic source, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Subse-
q u e n t l y , due t o t h e i n c r e a s i n g emphasis on m a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h
and manufacturing i n space t h e experiment hardware was
was redesigned t o s e r v e a s a common f a c i l i t y f o r m a t e r i a l s
p r o c e s s i n g experiments. P r e s e n t p l a n s c a l l f o r conducting
%. s i x i n d i v i d u a l experiments i n s i d e t h e redeveloped p r e s s u r e
chamber.
Hardware
The M512 f a c i l i t y i s hard mounted i n t h e M u l t i p l e
Docking Adapter (MDA) and c o n s i s t s of a vacuum work chamber
w i t h a s s o c i a t e d mechanical and e l e c t r i c a l c o n t r o l s , an
e l e c t r o n beam subsystem, and a c o n t r o l and d i s p l a y p a n e l .
The vacuum chamber i s a 16-inch sphere w i t h a hinged hatch
f o r a c c e s s and i s connected t o t h e space environment by a
4-inch diameter l i n e contaifiing two g a t e v a l u e s . The
e l e c t r o n beam subsystem i s mounted t o t h e chamber s o t h a t
t h e beam t r a v e r s e s t h e sphere along a diameter p a r a l l e l t o
t h e p l a n e of t h e hatch c l o s u r e . The chamber w a l l c o n t a i n s a
c y l i n d r i c a l w e l l accommodating t h e small e l e c t r i c f u r n a c e s
used f o r t h e M554 and M555 experiments. A r e c e p t a c l e above
t h e w e l l p r o v i d e s power and i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n l e a d connections
t o the control panel, Auxiliary provisions include ports f o r
a f l o o d l i g h t and t h e 16 rnrn d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n camera, a bleed
l i n e , a r e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n l i n e , and a p o r t f o r a vacuum c l e a n e r
used t o remove d e b r i s from t h e chamber. A subsystem i s a l s o
provided f o r spraying water i n t o t h e chamber d u r i n g some runs
of t h e ~ 4 7 9experiment.
The e l e c t r o n beam o p e r a t e s nominally a t 20 kv
and 80 ma, and i s provided w i t h f o c u s i n g and d e f l e c t i o n c o i l s
t h a t can be o p e r a t e d from t h e c o n t r o l p a n e l t o ad j u s t t h e
s i z e and p o s i t i o n of t h e beam impingement s p o t on t h e exper-
iment samples.
The c o n t r o l panel c o n t a i n s c o n t r o l s and d i s p l a y s
f o r a l l of t h e experiments t o be performed i n t h e f a c i l i t y ,
i n c l u d i n g a p r e s s u r e gauge f o r t h e vacuum chamber, v o l t a g e
and c u r r e n t meters f o r t h e e l e c t r o n beam, and a thermo-
couple temperature i n d i c a t o r ,
Protocol .
1
A l l experiments t o be performed w i t h t h e M512
f a c i l i t y w i l l s b e c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e vacuum chamber. The
presence of human o p e r a t o r s i s t h e e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r t h a t
makes such multipurpose u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e chamber p o s s i b l e
and r e l a t i v e l y economical, Functions of t h e crew w i l l
i n c l u d e i n s t a l l i n g s p e c i a l i z e d a p p a r a t u s and samples f o r each
experiment i n t h e chamber, o p e r a t i o n of t h e experiments from
t h e c o n t r o l p a n e l and o b s e r v a t i o n of some experiments through
a viewport i n t h e chamber hatch, d a t a recording and d i s -
assembly of each experiment a f t e r f t i s performed.
Data Return
Measurements a v a i l a b l e from t h e M512 f a c i l i t y con-
s i s t s of switch s e t t i n g s and d i a l r e a d i n g s on t h e c o n t r o l
p a n e l . A l l d a t a t a k e n from t h e c o n t r o l panel must b e recorded
i n w r i t i n g o r on v o i c e r e c o r d e r t a p e by t h e crew.
Data from t h e experiments w i l l comprise t h e samples
and t h o s e p a r t s of t h e a p p a r a t u s t h a t a r e r e t u r n e d and motion
p i c t u r e r e c o r d s of t h e two e l e c t r o n beam experiments and M479;
p l u s comments by t h e o p e r a t i n g crewmen. The r e t u r n e d samples
w i l l be s t u d i e d i n comparison w i t h c o n t r o l samples produced
on E a r t h .
CHAFfBEP,
REPRESSURIZATION
WATER VALVE / FILAMENT
CHAMBER

EXOTHERMIC
BRAZE
PACKAGE
M552
Materials Processing Facility
APPENDIX I11

: METALS MELTING, EXPERIMENT M551

Principal Investigator: R. V. Hoppes, MSFC


Development Center: MSFC
Integration-Center: MSFC
Contractor: MSFC - In-House

a $ Study t h e behavior of molten metals i n


micro-gravipy .
b,. C h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s t r u c t u r e s formed i n m e t a l s
melted and r a p i d l y s o l i d i f i e d i n z e r o g r a v i t y .
c; T e s t means of j o i n i n g metals by e l e c t r o n
beam welding i n z e r o g r a v i t y .
Backgroupd ,
8 . )

* !
The M551 Metals Melting Experiment has evolved
from s t u d i e s performed i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 1 s on methods of
assembling s t r u c t u r e s i n space.
While t h e Metals Melting experiment f o r Skylab
has been under development, a f a i r l y e x t e n s i v e program of
work on welding and c u t t i n g m e t a l s i n space has been c a r r i e d
on i n t h e USSR by t h e E. 0. Paton Welding I n s t i t u t e of! t h e
Ukraine SSR Academy of S c i e n c e s . T h i s work was s p e c i f i c a l l y
d i r e c t e d toward space r e p a i r and c o n s t r u c t i o n methods, and
i n c l u d e d . e l e c t r o n beam, low-pressure plasma a r c , and con-
sumable e l e c t r o d e techniques. A f t e r a n i n i t i a l t e s t program
u s i n g b a l l i s t i c t r a j e c t o r y a i r c r a f t f l i g h t s , a space exper-
iment was performed i n October, 1969, on t h e Soyuz-6 manned
space mission.
Hardware
The b a s i c equipment used f o r t h e Metals Melting
experiment c o n s i s t s of a n e l e c t r i c motor d r i v e mechanism
which d r i v e s t h e disk-shaped experiment specimens a t t h e
o u t p u t s h a f t speed of 2.5 rpm.
I

The mounting base of t h e f i x t u r e i s a t t a c h e d by


c a p t i v e screws a t t h r e e p o i n t s around t h e opening of t h e h e a t
s i n k w e l l i n t h e s i d e of t h e work chamber. E l e c t r i c power i s
c o n t r o l l e d by a switch on t h e f a c i l i t y t s c o n t r o l p a n e l . The
. same switch i n i t i a t e s photographic recording by t h e sequencing
camera during r u n s of t h e experiment.
Protocol
P h y s i c a l l y , t h e Metals Melting experiment w i l l be
c a r r i e d out l i k e a conventional welding t e s t . The e l e c t r o n
beam w i l l be t r a v e r s e d along metal p l a t e s of varying t h i a k -
n e s s i n a vacuum chamber, and t h e beam w i l l melt t h e metal
t o some d e p t h along i t s t r a c k . Since t h e beam power w i l l
be about 1 . 6 kw and w i l l be focused on a s p o t about .06" i n
diameter, t h e molten metal a t t h e c e n t e r of t h e t r a c k w i l l
be superheated, and t h e r e w i l l be a s t e e p temperature g r a d i e n t
from t h e c e n t e r t o t h e edge of t h e molten m e t a l - p o o l . A s t h e
beam moves, t h e melt l e f t behind i t w i l l f r e e z e v e r y r a p i d l y
because t h e r e s t of t h e p l a t e w i l l s e r v e a s a very e f f e c t i v e
h e a t s i n k . Motion p i c t u r e s w i l l be t a k e n of t h e m e l t i n g
p r o c e s s , and t h e r e s o l i d i f i e d metal w i l l be e x t e n s i v e l y
analyzed a f t e r r e t u r n t o E a r t h .
Three d i f f e r e n t m e t a l s w i l l b e melted i n t h e exper-
iment :
1. 2219 ~ 8 Aluminum
7 Alloy ( ~+ l6.3% Cu, 2% Z r ,
1%V, and .06$ T i f n a f u l l y hardened ( ~ 8 7 )
condition)
2. Type 321 S t a i n l e s s S t e e l ( ~ +e 18%C r and
9% Ni)
3. Thoria Dispersed (TD) Nickel ( N i + 2% Thoria
( Tho2
The 2219 aluminum a l l o y and Type 321 s t a i n l e s s
s t e e l were s e l e c t e d because they a r e common s t r u c t u r a l
m a t e r i a l s and a l s o r e p r e s e n t a l l o y s whose metallurgy and
metallograpbic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s have been e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d .
TD n i c k e l i s of i n t e r e s t f o r high temperature a p p l i c a t i o n s
and i s expected t o behave s u b s t a n t i a l l y a s a pure metal;
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h o r i a p a r t i c l e s i n t h e r e s o l i d i f i e d
metal i s expected t o y i e l d information on how s o l i d i f i c a t i o n
proceeds i n space.
Data Return
The only measurements required of t h e o p e r a t o r w i l l
be t o record p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s and h i s own o b s e r v a t i o n s ,
The Metal+s Melting experiment w i l l u s e no d a t a telemetry.
Color motion p i c t u r e s w i l l be taken a t a r a t e of 24 frames/
sec during each run,
Aaide from t h e n o t e s and f i l m records, a l l d a t a
from t h e experiment w i l l b e produced by a n a l y s i s of t h e
samples a f t e k r e t u r n t o Earth. The following schedule of
e v a l u a t i o n w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t f o r each sample: v i s u a l
examination, radiography, p h y s i c a l t e s t i n g , m a t e r i a l s
a n a l y s i s , sbanning e l e c t r o n microscopy, and met&llography,
Ih a d d i t i o n , t h e f i l m r e c o r d s w i l l be examlned and
c o r r e l a t e d with high-speed (240 f rames/sec) motion p i a t u r e s
taken durin$ d u p l i c a t e runs with s i m i l a r samples and
apparatus on E a r t h ,
APPENDIX I V
EXOTHERMIC BRA ZING, EXPERIMENT M552

Principal Investigator: R. V. Hoppes

Development Center: MSFC


I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Whittaker Corp.

Objectives
1. T e s t and demonstrate a method of b r a z i n g
componenks i n space r e p a i r and maintenance o p e r a t i o n s .
2 . Study s u r f a c e w e t t i n g and c a p i l l a r y flow
e f f e c t s i n w e i g h t l e s s molten m e t a l s .
Background
The Exothermic Brazing experiment was o r i g i n a l l y
motivated by t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of "off t h e s h e l f " t u b e
b r a z i n g packages which had been used s u c c e s s f u l l y i n a i r -
c r a f t programs, and by s t u d y r e s u l t s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t such
pac ages could be operated a t p r e s s u r e s a t l e a s t a s low a s
lo-' T o r r . I n t h e ensuing y e a r s , under c o n t r a c t s l e t t o t h e
Narmco Research Development D i v i s i o n of t h e Whittaker
c o r p o r a t i o n , exothermic m a t e r i a l compositions and conf i g u r a -
t i o n s were devised f o r t h e M492 experiment and v e r i f i e d by
e x t e n s i v e ground t e s t i n g ,
Hardware
The equipment f o r t h e Exothermic Brazing experiment
c o n s i s t s of a s i n g l e assembly comprising f o u r i n d i v i d u a l
exothermic b r a z i n g packages enclosed i n an aluminum c a s e .
It c o n t a i n s e l e c t r i c a l connections f o r i n i t i a t i o n of t h e
packages and has p r o v i s i o n s f o r mounting i n t h e work chamber
of t h e M512 f a c i l i t y .
Along t h e a x i s of each b r a z i n g package i s mounted
a 3/4" d i a . x .0401' wall tube of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l . Each tube
i s s l i t around some of i t s circumference i n t h e c e n t e r , t o
s i m u l a t e a p a i r of tubes t o be joined end-to-end. Surrounding
t h e simulated j o i n t i s a s l e e v e , a l s o of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ,
which i s t o be brazed t o t h e t u b e . The b r a z e a l l o y , which
c o n t a i n s 71.8% Ag, 28% Cu, and 0.2% L i , i s i n t h e form of
two preformed r i n g s s e t i n grooves i n t h e i n n e r w a l l of t h e
tube.
Each s l e e v e i s surrounded by a n a n n u l a r c y l i n d e r
of exothermic b r a z e m a t e r i a l w i t h a n e l e c t r i c a l i g n i t e r . The
exothermic m a t e r i a l i s surrounded by a l a y e r of " ~ i b e rrax" f
( f i b r o u s aluminum o x i d e ) i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l and t h e whole
psckage, except f o r t h e p r o t r u d i n g ends of t h e tubes, i s
encased i n a c y l i n d r i c a l s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s h e l l . S u b s t a n t i a l l y
a l l of t h e r e a c t i o n products a r e s o l i d , and no e x t e r n a l
supply of oxygen i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e r e a c t i o n .
Power f o r i n i t i a t i o n of t h e exothermic r e a c t i o n s
i s provided by t h e b a t t e r i e s i n t h e M5l2 f a c i l i t y and temper-
a t u r e s e n s o r o u t p u t i s read on t h e c o n t r o l p a n e l ' s tempera-
t u r e gauge.
Protocol
Four simulated j o i n t s w i l l be made i n 3/4" d i a . ,
.04" w a l l tubes of type 3 0 4 ~s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , by b r a z i n g
sleeves over the tubes.
The b r a z i n g packages w i l l be i g n i t e d i n sequence,
and each w i l l r e q u i r e a r e a c t i o n time of about 90 seconds.
Gases from t h e b r a z i n g packages w i l l be vented from t h e
aluminum c a s e t o t h e working chamber, and from t h e chamber
t o space. A f t e r t h e b r a z i n g runs, t h e c a s e w i l l be r e t u r n e d
t o E a r t h unopened and d e l i v e r e d t o Marshall Space F l i g h t
Center f o r removal and a n a l y s i s of t h e samples.
Data Return
No d i r e c t d a t a w i l l be taken on p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s
d u r i n g t h e b r a z i n g r u n s . However, t h e o p e r a t i n g crewmen w i l l
observe t h e maximum p r e s s u r e r i s e i n t h e working chamber
during each exothermic r e a c t i o n and w i l l monitor t h e c a s e
temperature between b r a z e s t o i n s u r e t h a t t h e s t a r t i n g con-
d i t i o n s f o r each b r a z e a r e approximately t h e same.
All data from the Exothermic Brazing experiment
will be obtained by analysis of the brazed samples after
return to Earth. The following schedule of evaluation
measurements will be carried out for each sample: radio-
graphy, unit disassembly and visual examination, metallo-
graphic analysis, scanning electron microscopy and micro-
probe analysis.
APPENDIX V
SPHERE FORMING, EXPERIMENT M553

Principal Investigator: E. A . Hasemeyer, MSFC


Development Center: MSFC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Arthur D. L i t t l e

Objective
The o b j e c t i v e of t h e experiment i s t o demonstrate
t h e e f f e c t s of zero g r a v i t y on fundamental s o l i d i f i c a t i o n
phenomena. I n p a r t i c u l a r , by melting high p u r i t y n i c k e l ,
a Ni-12% Sn a l l o y , S t e l l i t e S t a r J, and 350T Maraging S t e e l ,
on s t i n g s and r e s o l i d i f y i n g i n both t h e f r e e f l o a t i n g and
c a p t i v e c o n d i t i o n s , i t should be p o s s i b l e t o demonstrate:
a . That s o l i d i f i c a t i o n of a pure metal ( ~ ia t)
undercoolings n o t p o s s i b l e on e a r t h may be achieved.
b . That unique e f f e c t s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
s o l i d i f i c a t i o n of an a l l o y having a wide f r e e z i n g range and
a high d e n s i t y d i f f e r e n c e between t h e components (Ni-12% ~ n ) .
c . That homogeneous, wear r e s i s t a n t , hard and
h i g h l y s p h e r i c a l s t r u c t u r e s of S t e l l i t e S t a r J and 350
Maraging S t e e l may be c a s t from t h e m e l t .
Background
A v a r i e t y of p u r e metals and commercial a l l o y s
have been undercooled on e a r t h by amounts up t o 200-300°C
below t h e i r melting p o i n t s w i t h a r e s u l t a n t f i n e g r a i n e d
s t r u c t u r e , and g r e a t l y reduced s e g r e g a t i o n . Furthermore,
subsequent heat t r e a t m e n t of a l l o y s which have been s i g n i f i -
c a n t l y supercooled o f t e n r e s u l t s i n a g r e a t e r degree of
homogeneity t h a n h e a t treatment a l o n e . I n t h e zero-g envi;
ronment, i t may even be p o s s i b l e t o undercool t o t h e homo-
geneous n u c l e a t i o n temperature, w i t h t h e production of
unique s t r u c t u r e s i n samples of p r a c t i c a l s i z e .
On t h e b a s i s of p r e s e n t understanding, i t i s t o
be expected t h a t s e g r e g a t i o n should be s i g n i f i c a n t l y modified
by t h e absence of buoyancy and thermal convection. When
a l l o y s s o l i d i f y , t h e r e i s a r e - d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e a l l o y i n g
elements a s t h e s o l i d - l i q u i d i n t e r f a c e advances. The
s o l i d i f i c a t i o n s t r u c t u r e depends t o a g r e a t e x t e n t on t h e
f, composition of t h e l i q u i d , and t h i s i n t u r n i s g r e a t l y
a f f e c t e d by thermal convection. I n zero-g, s e g r e g a t i o n due
t o c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d e n s i t y d i f f e r e n c e s should be impossible
and t h e same c o n s i d e r a t i o n s should apply t o t h e micro-
d s e g r e g a t i o n t h a t occurs w i t h d e n d r i t i c growth.

Hardware
The 15 samples t o be heated by t h e e l e c t r o n beam
d u r i n g each experimental run a r e held by a wheel-shaped
sample h o l d e r mounted on t h e output s h a f t of a d r i v e
mechanism d r i v e n by a n e l e c t r i c indexing motor. This e n t i r e
assembly i s mounted i n t u r n on a three-legged base, which
i s secured t o t h e l u g s around t h e heat s i n k w e l l i n t h e w a l l
of t h e M512 f a c i l i t y ' s work chamber during t h e experiment.
The sample t o be processed i s i n t h e g e o m e t r i c a l
c e n t e r of t h e chamber, a t a d i s t a n c e of 6 i n , from t h e e l e c -
t r o n beam p o r t . A t t h i s d i s t a n c e , t h e e f f e c t i v e diameter
of t h e e l e c t r o n beam i s about 1/8 i n . and t h e i n t e n s e 1/8"
p a r t of t h e beam i s surrounded by a r e g i o n about 1/4" i n
diameter where t h e geam i n t e n s i t y f a l l s o f f t o z e r o . The
sample i s photographed d u r i n g p r o c e s s i n g by t h e sequencing
camera mounted on t h e camera p o r t .
Four of t h e samples on t h e h o l d e r w i l l be perma-
n e n t l y supported on .040 i n . diamater rods of t h e same
m a t e r i a l s a s t h e samples. One of t h e s e f o u r samples w i l l be
a dummy sample of tungsten, which t h e o p e r a t i n g crewmen w i l l
yl
use a t t h e beginning of t h e experiment t o aim t h e e l e c t r o n
beam. The o t h e r t h r e e samples w i l l be of n i c k e l , n i c k e l -
t i n a l l o y and S t e l l i t e , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; t h e s e w i l l be melted
- and w i l l remain i n p l a c e on t h e i r s u p p o r t s while they
s o l i d i f y . When t h e s e samples a r e processed, t h e crewmen
o p e r a t i n g t h e experiment w i l l manually c u t o f f t h e e l e c t r o n
beam when he observes t h a t complete melting has o c c u r r e d .
The other 11 samples on the holder w i l l be mounted
on supports which a r e designed t o r e l e a s e them a s soon a s they
melt, so t h a t they can f l o a t f r e e l y while they s o l i d i f y .
Protocol
The samples attached t o s t i n g s a r e mounted on a r o t a t i n g
sample holder, such t h a t t h e samples form the spokes of a wheel,
the hub of which i s connected t o a r o t a t i o n and positioning me-
chanism. The astronaut w i l l position each sample i n t u r n i n the
e l e c t r o n beam, t u r n on the beam, and shut i t off i n a fixed length
of time f o r the captive s t i n g experiments o r when the melt leaves
the s t i n g i n the f r e e f l o a t i n g experiment. When a l l the samples
attached t o a given holder have been exposed, a second holder w i l l
be mounted i n t o a p o s i t i o n f o r a d d i t i o n a l s e t s of experiments.
Samples w i l l be collected by t h e astronaut a f t e r opening the
chamber.
Data Return
During t h e f l i g h t , the only measured v a r i a b l e w i l l be the
length of time f o r melting of samples. The melting of t h e spheres
w i l l be recorded by a camera attached t o t h e chamber.
Aside from t h e notes and f i l m records,. a l l d a t a from the
experiments w i l l be produced by a n a l y s i s of t h e samples a f t e r r e t u r n
t o Earth. The following measurements w i l l be carried out f o r each
sample :
(1) Chemistry of specimens w i l l be determined by
various methods such a s wet chemistry, mass spectrography,
vacuum fusion and emission spectrography.
(2) Standard metallographic techniques p l u s t h e micro-
probe w i l l be used t o evaluate t h e microstructure, segregations,
g r a i n s i z e and mtcroporosity of specimens.
(3) Sphericity w i l l be measured.
( 4 ) Surface smoothness w i l l be evaluated using t h e
scanning e l e c t r o n microscope.
I n addition, t h m f i l m records w i l l be examined and
correlated with highspeed (200 frames/sec) motion p i c t u r e s
taken during d u p l i c a t e runs with s i m i l a r samples and apparatus
on e a r t h .
APPENDIX V I
COMPOSITE CASTING, EXPERIMENT M554

Principal Investigator: E. A , Hasemeyer, MSFC

Development Center: MSFC


, I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Objectives
To p r o c e s s CuA12-AL a l l o y o r l a m e l l a r e u t e c t i c
composites i n t h e absence of g r a v i t y and thermal convection,
and hence t o o b t a i n a more p e r f e c t s t r u c t u r e .
Background
Composite m a t e r i a l s have r e c e i v e d a g r e a t d e a l of
a t t e n t i o n i n recent years f o r high-strength s t r u c t u r a l appli-
c a t i o n s . Composites formed by d i r e c t i o n a l s o l i d i f i c a t i o n of
e u t e c t i c and monotectic compositions, i n p a r t i c u l a r , have
a l s o been explored f o r t h e r m o e l e c t r i c , superconducting, I
o p t i c a l , i n f r a r e d , and ferromagnetic d e v i c e s a s w e l l a s f o r
high s t r e n g t h s t r u c t u r e s , D i r e c t i o n a l l y s o l i d i f i e d e u t e c t i c
systems have shown improved s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s compared
t o t h e pure m e t a l s . Although none of t h e systems appear t o
be under commercial development a t t h e p r e s e n t time, s e v e r a l
companies a r e a c t i v e l y i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e t e c h n i c a l and
economic p o t e n t i a l . Laboratory r e s e a r c h work c o n t i n u e s b o t h
i n t h e U.S. and abroad.
Hardware
The a p p a r a t u s c o n s i s t s of a c r u c i b l e assembly,
mounted i n an i n s u l a t e d c o n t a i n e r . The c r u c i b l e assembly con-
t a i n s t h r e e c y l i n d r i c a l g r a p h i t e c r u c i b l e s i n which t h e exper-
i m e n t a l specimens a r e t o be melted. Each g r a p h i t e c r u c i b l e i s
flame sprayed w i t h a t h i n i n s u l a t i n g ceramic and wound a t one
end w i t h a Nichrome w i r e h e a t i n g element. Thermocouples a r e
i n s t a l l e d a t each end of each c r u c i b l e a& t h e c r u c i b l e r e -
sprayed w i t h a t h i c k l a y e r of i n s u l a t i n g ceramfc. Three such
g r a p h i t e c r u c i b l e s a r e c l u s t e r e d t o g e t h e r w i t h a ceramic tube
a t t h e c e n t e r . T h i s subassembly i s flame sprayed w i t h a
ceramic t o make a n Lntegral u n i t and p o t t e d i n t o a s t a i n l e s s
s t e e l c l o v e r l e a f housing using a high temperature cement.
A copper heat t r a n s f e r p l a t e i s i n s t a l l e d t o provide a p a t h
f o r thermal t r a n s f e r from t h e specimens i n t h e c r u c i b l e assem-
b l y t o t h e h e a t s i n k i n t h e honeycomb p a n e l of t h e M512
M a t e r i a l s P r o c e s s i n g F a c i l i t y . The c r u c i b l e assembly i s
assembled i n t o a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l experiment c o n t a i n e r approx-
i m a t e l y 4" OD by 7" long,
E l e c t r i c a l and thermocouple connections a r e made
t o t h e experiment c o n t a i n e r cap. Three composite c a s t i n g
specimens a t t a c h e d t o b r a s s rods a r e i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e g r a p h i t e
c a u c i b l e assembly and locked i n p l a c e .
Protocol
Samples 1/4" i n diameter by approximately 4 1/4"
long of t h e A1-Cu a l l o y w i l l be prepared from high p u r i t y
m a t e r i a l s . The samples w i l l be melted i n t h e small e l e c t r i c
f u r n a c e c o n t a i n i n g t h r e e g r a p h i t e c r u c i b l e s wound w i t h
Nichrome wire. The samples a r e melted s o t h a t a l i n e a r
temperature g r a d i e n t e x i s t s -- from about 5 5 0 ' ~ c l o s e t o t h e
b r a s s h e a t s i n k t o 950°C a t t h e warm end.
After the astronaut i n i t i a t e s the heating cycle,
t h e temperature of each of t h e s i x experiment thermocouples
w i l l be monitored every t h i r t y minutes u n t i l t h e temperature
s t a b i l i z e s a t i t s peak.
The a s t r o n a u t p r e s s e s a b u t t o n t o s t a r t t h e c o o l i n g
c y c l e , d u r i n g which t h e temperature g r a d i e n t i s maintained,
and t h e c o o l i n g r a t e i s about 3Oc/minute. When t h e a p p a r a t u s
1 s c o o l , samples w i l l be removed from t h e g r a p h i t e s l e e v e s
and s t o r e d f o r r e t u r n t o e a r t h .
Data Return
The r e t u r n e d samples w i l l be examined microscopi-
c a l l y f o r g e n e r a l appearance and photographed t o record any
n o t a b l e s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s . The bulk d e n s i t y w i l l be measured
f o r comparison with t h a t of t h e o r i g i n a l sample. P r i o r t o
s e c t i o n i n g f o r metallographic examination, p o i n t source
s t e r e o r a d i o g r a p h y w i l l be c a r r i e d out t o determine any pos-
s i b l e inhomogeneities i n t h e c a s t i n g . A s e c t i o n i n g scheme
w i l l them be developed based on t h e s t e r e o r a d i o g r a p h i c
analysis, Polished longitudinal and cross sections will be
examined for termination faults, inter-lamellar spacing,
structural relationship, void distribution and other note-
worthy features. Surface photomicrographs will be obtained,
Elemental distribution will be obtained by electron probe
Ir analysis, Tensile bar specimens will be cut from the returned
rods and strength measurements will be made and correlated,
if possible, with structure. Chemistry of specimens will be
determined by various methods such as mass spectrography,
vacuum fusion, emission spectrography, and wet chemistry.
Standard metallographic techniques plus the microprobe and
microhardness tests will be used to evaluate the micro-
structure, distribution of fibers and phases, segregation,
grain size, and microporosity.
APPENDIX VII

GaAs CRYSTAL GROWTH, EXPERIMENT M555

Principa.1 I n v e s t i g a t o r : R. G , S e i d e n s t i c k e r , Westinghouse Co.


Development C e n t e r : MSFC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC

Objectives f

The o b j e c t i v e of t h i s experiment i s t o grow s i n g l e


c r y s t a l s o f g a l l i u m a r s e n i d e from s o l u t i o n i n o r d e r t o produce
m a t e r i a l o f e x c e p t i o n a l l y h i g h chemical and c r y s t a l l i n e p e r -
fection.
Background I

S i n g l e c r y s t a l g a l l i u m a r s e n i d e ( G ~ A S )a, commercially
v a l u a b l e semiconductor, h a s been prepared by a v a r i e t y of t e c h -
n i q u e s : growth from t h e m e l t , growth by v a p o r phase r e a c t i o n ,
and growth from m e t a l l i c s o l u t i o n s . I n a l l c a s e s , t h e g o a l h a s
been t o p r e p a r e m a t e r i a l o f t h e h i g h e s t p o s s i b l e chemical homo-
g e n e i t y and c r y s t a l l i n e p e r f e c t i o n .
Although growth from the m e l t can produce a r e l a t i v e l y
l a r g e amount o f m a t e r i a l i n a g i v e n time, t h e t e c h n i q u e p r e s e n t s
a number of s e r i o u s problems.
C r y s t a l s can b e grown a t t e m p e r a t u r e s lower t h a n t h e
m e l t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e by e i t h e r v a p o r phase o r l i q u i d s o l u t i o n
growth t e c h n i q u e s . I n vapor phase growth, t e m p e r a t u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s
a r e a l s o d e l e t e r i o u s t o c r y s t a l p e r f e c t i o n ; and s i n c e t h e system
h a s low t h e r m a l mass, i t s r e s p o n s e t o system t e m p e r a t u r e s i s
r a p i d . Thus, good c o n t r o l i s n e c e s s a r y o v e r t h e grdwth a p p a r a t u s .
Growth o f c r y s t a l s from m e t a l l i c s o l u t i o n s * a p p e a r s t o o f f e r a
v a l u a b l e method of producing high q u a l i t y m a t e r i a l ; llowever,
t h e r m a l l y d r i v e n c o n v e c t i o n c u r r e n t s have h e r e t o f o r e i n t r o d u c e d
d i f f i c u l t i e s . T h i s problem would o f c o u r s e , be e l i m i n a t e d i n
zero gravity conditions.
Hardware
The experiment package i s a c y l i n d r i c a l m e t a l
c o n t a i n e r w i t h a f l a n g e about a t h i r d o f t h e way from one
end t o p r o v i d e f o r mounting and h e a t t r a n s f e r . T h i s c o n t a i n e r
p r o v i d e s am , i n s u l a t i n g housing f o r t h r e e heated ampoules and
a s e p a r a t e i n s t r u m e n t compartment f o r p r o t e c t i v e t h e r m o s t a t s
I# and thermocouple r e f e r e n c e j u n c t i o n s .
Protocol
d
The h e a r t of t h e experiment i s t h e growth ampoule,
a f u s e d q u a r t z t u b e c o n t a i n i n g t h e s o u r c e , s o l v e n t , and s e e d .
The s o u r c e m a t e r i a l , chunks of h i g h p u r i t y g a l l i u m a r s e n l d e ,
d i s s o l v e s i n l i q u i d g a l l i u m m e t a l a t t h e h o t end of t h e
e l o n g a t e d ampoule, i s t r a n s p o r t e d by d i f f u s i o n down t h e
ampoule, and i s f i n a l l y d e p o s i t e d on a seed a t t h e c o l d e r end
of t h e ampoule. A d d i t i o n a l s e l f - n u c l e a t e d c r y s t a l s a r e p r e -
c i p i t a t e d throughout t h e b u l k of t h e l i q u i d ; t h e s e c r y s t a l s
p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l growth s i t e s , b u t do not i n t e r f e r e w i t h
t h e p r i n c i p a l growth i n t h e system.
To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of v a r i o u s
growth d i r e c t i o n s , -seeds of (111) o r i e n b a t i o n a r e mounted i n
two o f t h e ampoules, and a seed of (100) o r i e n t a t i o n i n t h e
third.

The a c t u a l performance of t h e experiment c o n s i s t s of


mounting t h e package i n t h e M5l2 f a c i l i t y , t u r n i n g on t h e
power and w a i t i n g f o r t h e b a l a n c e of th.e a l l o t t e d time -- , 1

approximately one hundred f i f t e e n hours . A t t h e end of t h e


experiment, t h e power i s t u r n e d o f f , t h e experiment package
demounted and t h e whole package r e t u r n e d t o e a r t h f o r f u r t h e r
a n a l y s i s of t h e growth. f
I

The measurements t o be made d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t phase


of t h e experiment a r e t h e h o t and c o l d end t e m p e r a t u r e s of
each ampoule. The s o u r c e t e m p e r a t u r e s w i l l be of t h e o r d e r
of 7500C, w h i l e t h e seed t e m p e r a t u r e s w i l l be of t h e o r d e r .
of 550%. These t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e measured w i t h chromel-,
alumel thermocouples.
Data R e t u r n
Upon r e t u r n t o e a r t h , t h e grown m a t e r i a l w i l l be
analyzed by t e c h n i q u e s a l r e a d y developed f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n
of g a l l i u m a r s e n i d e . Such t e c h n i q u e s i n c l u d e chemical
e t c h i n g f o r t h e s t u d y of i m p u r i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , x-ray
topographic a n a l y s i s f o r t h e s t u d y of c r y s t a l l a t t i c e p e r -
f e c t i o n , and a v a r i e t y of e l e c t r i c a l measurements t o c h a r -
a c t e r i z e t h e semiconducting p r o p e r t i e s of t h e m a t e r i a l .
These d a t a w i l l be used t o compare t h e space grown m a t e r i a l
w i t h m a t e r i a l grown by s i m i l a r techniques on e a r t h , a s w e l l
a s e a r t h grown m a t e r i a l from o t h e r s o u r c e s .
CHAPTER SEVEN
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENTS

EXPERIMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND


Rationale
This chapter contains a number of experiments
which do not conveniently fall into the other disciplinary
frameworks. Although the Table of Contents for this chapter
lists the experiments in sequence by Alpha-Numeric desig-
nation, it is useful to consider these experiments within
the context of space experimentation:
I. Zero-g Systems Studies
A number of the experiments are particularly
oriented toward the interaction of man wTth his new zero-
gravity environment. In this category we can consider
a. Habitability and Crew Quarters, M487
b . Astronaut Maneuvering Equipment, PI509
c. Crew Activities/Maintenance, ~ 5 1 6
d. Manual Navigation Sightings (B), TO02
e . crew/Vehicle Disturbance, TO13
f. Foot-Controlled Maneuvering Unit, TO20
The Astronaut Maneuvering experiments (M509 and
T020) are closely allied. They investigate two different
techniques for future use by man for extravehicular activity
(EVA). In the Skylab program, these maneuvering units will
be operated inside the SWS working volume.
2. Spacecraft Environment
Several experiments are designed to study the
spacecraft environment, both natural and induced:
a. Radiation in Spacecraft, DO08
b. Thermal Control Coatings, DO24
c. Thermal Control Coatings, M415
d. Inflight Aerosol Analysis, TO03
e. Coronagraph Contamination Measurement, TO25
f. ATM Contamination Measurements, TO27
g. Spacecraft Surfaces, TO31
The two thermal control coating experiments are
complementary, not redundant. The M415 experiment investigates
the effect of the launch environment -- earth's atmosphere,
retro rockets, etc. -- on spacecraft surfaces. The DO24
experiment investigates the long-term effects of the space
environment, particularly sunlight, on spacecraft surfaces.
fl
contamination" concerns any effects of spacecraft effluents
on astronomical and Earth-looking experiments, and it is
discussed in detail in Appendix XIII.
History
The Background for these experiments is discussed
in each appendix.
ROLE OF SKYLAB
With the exception of M415, all these experiments
depend critically on the involvement of man in the Skylab
Program for their successful accomplishment.
Some, e.g., D024, use man only in the role of a
data-retriever. However, the majority of these experiments
have no relevance or could not be accomplished without the
presence of man. All of the zero-g systems experiments are
intimately involved with men in orbit. The Radiation in
Spacecraft (~008) and Inflight Aerosol Analysis (~003)exper-
iments are of interest only as they relate to man in space.
The contamination experiments ( ~ 0 2 5and T027) and the Crew-
Vehicle Disturbance experiment ( ~ 0 1 3 )investigate the impact
of man on his environment and on his spacecraft.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
These experiments w i l l p r o v i d e d a t a which i s
very important i n t h e development of f u t u r e e a r t h o r b i t a l
space s t a t i o n s f o r t h e conduct of s c i e n t i f i c experimentation.
Through t h e Skylab program, we w i l l have a b e t t e r under-
s t a n d i n g of how man performs i n space, what t o o l s he needs
t o accomplish h i s t a s k s , and what h i s i n f l u e n c e i s on t h e
space environment.
APPENDIX I
Radiation in Spacecraft; Experiment DO08

Principal Investigator: CaptainAndrew D. Grimm, AFWL,


Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
Co-Investigator: Mr. Joseph F. Janni, AFWL, Kirtland AFB, N, M.
Development Center: MSC
Integration Center: MSC
Contractor: AVCO Corporation

Objectives
The purpose of the experiment is to make radiation
dose measurements in earth orbit. Such measurements are of
importance in assessing the quality of dosimetry instrumentation
for space application, in evaluating various analytical procedures
that predict the radiation dose absorbed in earth orbit, and in
providing data to study the biological reaction of man to such
radiations.
Background
The major source of radiation in low earth orbit arises
in the South Atlantic Anomaly, a region where, because of the
particular shape of the earth's magnetic field, the Van Allen
radiation belts are unusally close to earth. In other places,
the radiation belts are comparatively weak below an altitude of,
say, 300 nm.
For the orbit chosen for Skylab, significant radiation
doses are accumulated only when the spacecraft passes through
the South Atlantic Anomaly. In addition, however, there is a
continuous background of radiation from cosmic ray sources. It
is also possible that major solar flares occurring during the
course of a mission will generate high energy protons and alpha
particles, which will contribute to the radiation.
Hardware
The radiation in spacecraft experiment requires the
following hardware:
1. 1 movable tissue-equivalent dosimeter. The sensitive
element is connected by a 6-1/2 foot cable to its
power supply and signal processing equipment.
2. 1 Linear Energy Transfer system (LET). The system
consists of two solid state particle detectors and
their associated electronics. The LET system
provides data by which ranges (in tissue) of the
incident particles can be determined.
3. 5 passive dosimeters. These dosimeters contain
photographic emulsions and other materials sensitive
to radiation. They integrate the dose received
during the entire mission.
The total weight of the hardware is less than 8 lbs.,
and it occupies about 0.1 cu. ft. of space.
Protocol
The radiation in Spacecraft experiment will be flown
on the first Skylab mission, SL 1/2.
The passive dosimeters are placed in specific locations
in the CM and remain there for the course of the mission. Simi-
larly, the LET system remains in a fixed position in the CM
during the course of the mission. The tissue-equivalent dosimeter
is normally stowed in a position near the LET system. Data from
the LET and the tissue-equivalent dosimeter are recorded on the
spacecraft data storage equipment for specified intervals of
45 minutes each during the course of the mission. It is expected
that there will be six such intervals during each of 14 days of
the mission. Five of these intervals will occur during consecu-
tive passages through the South Atlantic Anomaly, and the sixth
will take place at the highest northerly latitude of the orbit.
Additional measurement intervals may be desirable if there is
a major solar particle event during the mission.
During some of the measurement intervals, the
astronaut will move the tissue-equivalent dosimeter to survey
the radiation distribution in the spacecraft. The purpose is
to determine the spatial distribution of the radiation and,
by shielding the dosimeter with various parts of his body, to
estimate the depth-dose relationship in the human body. The
astronaut will maintain a log book in which he records the
time and position of the dosimeter during the surveys. Two
surveys will be made during passes through the South Atlantic
Anomaly and two at the highest northerly latitude of the orbit.
Data Return
Data collected from the-tissue-equivalent dosimeter
and the LET system during the measurement intervals are stored
on board the spacecraft and then returned to earth via telemetry.
The data indicate the dose rate and the LET data on one second
intervals during the measurement period. The log book of events .
during the radiation surveys is returned to earth at the
conclusion of this mission.
The passive dosimeters are processed after return to
eartn. By comparison of the data among the various radiation
sensitive materials, it is possible to determine the spectrum
of the various types of particles producing radiation in the
spacecraft. These data are the intensities integrated over
the duration of the mission.

--- PASSIVE
DOSIMETER 4
Dosimeter Configuration
APPENDIX I1
Thermal Control Coatings, Experiment DO24

Principal Investigator: M r . C a r l P. Boebel, A i r F o r c e M a t e r i a l s .


Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio
Development Center: Wright Patterson AFB
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: None

Obiectives
This experiment, consisting of exposing material
samples to the space environment, has the following objectives:
1. Determine the effects of near earth space environ-
ments on selected experimental thermal control coatings which
have been extensively investigated in the laboratory;
2. Correlate the effects of the space environment on
these selected coatings with measured effects of ground-based
simulated space environments; and,
3. Gain new understanding of the mechanisms of degradation
of thermal control coatings caused by actual space radiation.
Background
On all of our manned spacecraft and on many of our
unmanned spacecraft, weight and power penalties can be attrib-
uted directly to the degradation of thermal control coatings.
Such degradation alters the thermal-radiative characteristics
of exposed surfaces. The designer must allow for these changes
by oversizing thermal control components, and it is often the
more complicated and expensive systems, such as radiator loops,
that are affected. Due to the relatively short duration of
the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions, this has been only
a minor problem. But for future, long duration manned missions,
coating stability is critical.
'Experiment DO24 measures degradation that occurs only
during the space residence phase of a mission. (Experiment M415
primarily measures launch and pre-launch effects.) White coatings
are the most susceptible. These coatings normally absorb
relatively little solar radiation but are very good emitters
of energy. Therefore, they are often applied to areas that
must be kept cool. However, when fully degraded, their
ability to absorb solar energy doubles.
Many earth based experiments have been performed
to measure such degradation. Unfortunately, telemetered
data from unmanned spacecraft indicate degradation in space
is more severe than is predicted by these tests. Explanations
exist, but samples from space are needed to establish the
exact causes. The Apollo 9 astronauts retrieved some samples.
However, these samples were not protected from the cabin
atmosphere after retrieval and their properties were cer-
tainly altered.
Experiment DO24 will provide the first opportunity
to examine in detail coating samples that have been chemically
or physically unaltered since retrieval from space. At a
minimum, test results will enable a better prediction of how
currently available coatings degrade in space. An optimistic
hope is that something can be learned to help develop newerl
better coatings. In either case, the benefits for future
missions are substantial.
Hardware
The experiment package consists of two panels, each
containing 36 thermal control coating samples. The samples
are one-inch diameter discs coated with various selected thermal
control coatings. The panels are square plates, approximately
6-1/2 inches on a side and 1/4 inch thick. Each has a flexible
handle to prevent contamination of the samples while handling.
Both panels will be attached with snap fasteners to
the Airlock Module truss assembly located directly under the
sun. In this position they will receive no cluster shadowing
in the solar inertial attitude held during most of the mission.
The panels will be protected with covers, which will be removed
no later than 24 hours before launch. Since the Airlock Module
will be protected by the payload shroud during launch, the
samples will not be affected by the launch environment.
Protocol
One of the thermal control sample panels will be
retrieved and returned to earth on Skylab flight SL-2 and the
. other panel will be retrieved and returned on flight SL-3.
The first sample panel will be exposed to the space environment
approximately 1 month, depending on the exact launch time
and flight schedule, and the second sample panel will be
exposed approximately 5 months.
During an EVA two astronauts will participate in
the sample panel retrieval. One will photograph the operation,
and the other will retrieve the panel and place it in a return
sample container before re-entering the Skylab cabin environ- .
ment. This hermetically sealed container will maintain a
vacuum for the samples until they reach a ground-based labora-
tory where they will be placed in a vacuum chamber and a vacuum
established before removal. Spectral reflection and all other
measurements will be made in the chamber.
EXPERIMENT ASSEMBLY
MOUNTED ON A I R L O C K MODULE TRUSS ). NASA H Q MI.71-52.1
;I 2-2-71
APPENDIX 111
Thermal Control Coatings, Experiment M415

Principal Investigator: M r . H a r r y Thayer, MSFC


Development Center: MSFC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor : None
! i
Objectives
Experiment M415 will determine the degradation effects
of pre-launch, launch, and space environments on the thermal
absorption and emission characteristics of various coatings com-
monly used for passive thermal control.
Background
The easiest, sidplest, and often least expensive way
to control spacecraft temperatures is by matching the thermal-
radiative properties of exposed surfaces to their space thermal
environments. Although many thermal control coatings exist with
a wide range of absorption and emission properties, the pre-
launch, launch, and space environments often alter these proper-
ties and eliminate or seriously diminish this mode of thermal
control. In addition, since the degree to which the surfaces
are altered cannot be predicted accurately, the other thermal
control elements must be oversjzed to insure adequate tempera-
ture control in space.
A number of ground based simulation tests have been
performed, but they have not considered simultaneously the full
range of conditions affecting coating properties. Experiment
M415 is the first attempt to measure the effects of these con-
ditions during the various stages of an actual launch and thus
will provide a good correlation for the ground b sed tests.
Experiment M415 along with $xperiment D024, whid covers the f:
effects of space residence only, should clear up some of the
mysteries associated with changing coating properties and thus
permit more precise thermal control design.
Hardware
The principal elements of this experiment consist
of two identical panels, each containing 12 thermal sensors
arranged in four rows of three. Three different thermal
c o n t r o l c o a t i n g samples a r e mounted on t h e s e n s o r s i n each
row, w i t h each cobumn c o n t a i n i n g t h e same sample m a t e r i a l .
T h i s arrangement a l l o w s t h e samples t o be exposed t o f o u r
d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s i n i d e n t i c a l sets of three p e r e x p o s u r e ,
Three of t h e f o u r s e t s of t e s t samples on each p a n e l a r e pro-
t e c t e d w i t h c o v e r s a t t a c h e d by armament t h r u s t e r s . The
remaining s e t i s p r o t e c t e d by a b o l t - o n cover which w i l l be
removed p r i o r t o launch. I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a worst-case
b a s e l i n e f o r d a t a c o r r e l a t i o n , one sample on each p a n e l i s
covered w i t h a b l a c k , t o t a l l y a b s o r b i n g p a i n t .
Protocol
One s e t of sample c o a t i n g s w i l l be exposed t o a l l
environments. A seconq s e t w i l l be exposed immediately p r i o r
t o Launch Escape System tower j e t t i s o n and a l l environmental
c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e a f t e r , The t h i r d s e r i e s w i l l be exposed t o
r e t r o r o c k e t f i r i n g and space environment, w h i l e t h e f o u r t h
s e r i e s w i l l be exposed t o s p a c e environment o n l y . The t e s t
specimens w i l l be l o c a t e d a t two p o s i t i o n s on t h e I n s t r u m e n t
Unit (IU) t o p r o v i d e two d e g r e e s of exposure t o r e t r o r o c k e t
f i r i n g . Aerodynamic f a i r i n g s w i l l be provided t o a s s u r e a
laminar flow s t r e a m f o r t h e t e s t specimens d u r i n g launch
ascent,
The experiment w i l l u t i l i z e t h e power, f u n c t i o n a l
command, a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l and d a t a h a n d l i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s of
t h e I U . Crew p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s n o t r e q u i r e d f o r any phase of
t h e experiment,
Data Return
A l l of t h e c o a t i n g samples a r e t h e r m a l l y i s o l a t e d
from s u r r o u n d i n g s t r u c t u r e s , t h e r e f o r e average thermal-
r a d i a t i v e p r o p e r t i e s can be e a s i l y c a l c u l a t e d from t e l e m e t e r e d
t e m p e r a t u r e measurements. These c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s w i l l t h e n
i n d i c a t e how t h e v a r i o u s environments a l t e r e d c o a t i n g c h a r -
a c t e r i s t i c s . Unlike Experiment D024, d e t a i l e d s p e c t r a l r e f l e c -
t i o n measurements cannot be made s i n c e t h e c o a t i n g s w i l l n o t
be r e t r i e v e d .
P6S I
SENSOR PAMELS
APPENDIX IV
Habitability/Crew Quarters, M487

Principal Investigator: Mr. C . C . Johnson, NASA/MSC


Development Center: MSFC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: MDAC-WD

Objectives
The objectives of this habitability study are to
evaluate the features of the Skylab's living quarters, provisions,
and support facilities that affect the crew's comfort, safety,
and operational effectiveness.
L-

Equipment, procedures, and habitat design criteria


derived from one-g studies and previous short-duration flights
- may require modification for optimum support of long-duration
..is;ions. Systematic quant5tative and qualitative observations
will be made on the following aspects of system design and
operations:
(a) Physical ~nvironment-
' (e.g., temperature, humidity, light, noise)
(b) Architecture -
I (e.g., volume and layout of working and living areas)
(c) Mobility Aids and Personal Restraints -
(e.g., translation, worksite supports, sleep stations)
(d) Food and Water -
(e.g., storage, preparation, quality)
(e) Personal Garments -
(e.g., comfort, durability, design)
(f) Personal Hygiene -
(egg., cleansing, grooming, collection and disposal
of body wastes )
(g) Housekeeping -
(e.g., habitat cleansing, waste control and disposal)
( h ) Communications -
( e . g . , usage p a t t e r n s , f i d e l i t y , comfort)

( i )Off-Duty A c t i v i t i e s -
( e . g . , e x e r c i s e f a c i l i t i e s , i n d i v i d u a l and group
recreation, privacy f e a t u r e s )

Background

This h a b i t a b i l i t y evaluation is a multi-disciplinary


s e t of s y s t e m a t i c o b s e r v a t i o n s , and i s n o t an e x p e r i m e n t i n t h e
same s e n s e a s t h e o t h e r Skylab s t u d i e s . It uses t h e f a c i l i t i e s
and a c t i v i t i e s planned f o r o t h e r m i s s i o n o b j e c t i v e s a s i t s
s u b j e c t of s t u d y . The n a t u r e of t h i s e x p e r i m e n t i s t h e r e f o r e
e s s e n t i a l l y a t e s t and v a l i d a t i o n of c u r r e n t d e s i g n c o n c e p t s ,
hardware f e a t u r e s , and o p e r a t i o n a l c r i t e r i a .

Hardware

S p e c i f i c i n f l i g h t hardware i n s u p p o r t of t h e s e
h a b i t a b i l i t y measures i n c l u d e s a p o r t a b l e humidity m e t e r , sound
l e v e l m e t e r , a i r v e l o c i t y m e t e r , measuring t a p e , and thermometer.
T h e i r w e i g h t i s 14.5 l b s . and volume 0.294 c u b i c f t .

The i n f l i g h t cameras, l i g h t s , v o i c e r e c o r d e r s and t a s k


equipment f o r M487 a r e t h e same a s t h o s e s u p p l i e d f o r t h e o t h e r
a s s i g n e d e x p e r i m e n t s and a c t i v i t i e s ; a d d i t i o n a l ones a r e n o t
needed. F i l m f o r M487 w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e from t h e M151 time-and-
m o t i o n s t u d y and o t h e r documentation. A d d i t i o n a l f i l m f o r M487
w i l l c o n s i s t of 5 c a s s e t t e s o f SO168 1 6 nun. c o l o r f i l m , weighing
1 - 0 l b , on SL-2, and 2.0 l b s . each on SL-3 and SL-4.

, lon
Ground s u p p o r t f a c i l i t i e s i n c l u d e v o i c e communicat'
r e c o r d i n g and i n f l i g h t TV c o v e r a g e , i f t a k e n . No s p e c i a l
monitoring f a c i l i t i e s a r e required.

Protocol

C r e w p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n M487 i s i n t h r e e p h a s e s :

(1) P r e - f l i g h t : A s t r o n a u t t r a i n i n g and b a s e l i n e d a t a a r e
integrated with t h e i r t r a i n i n g f o r the
o p e r a t i o n a l t a s k s and a c t i v i t y a r e a s t o
be observed.

(2) Inf l i g h t : Normal u s a g e of v e h i c l e systems ana


f a c i l i t i e s provides t h e t e s t conditions
f o r t h i s study. O b s e r v a t i o n s and d a t a
a c q u i s i t i o n a r e i n t e g r a t e d w i t h t h e per-
formance of t h e s e o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s . T o t a l
time i s approximately 4 hours/mission.
(3) Postflight: Crew debriefing on subjective and technical
comments.

This experiment will be performed on all three Skylab


missions.
Data Return:
Primary inflight data will be obtained in three
basic forms: written logs and checklists, voice tape comments,
and motion picture films.
Real-time monitoring will not be required, but voice
and TV telemetry will be available from the other activities
and experiments integrated within this study. All M487 data
will be evaluated postflight. The results will help in the
identification of operational problem areas, assist in the
planning and design of future crew quarters and personal
equipment, and validate present ground-based design criteria
and fidelity of one-g simulations and training methods.
APPENDIX V
Astronaut Maneuvering Equipment, Experiment M509

Principal Investigator: Major C. E. Whitsett, Jr., USAF


Air Force Space and Missile Systems ,

Organization
Los Angeles, California
Development Center: MSC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: Martin Marietta Corporation, Denver, Colorado

Objectives
To conduct an in-orbit verification of the utility
of various maneuvering techniques to assist astronauts to
perform tasks which are representative of future EVA require-
ments.
Background
The M509 experiment is a logical progression beyond
the development of two maneuvering units for the Gemini pro-
gram. These consisted of a handheld thruster unit and a
multiple thruster backpack. The handheld unit was operated
briefly during extravehicular activity (EVA) on two Gemini
missions, but fuel depletion and unplanned time constraints
precluded an adequate evaluation. The backpack was not operated.
In addition to technological advancements, M509
offers three major improvements over the Gemini maneuvering
unit experiment. First, it will be conducted within the
enclosed safety of the Skylab environment, second, there
will be extensive and systematic data collection and reduction
under laboratory conditions including correlation with pre-
flight baseline simulation, and finally, there will be ample
time scheduled for the experiment without the risks and con-
straints imposed by operational EVA.
The concept of powered astronaut maneuvering is
fundamental to the development of an effective EVA capability
which, in turn, is considered to be a major supporting element
in the future of manned space flight. Specifically, NASA
study of future manned space flight operational requirements
has indicated that EVA can be expected to play a major role
in such areas as space rescue, inspection and repair of parent
and satellite spacecraft, personnel and cargo transport, and
space structure erection. The addition of maneuvering aids
to such EVA tasks is expected to reduce crew fatigue and
stress, cut time requirements, offset pressure suit mobility
limitations, and facilitate attitude orientation and stabili-
zation.
Hardware
The astronaut maneuvering equipment of Experiment
M509 consists of two jet-powered aids for maneuvering in a
zero gravity space environment, These include a back-mounted
hand-controlled unit teamed with the Automatically Stabilized
Maneuvering Unit (ASMU), or backpack, and a hand-held maneu-
vering unit (HHMU). The backpack contains a rechargeable/
replaceable high pressure nitrogen propellant tank which
supplies both units, and is therefore worn whether maneuvering
by ASMU or HHMU. The electrical systems within the backpack
are powered by a rechargeable/replaceable battery. The astro-
naut dons the backpack over either a pressurized space suit
or flight coveralls using a quick release harness similar to
that used for parachutes.

t
The ASMU is maneuvered in s x degrees of freedom
(X, Y , and Z axis translation, and pitch, yaw, and roll) by
means of 14 fixed thrusters located i$ various positions on
the backpack. Control of the thrusters is imparted by two
hand-controllers mounted on arms extending from the backpack.
The controllers are identical to those used in the Apollo
spacecraft. The left hand controls linear translation and
the right hand, using an aircraft-type hand grip, controls
pitch, yaw, and roll. There are three selectable modes of
ASMU control: (1) DIRECT, whereby the appropriate rotation
and translation thrusters are commanded in direct response
to visualicues, (2) RATE GYRO, whereby an attitude hold
feature and proportional rate commands are added to the
DIRECT mode capability by means of rate gyro-sensed motions,
and (3) CMG (Control Moment Gyro), whereby an attitude hold
feature is added to the DIRECT mode capability by means of
the momentum exchange caused by torquing an appropriate com-
bination of pitch, yaw, or roll CMGis. In this mode, the
momentum exchange rather than thruster firings causes attitude
changes.
The HHMU is a simple, small, lightweight, completely
manual device, The unit comprises a hand grip and controls
for a pair of tractor thrusters and an opposing single pusher
thruster; the assembly is connected to the ASMU propellant
tank by a short hose. To orient and propel himself in any
attitude or direction, the operator points the HHMU, aligns
it to pass approximately through his c.g., and triggers the
tractor or pusher thrusters as indicated by his visual cues.
Protocol
This experiment will examine the ASMU and HHMU
maneuvering characteristics in a series of four test runs for
each of three subjects. The test plan will exercise both the
pilots and the equipment with such representative EVA-type
functions as transfers across the workshop, station keeping,
docking, tumble recovery, and simulated maintenance or scien-
tific tasks. Three of the runs will be conducted with the
operator wearing shirtsleeve clothing and one run will be
made with the operator in a pressurized space suit. Since
the maneuvering equipment of M509 will be compared with the
Foot-Controlled Maneuvering Unit of Experiment T020, one
and probably both of the TO20 operators will also participate
in M509.
Data Return
The ASMU is instrumented to record numerous signi-
ficant engineering data points including pertinent information
on the HHMU and biomedical data during the pressure-suited
runs. This data is sensed, collected, and telemetered from
the free-flying ASMU to a receiver within the orbital work-
shop and together with recorded voice commentary, is later
dumped via external telemetry to ground stations. Additional
experiment data will be provided by in-flight television,
post-flight still and motion picture data, and logbook entries.
It is expected that M509 will provide a wide range
of valuable information on maneuvering unit handling qualities,
operating techniques, consumable requirements, capabilities,
and limitations.
The correlation of in-flight data with pre-flight
and post-flight ground simulation will constitute a major
factor in determining the applicability, fidelity, capabil-
ities and limitations of various ground simulation techniques.
APPENDIX VI
CREW ACTIVITIES/MAINTENANCE, EXPERIMENT ~ 5 1 6

Principal Investigator: R. L. Bond, MSC


Development Center: MSC
Integration Center: MSC
Contractor Support: Martin-Marietta Corporation

Objectives
This experiment investigates crew performance in
zero gravity, long duration missions, primarily through
observations of normal Skylab tasks. It is related closely
to the Time and Motion Study, M151, but is oriented toward
the design of future space equipment and work provisions
rather than basic human performance. It is thus complementary
to ~abitability/~rewQuarters which is concerned with the
design of future accommodations for living in space. More
specifically the experiment calls for:
1 , Systematic documentation of man's performance
during prolonged weightless space flight.
2. Acquisition and evaluation of in-flight
maintenance data.
3. Evaluation of data relative to design criteria
for Skylab and future missions.
4. Evaluation and report of findings in terms
useful to future manned mission planners.
Background
Skylab provides living quarters and provisions
necessary for life support and well-being of the crew in
addition to the unique hardyare and work space necessary for
the conduct of experiments. ~ 5 1 6will take advantage of the
normal Skylab provisions to gather in-flight data relevant to
the performance of work in a zero-gravity environment over
long d u r a t i o n s . This w i l l be done through observing and
measuring crew performance during t h e execution of e x p e r i -
ment, housekeeping and o p e r a t i o n a l f u n c t i o n s . E v a l u a t i o n
of t h e a c q u i r e d d a t a w i l l provide a b a s i s f o r d e s i g n c r i t e r i a
f o r f u t u r e manned space systems. Crew performance d a t a w i l l
be gathered i n t h e f o l l o w i n g performance c a t e g o r i e s :
a. Manual D e x t e r i t y
b . Locomotion
c. Mass Handling and T r a n s f e r
d. Maintenance
For t h e major p a r t , experiment ~ 5 1 6w i l l r e q u i r e
no unique o r a d d i t i o n a l equipment f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o t h e
Skylab. Where deemed t o be advantageous t o achieve important
information n o t a c h i e v a b l e through normal Skylab t a s k s ,
r e a s o n a b l e supplemental t a s k s may be i n c o r p o r a t e d and
supporting hardware made a v a i l a b l e .
Hardware
I n s o f a r a s reasonably p o s s i b l e t h e hardware and
support f o r M516 w i l l be normally Skylab w i t h t h e exception
a s noted above. A d d i t i o n a l t a s k s s h a l l not s i g n i f i c a n t l y
impact o r a l t e r e x i s t i n g t i m e - l i n e s and mission s c h e d u l e s .
Primary d a t a f o r ~ 5 1 6s h a l l be provided by film/^^ coverage,
t e l e m e t r y d a t a , s u b j e c t i v e e v a l u a t i o n s and comments of t h e
crew. ~ 5 1 6w i l l u t i l i z e a s much a s p o s s i b l e f i l m coverage
provided by v a r i o u s o t h e r experiments which r e l a t e t o crew/
machine i n t e r f a c e performance such a s M151.
Protocol
~ 5 1 6w i l l be handled i n t h r e e phases:
1. P r e - F l i g h t : Crew performance d a t a a c q u i r e d
during p r e f l i g h t s i m u l a t i o n s and t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s w i l l be
used t o e s t a b l i s h b a s e l i n e d a t a f o r comparfson w i t h d a t a
acquired i n f l i g h t . ~ 5 1 6w i l l u s e c u r r e n t l y scheduled p r e -
f l i g h t f i l m i n g of t h e o p e r a t i o n a l and experimental a c t i v i t i e s
t o be performed i n t h e one-G o r b i t a l workshop t r a i n e r . The
f i l m i n g o f * t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s conducted a t v a r i o u s c o n t r a c t o r
f a c i l i t i e s w i l l a l s o be used, I n t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s p r e s e n t l y
n o t scheduled f o r p r e - f l i g h t f i l m i n g , ~ 5 1 6personnel w i l l
monitor and r e c o r d p e r t i n e n t d a t a .
2. In-Flight: ~ 5 1 6w i l l u t i l i z e f i l m coverage
provided by v a r i o u s o t h e r Skylab experiments and o p e r a t i o n a l
a c t i v i t i e s which r e l a t e t o crew performance a c t i v i t i e s . A
major p o r t i o n of crew performance f i l m d a t a w i l l be s u p p l i e d
by Ml51.
Other modes f o r d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n w i l l i n c l u d e TV
t r a n s m i s s i o n s , voice-recorded d a t a and log-book d e s c r i p t i v e
entries.
3. P o s t - F l i g h t : The crewmen w i l l provide sub-
jec t i v e and t e c h n i c a l comments during d e b r i e f i n g r e g a r d i n g
crew performance a c t i v i t i e s . The crew may a l s o be c a l l e d upon
t o a s s i s t i n ~ 5 1 6e v a l u a t i o n s .
Data Return
Data w i l l be acquired f o r a l l i n - f l i g h t a c t i v i t i e s
which a d d r e s s M516 crew performance. Sources would i n c l u d e
f i l m , voice t a p e s , l o g book recorded comments, TV t r a n s m i s s i o n s
and t e l e m e t r y a s a v a i l a b l e t o e x t r a c t r e q u i r e d crew p e r f o r -
mance d a t a .
APPENDIX VII
Manual Navigation Sightings (B), Experiment TO02

Principal Investigator: Mr. Robert J, Randle


Ames Research Center
Development Center: ARC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: Kollsman Instrument Company

Objectives
To investigate the effects of the space flight
environment (including long mission time) on the navigator's
ability to take space navigation measurements through a space-
craft window using hand-held instruments.
Background
Previous data obtained with the use of simulators,
aircraft, and the Gemini spacecraft has already demonstrated
that man, in a space environment, can make accurate naviga-
tion measurements using simple hand-held instruments. This,
together with already developed techniques for reducing the
data to a position determination, means that a technique is
available for man to navigate in space using simple instru-
ments and without the aid of a computer. The intent of this
experiment is to determine whether long mission duration
appreciably affects the capability of man to obtain accurate
measurements. Further, the experiment will return data which
will be generally indicative of the effect of long duration
space flight or man's capability to perform other precision
tasks.
Hardware
The hardware for this experiment consists of two
hand-held instruments, a sextant and a stadimeter. The
sextant, which is quite similar to an aviator's sextant,
will be used to measure the angles between two stars, and
between single stars and the edge of the moon. The stadi-
meter, also an optical device, determines spacecraft altitude
directly by measuring the apparent difference in elevation
angle between a portion of the earth's horizon and its sub-
tended chord.
Protocol
The sextant and stadimeter measurements will be
made through the orbital workshop window. Although the neces-
sary calculations to determine vehicle position and altitude '

could be made by the crew during the mission, this is not re-
quired as a part of this experiment. Earth-based radar track-
ing data will be used to determine the altitude and location
of the vehicle at the time the on-board data are obtained.
By comparing the ground based and on-board measurements, the
accuracy of the on-board measurements can be determined. The
accuracy data will be correlated and compared with data already
gathered in simulators, high flying aircraft, and the Gemini
spacecraft to determine the suitability of small, comparatively
inexpensive, hand-held optical instruments for space navitation.
In addition to the measurement data itself, comments by the
astronauts on the operation of the experiment are expected to
be a valuable part of the information returned.
Data Return
Data return will be in the form of logbook entries
of the sextant and stadimeter readings. This will be supple-
mented as required by crew comments on the voice tape recorder.
--
TZME MARK
CONTROL
EYEPIECE

CONTROL

-
NASA H Q ML71-5223
APPENDIX VIII
Inflight Aerosol Analysis, Experiment TO03

Principal Investigator: Dr. William Z . Leavitt, DOT


Development Center: MSFC (Equipment was developed at ERC)
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: None

Objectives
Measure the sizes, concentration, and composition of
particles in the atmosphere inside the Skylab as a function of
time and location.
Background
This experiment, in an earlier version, was first
proposed by Dr. Saquel Natelson of Michael Reeves Hospital,
Chicago, Illinois, 'and submitted to the Manned Space Flight
Experiment Board in the summer of 1964. It was assigned to the ;
pol lo Program, but on occurrence of the fire op AS-204, it was
postponed to AAP (now Skylab) .
While the information it will generate is not mandatory
for operations, it will serve several purposes. First, if the
astronauts suffer any unexpected discomfort, either to their
respiratory systems or skin, a correlation with particle
presence could help account for it. Second, if there are
unexpected or unusual problems with clogging of elements of
the environment control system, appropriate particle data might
help explain them. And third, even if there :are no major
problems in these areas, trends might be detected which would
bear on crew or system performance on longer missions, and
appropriate steps could be taken to obviate the occurrence of
suspect particles.
Hardware
The experiment is self contained in an approximately
6" x 10" x 13" box with an air inlet, an air outlet, a filter
selector knob, a channel indicator, and a particle-count readout
register. The channel indicator reads "l", " 2 " , or " 3 " , and the
register gives the corresponding concentration of particles in
the 1.0 to 3.0 micron, 3.0 to 9.0 micron, and 9.0 to 100 micron
ranges. The different settings of the filter are for the
different locations where measurements are made. The filter
is used to bring particles back for later identification and
position correlation. 'particle size and count are determined
by passing a known volume of air through the measuring chamber
and measuring the amount of light each particle scatters to a
photodetector, and the nurhber of light pulses, which corresponds
to the number of particles. Total weight of the experiment and
its carrier box is about 16 9ounds.
Protocol
The instrument is hand held by an astronaut at the
desired point of measurement. Representative locations through-
out the spacecraft are tested, such as the food preparation area,
the personal hygiene areal,and tkle crew quarters. Measurements
at a main location are made thrice daily and take about 4
minutes each. Then, every ten days measurements are made at
a number of additional predetermined stations and times; 10
more measurements any time, anywhere, can be made at the crew's
discretion. Man's role is to move the instrument to its appro-
priate location as sched~lgd,bola it, set tbe,filter, press
the button, and read and log the ~ u t uts,
. Ak thg end Q $ the
!
mission he alss removes and store5 f @ filgqg f ~ rre $ ~ g nto garth,
Data Rekurn
There will be two types of data: written log and
returned filter. The former will be a record of particle count
versus location and time, and the latter will provide a cumula-
tive sample of the particles as a function of location.
APPENDIX IX
Crew/Vehicle Disturbances, Experiment TO13

Principal Investigator: Bruce A. Conway, LaRC


Development Center: LaRC
Integration Center: MSFC ,

Contractor: Martin Marietta Corporation, Denver, Colorado

Objectives
The objectives of this experiment .are:
1. To measure and record in zero-g, using typical crew
activity in a space vehicle, data on astronaut limb motion,
astronaut position, astronaut-induced forces and moments on
the spacecraft, and simultaneous vehicle attitude pertur-
bations.
2. To verify an existing analytical technique developed
to predict the effects of crew motion on spacecraft attitude.
3. To verify ground-based simulation program data on
crew-motion induced vehidle attitude perturbations.
4. To evaluate the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)
Pointing Control System fine pointing stability.
Background
Many earth pointing and astronomy experiments for
future manned spacecraft will require fine pointing stabilization
ranging from fractions of an arcminute to fractions of an arc-
second. Of the many disturbance phenomena that affect fine
pointing those due to crew motion are dominant. Consequently,
proper design of the fine pointing system requires accurate
knowledge of crew motion disturbances. These disturbances
have been studied on ground-based simulators and in zero-g
experiments on aircraft. While these studies have provided
valuable information, substantial uncertainties remain on
crew motion in zero-g. Experiment TO13 is designed to resolve
these uncertainties and thereby provide system designers with
accurate models of crew motion disturbances, At the same
time, TO13 will evaluate the fine pointing performance of
the Apollo Telescope Mount,whose control system was designed
using models of crew motion disturbances derived from ground-
based simulations,
Hardware
The experiment hardware is:
1. Limb Motion Sensing System (LIMS) - a skeletal struc-
ture, incorporated into a suit, with pivots at the major joints
of the body. Each pivot contains a linear potentiometer with
outputs directly proportional to the degree of joint rotation,
The LIMS provides continuous measurement of body limb position
relative to the torso as the crewman performs the assigned tasks.
2, Data Cable - transmits the output of each LIMS trans-
ducer to the Experiment Data System (EDS) and the excitation
voltage from the EDS to the LIMS transducers (or potentiometers),
3, Force Measuring System (FMS) - consists of two Force
Measuring Units each of which has a sense plate, a base plate,
a load cell array, load cell caging devices, a calibration
mechanism, and a signal conditioner with associated wiring,
The sense plate of FMU #1 contains foot restraints and may
have provisions for engagement of a portable handhold.
4. Experiment Data System (EDS) - receives data from
the LIMS sensors and the FMU signal conditioners. It conditions
this data for recording on a vehicle instrumentation magnetic
tape recorder for subsequent RF transmission to the ground,
5. Storage Container - houses the LIMS suit and the
data cable.
In addition, the 16mm Data Acquisition cameras will
be used to record motions performed by the crewman;
Protocol
The experiment will be performed only oncesduring
the mission. It will be performed by one crewman, with assis-
tance from the other two,
The total task performance time will be approximately
70 minutes.
The crewman performing the experiment will wear the
LIMS. The outputs from the LIMS are transmitted in a data
cable to the Experiment Data System (EDS), The crewman's
center-of-mass and relative attitude will be recorded by
photographing targets located on the crewman's suit. The
film used will be returned in the-CommandModule (CM).
Forces and moments applied to the vehicle by the
maneuvering crewman will be sensed by the FMS. In-flight
calibration using a static load on each FMU will provide cor-
rection for any calibration shift occuring before or during
experiment performance. Outputs from the FMS signal condi-
tioners also will be routed to the EDS.
Data sent to the EDS will be recorded on magnetic
tape for subsequent transmission to the ground by telemetry.
The crewman performing the experiment will be
assisted in varying degrees by the other two crewmen; one of
whom will read in sequence each task to be performed, announc-
ing the beginning and completing of each with voice annotations
as appropriate during task performance.
Forces and moments will be measured for a wide range
of physical activity from events such as normal breathing,
sneezing, and simulated control manipulations while restrained
to one FMU, to free-soaring exercises from one FMU to the other.
Wr
Cluster attitude perturbations will be sensed by "
the Attitude and Pointing Control System and will be trans-
mitted in real time by the ATM Instrumentation and Commu-
nication System.
Data Return
1. Film record of crew motions returned on CM.
2. Telemetry of the data recorded on the EDS.
3. Real time telemetry of the cluster attitude per-
turbations as sensed by the Attitude and Pointing Control
System,
OPERATING
VICINITY

NASA H
APPENDIX X
Foot-Controlled Maneuvering Unit, Experiment TO20

Principal Investigator: Mr. Donald E. Hewes


Langley Research Center
Development Center: LaRC
Integration Center: MSFC
Contractor: Martin Marietta Corporation, Denver, Colorado

Objectives
To evaluate the ability of the astronauts to use
the Foot-Controlled Maneuvering Unit (FCMU) for: (1) Attitude
Control, (2) Gross Maneuvering, (3) Precise Maneuvering.
To compare this system with stabilized and unstabilized
systems of M509 in flight and on simulators.
To correlate the flight experiment with ground sim-
ulators.
Background
Extravehicular activity (EVA) has been recognized as
a major supporting element of future manned space flight in
terms of such functions as space rescue, space vehicle inspec-
tion and maintenance, personnel and cargo transport, and space
structure erection. The addition of powered maneuvering aids
to such EVA tasks would reduce crew fatigue and stress, cut
time requirements, offset pressure suit mobility limitations,
and facilitate attitude orientation and stabilization. The
FCMU represents a simple, reliable, compact vehicle for exam-
ining the dynamics of a hands-free EVA maneuvering within the
safe confines of the orbital workshop.
Hardware
The FCMU is a research vehicle for examining the
maneuvering dynamics of a cold gas jet-powered personal pro-
pulsion system in a zero gravity space environment. It comprises
a saddle-mounted structure at the base of which is a cross mem-
ber containing a pair of foot pedal controls and outboard of
them, a pair of quadruple thruster assemblies. The FCMU is
propelled by high pressure nitrogen supplied from a back-mounted
tank. The operator, wearing either a pressurized space suit or
flight coveralls, controls pitch, yaw, roll, and translation
along his head/foot axis through a combination of left and
right, up and down, toe and foot-commands.
Both the F C M U propellant tank and battery are
rechargeable/replaceable units, which are shared with the
n astronaut maneuvering equipment of Experiment M 5 0 9 .
Protocol
4
This experiment will examine the maneuvering
characteristics of the F C M U using two test subjects in a
series of runs which will include both shirtsleeve and pres-
sure suited operations. Additionally, the experiment will
study the trade-offs between the maneuvering limitations
inherent in the four degree-of-freedom F C M U (versus six for
M 5 0 9 ) and its advantages of simplicity, light weight, low
cost, and hands-free operation. Of prime significance will
be the ability of the astronaut to master the skills and
coordination necessary to make the F C M U approach reasonably
competive with, or complementary to, the hand-controlled,
stabilized backpack maneuvering concept of Experiment M 5 0 9 .
Data Return
The principal data collection is accomplished by
two motion picture cameras, one mounted in the workshop dome
and a battery-powered, forward-looking camera mounted within
the F C M U frame. Additional data is supplied by recorded
voice commentary and logbook entries. Since the F C M U will
be compared with the maneuvering equipment of M 5 0 9 , one and
probably both of the test subjects will also participate in
~ x ~ e r i m e nMt5 0 9 .
It is expected that the information derived 'from
this experiment will add valuable engineering inputs into
future maneuvering unit design. Further, the correlation of
in-flight results with pre-flight baseline simulation will
provide necessary feedback into and assessment of the various
simulation techniques in terms of applicability, fidelity,
capabilities, and limitations.
-200-

BACKPACK ASSEMBLY, -Z

'OR

Crewman ( S u i t e d ) Operating FCMU


APPENDIX XI
CONTAMINATION MEASURMENTS

a EXPERIMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND


Rationale
h In the design of complex spacecraft (S/C), interactions
among different subsystems and components always have to be
taken into account. Certain operations on S/C such as water
dumps, thruster firings, etc., might interfere with scientific
objectives of the other experiments. For example, bright ice
crystals reflecting light into the camera might interfere with
the study of the solar corona.
Many unmanned satellites and manned spacecraft have
shown visible contamination of their optical surfaces in space.
The Gemini and Apollo spacecraft showed significant window
degradations and interference with star sightings after the water
and urine dumps from the spacecraft. Thus it is a well recognized
operational problem concerning the spacecraft technology. With
increased sophistication, as we now look for fainter sources and
also those in the x-ray, UV and infrared regions, we find that
many spacecraft effluents become sources of possible interference.
For long-term observations such as on space stations of the future,
we must understand the nature and extent of these contamination
sources and their backgrounds in many spectral ranges to opera-
tionally assure a clean environment for the experimenters on
upcoming spacecraft. The problems concerning external
contamination on spacecraft can be characterized by:
1. Deposition effects such as the thruster firing
depositions and other effluent deposits on optical
surfaces which may or may not disappear with time.
2. Atmospheric effects which result from leakages
and dumps from the spacecraft and result in
general increase in the background brightness
around the spacecraft. These may also be time
dependent.
I
In order to systematically study the effects of
contaminants, we proceed with the general assumption that low
light level astronomical and terrestrial observations will be
carried out on future spacecraft including Apollo, Skylab and
future s t a t i o n s . Physical considerations indicate t h a t
contamination i s an experiment p e c u l i a r problem. For example,
gaseous molecules might s e v e r e l y - i n t e r f e r e w i t h x-ray and W
r e g i o n of o b s e r v a t i o n s b u t might c o n t r i b u t e n e g l i g i b l y i n t h e
o p t i c a l and i n f r a r e d r a n g e s . I n g e n e r a l , t h e requirements
f o r astronomy o r e a r t h o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e q u i t e demanding
s o t h a t c o n d i t i o n s of o p t i c a l s u r f a c e s and t h e atmospheres
s u r r o u n d i n g t h e S/C have t o be monitored i n o r d e r t o i n t e r p r e t
t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . The i d e a l s i t u a t i o n o c c u r s
when t h e s p a c e c r a f t o p t i c a l s u r f a c e s and atmosphere a r e
c o n t i n u o u s l y monitored i n r e a l t i m e t o p r o v i d e d e p o s i t i o n and
background d a t a . Such an o p e r a t i o n a l system i s t h e g o a l f o r
contamination measurements. Thus d u r i n g peak contamination
p e r i o d s , c e r t a i n c o n t r o l s u r f a c e s can be p r o t e c t e d and t h o s e
experiments can be o p e r a t e d s a f e l y which do n o t have i n t e r -
f e r e n c e from such contamination.
History
Although t h e r e were no planned contamination
experiments on p r e v i o u s manned s p a c e c r a f t , window sample and
photographic a n a l y s e s of w a t e r dumps i n s p a c e have provided
some u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e e f f l u e n t s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e S/C.
A c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n procedure of m a t e r i a l s c o n t r o l h a s been
i n e f f e c t which i n s i s t s on v a r i o u s t h e r m a l and vacuum t e s t s
and on c o n t r o l l e d environments f o r S/C components. F o r example,
a c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n of f u e l f o r RCS t h r u s t e r s can l e a d t o
reduced d e p o s i t s on t h e S/C s u r f a c e s and p r e v e n t t h e r m a l
c o n t r o l problems, Such ground-based s t u d i e s a r e c u r r e n t l y
i n p r o g r e s s i n many NASA and o t h e r l a b o r a t o r i e s . Window s e a l s
have been evolved which do n o t e v a p o r a t e complex molecules i n
t h e vacuum, which have d e p o s i t e d on t h e S/C windows i n t h e
p a s t . But s i n c e t h e s p e c t r a l r e g i o n s are b e i n g expanded f o r
o b s e r v a t i o n s i n s p a c e and more a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n i s s o u g h t ,
we need t o l e a r n more a b o u t t h e problems s o t h a t e x p e r i m e n t a l
r e s u l t s are n o t l i m i t e d due t o contamination. Also, t h e
d e c i s i o n s can be made r e g a r d i n g t h e a t t a c h e d o r detached mode
of e x p e r i m e n t a l o p e r a t i o n s on f u t u r e manned s p a c e c r a f t o n l y
a f t e r t h e n a t u r e of contaminants i s b e t t e r understood. Thus
it i s c l e a r t h a t more s p a c e and ground based measurements are
n e c e s s a r y t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e d e p o s i t i o n e f f e c t s , e f f e c t s due
t o w a t e r and u r i n e and o t h e r v e n t i n g s , and a l s o t h e i r t i m e
v a r y i n g e f f e c t s f o r f u t u r e o b s e r v a t i o n s from s p a c e c r a f t .
ROLE O F SKYLAB

The Skylab s i g n i f i e s a v e r y i m p o r t a n t l e v e l of
s o p h i s t i c a t i o n i n t h e manned s p a c e f l i g h t program, F e a s i b i l i t y
of c a r r y i n g o u t s i m p l e astronomy and e a r t h o b s e r v a t i o n s t u d i e s
have been demonstrated on Apollo and Gemini s p a c e c r a f t . But
w i t h Skylab n o t o n l y t h e d u r a t i o n of o b s e r v a t i o n s i n c r e a s e s ,
b u t a r a t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t i n v e s t m e a t h a s been made i n t o t h e
experiments i n t h e above-mentioned a r e a s , which r e q u i r e low
l i g h t l e v e l o b s e r v a t i o n s . Some of t h e experiments on t h e
Skylab i t s e l f are q u i t e s u s c e p t i b l e t o contamination ( e . g . ,
White L i g h t Coronagraph, S052). A d d i t i o n a l d a t a are a l s o
needed on d e p o s i t i o n and d e g r a d a t i o n r a t e s of o p t i c a l s u r f a c e s ,
s o t h a t e v e n t u a l l y r e a l - t i m e contamination monitors can be
i n s t a l l e d on t h e f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t . T h i s requirement i s
a d e q u a t e l y r e f l e c t e d i n t h e contamination measurement e x p e r i -
ments a s s i g n e d f o r t h e Skylab.
The contamination coronagraph experiment (T025)J'w i l l
measure l i g h t s c a t t e r e d by s m a l l p a r t i c l e s both n e a r and f a r
from t h e s p a c e c r a f t a t s m a l l e l o n g a t i o n s w h i l e t h e photometer
a s s i g n e d t o t h e contamination measurement experiment (T027)
w i l l do t h e same f o r l a r g e r e l o n g a t i o n a n g l e s and i n many
wavelength r e g i o n s . The sample a r r a y on TO27 w i l l p r o v i d e
i n f o r m a t i o n n o t o n l y on accumulated t o t a l contaminants b u t t h e
q u a r t z c r y s t a l microbalances (QCM1s) which a r e a p a r t of t h i s
a r r a y w i l l p r o v i d e r e a l - t i m e contamination m o n i t o r i n g t o d e t e c t
d e p o s i t i o n s much l e s s t h a n a few micrograms/cm2.
Put t o g e t h e r , t h e s e experiments w i l l n o t only g i v e
t h e g r o s s contamination backgrounds f o r t h e ATM experiments,
b u t w i l l a l s o p r o v i d e r e a l - t i m e and t o t a l d e p o s i t i o n rates on
o p t i c a l s u r f a c e s and w i l l a l s o r e c o r d b o t h p h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y
and p h o t o e l e c t r i c a l l y any contaminant cloud s u r r o u n d i n g t h e
spacecraft.

Once t h e d a t a from such measurements on Skylab become


a v a i l a b l e , r e a l - t i m e m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e s f o r s p a c e c r a f t environ-
ment and d e p o s i t i o n can be developed and can t h e n be provided
a s a p a r t of housekeeping e f f o r t s aboard f u t u r e s p a c e s t a t i o n s
o r experiment modules.

*This experiment i s under review.


-204-

APPENDIX. X I 1
Coronagraph contamination Measurements, Experiment TO25

Principal Investigator: D r . Mayo Greenberg, Dudley


Observatory
Co-Investigator: M r . George Bonner, MSC
Development Center: MSC
I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Martin-Marietta Corporation and Dudley
Observatory

Objectives
The primary o b j e c t i v e of t h i s experiment i s t o
v i s u a l l y and p h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y obserye and i n t e r p r e t t h e
p a r t i c u l a t e atmosphere surrounding t h e o r b i t a l assembly.
One purpose of t h i s i s t o determine t h e e x t e n t and n a t u r e
of t h e induced contaminant and t o a s s e s s i t s e f f e c t s on o t h e r
o p t i c a l experiments on t h e s p a c e c r a f t . Another important
a p p l i c a t i o n i s t o t h e fundamental q u e s t i o n of t h e concentra-
t i o n l e v e l of p a r t i c l e s , p o s s i b l y i n t e r p l a n e t a r y , a s d i s t i n c t
from t h e induced contaminant. By observing t h e e a r t h ' s
horizon a t s u n r i s e and s u n s e t i t w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o both
v i s u a l l y and p h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y record t h e upper atmospheric
p a r t i c l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n a s i n f e r r e d from t h e forward s c a t -
t e r i n g component. These o b s e r v a t i o n s w i l l be designed t o
g i v e i n f o r m a t i o n about : 1) t h e a l t i t u d e d i s t r i b u t i o n of
upper atmospheric p a r t i c l e s a s i n f l u e n c e d by a v a r i e t y of
ground l e v e l c o n d i t i o n s , such a s land/sea, i n d u s t r i a l / n o n -
i n d u s t r i a l , a r i d / h e a v i l y vegetated; 2 ) t h e d u s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n
a s a f u n c t i o n of l a t i t u d e ; 3) r e l a t i o n s h i p t o n o c t i l u c e n t
clouds; 4) c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h l a r g e s c a l e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l con-
d i t i o n s and cloud cover d i s t r i b u t i o n s . Less primary o b s e r -
v a t i o n s can be made p h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y and v i s u a l l y of t h e
F-corona.
Background
Apollo a s t r o n a u t s have v i s u a l l y r e p o r t e d t h e
" f i r e f l i e s 1 ' o r i c e c r y s t a l s a f t e r water and u r i n e dumps
f o r up t o 30 minutes o r more a f t e r t h e completion of t h e s e
dumps. Photographic r e c o r d s were made w i t h a 16mm movie
camera on Apollo 9 from which some s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n
has been g a t h e r e d , such a s t h e f a t t h a t t h e p a r t i c l e
6
v e l o c i t i e s a r e of t h e o r d e r of 10 cms/sec r e l a t i v e t o t h e space-
c r a f t and t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e s a r e i n m i l l i m e t e r s . Also ground
based t e l e s c o p e s have photographed t h e water dumps and o t h e r
cryogen r e l e a s e s from t h e SIV-B S a t u r n r o c k e t s t a g e .
However, more q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n i s needed on t h e
p a r t i c u l a t e atmosphere which w i l l be provided by t h e corona-
graph.
Hardware
T h i s coronagraph c o n s i s t s of t h r e e o c c u l t i n g d i s c s
shaped from a s i n g l e metal c y l i n d e r which has a d d i t i o n a l
s m a l l e r r i n g s t o r e f l e c t any s t r a y l i g h t away from t h e
camera f i e l d of view. The d i s c s a r e extended from t h e
S c i e n t i f i c Airlock.
The i n s i d e of t h e c y l i n d e r i s threaded t o r e f l e c t
and t r a p l i g h t reaching t h e back of t h e c a v i t y . The 35mm
Nikon camera can use a 55mm f o c a l l e n g t h f 2 . 0 u l t r a v i o l e t
l e n s a s w e l l a s a f 1 . 2 v i s i b l e l i g h t l e n s . When used w i t h
t h e coronagraph t h e f i e l d of vieh of t h e coronagraph i s
x l l O . The a s t r o n a u t s can v i s u a l l y observe g r o s s p a r t i -
c u l a t e contamination l e v e l s around Skylab b e f o r e opening
t h e ATM experiments by u t i l i z i n g t h e p e n t a prism viewfinder
on t h e Nikon s i n g l e l e n s r e f l e x camera. The o c c u l t i n g d i s c s
have diameters of about f o u r i n c h e s (10 cm) and can be extended
t o about s i x f e e t from t h e S c i e n t i f i c A i r l o c k . The F-corona
can t h u s be s t u d i e d beyond 1.75 degrees up t o which t h e A'ITM
coronagraph experiment (~054)i s designed t o provide d a t a .
Thus t h i s experiment w i l l supplement t h e ~ 0 5 4experiment by
providing data i n the u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r a l region.
The photometer used on t h e (T027) a r r a y w i l l be
aaed 50 measure b r i g h t n e s s a t e l o n g a t i o n s l a r g e r t h a n 150
and t h u s w i l l not d u p l i c a t e t h i s experiment.
The weight of t h e experiment i s appPoximately
67 l b s . and t h e volume i s 4.5 f t 3 .
Protocol
The coronagraph w i l l become o p e r a t i o n a l i n t h e
e a r l i e r phase of t h e Skylab so t h a t t h e v i e w - f i n d e r c a n be
used f o r v i s u a l examination of t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n b e f o r e
t h e SO54 s o l a r experiment i s opened. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e
experiment w i l l be o p e r a t e d on t h e s u n l i t s i d e d u r i n g
minimum v e n t i n g a c t i v i t y , d u r i n g t h r u s t e r f i r i n g s and
d u r i n g waste water dumps s o t h a t e f f e c t s of t h e s e a c t i v -
i t i e s can be s e e n i n t h e induced atmosphere. About 100
exposures p e r missfon a r e t y p i c a l l y r e q u i r e d f o r such d a t a
collection.
Manned i n t e r f a c e i n c l u d e s v a r f a t i o n of f o c u s ,
v i s u a l examination through view-finder and c e n t e r i n g of t h e
sun behind t h e d i s c s b e f o r e t a k i n g t h e sequence of p i c t u r e s .
Data Return
A l l d a t a from t h i s experiment w i l l be on f i l m .
T o t a l r e t u r n weight w i l l be approximately 5 l b s .
CORONAGRAPH CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENT
S K Y L A B EXPERIMENT '8025

DISC ASSEMBLY - ,&*:


AR PI-SOLAR
SCIENTIFIC AIRLOCK
i

ASSEMBLY
APPENDIX XI11

ATM contamination Measurements, Experiment TO27

Principal Investigator: Dr. Joseph A . Muscari


Martin-Marietta C o r p o r a t i o n

Development Center: MSFC

I n t e g r a t i o n Center: MSFC
Contractor: Martin-Marietta Corporation

Objectives

The main emphasis o f t h i s experiment i s on t h e s t u d y


of d e p o s i t i o n of c o n t a m i n a t i o n on v a r i o u s o p t i c a l s u r f a c e s
ynder c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s w i l l be done i n r e a l t i m e
w i t h t h e h e l p of Q u a r t z C r y s t a l Microbalances (QCM) and i n t e g r a t e d
d e p o s i t s w i l l be analyzed upon t h e r e t u r n of samples t o t h e ground.
A d d i t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e i s t h e p h o t o e l e c t r i c photometry and p o l a r i m e t r y
of t h e s k y a t e l o n g a t i o n s l o n g e r t h a n 15' from t h e sun t o s t u d y
t h e t o t a l b r i g h t n e s s c o n t r i b u t i o n s from t h e contaminants i l l u m i n a t e d
by t h e sun. These c o n t a m i n a n t s w i l l be s t u d i e d i n v a r i o u s wave-
l e n g t h bands u s i n g t h e photometer and f i l t e r s which w i l l h e l p
i n t h e i r possible identification. The p o l a r i z a t i o n measuremepts
w i t h t h e photometer system w i l l h e l p i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e shape o f
t h e contaminating p a r t i c l e s . I n t h e shadow r e g i o n t h e photometer
system w i l l be s h a r e d f o r z o d i a c a l l i g h t s t u d i e s . Thus TO25 and
TO27 t o g e t h e r g i v e u s s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e environment
s u r r o u n d i n g t h e S/C and on t h e r a t e s of d e p o s i t i o n o f contamina-
t i o n on t h e o p t i c a l s u r f a c e s w i t h o u t d u p l i c a t i o n .
Background

D e p o s i t i o n of c o n t a m i n a t i o n h a s been found on Gemini


and Apollo windows on many f l i g h t s , i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h s t a r
s i g h t i n g s and l u n a r s u r f a c e photography experiments; some
s o u r c e s of t h e s e d e p o s i t i o n s have been found t o be t h r u s t e r
f i r i n g s and m o l e c u l a r e v a p o r a t i o n s from t h e s e a l s around t h e
windows. A d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e of d e p o s i t s g r e a t e r t h a n s e v e r a l
C\

micrograms/cmL h a s been found on t h e OGO-6 unmanned s p a c e c r a f t .

However, t h e r e have been no d e t a i l e d p o s t - f l i g h t a n a l y s e s


of such d e p o s i t s under c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s i n which r e e n t r y and
environmental c r o s s c o n t a m i c a t i o n s c o u l d be avoided. The sample
a r r a y experiment a t t e m p t s t h i s .
Hardware
T h e t o t a l experiment wgight w i l l be about 271 l b s ,
and b o t h t h e sample a r r a y and t h e photometer w i l l be deployed
o u t s i d e t h e s p a c e c r a f t w i t h t h e h e l p of a boom. Approximately
200 samples of 1 6 d i f f e r e n t t y p e s i n c l u d i n g 2 Q C M b w i l l be
exposed from t h e s c i e n t i f i c a i r l o c k and t h e a r r a y w i l l be
exposed f o r a t o t a l of 5 days d u r i n g which t h e l e n g t h s of
h exposures of v a r i o u s groups of samples can be v a r i e d . The
samples c o n s i s t o f window m a t e r i a l s , m i r r o r s , g r a t i n g s , and
o t h e r o p t i c a l s u r f a c e s s u i t a b l e f o r v a r i o u s wavelength regions.
C a r e f u l e n g i n e e r i n g design a s s u r e s minimal c r o s s contamination
between v a r i o u s samples which can be r e t r a c t e d i n t i g h t t e f l o n
s e a l e d cells.
The QCM1s a r e simple i n p r i n c i p l e and depend upon t h e
measurement o f t h e s h i f t of t h e frequency of v i b r a t i o n of a
q u a r t z c r y s t a l when a d d i t i o n a l m a s s i s d e p o s i t e d on i t s s u r f a c e .
Measurable f r e uency s h i f t s correspond t o d e p o s i t i o n s as s m a l l
a s 10-7 gms/cmq on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e QCM. The QCM1shave
a l r e a d y been' f l i g h t q u a l i f i e d and developed f o r t h i s purpose.
9 a a a l e s h i E f m p A i f i a x i s undes cansidaxetinn which would
8impWy bu% eX#asti??eLyu t i b i z e the f u l l dynamle range s f t h e
ws~aiffvi%g a f the Pnwtxum@nto
T h e p h o t o e l e a t r i a pola~imceterphokometer has a sun
s h i e l d which a l l o w s it t o measure b r i g h t n e s s as c l o s e a s 15O
e l o n g a t i o n from t h e sun. T h i s photometer w i l l be used f o r
z o d i a c a l l i g h t s t u d i e s (S073) a l s o , The s p e c t r a l range of t h e
f i l t e r s i s 4000-8200 and it has a r o t a t i n g p o l a r i z e r which
h e l p s i n determining t h e shape of t h e p a r t i c l e s and t h e i r l i g h t
s c a t t e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s , A 16 mm camera a l s o t a k e s simuZtaneous
p i c t u r e s . The photometer system h a s a 7' f i e l d of view.
T h e weight o f assembly i n c l u d i n g t h e photometer
i s approximately 270 l b s . and t h e t o t a l volume i s 1 6 f t m 3 ,
Protocol
T h e 5-day exposure i s r e q u i r e d t o g i v e enough d a t a
p o i n t s f o r a t y p i c a l ' d a i l y 1 c y c l e of contamination around t h e
s p a c e c r a f t . An automatic programmer h a s been b u i l t t o sequen-
t i a l l y scan t h e sky f o r b o t h t h e contamination cloud b r i g h t n e s s
and f o r t h e n i g h t sky (S073) experiments, The background
b r i g h t n e s s i s t h e measure of t h e t o t a l number d e n s i t y of
s c a t t e r e r s ,along t h e l i n e of s i g h t ,
Data Return
Data xequirenents f o r photometer i n c l u d e p o i n t i n g and
s t a b i l i t y i n f o r n ~ a t i ~ n ,Main mode o f photometer and QCM d a t a i s
e l e c t r o n i c and the;sample array w i l l be r e t u r n e d i n a vacuum
c o n t a i n e r f o r p o s t s l i g h t analysis*
ATM "CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENT
SKYLAB ~ X P ~ E I M E NT' O
P 27
PHOTOMETER

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