E-01 (1st Half)

Parts of Speech
Introduction
◉ Parts A_©Ñ Ask mg~n, of A_©-Gi Ges speech A_©-evK¨| myZ ivs parts of speech n‡”Q ev‡Kï Ask m¤ú~Y|
© ev‡K¨ eënvi Abyhvqx
A_© cÖ`vbKvix wewfbœ †kÖwYi word ¸‡jv‡K parts of speech e‡j|
◉ Classification of Parts of Speech: The name of Speech in English Grammar is 8. (Bs‡iwR e¨vKi‡Y Parts of
Speech n‡”Q 8 cÖK vi)
◉ 8 cÖKvi Parts of Speech-Gi mswÿß cwiwPwZ:
01. Noun: e¨w³, ¯’vb ev e¯‘i bvg †evSvq|
†hgb: Karim, Dhaka, book BZ¨vw`|
02. Pronoun: Noun-Gi cwie‡Z© eëüZ kã †evSvq|
†hgb: He, She, it BZ¨vw`|
03. Adjective: Noun ev Pronoun-Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY eySv‡bvi Rb¨ eëüZ kã|
†hgb: good, bad, some, many BZ¨vw`|
04. Verb: †h word †Kvb KvR Kiv‡K eySvq Zv‡K verb e‡j|
†hgb: eat, walk, read BZ¨vw`|
05. Adverb: †h word †Kvb verb, adjective, adverb or sentence †K modify K‡i Zv‡K adverb e‡j|
†hgb: She is very beautiful. He walks fast. GLv‡b very Ges fast n‡”Q adverb.
06. Preposition: †h word †Kvb noun ev Pronoun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m H noun ev pronoun Gi mv‡_ ev‡Kï Ab¨vb¨ k‡ãi gv‡S
m¤úK© ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡K preposition e‡j|
†hgb: at, in, on, with, by, between BZ¨vw`|
07. Conjunction: †h word `yB word ev phrase ev clause †K wgj ev cv_©K¨ †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ mshy³ Kiv nq Zv‡K Conjunction
e‡j|
†hgb: and, or, but, nor, since BZ¨vw`|
08. Interjection: †h word g‡bi AvKw¯§K Av‡eM cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Interjection e‡j|
†hgb: Alas! I am undone. Hurrah! we have won the game. GLv‡b Alas Ges Hurrah n‡”Q Interjection.
wb‡¤œ GKwU ev‡K¨B 8 cÖKvi Parts of Speech Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

◉ Example
Hurrah! he ran swiftly to the stage and received the prize from the honorable principal
              
Interjection pronoun verb adverb prep adj noun conj verb adj noun prep adj adj noun
Dc‡ii ev‡Kï cÖ‡Z¨KwU kãB A_© cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB cÖ‡Z¨KwU GK GKwU Parts of Speech.
Noun
Basics: Noun Gi evsjv nj Ôwe‡kl¨Õ †h‡Kvb wKQzi bvgB Noun| ZvB †h Word Øviv †Kvb wKQzi bvg (‡hgb: e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, †`k BZ¨vw`)
†evSvq Zv‡K Noun e‡j| GgbwK †Kvb ¸‡Yi bvgI Noun n‡e| Example: Sohel, Jinnia, Gold, Wood, Dhaka, Mymensingh, etc.
Different Types of Noun
◉ Kinds (cÖKvi‡f`): Noun ‡K g~jZ 2 fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq: (1) Concrete Noun (Bw›`ªq MÖvn¨ we‡kl¨) I (2) Abstract Noun
(¸YevPK we‡kl¨)| Concrete Noun ‡K Avevi 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: (i) Proper, (ii) Common, (iii) Collective Ges (iv)
Material Noun| myZivs Noun me©‡gvU 5 cÖK vi|
◉ Proper Noun: ‡Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev ¯’v‡bi wbw`©ó bvg‡K Proper Noun ejv nq|
g‡b ivLyb: Proper Noun ¸‡jvi cÖ_g Aÿi Capital Letter G nq, G‡ì c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv ev G‡ì‡K Plural Kiv hvq
bv| Z‡e mvMi, gnvmvMi, DcmvMi, b`x, RvnvR, D‡ovRvnvR, msev`cÎ, weL¨vZ AÆvwjKv, ag©MÖš’ ev ce©Zgvjvi bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m|
Example: Bashar, Rahim, Rana, The Ittefaq(B‡ËdvK ), Bangladesh, Japan, Sohel, Rahim, Shamim, June BZ¨vw`|
◉ Common Noun: †h Noun †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev ¯’vb‡K bv eywS‡q GKRvZxq mKj‡K eySvq Zv‡K Common Noun e‡j|
mvaviYfv‡e mgMÖ RvwZ‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m, RvwZi GKwU m`m¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z a/an e‡m Avi K‡qKwU
m`m¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Plural nq|
g‡b ivLyb: (i) Common Noun KLbI GKv GKv Singular Form G e‡m bv| A_©vr Cow GKwU Common Noun| ev‡K¨ KLbB ïay
Cow eëüZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv; the cow/ a cow/ cows wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡e|
(ii) The + Adjective ev‡K¨ Plural Common Noun Gi KvR K‡i| Example: The rich are not always happy. (abxiv
memgq myLx bq|)
e¨wZµg: deceased I accused Gi c~‡e© the emv‡jI Zviv Plural Common Noun bv n‡q Singular Noun Gi gZ KvR K‡i|
Example: Bank (e¨vsK), Book (eB), Boy (evjK), Child (wkï), Children (‡Q‡j‡g‡q), City (bMix), College (gnvwe`¨vjq),
Doctor (Wv³vi), Envelope (Lvg), Fighter (‡hv×v), Girl (evwjKv), Harbour (‡cvZvkªq), Infant (wkï), Island (AvBj¨vÛ-Øxc),
Man, (gvbyl), Month (gvm), Pirate (cvB‡iU-Rj`my¨), Pupils (QvÎe„›`),Ring (AvswU), River (b`x), Sailor (bvweK ), Soldier
(‡mŠjRvi-‰mwbK)
Proper Noun Mashrafe Sakib

Common Noun Cricketer
Proper Noun Ges Common Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

Proper Noun Common Noun
Proper Noun Øviv GKwU wbw`©ó bvg eySvq Ges Common Noun Øviv wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv bvg eySvq bv| GKRvZxq
me©`vB Capital Letter Øviv ïiæ nq| mKj‡K †evSvq e‡j G‡K class noun e‡j|
Dhaka, Rajshahi, Khulna, Chattagram City Giv msL¨vq G‡Ki AwaK nq Ges G‡ì MYbv
The Padma, The Jamuna, The Meghna River Kiv nq|
 Plural Common Noun: †Kv‡bv noun G‡Ki AwaK n‡jB Zv‡K Plural Common Noun e‡j| Avevi, Adjective Gi mv‡_ s
hy³ n‡q plural common noun nq bv wKš‘ The + adjective †Kv‡bv we‡kl †kÖwYi mKj‡K †evSvq e‡j G‡K Plural Common
Noun e‡j Ges Gi cieZ©x verb wU plural nq| †hgbÑ The poor, The rich, The wise.
The wise do not talk much. Ávbxiv †ewk K_v e‡jb bv| [e¨wZµg: The deceased- g„Z e¨w³]
The poor live from hand to mouth. Mix‡eiv w`b Av‡b w`b Lvq| [e¨wZµg: The accused- Avmvwg]
◉ Collective Noun: ‡h mKj Noun ‡Kvb mgRvZxq wKQz e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYxi mgwó‡K †evSvq Zv‡ì‡K Collective Noun e‡j|
A_©vr Ggb wKQz Noun Av‡Q †h¸‡jv ïb‡jB Avgiv eywS Zvi wfZ‡i m`m¨ Av‡Q Kgc‡ÿ `yB ev `yB Gi †ekx; GB m`mïv Common
Noun Avi G‡ì mgwóMZ bvgB Collective Noun e‡j| Example: Family kãwU ïb‡jB Avgiv eywS Gi m`m¨ Kgc‡ÿ `yB -
GKRb Man Avi GKRb Woman| GB `ywU Common Noun n‡jI Zv‡ì mgwóMZ bvg Family (cwievi) GKwU Collective
Noun| GiKg Av‡iv wKQz Collective Noun jÿ¨ Kwi:
Army (‡mbvevwnbx) Audience (†kªvZvgÛjx) Cattle (Mevw` cïi cvj) Crowd (RbZvi wfo) Class (‡kªwY)
Clergy (hvRKgÛjx) Committee (mwgwZ) Crew (µz-bvweK `j) Flock (SuvK) Fleet (‡bŠ-eni)
 Noun of multitude: Collective noun Gi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ wefvRb m„wó n‡j Zv‡ì‡K GKKfv‡e bv eywS‡q cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Avjv`vfv‡e
eySvq Ges GB wefvwRZ mgwó‡K Noun of multitude e‡j|
Collective noun n‡”Q Awef³ mgwó Ges Gi verb I pronoun `y‡UvB singular n‡q _v‡K|
e.g. The jury is unanimous in its decision. (wePviKgÛjx wm×v‡šÍi e¨vcv‡i GKgZ|)
wKš‘ Noun of multitude Gi verb Ges pronoun `y‡UvB plural n‡q _v‡K|
e.g. The jury were divided in their opinions. (wePviKgÛjx wfbœ wfbœ gZ w`‡q‡Qb|)
Common Noun Ges Collective Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

Common Noun Collective Noun
 Common noun Øviv †Kv‡b GKwU †kÖwYi mvaviY bvg wb‡`©k K‡i|  Collective noun Øviv Common noun Gi mgwó wb‡`©k K‡i|
 Common noun Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ n‡q plural common  Collective noun Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ n‡q KL‡bvB plural nq
noun nq| Avevi The + adjective AvKv‡iI plural common bv| Z‡e collective noun Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ n‡j Zv common
noun nq| noun nq|
 Book: eB Gi mvaviY bvg  Library: eB‡qi mgwó
 Player: †L‡jvqvo‡ì mvaviY bvg  Team: KwZcq †L‡jvqvo‡ì mgwói bvg
 Sheep: †fovi mvaviY bvg  Flock: KwZcq †fovi mgwó
◉ Material Noun: †h mKj Noun Øviv †Kvb c`v‡_©i c„w_ex‡Z we`¨gvb m¤ú~Y© Aw¯ÍZ‡¡ K AwefvR¨fv‡e †evSvq Ges hv‡ì‡K msL¨v Øviv
MYbv Kiv hvq bv wKš‘ GKK Øviv cwigvc Kiv hvq Zv‡ì‡K Material Noun e‡j| Material Noun Gi Aci bvg Mass Noun|
Example: Diamond, Iron, Gold, Water, Oil, Rice, Paper, Milk, Salt, Brick BZ¨vw`| †h Material ev Dcv`vb Øviv †Kvb
wRwbm MwVZ nq H Dcv`vbwU Material Noun n‡e| Material Noun ‡_‡K Drcbœ e¯‘‡Z D³ Material AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j Ges
Drcbœ e¯‘wU MYbv Kiv †M‡j Zv Common Noun n‡e| ‡hgb: This table is made of wood. [j¶Yxq, wood ‡_‡K table ‰Zix
nIqvi ciI G‡Z wood AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K ZvB wood n‡”Q Material Noun wKš‘ Table GKwU Common Noun. wKš‘ hw` The
paper is made from wood. ejv nq ZLb Drcbœ e¯‘ I Dcv`vb wfbœ nIqvq DfqB Material Noun n‡e|]
Example: Water (cvwb), Wood (KvV), Paper (KvMR), Steel (B¯úvZ ), Milk (`ya), Salt (jeY), Iron(‡jŠn)
Common Noun I Material Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

Common Noun Material Noun
 Common noun Øviv eySvq Material noun †_‡K Drcbœ  Material noun Øviv Common noun Gi Dcv`vb eySvq hv
wRwb‡mi bvg hv MYbv Kiv hvq| AMYbv‡hvM¨ Ges cwigvYevPK|
 Ring, Necklace: Gold, Diamond, Silver †_‡K Drcbœ  Gold, Diamond, Silver: mvaviY c`v‡_©i bvg ev †Kv‡bv
wRwb‡mi bvg hv MYbv Kiv hvq| wRwb‡mi Dcv`v‡bi bvg hv MYbv Kiv hvq bv|
 Book, Envelope (Lvg): Paper †_‡K Drcbœ  Paper : eB ˆZixi Dcv`vb
 River: b`xi mvaviY bvg  Water: b`xi Dcv`vb
 Sheep: †fov MYbv Kiv hvq  Mutton (†fovi gvsm): Sheep Gi Dcv`vb
◉ Abstract Noun: †h mKj Noun Øviv †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v I Kv‡Ri bvg †evSvq, Zv‡ì‡K Abstract Noun e‡j Ges †k‡l mvaviYZ
-ce, -cy, -th, -ty, -ness, -ment, -hood, -tion, -sion, -ship, -dom, -ry _v‡K|
Example: Agency (G‡RwÝ-cÖwZwbwaZ¡), Childhood (PvBìûW-‰kke), Death (g„Zz¨), Friendship (eÜzZ¡), Height (nvBU-D”PZv),
Honesty (mZZv), Humility (webq,bgªZv), Kindness (`qv), Length (‰`N©¨), Manhood (cyiælZ¡), Poverty (`wi`ªZv), Roguery
(‡iŠMvwi-e`gv‡qkx, `yózgx), Studentship (QvÎZ¡), Truth (mZ¨Zv), Unity (GKZv), Victory (weRq), Youth (Bqy_-‡hŠeb)
Formation of Abstract Nouns

Adjective, Verb Ges Common Noun MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| (wb‡¤œ †`Lyb)
Adjective Abstract Adjective Abstract Adjective Abstract
Cruel cruelty Long length Proud pride
Honest honesty Broad breadth Hot heat
Humble humility Deep depth Wise wisdom
Sleepy sleepiness True truth Brave (†eªBf) bravery (†eªB‡fwi)
Common Abstract Common Abstract Common Abstract

Boy boyhood Agent agency Friend friendship
Child childhood Infant infancy Owner ownership
Man manhood Regent regency King kingship
Mother motherhood Bankrupt bankruptcy Author authorship
Verb Abstract Verb Abstract Verb Abstract

Defend defence Please pleasure Starve starvation
Hate hatred Judge judgement Act action
Choose choice Protect protection Know knowledge
wb‡¤œv³ kã¸‡jvi Verb Ges Abstract noun GKB form n‡q _v‡K|
Love, Desire, Hope, Fear, Step, Touch, Regret, Taste, Walk, Run, Cry, Sob, Stay, Stop, Order, Rise, Fall, Ride,
Work BZ¨vw` (Ges Laugh, Move)|
Position of Noun
◉ ev‡K¨ cÖwZwU Parts of Speech Gi Position wbw`©ó| A_©vr †Kvb& Parts of Speech wU †Kv_vq em‡e Zv mywbw`©ó| ev‡K¨ Noun Gi
wewfbœ Ae¯’vb ¸wj avivevwnK fv‡e ‡Ìqv nj|
◉ Rule-01: Subject Ges Object wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m| A_©vr ev‡Kï Subject I Object Aek¨B Noun n‡e|
 Communism is considered as the best form of Government in developing countries.
 One of the female students tried her best to acquire confidence.
◉ Rule-02: Gerund / Infinitive / Participle Gi Object wn‡m‡e G‡ì c‡i Noun e‡m| ‡h‡nZz Gerund, Infinitive ev Participle
Verb GiB Form (Non-finite Form) ZvB G‡ì Object wn‡m‡e G‡ì c‡i Noun em‡e|
 Developing strategy needs a lot of knowledge of the environment.
 To mean symbol we mean something accepted by all.
◉ Rule-03: Preposition Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun|

wKš‘ GKvwaK Word _vK‡j:
 Pre. + Article/Adj. + N.  Pre. + Article + Adj. + N.
 Pre. + Article + Adv. + Adj. + N.
 She had no faith in imagination

 I'm afraid of cruelty in a battlefield.
◉ Rule-04: Article Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun|

wKš‘ GKvwaK Word _vK‡j:
 Article + Adj. + N.  Article + Adv. + Adj. + N.
 At last, she presented an argument to refute my claim in love.

 You should find out the rationality behind such a massacre in Savar.
◉ Rule-05: Adjective Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun| A_©vr Adjective I Preposotion/ Verb/
Adverb/ Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwU Word _vK‡j †mwU Noun|
 I rebuked her for such a bad behavior.
 He was arrested for his affiliation with MAFIA.
◉ Rule-06: The......of Gi gv‡S GKwU Word n‡j Aek¨B Noun|

wKš‘ GKvwaK Word n‡j:
 Adj. + N.  Adv. + Adj. + N.
 The beauty of Marlene Monroe charmed all.
 The kindness of Mohsin will be remembered for ever.
Rule-07: Demonstrative Adjective Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Noun e‡m| A_©vr Demonstrative Ges Preposition ev Verb ev
Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwUgvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B Noun n‡e|
 I left my bag in this morning.
◉ Rule-08: Possessive Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Noun e‡m|

 This is my pen.
 He fulfilled my needs.
◉ Rule-09: Article Ges verb/Adverb/Preposition/Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwUgvÎ word _vK‡j †mwU Noun|
 The plot was a round of conflict.
 This is the go of life.
Countable Vs. Uncountable Noun
◉ Countable Noun: Countable Noun/ Count Noun nj H mKj Noun hv‡ì MYbv Kiv hvq| Count (MYbv) +
able(mÿg/‡hvM¨) = Countable (MYbvi †hvM¨)| Countable Noun ¸wji Singular (GKePb) I Plural Form (eûePb) Av‡Q|
Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© msL¨vevPK kã †hgb: One, two, three, four,.... BZ¨vw` e‡m wKš‘ Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m bv|
Example: Book, Boy, Foe (kÎæ), Pen, Star, Student nj Countable Noun|
wKQz wKQz Countable Noun Gi Plural Form e¨wZµg nq (A_©vr s/es ‡hv‡M nq bv) | G¸wj m¤ú‡K© mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡P GKwU †QvU
ZvwjKv †Ìqv nj|
person-people child-children tooth-teeth foot-feet mouse-mice man-men
woman-women Human-Humans
Incorrect : We have twenty dollar left.

Correct : We have twenty dollars left.
Explanation: twenty eûePb evPK msL¨v| ZvB dollar bv n‡q dollars n‡e| Avi mKj g~`ªv Countable noun ZvB Plural n‡e|
ïay gvÎ taka, paisa -i Plural G s/es hy³ nq bv|
◉ Uncountable Noun: Uncountable Noun nj H mKj Noun hv‡ì MYbv Kiv hvq bv| G‡ì †Kvb Plural Form ‡bB| ïay
Singular Form Av‡Q ZvB G‡ì c‡i Singular Verb em‡e| G‡ì c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
Uncountable Noun Verb (Singular) Ext.
Friendship is important
◉ Note: Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© KLbB the emv‡bv hv‡e bv| Uncountable Noun Gi c‡i Aek¨B Singular Verb em‡e|
wb‡Pi ZvwjKvwU‡Z wKQz Uncountable Noun ‡Ìqv Av‡Q †h¸wj cixÿvi Rb¨ Aek¨B Rvbv DwPZ|
sand soap physics mathematics homework politics traffic Corn
news mumps air money measles information work Furniture
◉ Count and Non-count Nouns with Similar Meaning: LyeB KvQvKvwQ A_©‡evaK wKQz Word Av‡Q hv‡ì †KD Countable
Avevi †KD Uncountable nq| GB Word ¸wj fvjfv‡e ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ¨ Kwi:
Countable noun Non-countable noun
a climate / climates Weather
a laugh/ laughs Laughter
a human being / human beings Humanity
a job / jobs Work
Incorrect : California has a good weather.
Correct : California has good weather.
or
California has a good climate.
◉ Non-count Nouns that are Count Nouns in Other Languages: Bs‡iwR‡Z wKQz wKQz Uncountable Noun Av‡Q hviv
Ab¨ fvlvq Countable wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| myZ ivs A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB G ai‡bi Word ¸‡jv Avgv‡ì Rb¨ mgm¨v m„wó K‡i| Gai‡bi mgm¨v
m„wóKvix wKQz Word wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq †Ìqv nj:
advice homework money poetry anger ignorance music poverty fun leisure
courage information news progress damage knowledge patience equipment luck permission
Incorrect : Do you have an information about it?
Correct : Do you have information about it?
◉ Determiners used only with count or non-count nouns: wKQz wKQz Determiner Av‡Q †h¸‡jv ïay Countable A_ev ïay
Uncountable Gi c~‡e© e‡m|
◉ Countable Gi c~‡e©: Few, a few, the few, only a few, very few, many, several ïaygvÎ Countable Noun Gi Av‡M
e‡m Ges Countable Noun wU Plural Form G nq| Example: They have many books. I have a few books. I have
few friends here.
◉ Uncountable Gi c~‡e©: Much, Little, a little, the little, only a little, less ïaygvÎ Uncountable Gi c~‡e© e‡m|
Example: There is much water in the pond.There is a little water in the pot.
◉ Df‡qi c~‡e©: Some, most, rest, all, more, majority, minority, a lot of Df‡qic~‡e© em‡Z cv‡i| Giv Countable Noun Gi
c~‡e© em‡j H Countable Noun wU Aek¨B Plural n‡e| Uncountable G wKš‘ Giƒc nq bv|
Example: More water is needed. More people are needed.
So you have to remember
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns (Always Singular)
A/An/This/That/Some/Any/No/Every/Another/Neither/Ei Little, A Little, Less, The least/
ther +Singular Much/More/Most/ Most of the/
Few/A few/Fewer/ The fewest/ A lot of/Lots of/Plenty of/An amount of/
Many/More/Most/Most of the / The/ No Article/ This/That/Some/
A lot of/Lots of/Plenty of/ A number of Any/ No/Other/The other/ Enough/
/These/Those/Other/Enough/Both/ None of the/ All/All the+Sigular
None of the/All/All the + Plural N.B.:Uncountable Gi mv‡_ memgq Singular Number
No Article/The other+Singular or Plural e‡m|
◉ Singular and Plural Expressions of Non-count Nouns: Uncountable ‡K Singular ev Plural Gi A‡_© cÖKvk Kivi
Rb¨ we‡kl wKQz Expression eëüZ nq|
a piece of advice a piece of bread a piece of equipment a piece of furniture
a piece of information a piece of jewellery a piece of luggage a piece of mail
a Singular of noun (noncount)
A folk song is a piece of popular music.
number Plural of noun (noncount)
I ordered twelve bars of soap.
Incorrect : Each furniture in this display is on sale for half price.
Correct : Each piece of furniture in this display is on sale for half price.
◉ Noncount Nouns with Qualifying Phrases-The: mKj –ing Form nj Uncountable Noun ZvB G‡ì c~‡e© KLbB the
em‡e bv| G‡ì c~‡e© ZLbB the em‡e hw` G‡ì c‡i †Kvb Qualifying Phrase (....of + Noun....) _v‡K| GB wbqgwU ïay –ing
Form Gi Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨ bq eis mKj Uncountable Noun Gi RbÏ cÖ‡hvR¨|
Qualifying Phrase
The Count Noun/ -ing/Non-count Noun
of + Noun
The reading of technical material requires knowledge of technical terms
The art of the Middle Ages is on display.
‡Kvb –ing A_ev †Kvb Count ev Non-count Noun Gi c‡i of + Noun _vK‡j Aek¨B H Noun ev –ing Gi c~‡e© The emv‡Z n‡e|
◉ Infinitive Or ing Subject: GKwU Infinitive (to + VB / to + Verb Word) A_ev –ing Form Sentence ev Clause Gi
Subject n‡Z cv‡i|
S (infinitive) V
To read a foreign language is even more difficult.
S(-ing) V
Reading quickly and well requires practice.
➥ Meaning ‘All’: Uncountable Noun ev Plural Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article bv w`‡j Zv me¸‡jv‡K (All) wb‡`©k K‡i|
All / Ø Noun (non-count) Verb(Singular)
All art
is interesting.
Art
All / Ø Noun (non-count) Verb(Plural)

All trees
prevent erosion.
Trees
Uncountable Noun ev Plural Countable Noun Gi †ÿ‡Î mKj‡K GK‡Î eySv‡Z The eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
◉ ‘No’ Meaning ‘Not Any’: No Gi A_© nj GKwUI bq, GwU Singular/ Plural Ges Countable ev Uncountable Noun Gi
c~‡e© em‡Z cv‡i|
No Noun (Count. Singular)/Noun (Count Plural) Verb (Singular)/Verb (Plural)
No tree grows above the tree line.
No trees grow above the tree line.
No Noun (Noncount. Singular) Verb (Singular)

No art is on display today
◉ ‘One of the’ and ‘Some of the’: One of e‡m GKwU Group Gi GKwU m`m¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Avi Some of the e‡m Group
Gi KwZcq m`m¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z|
One of the Noun (Count Plural) Verb (Singular)

One of the trees is dead.
Some of the Noun (Count Plural) Verb (Plural)

Some of the trees are dead.
Some of the Noun (Noncount) Verb (Singular)

Some of the art is in the museum.
◉ ‘Much’ and ‘Many’ : Much I Many Gi A_© GKB| Giv ev‡K¨ ÔcÖPziÕ ev ÔA‡bKÕ A_©cÖKvk K‡i| ïaygvÎ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Many
e‡m Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© Avi Much e‡m Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e©|
Many Noun (Count-Plural)
There are many television programs for children on Saturday
much Noun (Noncount)

We don’t have much information
◉ ‘A little’ and ‘little’; ‘A few’ and ‘Few’: Little I Few Gi A_© Not a lot A_©vr Negative Meaning (bv †evaK A_©)|
wKš‘ a little I a few Gi A_© some A_©vr Affirmative Meaning (n¨v †evaK A_©)| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Few/ A few e‡m
Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© Avi Little/ A little e‡m Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e©|
a little/little Noun (Noncount)
We have a little/little time.
a few/few Noun (Count-Plural)

We made a few/few mistakes.
Only _vK‡j Aek¨B a few w`‡Z n‡e †Kvb g‡ZB ïay Few ‡Ìqv hv‡e bv|
Only a few Noun (Count-Plural)
Only a few dollars have been budgeted for supplies.
Only _vK‡j Aek¨B a little w`‡Z n‡e †Kvb g‡ZB ïay little ‡Ìqv hv‡e bv|
Only a little Nou (Noncount)
We have only a little homework for Monday
◉ ‘A large (Small) number of’ and ‘A large (Small) amount of’ : A large (Small) number of I A large (Small)
amount of Gi A_© GKB| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, A large (Small) number of e‡m Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© Avi A large (Small)
amount of e‡m Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e©|
large Noun (Count-Plural)
A
small
number of
A large number of students from other countries attend State University.
large Noun (Noncount)

A small amount of
A large amount of rain is expected tomorrow.
◉ ‘Almost all of the’ and ‘Most of the’: Almost all of the I Most of the Gi A_© all except a few| wKš‘, Almost all of
the Gi g‡a¨ †ekx msL¨K AšÍf³
©~ _v‡K| g‡b ivLyb, Almost Gi c‡i all/ all of the w`‡Z n‡e Ges Most of Gi c‡i Aek¨B the n‡e|
Almost all (of the)
Noun (Count-Plural) Verb Plural
Most of the
Almost all (of the) trees in our yard are oaks.
Most (of the) trees are
Almost all (of the)

Noun (Noncount) Verb Singular
Most of the
Almost all (of the) expensive.
art by R.C. Gorman is
Most (of the)
◉ Classifications- Kind, Sort & Type: Kind, Sort Ges Type cÖK vi‡f` cÖK vk K‡i| GB kã wZbwU Countable| Giv
Countable n‡jI cÖKvi cÖKv‡k Giv Countable ev Uncountable Df‡qi mv‡_B em‡Z cv‡i|
kinds Plural count noun
Plural number + + of +
types Uncountable noun
Dr. Masud gives several + types + of homework.
We saw several + kinds + of birds.
kind Singular count noun

Singular number + + of +
type Uncountable noun
One + type + of homework is a lab report.
One + kind + of show is news.
➥ Hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillion, dozen, pair G¸‡jvi c~‡e© hLb msL¨v evPK kã (a, an, one, two,
three.....BZ¨vw`) _v‡K ZLb G‡ì mv‡_ KLbB s/es nq bv| hw` AmsL¨ eySvq A_©vr nvRvi nvRvi/ jvL jvL BZ¨vw` †m‡ÿ‡Î s hy³ n‡Z
cv‡i| A_©vr
 msL¨vevPK kã + Hundred / million / billion Gi Sing. form +Noun(Pl.)

 Hundreds / millions / billions Gi Plural form + of + Noun(Pl.)
Incorrect : Fifty thousands people were present.

Correct : Fifty thousand people were present.
Incorrect : Thousand of people were present.
Correct : Thousands of people were present.
Pronoun
◉ Basics: Sentence G Noun Gi cwie‡Z© †h Word eëüZ nq Zv‡K Pronoun e‡j| (A pronoun is a word used in a
sentence in the place of a noun)| Pronoun Gi Aci bvg Substituting Word| Pronoun Gi c~‡e© KLbI Article e‡m bv
Example: Sumon is a good boy. Sumon goes to school regularly. Sumon plays in the afternoon. Dc‡ii evK¨ Mywj
jÿ¨ Kwi| ci ci evK¨ Mywj†Z Sumon bvgwU evi evi Avmvq ev‡Kï kÖæwZgvayh© bó n‡q‡Q| ev‡Kï kÖæwZgvayh© iÿv‡_© cieZx© evK¨ ¸wj‡Z
Sumon bvgwUi cwie‡Z© Avgiv He kãwU eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi|
Sumon is a good boy. He goes to school regularly. He plays in the afternoon.
†h‡n‡Zz He kãwU Sumon bvgwUi cwie‡Z© e‡m‡Q ZvB He GKwU Pronoun. Giƒc Av‡iv Pronoun Av‡Q †hgb: she, we, I, you, our,
yours, her, they BZ¨vw`|
◉ Kinds: Pronoun me©‡gvU AvU (08) cÖKvi:
Types Of Pronoun Example
1. Personal pronoun : I, me, my, mine, we,us, ur, ours, he, him, his, she, her, hers,
(including possessive) they, them, their, theris etc.
2. Interrogative pronoun : what, which, who, whom, whose etc.
3. Distributive pronoun : each, either, neither etc.
4. Demonstrative pronoun : this, these, that, those, it, so, such, the same etc.
5. Relative pronoun : what, which, who, whom, whose, that, as, whoever,
whatever, whichever etc.
6. Reciprocal pronoun : each other, one another etc.
7. Reflexive pronoun and : myself, ourselves, ourself, yourselves, himself, herself,
Emphatic pronoun themselves etc. (noun/pronoun Gi c‡i em‡jB Giv Emphatic)
8. Indefinite Pronoun : one, any, some, many, all, none, no one, everyone,
someone, nobody, anybody, somebody etc.
◉ Personal Pronoun: Personal Pronoun Gi KZK¸wj Form Av‡Q hviv English Grammar G Case(KviK) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Subjective Objective Possessive form Reflexive
Person
Pronoun Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Pronoun
st I me My mine myself
1 Parson
We us Our ours ourselves
You you /thee / thou your / thine yours yourself/yourselves
2nd Parson
It it Its its itself
He him His his himself
She her Her hers herself
3rd Parson They them their theirs themselves
One one one's
who whom whose
SPECIAL CHART 1
.........................Avgv‡ì we‡kl fv‡e g‡b
ivLyb...........................
He’s : He is / He has
His : He Gi Possessive Form|
cÖvqB weåvwšÍ m„wó K‡i Ggb wKQz Form GLv‡b
Who’s : Who is / Who has
‡Ìqv nj| mwVK DËi wbY©‡q Aek¨B mwVKwU
Whose : Who Gi Possessive Form|
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
They’re : They are
Their : They Gi Possessive Form|
It’s : It is / It has
Its : It Gi Possessive Form|
◉ Rule 01: Subject wn‡m‡e Pronoun Gi Subjective Case e‡m| ‡Kvb GKwU Sentence Gi Subject hw` †Kvb Pronoun nq
Aek¨B Zv Subjective Case G n‡e| Subject mvaviYZ Verb Gi Av‡M _v‡K|
Pronoun(Sub.) V
If the weather is good Ellen and I will go to the beach
◉ Rule 02: Be Verb Gi c‡i Aek¨B Pronoun Gi Subjective Form n‡e| Be Verb: be, am, is, are, was, were, been Gi
c‡i hw` †Kvb Pronoun e‡m Z‡e Zv wbwðZfv‡eB GKwU Subjective Pronoun n‡e|
It Be Pronoun (Sub.)
It is he whom the committee has named.
◉ Rule 03: Object wn‡m‡e Pronoun Gi Objective Case e‡m| ‡Kvb Pronoun hw` Sentence ev Clause G Verb Gi Object
wn‡m‡e e‡m (A_©vr H Verb wU‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖ‡kœi DËi nq †Kvb Pronoun, hv Aek¨B VerbGi c‡i e‡m) ZLb H Pronoun wUi
Objective Form em‡e|
S V Pronoun(Obj.)
They asked us, Jane and me whether we were satisfied.
GB evK¨wU †_‡K mn‡RB eySv hv‡”Q †h, Kv‡K ask (wRÁvmv) Kiv n‡qwQj? DËi nj: ÒAvgv‡ì‡K, †Rwb‡K Ges Avgv‡K,Ó| myZivs GB
AskUzKz Object| Avi ZvB Objective Form n‡e|
jÿ¨ Kiæb: You I It Gi Subjective I Objective Form GKB, evKx ¸wji Subjective I Objective Form wfbœ|
Let Pronoun(Obj.) V
Let us (you and me) try to reach an agreement.
Let Gi c‡i Subjective Pronoun eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Let Gi c‡i Objective Pronoun eënvi Kiæb|
◉ Rule 04: hw` Preposition Gi c‡i †Kvb Pronoun e‡m Zv Aek¨B Objective Form G n‡e|
Pre. Pronoun(Obj.)
I would be glad to take a message for her.
wb‡Pi Preposition ¸‡jv Objective Pronoun Gi c~‡e© †ekx †ekx eëüZ nq|
among of between to
for with from
Preposition Gi c‡i Subjective Pronoun eënvi bv K‡i Objective Pronoun eënvi Kiæb|
Special Note: But Gi A_© hw` ÒQvovÓ/ Òe¨wZZÓnq ZLb Zv Preposition Gi KvR K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î, But Gi c‡i Objective
Pronoun e‡m| ïaygvÎ None but Gi c‡i Subjective Pronoun e‡m (GLv‡b hwÌ but Gi A_© Qvov|)| †hgb: He took
everything but me. [‡m mewKQz wb‡q ‡Mj Avgv‡K Qvov] wKš‘ None but he can do this. [‡m Qvov †KD GUv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|]
◉ Rule 05: Possessive Adjectives Avi Possessive Pronoun wKš‘ GK bv| ‡Kvb Noun Gi cwie‡Z© bv e‡m Possessive
Adjective ¸‡jv we‡kwlZ (Modify) K‡i (Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m)| Possessive Pronoun- Noun ‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i| mKj
Possessive Form gvwjKvbv cÖKvk K‡i|
gvwjKvbv eySv‡Z Noun Gi c~‡e© Pronoun Gi Possessive Adjective Form e‡m|
‡h‡nZz,Ving- Noun Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB Ving Gi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective Form e‡m|
It’s Avi its wKš‘ GK bv| It’s gv‡b nj It is/ It has| It Gi Possessive nj Its| Possessive wn‡m‡e KLbB It’s eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
S Verb Phrase/ Verb Possessive -ing form /Noun
We can count on her helping us.
He regretted their misunderstanding him
Verb Ges VingGi gv‡S Subject Ges Object Pronoun eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
◉ Rule 06: kix‡ii A½ cÖZ¨‡½i bv‡gi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective e‡m|
g‡b ivLyb, Possessive Adjective ¸‡jv H mg¯Í Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m hviv kix‡ii A½ cÖZ¨½ wb‡`©k K‡i|
Possessive Noun (Part of body)
He hurt his arm.
kix‡ii A½ cÖZ¨‡½i bv‡gi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective Gi cwie‡Z© the/a/one eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
◉ Possessive Pronouns/ Double Possessive: Gai‡bi Pronoun ‡Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m bv| Giv Pronoun Ges Noun Gi
cybive„wË †iva Ki‡Z e‡m| ev‡Kï cÖvmw½KZv we‡ePbv K‡i Noun wU eySv hvq Ges GB Noun wUi cybive„wË nq bv| wb‡Pi Pronoun
¸‡jv co–b:
mine =my + noun; my book
yours = your+ noun; your pen
hers = her + noun; her dress
➥ Noun Gi cybive„wË †iva Ki‡Z Possessive Pronouns ev Double Possessive e‡m| G‡ì c‡i KLbB Noun e‡mbv|
◉ Rule 07: hLb Subject-Object GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i ZLb Objective Form Gi RvqMvq Reflexive Form e‡m|
g‡b ivL‡eb, hLb †Kvb ev‡Kï Subject Ges Object GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i ZLb Reflexive Pronouns eënvi Kiv hvq|
Reflexive Pronun ¸‡jv †Kvb Sentence/ Clause Gi Verb Gi c‡i Object Gi ¯’v‡b A_ev Preposition Gi c‡i eëüZ nq|
hisself Avi theirselves memgqB fzj|
Subject Verb Pronoun(Reflexive)

Some language learners can correct themselves.
Reflexive Pronoun Gi cwie‡Z© Objective/ Possessive Pronouns eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
◉ Rule 08: KZK ¸wj Word Av‡Q [†hgb: avail (my‡hvM Kv‡R jvMv‡bv), exert (cÖ‡qvM Kiv, cÖ`k©b Kiv), absent (Abycw¯’Z _vKv),
enjoy (Dc‡fvM Kiv), pride (Me© Kiv), plume (cvjK gm„Y Kiv),resign (c`Z¨vM Kiv) BZ¨vw`] hv‡ì c‡i †Kvb Pronoun n‡j Zv
Aek¨B Reflexive nq|
Avevi KZK ¸wj Word Gi c‡i (†hgb: feel, keep, worry BZ¨vw`) KLbB Reflexive Form nq bv| Example:
Incorrect : They availed them of the train.
Correct : They availed themselves of the train.
◉ Rule 09: ev‡K¨ hLb †Rvi w`‡q wKQz ejv nq ZLb Suject Gi c‡iB Reflexive Form e‡m| wb‡R wb‡R/ wb‡Ri †P‡q eySv‡j ev‡Kï
†k‡l Reflexive Form e‡m|
◉ Sequence of Different Persons in Sentence: GKwU Sentence G wfbœ wfbœ Person and/or Øviv hy³ _vK‡j 231 wbqg
cÖ‡hvR¨| GLv‡b 2=2nd Person, 3= 3 rd Person, 1=1 st Person wKš‘ ¯^xKv‡ivw³ g~jK ev‡K¨ 123 wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨| G wel‡q GKUz
weZK© Av‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb ‡jLK †`vl¯^xKvi Kiv eySv‡Z 132 aviv Abymi‡Yi cÿcvZx Avevi mvaviY Kv‡Ri eY©bvq 321 eënv‡ii
cÿcvZx| Z‡e 123 I 231 wbqgwUB eûj eëüZ|
Example:
You, he and I are invited.[Zywg, †m Ges Avwg Avgwš¿Z|]- mvaviY Kv‡Ri eY©bvq|
I, you and he are guilty [Avwg, Zzwg Ges †m †`vlx| ]- †`vl ¯^xKvi-G|
◉ Demonstrative Pronoun : ‡h mKj Pronoun eZ©gvb, AZxZ ev fwel¨‡Zi ‡Kvb Noun wKsev wbKUeZ©x ev `~ieZ©x †Kvb Noun
†K we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k Ki‡Z e‡m Zv‡ì Demonstrative Pronoun e‡j| †hgb: This, These, That, Those, It, so, such, the
same etc.| G‡ì c‡iB Noun em‡j Giv ZLb Demonstrative Adjective n‡q hvq|
◉ Indefinite Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun ‡Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq| †hgb: One, none, no one, any, anyone,
anybody, some, someone, somebody, everyone, everyboy, another, others, most, everything, something,
nothing, many, all, few, little, much, many, more BZ¨vw`|
◉ Interrogative Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun Øviv cÖkœ Kiv nq Zviv nj Interrogative Pronoun| †hgb: Who, Whom,
Whose, Which, What BZ¨vw`|
◉ Distributive Pronoun: ‡h mKj pronoun GKRvZxq GKvwaK noun Gi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡ì‡K
Distributive Pronoun e‡j| †hgb: each, either, neither etc. Each Øviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K, None gv‡b GKwUI bv, Either Øviv `yB‡qi
†h‡Kvb GKwU Ges Neither Øviv `yB‡qi †KvbwUB bq eySv‡bv nq|
◉ Reciprocal Pronoun: Reciprocal Pronoun cvi®úwiK wµqv cÖwZwµqv cÖKvk K‡i| Plural Subject cvi¯úwiKfv‡e †Kvb KvR
m¤úv`b Ki‡j ZLb Each other ev One another eëüZ nq hv Reciprocal Pronoun|
➥ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, `yB‡qi g‡a¨ wµqv-cÖwZwµqv eySv‡j each other, `yB‡qi †ekxi g‡a¨ eySv‡j one another e‡m|
➥ Special Note: hw` `yB R‡bi K_v mivmwi D‡jøL bv _v‡K/ `yBRb ‡evSv bv hvq Z‡e one another w`‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Option G one
another D‡jøL bv _vK‡j each other-I †Ìqv hv‡e|
S V Pronoun (Reciprocal)
My sister and I visit each other about once a week.
◉ Relative Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun `ywU Sentence/Clause Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡ì Relative Pronoun ejv nq|
Giv Complex Sentence G e‡m| Example: Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, that BZ¨vw`|
◉ Rule 10: Relative Pronun ¸wj Zv‡ì wbR¯^ A_© Abyhvqx e‡m| ev‡K¨ cÖwZwU Relative Pronoun Gi RvqMv wbw`ó; A_©vr †KD
e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z e‡m, †KD e¯‘‡K| ZvB Relative Pronoun Gi cÖ_g K_v nj: evK¨ c‡o eyS‡Z n‡e wK A_© w`‡”Q Ges ‡mB
Abyhvqx eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|
wK eySvq? Relative Pronoun Meaning wK eySvq?
Who/ Whoever ‡K/ †h ev hviv/Kviv ??
e¨w³ Whom/ Whomever Kv‡K/ hv‡K ev hv‡ì‡K ¯’vb
Whose Kvi/ hvi ev hv‡ì mgq
e¯‘ Which ‡KvbwU/ †hwU; ‡KvbwU‡Z/ †hwU‡Z KviY
welq What wK/ hv Dcvq
That ‡h
➥ Special Note: g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e hLb Relative Pronoun ¸‡jv eënvi nq ZLb evK¨wU Complex nq| Complex Sentence G
Kgc‡ÿ `ywU Finite Verb _v‡K| `ywU Verb bv cvIqv †M‡j evK¨wU fzj nq| we¯ÍvwiZ Clause As‡k Av‡jvwPZ n‡e|
➥ GB Rule wUi g~j K_v nj: Relative Pronoun-wU wK eySv‡”Q †mwU ey‡S DËi Ki‡Z n‡e|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, e¨w³ eySv‡Z Who Avi e¯‘ eySv‡Z Which n‡e|
someone who
She is the secretary who works in the international office.
something which
This is the new typewriter which you ordered.
◉ Rule 11: e¨w³ eySvq Ggb Relative Pronnoun Av‡Q wZbwU| Who-Subject Form, Whom- Object Form, Whose-
Possessive Form|
g‡b ivL‡eb, e¨w³ eySv‡j wZbwUB (Who, Whom, Whose) wZbwUB n‡Z cv‡i| †KvbwU em‡e Zv wbwðZ n‡q eënvi Kiæb| Subject
wn‡m‡e Who, Object wn‡m‡e Whom Avi Possessive Adjective wn‡m‡e Whose e‡m|
◉ Who/Whom?: Who ‡Kvb ev‡Kï Subject †K Demand K‡i| A_©vr †Kvb Subordinate Clause G hw` Subject Lacking
(NvUwZ) _v‡K †m †ÿ‡Î H Clause wUi Clause Marker “Who” n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K Whom ‡Kvb ev‡Kï Object †K Demand K‡i|
A_©vr †Kvb Subordinate Clause G hw` Object Lacking _v‡K †m †ÿ‡Î H Clause wUi Clause Marker “Whom” n‡e|
Who V
Everyone who took the tour was impressed by the paintings.
Whom S V
He was the only American whom I saw at the conference.
◉ Whoever/Whomever?: Awbw`óZv eySv‡Z Who Gi ¯’‡j Whoever Ges Whom Gi ¯’‡j Whomever e‡m| A_©vr hw`
Clause marker wU (Who/Whoever/Whom/ Whomever) hv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q (Reference) †m hw` D‡jøL _v‡K Z‡e wbwðZ
fv‡e †mLv‡b Who/Whom n‡e| Avi Reference D‡jøL bv _vK‡j Whoever/Whomever n‡e| Example:
This is not a matter whoever (who) did this.
It is not a major pursuit whomever (whom) you called.
◉ Rule 12: Whose?-e¨w³im¤úK©/ gvwjKvbv/ e¨w³i AvPib ev cÖvwß eySvq Ggb Relative Pronnoun nj Whose| Z‡e g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e Whose Gi c‡i Aek¨B Noun ev Noun Phrase _v‡K Ges evsjv Ki‡j A_© nq ÒhviÓ|
◉ Rule 13: Relative Pronoun Aek¨B Zvi Antecedent Abyhvqx Ges Gi cv‡kB em‡e| Relative Pronoun Gi c‡i Verb
H Relative Pronoun ‡i Antecedent (c~e©eZ©x) Abyhvqx em‡e|
RelativePronoun ev‡Kï †Kvb GKwU Noun ev Pronoun ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| †h Noun ev Pronoun ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K H Relative
Pronoun Gi Antecedent ejv nq| wb‡Pi D`vniY ¸wj jÿ¨ Kwi:
➥ The students who are good at English have the possibility to get chance in D.U.
➥ The studentwho is good at English has the possibility to get chance in D.U.
Rule 14: ev‡Kï Noun Ges Zvi cwie‡Z© eëüZ Pronoun Gi g‡a¨ Aek¨B mvgÄm¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
Number Ges Person-G ‡h Noun ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zvi mv‡_ mgÄm¨c~Y© bq Ggb Pronoun eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb |
Incorrect : If you want to leave a message for Mr. and Mrs. Carlson, I will be glad to take them.
Correct : If you want to leave a message for Mr. and Mrs. Carlson, I will be glad to take it.
Explanation: hw` Zzwg Rbve Ges Rbvev Kvj©m ‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb evZ©v †i‡L †h‡Z PvI, Avwg Lywk ne ‡mwU wb‡Z| GLv‡b ‡mwU ej‡Z a
massage ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ZvB them bv n‡q itn‡‡q‡Q||
◉ Rule 15: ev‡Kï Subject Gi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Possessive ‡K wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e hw` Zv Subject ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
hLb Possessive Adjective/ Possessive Pronoun ev‡Kï Subject ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i ZLb mKj †ÿ‡ÎB Subject Gi mv‡_ H
Possessive Adjective/ Possessive Pronoun Gi GKwU mvgÄm¨ _v‡K|
◉ Rule 16: ev‡Kï Impersonal Pronoun-One _vK‡j ciewZ©‡Z One/One’s eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| One/One’s hw` Option-G bv
_v‡K Z‡e he/she/his/ her-I †Ìqv hv‡e|
➥ One Gi c‡i of w`‡q hw` wKQz kã ¸”Q (Noun/Noun Phrase) †hvM Kiv nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î H kã¸‡”Qi Gender Abymv‡i
Possessive Form (his/her) n‡e|
➥ No one, Someone, Anyone, Everyone.....BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Aek¨B Possessive form-His/Her n‡e|
ev‡K¨ One _vK‡j you, your, they, A_ev their eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
Incorrect : If one knew the facts, you would not be so quick to criticize.
Correct : If one knew the facts, one would not be so quick to criticize.
Adjective
◉ Basics: ‡h Word ev‡K¨ Noun ev Pronoun †K we‡kwlZ K‡i A_©vr Noun ev Pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, AvKvi, cwigvY,
msL¨v cÖf„wZ cÖK vk K‡i Zv‡ì Adjective e‡j| (An adjective is a word that is used in a sentence and
qualifies/modifies a noun or pronoun)
Example: Shamim is a good boy.
He wears a blue shirt.
Dc‡ii evK¨ wZbwU jÿ¨ Kwi| 1g ev‡K¨ ‘Boy’ kãwU Noun Ges Gi ¸Y cÖK vk Ki‡Q Good kãwU Øviv| A_©vr kvgxg GKRb evjK: †Kgb
evjK? fvj evjK| myZ ivs evj‡Ki GKwU ¸Y nj fvj (Good) Abyiƒc fv‡e, 2q ev‡K¨ ‡m bxj kvU© cwiavb K‡i| ‘Shirt’ kãwU Noun Ges
Gi ‰ewkó¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Q ‘Blue’ kãwU Øviv| A_©vr kvU©wU †Kgb? bxj| myZ ivs Dc‡i `yBwU ev‡K¨ kã `yBwU ‘Good’ I ‘Blue’ Adjective.
◉ Kinds: ev‡K¨ Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i Adjective `yB (02) cÖKvi:
◉ Attributive Adjective (¸YevPK): Adjective hLb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m H Noun-Gi Attribute ev †`vl¸Y cÖKvk K‡i ZLb
Zv‡K Attributive Adjective e‡j| A_©vr Adj. + Noun nq| Example: He is a good (Adj.) boy (Noun).GB ev‡K¨
Adjective (Good) GKwU Noun (Boy) Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zv‡K Modify Ki‡Q|
◉ Predicative Adjective (fwel¨ØvYxg~jK): Adjective hLb Verb Gi c‡i Predicate wn‡m‡e Subject wn‡m‡e emv Noun ev
Pronoun Gi †`vl¸Y cÖKvk K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Predicative Adjective e‡j| Gai‡bi Verb ¸wj Linking Verb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
A_©vr Subject + Linking Verb + Adjective Ggb nq| Example: She is beautiful (Adj.)GB ev‡K¨ Adjective
(Beautiful) c~‡e© Subject wn‡m‡e eëüZ Pronoun (She) †K Modify Ki‡Q|
◉ Special Note: mvavibfv‡e GKB Adjective ev‡K¨ Attributive Ges Predicative DfqwU wn‡meB eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
KZ¸‡jv Adjective Av‡Q hviv KLbB Attributive n‡Z cv‡i bv, ïaygvÎ Predicative n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb: Content, Afraid,Alike,
Alive, Aloof, Alone, Ashamed, Asleep, Awake, Aware, BZ¨vw`| Example: I am aware (Adj.) of the matter.
➥ A_©MZfv‡e Adjective ‡K wb‡¤œv³ K‡qKwU fv‡MI fvM Kiv hvq:

Types Explanation Example
1. Adjective of quality/ Descriptive Noun ev Pronoun-Gi †`vl-¸Y ev Good, bad, weak
Adjective: Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i|
2. Adjective of quantity/Quantitative Noun-Gi Quantity ev cwigvY wb‡`©k Much, little, sufficient, enough
Adjective: K‡i|
3. Adjective of I. Definite Numeral: NounGi wbw`©ó msL¨v ev µg ev ¸wYZK eySvq| GwU wZb cÖKvi, h_v:
Number/ a. Cardinal Number: Noun ev Pronoun-Gi msL¨v eySvq| One, two, three...
Numeral b. Ordinal Number: Noun ev Pronoun-Gi µg eySvq| First, second, third...
Adjective c. Multiplicative: Noun ev Pronoun-Gi ¸wYZK eySvq| Single, twofold, double, triple
II. Indefinite Numeral: Noun-Gi Awbw`©ó msL¨v eySvq| some, several, many, few, no
4. Pronominal Adjective: Pronoun hLb †Kvb Noun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective-Gi gZ KvR K‡i| GwU K‡qK cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i:
a. Possessive Adjective: my, our, your, his, her, its, their Giv Noun Gi my pen, our school, your shoe
c~‡e© e‡m Adjective Gi gZ KvR K‡i|
b. Interrogative Adjective: Interrogative Pronoun- What, Which Ges Whose book is this?
Whose hLb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m cÖkœ K‡i|
c. Relative Adjective: What, Which Ges Whose hLb ev‡Kï g‡a¨ Clause I don’t know whose bike is this.
Marker wn‡m‡e Noun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective-Gi
gZ KvR K‡i|
d. Demonstrative Adjective: Demonstrative Pronoun - This, That, These, This book is mine.
Those, The same, Such hLb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m I know this man.
Adjective Gi gZ KvR K‡i|
e. Distributive Adjective: Distributive Pronoun-each, every, either, Neither apple was fresh.
neither hLb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective Gi KvR
K‡i|
f. Emphasizing Adjective: Own Avi Very hw` Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| This is my own business.
Position of Adjective: g‡b ivL‡eb, Sentence G Adjective Gi RvqMv nj `ywU: GKwU nj Noun Gi Av‡M Av‡iKwU nj Linking
Verb Gi c‡i|
Sub. Verb Article Adj. Noun
He is a good boy.
Sub. Linking Verb Adj.
He is good.
g‡b ivLyb, Article/Preposition/Possessive Avi Noun Gi gv‡S GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j †mwU Aek¨B Adjective n‡e| A_©vr,
Article/Preposition/ Possessive + Adjective + Noun
Avi Article/Preposition/Possessive Avi Noun Gi gv‡S G‡Ki †ekx Word _vK‡j †mwU Aek¨B Adverb + Adjective n‡e| A_©vr,
Article/Preposition/ Possessive + Adverb + Adjective + Noun
wKš‘ Noun Gi wVK Av‡M Aek¨B Adjective| A_©vr Adjective + Noun nq|
◉ Rule 01: mvaviYZ Linking Verb Gi c‡i †Kvb Adverb n‡e bv, Aek¨B Adjective n‡e| Z‡e Linking Verb+
Preposition n‡j (A_©vr Group Verb ev Phrasal Verb n‡j) Adverb n‡e|
†hgb: The mango tastes sweet. Rumana looks up happily.
Linking V Adj Linking V preposition
◉ Linking Verbs: Linking Verb nj we‡kl cÖKv‡ii Verb hv Subject Gi mv‡_ Subject Complement ev Predicative
Adjective (Verb Gi c‡i Aew¯’Z Adjective) Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ Verb Gi gZ Linking Verbs ¸‡jv †Kvb
KvR/ wµqv cÖKvk K‡i bv| ZvB Aek¨B G‡ì c‡i Adjective w`‡Z n‡e, Adverb bv|
Pjyb Linking Verb ¸‡jv‡K GK cjK †`‡L †bIqv hvK:
Be Become Appear Remain
Seem Taste Look Feel
Sound Stay Smell Turn
Keep Grow Come Go
Mary feels bad about her test grade. [‡gix Zvi cixÿvi b¤^‡i Lvivc Abyfe Ki‡Q ]
Linking V Adj
Children become tired quite easily. [‡Q‡j‡g‡qiv Lye mn‡RB K¬všÍ nq|]
Linking V Adj
◉ Rule 02: Be, become Ges Remain Giv Adjective Qvov Noun Phrase-†KI MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: They remained sad
(Adj.) even though I tried to cheer them up [Zviv `ytwLZ _vKj GgbwK hwÌ Zv‡ì cÖdzjø Ki‡Z †Póv K‡iwQjvg|]. Rahman
remained chairman of the board despite (Noun Phrase) the opposition [we‡ivwaZv m‡Ë¡I ingvb †ev‡W©i †Pqvig¨vb _vK‡jb|].
◉ Rule 03: ‡h‡nZz Look, Feel, Smell, Taste Ges Sound GB Verb of Senses ¸‡jv Linking Verb ZvB G‡ì c‡i
Adjective e‡m, Adverb e‡m bv|
S V(Senses) Adjective
I felt bad about the mistake.
Verb of Senses Gi c‡i Adverb bv ewm‡q Adjective eënvi Kiæb|
◉ Rule 04 : Feel, look, smell, Taste Ges Sound Giv Transitive Verb wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZLb Giv e¯‘ evPK Object MÖnb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc Ae¯’vq G‡ì ci Adjective bv n‡q Adverb n‡e| Giv GB Ae¯’vq Linking Verb bq| †hgb: The doctor felt the
leg carefully to see if there were any broken bones. The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly (mZK©Zvi mv‡_).
◉ Position of Adjective (Special Case): ev‡K¨ †Rvi w`‡q †Kvb wKQz eySv‡j Adjective cÖ_‡g e‡m| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Adjective +
Verb + Subject + Extention Ggb nq|
Example: Blessed be your tongue. (†Zvgvi gy‡L dzj P›`b co–K) Sweet is the wine but sour is the payment. (ïay wb‡Z Rvwb, w`‡Z Rvwb bv)
Adj V
◉ Rule 05: g‡b ivLyb, Enough gv‡b nj ch©vß/ h‡_ó| Enough memgq Noun Gi Av‡M e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î Enough GKwU
Adjective|Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Noun Gi c‡i Enough em‡jI GwU enj cÖPwjZ bq|
Enough Noun
We have enough tickets.
We have enough time.
Enough Gi mv‡_ as Ges the eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Enough Gi c‡i Aek¨B Countable Noun n‡j Plural Form Avi
Uncountable Noun n‡j Singular Form eënvi Kiæb|
+ ( ) + ( )
◉ Rule 06: g‡b ivLyb, Adjective/Adverb/Verb Gi mv‡_ Enough ch©vßfv‡e/h‡_ófv‡e Ggb A_© †`q| G‡ÿ‡Î Enough
GKwU Adverb n‡e| Adjective/Adverb/Verb Gi c~‡e© KLbB Enough e‡m bv, c‡i e‡m|
wb‡Pi D`vnib `ywU jÿ¨ Kwi:
S V Adjective enough infinitive
It is warm enough to go swimming.
S V not Adjective enough infinitive

It is not warm enough to go swimming.
Adjective ev Adverb Gi c~‡e© Enough eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Enough Ges Infinitive Gi gv‡S as eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
+ + (infinitive)
Are those French fries enough for you? [H †d«b&Pd«vB ¸‡jv wK ‡Zvgvi Rb¨ h‡_ó?]
She speaks Spanish enough to be an interpreter. [‡m Abyev`K nIqvi gZ h‡_ó fvj ¯ú¨vwbk e‡j| ]
It is not enough cold to wear a heavy jacket. [fvix R¨v‡KU civi gZ kxZ †bB|]
◉ Hyphenated Adjective: GKvwaK Word nvB‡db (-) Øviv hy³ n‡q hw` Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Hyphenated
Adjective ejv nq| g‡b ivLyb, Hyphenated Adjective Gi avivevwnKZvq mvavibZ cÖ_‡g GKwU Number (msL¨v) Av‡m|
Hyphenated Adjective Gi cÖwZwU Word GK GKwU Adjective| Giv Singular-Plural ‡Kvb Form cwieZ©b K‡i bv|
Number (msL¨v) I Noun Gi mshyw³‡Z me©`vB Hyphen eëüZ nq|
a Adj. - Adj. noun
Agriculture 420 is a five - hour class.
a Adj. - Adj. - Adj. noun

A sixty - year - old employee may retire
Hyphen Øviv hy³ Adjective ¸‡jvi Plural Form eënvi Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb hwÌ Hyphenated Adjective Gi c‡ii Noun wU
Plural n‡Z cv‡i|
◉ Nouns that Function as Adjectives: Noun hw` ev‡K¨ Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv Nouns that Function as
Adjective wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| g‡b ivL‡eb, hLb `ywU Noun ci ci e‡m ZLb cÖ_g Noun wU wØZxq Noun Gi eY©bv †`q A_©vr cÖ_g
Noun wØZxq Noun Gi Adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Adjective KLbB Singular-Plural Form cwieZ©b K‡i bv| Example:
school bag, money bag, school girl GB italic word ¸wj Avm‡j Noun wKš‘ Gfv‡e wjL‡j Zviv Adjective n‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|
Noun Noun
All of us are foreign language teachers.
wØZxq Noun wU Plural n‡jI cÖ_g Noun wU‡K Plural Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| cÖ_g Noun wU‡K Possessive Kiv †_‡KI weiZ _vKzb|
◉ Cause-and-Result - So: ‡Kvb Adjective ev Adverb Gi c‡i that-Clause (that + S + V +….) Avm‡j H Adjective ev
Adverb Gi c~‡e© so em‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, so hy³ Clause wU KviY cÖKvk K‡i Avi that-Clause wU cÖK vk K‡i djvdj|
CAUSE RESULT
S V so Adv. /Adj. that S V
She got up so late that she missed her bus.
The music was so loud that we couldn’t talk.
c‡i that-Clause _vK‡j too/ as eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb, so eënvi Kiæb| GKBfv‡e c~‡e© so _vK‡j c‡i as eënvi bv K‡i that
eënvi Kiæb|
Cause-and-Result - Such: g‡b ivL‡eb Such-Clause wU KviY Avi that-Clause wU Zvi djvdj cÖKvk K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi MVb
¸wj n‡Z cv‡i
….such + Noun (Noncount./Plural) + that…..……such + Article + Noun (Count Noun) + that…
….such + Article + Adjective + Noun + that….
wKš‘ ........so + Adjective + Article + Noun + that ........
CAUSE RESULT
S V such a adj CN* (Singular) that S V
It was such a hot day that we went out
S V so Adj a CN (Singular) that S V

It was so hot a day that we went out
a/anGi c~‡e© such em‡e, so eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Countable Noun hw` Plural Number G _v‡K Z‡e Structure Gi a/an ‡K ev` †Ìqv hv‡e bv|
CAUSE RESULT
S V such adj CN* (Plural)/ UCN** (Singular) that S V
These are such long assignments that I can’t finish them.
This is such good news that I will call them.
Such Gi cwie‡Z© so eënvi ‡_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
*CN= Countable Noun, **UCN= Uncountable Noun
Excess-Too: Too gv‡b nj gvÎvwZwi³fv‡e/AwZwi³/GZB †ekx| Too hy³ Clause-wU KviY cÖKvk K‡i Avi Infinitive AskwU cÖKvk K‡i djvdj|
CAUSE RESULT
Too adjective Infinitive
This tea is too hot to drink
hLb †Kvb Adjective Gi c‡i Infinitive _v‡K ZLb H Adjective Gi c~‡e© so ev such a eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb, too eënvi Kiæb|
Av‡iv g‡b ivLyb, A_©MZfv‡e GLv‡b too Gi c‡ii Adjective Gi Kvi‡Y Infinitive Gi Verb-wU wKš‘ m¤úv`b Kiv hvq bv|
Incorrect : The top shelf in the cupboard is so high for me to reach.
Correct : The top shelf in the cupboard is too high for me to reach.
Explanation: ‡h‡nZz GB ev‡K¨ high(adj.) Gi c‡i infinitive (to reach) Av‡Q ZvB Aek¨B so high bv n‡q too high n‡e| GB
evK¨wUi evsjv nj: Kvc‡ev‡W©i Dc‡ii †kj&dwU Avgvi Rb¨ GZB DuPz †h †cuŠQv‡Z cvwibv|
Emphasis-Very: Very eëüZ nq †Rvi †Ìqvi Rb¨| Very mvaviYZ djvdj cÖKvkK †Kvb Clause ev Infinitive Gi mv‡_ e‡m bv|
very Adjective ∅
This tea is very hot.
hw` djvdj cÖK vkK †Kvb Clause/ Infinitive bv _v‡K Z‡e so ev such ‡Ìqv hv‡e bv; very w`‡Z n‡e|
Consecutive Order One, another, the Other

wZbwU Singular count noun-†K avivevwnK fv‡e hy³ Ki‡Z one, another Ges the other e‡m| Avi `ywU singular
count noun-†K avivevwnKfv‡e hy³ Ki‡Z one Ges the other e‡m| A_©vr, wZbwU Singular count noun-Gi c~‡e© ev cwie‡Z©
one, another, & the other e‡m| (c~‡e© em‡j Giv adjective nq Avi cwie‡Z© em‡j Giv pronoun nq|)
Structure :
One + (singular count noun) + sing. verb + another +sing. count noun + sing. verb + & + the other + sing.
count noun + verb singular.
Example: Of the three busiest vacation areas in the United States, one area is Disney World,
another area is New York City, and the other area is Washington. D.C.
One + (singular count noun) + sing. verb + another + sing. verb+& + the other+verb singular.
Example: Of the three busiest vacation areas in the United States, one (area) is Disney World,
another is New York City, and the other is Washington. D.C.
One + (singular count noun) + sing. verb + & + the other + verb singular.
Example: Of the two busiest vacation areas in the United States, one (area) is Disney World,
and the other is Washington. D.C.
◉ Rule 10: Some, other /others, the other/the others (the rest)
 Some, other, the other wZbwU plural count noun-Gi c~‡e© eëüZ nq| Ges Some, others, the others / the rest,
plural count noun-Gi cwie‡Z© eëüZ nq| A_©vr- Other Gi ci noun/ pronoun em‡j other Gi mv‡_ KL‡bvB s/es hy³
n‡ebv| wKš‘ noun/ pronoun bv _vK‡j s/es hy³ n‡e| (c~‡e© em‡j Giv adjective nq Avi cwie‡Z© em‡j Giv pronoun nq|)
Structure:
Some +plural count noun + plural verb + other +plural count noun + plural verb + & + the other + plural
count noun + plural verb.
Example: Some of these T-shirts are red, other T-shirts are blue, and the other T-shirts are white.
Some +plural count noun + plural verb +others + plural verb+& +the others /the rest + plural verb
Example: Some of these T-shirts are red, others are blue, and the others / the rest are white.
Difference between Pronoun & Pronominal adjective

Pronoun Pronominal adjective
Demonstrative Pronoun: GiKg pronoun †Kvb noun Demonstrative Adjective: Demonstrative pronoun hLb
†K we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgbÑ This, that, these, noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m ZLb Zv Demonstrative adjective nq|
those, it. This is a book. These are my pens. MVb: This + noun, These + plural noun, That + noun
BZ¨vw`|
This books is mine. These pens are mine.
Distributive Pronoun: Gi pronoun GKRvZxq GKvwaK Distributive Adjective: Distributive Pronoun hLb
e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K c„_Kfv‡e eySvq| adjective wn‡m‡e noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m ZLb Zv Distributive
MVb: Each/either/neither + of + noun Each of us Adjective nq|
sees the world differently. g‡b ivLyb- Every KLbI MVb: Each/every/either/neither + noun Everybody has
pronoun wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq bv| arrived.
Incorrect: Every of them has problems. Each book was a different colour.
Correct: Each of them has problems. g‡b ivLyb- every memgq adjective wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq, KLbI
pronoun wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq bv|
Interrogative Pronoun: GiKg pronoun cÖkœ Kivi Interrogative Adjective: Interrogative Pronoun hLb noun
Rb¨ eëüZ nq| G¸wj ev‡Kï cÖ_g e‡m| who, whose, Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective Gi KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv Interrogative
whom, which, what. Adjective nq |
Which is your book? MVb: What+noun, which+noun.
Who are you? Which book do you want?
What books are you reading?
Relative Pronoun: GB pronoun `ywU ev‡Kï g‡a¨ Relative Adjective: Relative pronoun hLb noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m
relation ev mg„× eywS‡q †`q| G¸wj ev‡Kï gv‡S e‡m| adjective Gi KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv Relative Adjective nq| We
Who, whose, whom, which, that. saw some people whose car had broken down.
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
Possessive Pronoun: GB pronoun-Gi Øviv Possessive Adjective: Possessive pronoun ¸‡jvi wbR¯^
possession ev AwaKvi eySv‡bv nq| possessive pronoun adjective form Av‡Q| Giv n‡”Q- my, our, your, their, one’s
mg~‡ni wbR¯^ form i‡q‡Q hviv GKvKx e‡m Ges pronoun Gi BZ¨vw`| Giv memgq noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Ges possessive adjecive
KvR K‡i| Giv n‡”QÑ mine, ours, theirs, his, hers, its. wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
This house is ours. This is our house.
This is my book.
Av‡iv wKQz Adjective

A. Proper Adjective: Proper noun †_‡K †h adjective Rb¥ †bq, ZvB Proper adjective.
†hgbÑAmerican, Indian, Asian, African, Bangladeshi, Shakespearean etc.
1. He is an American boy. 2. He likes a Chinese dish.
B. Emphasizing Adjective: Own Ges Very GB `ywU kã †Rvim~PK Adjective iƒ‡c eëüZ nq|
01. He was beaten at his own game. (†m wb‡Ri PvjvwK‡Z wb‡RB civ¯Í wQj|)
02. I saw it with my own eyes. (Avwg wb‡Ri †Pv‡LB GUv †`‡LwQjvg|)
03. He will come this very day. (†m wVK AvRB Avm‡e|)
C. Special forms: ‘-ing’ adjectives: ‘-ing’ adjectives mvaviYfv‡e qualitative adjectives Gi AšÍf~©³| ‘-ing’ adjectives
Gi mv‡_ sub-modifier, comparatives & superlatives em‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ ... a very convincing example, .... a very
exciting idea, one of the most boring books I’ve ever read. ‘-ing’ adjective †hgb attributive position G em‡Z
cv‡i, †Zgwb predicative position-G em‡Z cv‡i|
†hgbÑ It is interesting. ‘-ing’ adjectives Gi GKwU list †`qv n‡jv|

amazing challenging disturbing interesting surprising
amusing charming embarrassing inspiring worrying
D. Special forms: ‘-ed’ adjectives: hLb verb-Gi past participle †Kvb noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv ‘-
ed’ adjectives eySvq| ‘-ed’ adjectives ej‡Z †h memgq verb Gi past participle Gi †k‡l ed _vK‡Z n‡e Ggb bq| eis
verb Gi past participle wn‡m‡e ed form bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I hw` †mwU adjective Gi KvR K‡i Zvn‡j †mwUI Ôed’ adjectives Gi
AvIZvfz³ n‡e| G‡ì c~‡e© adverb of manner A_ev adverb of degree e‡m G‡ì‡K modifiy Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†hgbÑ .... a well-known novelist, ..... a pleasantly furnished rooms.
‘-ed’ adjectives Gi GKwU list †`qv n‡jvÑ
amused confused embarrassed pleased worried
bored depressed excited satisfied retired
Two adjectives of the same noun
Nouns Adjective Latin Adj. Noun Adjective Latin Adj.

sanguine corporal
Blood bloody Body bodily
sanguinary corporeal
Body boyish puerile Heart hearty cordial, cardiac
Brother brotherly fraternal Heaven heavenly celestial
Burden burdensome onerous Home homely domestic
Child childish/-like puerile King kingly regal/royal
Cloud cloudy nebular Life lively vital
Day daily diurnal Man manly human, virile
Earth earthly terrestrial Milk milky lacteal
Father fatherly paternal Mother motherly maternal
Fear fearful timid
Fire fiery igneous Night nightly nocturnal
Flesh fleshly carnal Skin skinny cutaneous
Friend friendly amicable Sun sunny solar
Frost frosty glacial War warlike bellicose
God godlike/godly divine Will willful voluntary
Hair Hairy capillary World worldly mundane
Hand handy manual Anger angry enraged
Law lawful legal Year yearly annual
Womanly feminine aqueous,
Woman Water watery
womanish effeminate aquatic
Adverb
◉ Basics: †h Word ev‡K¨ Noun ev Pronoun Ges Interjection wfbœ Ab¨ mKj Parts of Speech †K we‡klvwqZ K‡i A_©vr Ae¯’v,
Dcvq, mgq cÖf…wZ cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adverb e‡j | (An adverb is a word that used in a sentence and qualifies other
parts of speech except noun, pronoun & interjection)|
Example:
I walk slowly.- evK¨wU‡Z slowly Øviv nuvUvi (Walk) cÖK…wZ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKfv‡e/ †Kgb K‡i nuv‡U?-Slowly (ax‡i)| myZivs Slowly
GKwU Adverb | Giƒc k‡ãi †k‡l mvaviYZ –ly _vK‡j Adverb n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wKQz e¨wZµg Av‡Q|
 Uses of Adverbs:
 Adjective †K Modify K‡i→ He is a . .
boy.[‡m Lye fvj †Q‡j|- KZUzKz fv‡jv?-Lye fv‡jv]
 Verb †K Modify K‡i→ He .
.[‡m `ªæZ nuv‡U|-wKfv‡e nuv‡U?- `ªæZ]
.
 Adverb †K Modify K‡i→ He walks . .
.[‡m Lye `ªæZ nuv‡U|- KZUzK z `ªæZ?-Lye `ªæZ ]
Note: myZ ivs Adverb ev fve we‡klY g~jZ Verb, Adjective, Adverb G wZbwU‡K Modify K‡i [Main Function]| Z‡e wKQz
†¶‡Î Preposition, Conjunction Ges Sentence †K Modify Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e Zv Adverb Gi g~j KvR ev Function wn‡m‡e
MÖnb‡hvM¨ bq|
 Classification and Example:
Types Example
A. Simple or Independent Adverbs
1. Adverb of time (When? KLb?) now, then, soon, yesterday, today, tomorrow, daily, always,
seldom, ago, often, never, sometimes, after, already, before, since,
presently, immediately etc.
2. Adverb of place (Where? †Kv_vq?) here, there, upstairs, outside, nearby, far, near, neither, thither,
hence, thence, nearby, away, abroad, ahead, overhead, inland,
locally, universally.
3. Adverb of manner (How? wKfv‡e?) Slowly, suddenly, eagerly, anxiously, carefully, clearly, closely,
correctly, bravely, badly, sadly, softly, soundly, swiftly, simply,
carelessly, easily, quickly, possibly, probably, luckily, fortunately,
naturally, rightly, urgently, wrongly, widely, thus, well.
4. Adverb of frequency (How often? always, often, seldom, usually, sometimes, occasionally, rarely,
KZevi?) never, ever, regularly, once, twice, thrice, again, weekly.
5. Adverb of quantity or degree (How almost, much, nearly, quite, too, very, little, more, enough,
much? KZUzKz?) slightly, somewhat, rather, partly.
6. Adverb Affirmation and negation Really he is an honest man.
7. Adverb of cause and effect Hence (for that reason), therefore, accordingly, consequently.
8. Adverb of order (Why?†Kb?) First, second, secondly, third, last, lastly, etc.
B. Interrogative Adverbs: When, Where, How, How much, Why
C. Relative Adverbs: When, Where, How, How much, Why
Note: g~jZ verb ev wµqv‡K †Kv_vq (Where?), KLb (When?), wKfv‡e (How?), †Kgb (How?), †Kb (Why?) BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœi DËi
me©`vB Adverb nq|
Position of adverb
◉ Rule 01: Adverb hv‡K Modify K‡i Zvi wVK c~‡e© e‡m| ïaygvÎ Verb ‡K Modify Ki‡Z Adverb mvaviYZ Verb Gic‡i e‡m|
g‡b ivLyb, Verb ‡K Modify Ki‡Z memgq Adverb eëüZ nq, Adjective bq| Verb ‡K Ô‡Kb?Õ (Why?), Ô†Kv_vq?Õ
(Where?), ÔKLb?Õ (When), ÔwKfv‡e?Õ (How?) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq Zv GKwU Adverb|
◉ Adverbs of Manner: GKwU Verb wKfv‡e msNwVZ n‡”Q Zv cÖKvk K‡i Adverb of Manner| mvaviYfv‡e Verb ‡K
How?( wKfv‡e?) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j Adverb of Manner cvIqv hvq| Adverb of Manner mvaviYZ – ly hy³ _v‡K|
Sub. V Adverb(Manner)
The class listened attentively to the lecture.
g‡b ivLyb, Verb Gi c‡i (Linking Verb Qvov) Adjective eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv Aek¨B Adverb of Manner eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Infinitive MwVZ nq to Avi VBw`‡q; GB `ywUi gv‡S Adverb of Manner emv‡bv hv‡e bv Aek¨B to + VB + Adverb of
Manner Gfv‡e emv‡Z n‡e|
◉ Rule-02: wKQz wKQz Adverb Av‡Q hviv memgq Main Verb Gi Av‡M e‡m; Auxiliary Verb _vK‡j Main Verb I Auxiliary
Verb Gi gv‡S e‡m; GKvwaK Auxiliary Verb _vK‡j cÖ_g Auxiliary Verb Gi c‡i e‡m| Have to, Has to, Had to, Used
to Gi c‡i e‡m|
wb‡Pi Adverb ¸wj jÿ¨ Kwi:
always often almost just quite
also only usually generally probably
occasionally never rarely hardly scarcely
yet barely still
N.B. rarely, barely, hardly, scarcely G¸‡jv Negative evPK kã|
A_©vr Structure ¸wj Ggb nq:

1. Subject +ZvwjKvi Adverb + Main Verb + Ext.
I always remember the holiday I spent in your home.
I hardly go out after dusk.
2. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + ZvwjKvi Adverb + Main Verb + Ext.
Those cars have just had an accident.
N.B.: be verb hw` Main verb Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e be verb Gi ci G mKj Adverb em‡e| Example: He is always late.
3. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + ZvwjKvi Adverb + Auxiliary Verb+Main Verb + Ext.
Real flowers could hardly have smelt better.
◉ Rule-03: mvaviYZ Intransitive Verb ( AKg©K wµqv)Gi c‡i Ges Transitive Verb ( mKg©K wµqv)Gi Object Gi c‡i
Adverb e‡m| Transitive Verb Gi Object bv _vK‡j Verb Gi c‡iB Adverb e‡m|
 He works hard.
◉ Rule-04: ev‡Kï Dci A_ev Verb Dci †Rvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Sentence Gi ïiæ‡ZB Adverb Zvici Verb Ges me©‡k‡l Subject
Av‡m| G welqwU
 Hardly do I go to the New Market.
◉ Rule-05: Group Verb ev Phrasal Verbs Gi †ÿ‡Î Ges †Kvb Preposition Gi c‡i †Kvb Noun/Pronoun bv Avm‡j
Preposition wU Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
adverb preposition
please side down. I ran down the road.
You can go in. He’s in his office.
Put your shirt off. I put off my shirt.
◉ Rule-06: hZ-- ZZ A‡_© Comparative Degree eëüZ n‡j Zv Adverb n‡e|

 The more you read, the more you learn.
◉ Rule-07: Adverb GKwU sentence Gi past participle Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zv‡K modify Ki‡Z cv‡i| adverb + past participle.
 This steak is very badly cooked.
◉ Rule-08: Imperative Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z adverb em‡Z cv‡i|

Adverb + verb + ....
 Please come again.
◉ Rule-09: Adjective or Adverb: wKQz wKQz word Av‡Q, hviv eënvi‡f‡` KLbI adjective Ges KLbI adverb wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| hLb noun ev pronoun †K modify K‡i, ZLb adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avevi hLb verb/adjective †K modify K‡i
ZLb adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
fast late hard well
next near little far
 He is a fast runner. – fast n‡”Q adjective, hv runner noun- †K modify K‡i‡Q|
 I am well now. – GLv‡b well n‡”Q adjective, hv I- †K modify K‡i‡Q| g‡b ivLybÑ am/is/are Gi ci subject-Gi
complement wn‡m‡e adjective/noun e‡m|
◉ Rule-10: wKQz adverb Av‡Q hv‡ì `ywU iƒc Av‡Q|

loud/loudly quick/quickly slow/slowly
 Biren speaks very loud. (GLv‡b loud adverb)
 He sings very loudly. (GLv‡b loudly adverb)
Forming Adverbs
◉ Rule-01: k‡ãi mv‡_ ‘ly’ hy³ _vK‡jB Adverb nq bv, Adjective I n‡Z cv‡i| g‡b ivL‡ebÑ Noun Gi mv‡_ ‘ly’ †hvM Ki‡j
Adj Ges Adj Gi mv‡_ ly †hvM Ki‡j Adverb n‡e|
Noun + -ly =Adjective Adjective + -ly =Adverb
Friend + -ly Friendly Slow + -ly Slowly
Coward + -ly Cowardly Quick + -ly Quickly
Miser + -ly Miserly Beautiful +-ly Beautifully
More Examples: Comely,Costly,Deadly (gvivZ¥K), Disorderly, Special Note: -lly _vK‡j Word wU
Lively, Lovely,Lonely, Likely, Orderly, Silly, Sprightly, wbwðZ fv‡eB Adverb n‡e|
Unlikely, Unruly, Ugly
hw` -ly hy³ Adjective ¸‡jv Adverb Gi gZ Verb ‡K Modify Kivi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB Ac~Y©Z v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A_©vr -ly hy³
Adjective ¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU Adverb Gi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z nq ZLb Adverb Phrases: ...in a + -ly hy³ Adjective + way/ manner
Gfv‡e wjL‡Z nq| ‡hgb:
 Jimmy behaved motherly. (x)
 Jimmy behaved in a motherly way (√)
◉ Rule-03: wKQz wKQz Word Av‡Q hviv ev‡K¨ Adjective wn‡m‡e eëüZ nIqvi cvkvcvwk ‘ly’hy³ bv n‡q Adverb wn‡m‡eI eëüZ
nq| ‡hgb: High, Pretty, Well, Short, Fast, Hard, Straight, Far, Dead, Tight BZ¨vw`|
Adjective Adverb
He is a very fast speaker. He walks very fast.
He is a hard worker. He works hard.
Jane is not well (Health). Jane plays well.
wKQz wKQz Adverb Gi †ÿ‡Î -ly hy³ Ki‡j A‡_©i wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| †hgb:
Adverbs
Late Lately Deep Deeply Short Shortly
Fair (PgrKvi) Fairly (‡gvUvgywU)
(‡ìx) (m¤úªwZ) (Mfx‡i) (AZ¨šÍ) (nVvr) (kxNªB)
Near Nearly Sharp Sharply High Highly Wrong Wrongly
(wbK‡U ) (cÖvq) (wVK wVK) (KK©kfv‡e) (D”P) (LyeB) (fzj) (Ab¨vqfv‡e)
Pretty Prettily Hard Hardly
Dead(Adj./Adv.) (g„Z) Deadly(Adj.) (gvivZ¥K)
(PgrKvi) (‡gvUvgywU) (K‡Vvi) (K`vwPr)
◉ Sequence of Adverbs: GKvwaK Adverb GKmv‡_ em‡j Zviv GKwU Normal Order Follow K‡i: MPT| A_©vr mvaviY
Word Order Abymv‡i GKvwaK Adverb hw` GKB Verb Gi Modifier nq ZLb Verb -wUi c‡iB cÖ_‡g Object em‡e (hw` _v‡K),
Gici Adverb of Manner (M), Zvici Adverb of Place (P) Ges me‡k‡l Adverb of Time (T) em‡e|
.....VerbObjectManner Place Time
Example:
.
Bob spoke ( ?) ( ?) ( ?)
Incorrect: I looked at a lady driver recently on the way to New Market motionlessly.
Correct: I looked at a lady driver .
◉ Negative Adverbs: Hardly, Rarely, Barely, Scarcely Avi Seldom Gi A_© cÖvq GKB- Almost not/Almost never ev
K`vwPr Avi Never A_© nj KLbB bv|| Giv me©`vB bv- †evaK A_© cÖK vk K‡i| GKwU Sentence G Double Negative Kiv hvq bv|
ZvB Negative Adverb ¸wj ev‡K¨ _vK‡j H ev‡K¨ Avi No/Not e‡m bv ev GKB ev‡K¨ `ywU Negative Adverb e‡m bv|
 He could scarcely hold back his tears when he heard the sad song.
◉ Ever & Never: KL‡bv Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv Ggb cÖkœ wR‡Ám Ki‡Z Adverb iƒ‡c Ever eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ
01. What is the correct translation of ‘Zzwg wK KL‡bv b›`b cv‡K© wM‡qQ?Õ
A. Have you gone to Nandan park? B. Have you never been to Nandan Park?
C. Have you ever gone to Nandan Park? C. Have you ever been to Nandan Park? Ans: D
Never n‡”Q Ever Gi Negative Form| Ever _vK‡j mvaviYfv‡e evK¨wU Present Perfect Tense nq| Ever ev Never ev‡K¨
Main Verb Gi Av‡M e‡m|
Ôbv †evaKÕ ev‡K¨ †Rvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z ÔKL‡bv bvÕ A‡_© adverb iƒ‡c never eënvi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ Avwg KL‡bv iv½vgvwU hvBwb (I have
never been to Rangamati.)
be vs go (hvIqv)
 †Kvb ¯’v‡b †KD hw` wM‡q Avevi wd‡i Av‡m A_ev ågY eySv‡j ÔhvIqvÕ A‡_© been to e‡m|
 †Kvb ¯’v‡b †KD hw` wM‡q Avevi wd‡i bv Av‡m eis H RvqMvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡j ÔhvIqvÕ A‡_© gone to e‡m|
Enough kãwU ev‡K¨ eënvi‡f‡` adjective I adverb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
 †Kvb ev‡K¨ adjective/adverb Gi c‡i enough e‡m Ges Zv adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 †Kvb ev‡K¨ noun Gi c~‡e© enough e‡m Ges Zv adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †hgbÑ
◉ Sometime and Sometimes: Sometime A_© nj fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb GK mg‡q, some time in the indefinite future|
Sometimes Gi A_© gv‡S gv‡S, Occasionally| Sometime mvaviYZ GKwU Verb Gi c‡i eëüZ nq wKš‘ Sometimes e‡m
Sentence/Clause Gi ïiæ‡Z A_ev †k‡l| g‡b ivLyb, Sometime nj When? (KLb?) Øviv cÖ‡kœi DËi Avi Sometimes nj
How often? (KZ NbNb?) Gi DËi|
Sub. V sometime (no specific date in the future)
My family will call me long distance sometime
Sometimes (Occasionally) Sub. V

Sometimes my family calls me long distance
Giƒc Av‡iv GKwU Expression Av‡Q| †mwU nj: Some time – Gi A_© ÒwKQz mgqÓ †hLv‡b time GKwU Uncountable Noun|
fwel¨‡Zi Awbw`©ó mgq eySv‡Z Aek¨B Sometime n‡e| wKš‘ Present Indefinite Tense G Ògv‡S gv‡SÓ A‡_© Aek¨B
Sometimes n‡e|
◉ Introductory Adverbial Modifiers- Once: Once Gi A_© nj ÒAZx‡Zi GK mg‡qÓ| Once nj When? (KLb?) Gi DËi|
Once mvaviYZ ev‡Kï ïiæ‡Z Adverbial Modifier-G e‡m Ges wVK c‡ii Clause wUi Main Subject ‡K Modify K‡i|
Once Noun/ NP , Sub. V

Once a salesman , Pete has been promoted to district manager.
Once Gi Av‡M A_ev c‡i that emv‡bv hv‡e bv|

◉ No Longer: No longer A_© nj ÒAvi GKUzI bqÓ not any more| No longer mvaviYZ Main Verb I Auxiliary Verb
Gi gv‡S e‡m| No longer nj When? (KLb?)Gi DËi|
Sub. V(Auxiliary) no longer V(Main)

I can no longer see without my glasses.
GLv‡b no Gi cwie‡Z© not ev none eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
◉ Date: ZvwiL cÖKv‡ki GKwU cÖZ¨vwkZ aib Av‡Q| Date (ZvwiL) nj When? (KLb?) Gi DËi|
the Ordinal Number of Month
Valentine’s Day is on the fourteenth of February.
Month Ordinal Number

Valentine’s Day is on February fourteenth.
◉ Generalization- As a Whole and Wholly: As a whole gv‡b mvgwMÖK fv‡e/¯^vfvweKfv‡e/ Generally| Ab¨w`‡K Wholly
gv‡b Òm¤ú~Y©iƒ‡cÓ(Completely)| As a whole mvaviYZ Sentence ev Clause Gi ïiæ‡Z e‡m| Wholly e‡m mvaviYZ
Auxiliary ev Main Verb Gi c‡i|
As a whole (Generally) Sub. V

As a whole the news is correct.
Sub. V Wholly (Completely)

The news is wholly correct.
Conjunction
Conjunction A_© GKÎ ms‡hvM| myZ ivs †h word `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word, phrase ev sentence ‡K GK‡Î hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunction
e‡j| †hgb- and, but, or, till, unless, etc.
Conjunction cÖavbZ wZb (03) cÖKvi| h_v-
Conjunction
Co-ordinating Conjunction Subordinating Conjunction Correlating Conjunction
Copulative/Cumulative ev ms‡hvRK
Alternative Conjunction ev weKíevPK
Adversative Conjunction ev êcixZëvPK
Illative Conjunction ev wm×všÍevPK

01. Co-ordinating Conjunction
†h me Conjunction `yÕwU mgRvZxq ev mggv‡bi word, clause ev sentence ‡K hy³ K‡i Zvì‡K Co-ordinating Conjunction ejv
nq| wKQz Co-ordinating Conjunctions- And, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, etc. ‡hgb- Ritu and Ruhi are two sisters;
Muttalib is poor but honest man.
Co-ordinating Conjunction Avevi Pvi (04) cÖK vi| h_v-
a) Copulative/Cumulative (ms‡hvRbK) : And, also, as well as, besides, both ... and, moreover, not only... but
also, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ Ratan as well as his friend has come.
➥ Both Laboni and Saba have done the work.
b) Alternative (weKí evPK): Else, either, or, either... or, neither, nor, neither... nor, otherwise, while, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ Read or you will fail.
➥ The players are either tired or nervous.
c) Adversative (‰ecixZ¨m~PK): But, however, nevertheless, only, still, while, where, whereas, yet, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ Zara is sad but hopeful.
➥ He worked hard, yet he could not pass.
d) Illative (wm×všÍ evPK): As, consequently, for, hence, so, therefore, thus, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ You can drive my car as you drive carefully.
➥ He’s going to work in England, so he is learning English.
02. Subordinating conjunction
†h me Conjunction, Subordinate clause †K Principal clause Gi m‡½ mshy³ K‡i, Zv‡ì‡K Subordinating Conjunction e‡j|
Subordinating Conjunction ¸‡jv wewfbœ A_© Abymv‡i fvM Kiv hvq|
Expressing Example
Time After, before, till, until, since, when, while, etc.
Place Where, wherever, where from etc.
Cause/Reason As, because, since, that, etc
Effect/Result In order that, so... that, that, etc.
Purpose Lest, in order that, so that, that, etc.
03. Correlative conjunction
†h me Conjunction ¸‡jv mvaviYZ †Rvovq †Rvovq eëüZ nq, A_©vr GKwU eëüZ n‡j AciwU Acwinvh© fv‡e eëüZ nq| G ai‡bi
Conjunction ¸‡jv‡K Correlative conjunction e‡j| †hgbÑ
Conjunction Example
As... as Last week was as hot as this week.
Both ... and Aftab Hossain is both rich and pious.
Either ... or The players are either tired or nervous.
Hardly ... when Hardly had I reached the station when the train left.
If ... then If he does not come then inform me.
Neither ... nor He is neither punctual nor efficient.
Not only... but also His reply was not only prompt but also complete.
G‡Ki AwaK Conjunction †hŠ_fv‡e eëüZ n‡j Zv‡K Compound Conjunction e‡j|
wKQz Compound Conjunction – As if, as soon as, as though, as well as, even if, in as much as, in order that, on
condition that, provided that, so that, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ I must refuse your request, in as much as I believe it is unreasonable.
➥ You can borrow the book provided that you return it soon.
Usage of some Conjunction

And (Ges): `yÕwU mgRvZxq (Parts of Speech ev clause) †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K hy³ Ki‡Z and eëüZ nq|
➥ Kajol and Dola are two sisters.
But (wKš‘): `yÕwU wecixZv_©K welq‡K hy³ Ki‡Z ev e¨wZi‡K/Qvov (except) A‡_© But eëüZ nq|
➥ The man is poor but honest.
➥ I had no choice but to sign the contract.
So (myZ ivs/ †m Rb¨/Kvi‡Y): djkÖæwZ /KviY cÖK v‡k `ywUÕ clause hy³ Ki‡Z Conjunction wn‡m‡e So eëüZ nq|
➥ It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.
As/Because/For/Since (KviY/†h‡nZz): †Kv‡bv KviY/ †h‡nZz eySv‡Z mvaviYZ Conjunction wn‡m‡e As/Because/For/Since
eëüZ nq |
➥ As he was poor, he could not buy a shirt.
➥ Maya could not attend the party because she was ill.
➥ We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
Although/Though/Even if/Even though (hwÌ/Z_vwc): `yÕwU wecixZ A‡_©i clause †K hy³ Ki‡Z although/though/Even
if/Even though, Conjunction wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq †hLv‡b GKwU clause †K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|
➥ Although he has a lot of money, he is dissatisfied.
➥ I’ll get there, even if I have to walk.
Or (A_ev/wKsev): †Kv‡bv wKQzi weKí eySv‡Z `yÕwU clause †K hy³ Ki‡Z Or, Conjunction wU eëüZ nq|
➥ She must weep or she will die.
Yet, still, while, whereas, Adversative Conjunction ¸‡jv `yÕwU e³‡eï g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡Z eëüZ nq|
➥ It’s a small car, yet it’s surprisingly spacious.
As if/As though (†hb): †hb/ †hgb A‡_© As if/As though `ywU Clause †K hy³ Ki‡Z eëüZ nq|
➥ He talks as if/as though he knew everything.
As ... as/So... as (g‡Zv/g‡ZvB): mvaviYZ Affirmative sentence G mv`„k¨ Zzjbvi †ÿ‡Î As... as Ges Negative sentence G
êmv`„k¨Zv eySv‡Z As... as/so ... as Dfq eëüZ nq|
➥ She is as beautiful as her sister.
➥ She is beautiful but she is not as/so beautiful as her mother.
So...as (g‡Zv/g‡ZvB): KvD‡K LyeB f`ª I AvPviwbôvfv‡e †Kv‡bvwKQz Ki‡Z ejvi †ÿ‡Î So ... as eëüZ nq |
➥ Would you be so kind as to help me cross the road?
Before/after (c~‡e©/c‡i): c~‡e©/c‡i eySv‡Z `ywU Conjunction wn‡m‡e before/after eëüZ nq |

➥ I would die before I lied.
➥ I return home after he had gone.
Interjection
†h mKj kã Øviv g‡bi AvKw¯§K fve ev Av‡eM cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡ì‡KB Interjection e‡j| Interjection Gi †k‡l Exclamation
mark (!) _v‡K| †hgb- Ah! (Avnv!), Alas! (nvq!), Bravo! (kvevk!) Excellent! (PgrKvi!/kvevk!), Fie! (waK!), Hello! (I‡n!),
Hurrah! (ûi‡i!), Hush! (nvk!, Pzc!), Heaven! (Ck¦i!), Oh! (In!), Shame! (wK j¾v!/wQ! wQ!), Tut! Tut! (wQ! wQ!) BZ¨vw`|
KwZcq Interjection phrase: Well done! (kvevk!), For shame! Oh dear!/ Dear me! (nvq Kcvj! GwK!), Oh my God!
(nvq fMevb!/nvq Ck¦i!), Ah me! Good gracious! Good heavens! BZ¨vw`|
E.G. Hello! What are you doing here?/How do you do?
Oh! What a nice view. (Avnv! wK my›ì `„k¨); Oh! I got such a fright. (Avn! Ggb GKUv fq †c‡qwQjvg)
Hurrah/Hurray! Our team has won the game. (ûi‡i! Avgv‡ì `j U&ªwd wR‡Z‡Q)
Hush! don’t make a noise. (Pzc! †Mvjgvj K‡iv bv); Fie! you are a liar. (waK! Zzwg wg_¨vev`x)
Interjection Øviv †Kv‡bv Sudden feeling/emotion cÖKvk cvq| †hgb:
1. Joy (Avb›`, Mfxi nl©): Hurrah/Hurray! [Hurrah! Today is holiday. (wK gRv, AvR Avgv‡ì QzwU)]
2. Grief (cÖPÛ `ytL): Alas! [Alas! He is no more/He is dead. (nvq! wZwb Avi †eu‡P †bB)]
3. Surprise (we¯§q): Ah! Ha! What! [What! You don’t mean to say so? Ah! have they gone?]
4. Approval (Drmvn, mg_©b): Bravo! [Bravo! You have saved a nice goal/You have done well.]
Inter Change of Parts of Speech

A. Nouns from Adjectives
3.1 Adjective – Gi †k‡l ant ev ent _vK‡j t Gi ¯’‡j ce ev cy wKsev Zvi c‡i ance †hvM K‡i noun-form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
absent-Abycw¯’Z absence obedient-AbyMZ obedience abundant-cÖPzi abundance
diligent-cwikÖgx diligence confident-wek¦vmx confidence arrogant-D×Z arrogance
3.2 wKš‘ adjective – Gi †k‡l ate ev et _vK‡j t ev te Gi ¯’‡j cy hy³ K‡i noun-form MVb Kiv nq|
accurate-h_v_© accuracy literate- AÿiÁvbhy³ literacy private-†Mvcbxq privacy
secret-†Mvcbxq secrecy delicate- †Kvgj, `ye©j delicacy
3.3 Adjective Gi †k‡l ar ev or _vK‡j Gi †k‡l ity †hvM K‡i noun-form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
familiar-cwiwPZ familiarity popular- RbwcÖq popularity superior-†kÖô superiority future-fwel¨r futurity
senior-e‡qv‡Rvô seniority prior- c~e©eZx priority
3.4 Adjective Gi †k‡l el, le, re, al, il, ite _vK‡j ty ev ity †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
pure-weï× purity future- fwel¨r futurity obscure-AÜKvigq obscurity able- mg_© ability
noble-gnvb nobility cruel-wbôzi cruelty brutal-cïfvevcbœ brutality casual-AvKw¯§K casualty
3.5 Adjective Gi †k‡l al, ab, il, ite _vK‡j ty ev ity †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
obscure-AÜKvigq obscurity able- AÜKvi ability brutal-cïfvevcbœ brutality
noble-mg_© nobility cruel- wbôzi cruelty casual-AvKw¯§K casualty
3.6 Adjective Gi †k‡l ain, ane, in _vK‡j ty ev ity †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
certain-wbðq certainty vain- e„_v vanity humane-`qv humanity
3.7 Adjective Gi †k‡l ry _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b er ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
angry-ivMvwš^Z anger hungry- ÿzavZ© hunger
3.8 Adjective Gi †k‡l ous _vK‡j ous Gi ¯’v‡b ty, ity ev ety ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
anxious-DwØMœ anxiety audacious- †eqvè audacity notorious- KzL¨vZ notoriety
ferocious- wns¯ª ferocity curious-AvMÖnvwš^Z curiosity various- A‡bK variety
3.9 Adjective Gi †k‡l ness, hood, dom, th †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
board-cÖk¯Í broadness dear- gnvN© dearness, dearth deep-Mfxi depth kind-`qvjy kindness
dry-ï®‹ dryness false-wg_¨v falsehood fond-wcÖq fondness wide-cÖk¯Í width
3.10 wewea
brave-mvnmx bravery brief-mswÿß brevity gay-cÖdzjø gaiety high-D”P height
just-b¨vqevb justice merry-cÖdzjø merriment moist-Av`ª© moisture necessary-cÖ‡qvRbxq necessity
B. Nouns from Verbs
3.1 k‡ãi ga¨¯’ Aÿi cwieZ©b K‡it
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
bear-enb Kiv bier bear-Drcv`b Kiv birth bind-euvav bond bless-Avkxe©v` Kiv bliss
3.2 Verb Gi †k‡l t ev te _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b tion †hvM K‡i noun MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
afflict- †K¬k †Ìqv affliction agitate-D‡ËRbv m„wó Kiv agitation cultivate- Pvl Kiv cultivation
aggravate-evovBqv †Zvjv aggravation alleviate-jvNe Kiv alleviation
e¨wZµgt
hate – N„Yv Kiv; hatred – N„Yv
3.3 Verb Gi †k‡l de _vK‡j de Gi ¯’v‡b sion ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
allude-D‡jøL Kiv allusion decide-w¯’i Kiv decision concede-¯^xKvi Kiv concession provide-mÂq Kiv provision
wKš‘ Verb Gi †k‡l d _vK‡j d Gi cwie‡Z© tion †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
attend-g‡bv‡hvM †Ìqv attention contend-g‡bv‡hvM contention pretend-fvb Kiv pretention
3.4 Verb Gi †k‡l eed _vK‡j eed Gi cwie‡Z© ess ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
exceed- AwZwi³nIqv excess proceed-AMÖmi nIqv process succeed-K…Z Kvh© nIqv success
3.5 Verb Gi †k‡l end _vK‡j ance ev ence †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
attend- Dcw¯’Z nIqv attendance offend-gbt cxov offence pretend-fvb Kiv pretence
3.6 Verb Gi †k‡l ume _vK‡j ption †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
consume- e¨q Kiv consumption assume-Abygvb Kiv assumption presume-Abygvb Kiv presumption
resume-c~Y©MÖnY Kiv resumption
3.7 Verb Gi †k‡l tain _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b tenance ev ment ev tion ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
maintain- fiY‡cvlY Kiv maintenance sustain-mn¨ Kiv sustenance attain-DcvR©b Kiv attainment
retain-AvUK Kiv retention
3.8 Verb Gi †k‡l x _vK‡j ture/ation †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
mix- wgkvb mixture fix-w¯’i Kiv fixture tax-Ki †Ìqv taxation
3.9 Verb Gi †k‡l se _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b sation †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
realise- Abyaveb Kiv realisation civilise-mf¨ Kiv civilisation utilise-eënvi Kiv utilisation
3.10 Verb Gi †k‡l suffix ‘fy’ _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© fication ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
simplify- mij Kiv simplification pacify-kvšÍ Kiv pacification crucify- µz‡k we× Kiv crucification
wKš‘ fy hLb g~j k‡ãi Ask nq, ZLb action ev ance †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun
satisfy- mš‘ó Kiv satisfaction defy-Ae‡njv Kiv defiance
3.11 Verb Gi †k‡l it _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b ission ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
omit- Z¨vM Kiv omission commit-Kvh© Kiv commission remit- UvKv †cÖiY Kiv remission
3.12 KZ¸‡jv Verb Gi †k‡l al †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
approve-Aby‡gv`b Kiv approval refuse-A¯^xKvi Kiv refusal propose-cÖ¯Íve Kiv proposal remove-AcmviY Kiv removal
3.13 KZ¸‡jv Verb Gi †k‡l y _vK‡j y Gi cwie‡Z© iage ev age ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
carry- enb Kiv carriage marry- weevn Kiv marriage pass-AwZµg Kiv passage break-fv½v breakage
leak- wQ`ªc_ leakage
3.14 KZ¸‡jv Verb Gi †k‡l ment †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
conceal- jyKv‡bv concealment argue- ZK© Kiv argument judge- wePvi Kiv judgement punish-kvw¯Í †Ìqv punishment
3.15 wewea
allow-AbygwZ allowance behave- eënvi behaviour conquer-Rq Kiv conquest

deny-A¯^xKvi Kiv denial fail-AK…ZKvh© nIqv failure laugh-nvmv laughter
slay-nZ¨v Kiv slaughter oblige-evwaZ nIqv obligation please-mš‘ó nIqv pleasure
A
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Ability mvg_©¨, mÿgZv Enable mÿg Kiv Able m¶g, mg_© Ably mÿgZvi m‡½
Acceleration ‡eMe„w×, Z¡iY Accelerate ‡eM e„w× Kiv Accelerated †eMe„w×cÖvß - -
Acceptance MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv Accept MÖnY Kiv Acceptable MÖnY‡hvM¨ Acceptably MÖnY‡hvM¨fv‡e
Acquisition/
AR©b Acquire AR©b Kiv Acquired AwR©Z - -
Acquirement
Action Kg© Act Kg© mvab Kiv
Active mwµq, Kg©V Actively mwµqfv‡e
Activity Kvh©µg/mwµqZv Activate mwµq Kiv
B
Base wfwË, eywbqv` Base wfwËi Dci Basic ‡gŠwjK Basically g~jZ
wbg©vY Kiv Baseless wfwËnxb Baselessly fyjekZ:
Beauty ‡mŠ›`h© Beautify my›ì Kiv Beautiful my›ì Beautifully my›ìfv‡e
Belief wek¦vm, Av¯’v Believe wek¦vm Kiv Believable wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Believably wek¦vm‡hvM¨fv‡e
Bitterness wZ³Zv Embitter wZ³ Kiv Bitter wZ³ Bitterly wZ³fv‡e
Blessing Avwke©v` Bless Avwk©ev` Kiv Blessed Avwk©ev`cyó _ _
Blood i³ Bleed i³cvZ nIqv Bloody i³v³ _ _
LvZvq †Zvjv,
Book eB Book Bookish eBco–qv _ _
wjwce× Kiv
Brevity msw¶ßZv Abbreviate msw¶ß Kiv Brief msw¶ß Briefly ms‡¶‡c
C
Careful mZK© Carefully mZK©fv‡e
Care †mev- hZœ Care †mev-hZœ, Kiv
Careless AmZK© Carelessly AmZ©Kfv‡e
Celebration Drme D`hvcb
Celebrate D`hvcb Kiv Celebrated D`hvwcZ Kiv - -
Celebrity cÖwm× e¨w³
D
Danger wec` Endanger wecbœ Kiv Dangerous wec`RbK Dangerously wec`RbKfv‡e
Darkness AÜKvi Darken AÜKvi nIqv/Kiv Dark AÜKvigq Darkly AÜKv‡i
Debate weZ©K Debate weZ©K Kiv Debatable weZ©K‡hvM¨ Debatably weZ©K‡hvM¨fv‡e
Deception,
cÖZviYv Deceive cÖZviYv Kiv Deceptive cÖZviYv g~jK Deceptively cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e
Deceit
Duty KZ©e¨ - - Dutiful KZ©e¨ civqY Dutifully KZ©e¨ civqYfv‡e
E
Ease mnRmva¨Zv Ease Avivg †Ìqv Easy mnR Easily mn‡R
wgZe¨qxZv, wgZe¨qx nIqv, Economical wgZe¨qx) wgZe¨qx fv‡e,
Economy Economize Economically
A_©bxwZ wn‡me K‡i Pjv Economic A_©‰bwZK A_©‰bwZKfv‡e
Edition m¤ú`vbv, ms¯‹iY Edit ms¯‹iY Kiv Editorial m¤úv`Kxq - -
Education wk¶v Educate wk¶v `vb Kiv Educational wk¶vg~jK Educationally wk¶vg~jKfv‡e
Effect cÖfve Effect Kvh©Ki Kiv Effective Kvh©Ki Effectively Kvh©Kifv‡e
F,G
Facility my‡hvMmyweav Facilitate my‡hvM-myweav †Ìqv Facilitating myweavAv‡Q Ggb - -
Failure e¨_©Zv Fail e¨_© nIqv Failed e¨_©
wg_¨v wn‡m‡e
Falsehood wg_¨vPvi Falsify False wg_¨v Falsely wg_¨vfv‡e
eY©bv Kiv
Favourite/
Favour AbyMÖn Favour AbyMÖn Kiv cQ›`bxq Favorably cQ‡›ì mv‡_
Favourable
H
Habit Af¨vm Habituate Af¨¯Í nIqv Habitual Af¨vmMZ Habitually Af¨vmMZ fv‡e)
Hand nvZ Handle wbqš¿Y Kiv Handy myweavRbK - -
Happiness myL - - Happy myLx Happily my‡Li mv‡_
Hardness K‡VviZv, `„pZv Harden k³/gReyZ Kiv Hard k³, KwVb Hard K‡Vvi fv‡e
I
Identification mbv³KiY Identify mbv³ Kiv Identified mbv³K…Z - -
Idiot wb‡e©vae¨w³
- - Idiotic wb‡e©va Idiotically wbey©w×Zvi mv‡_
Idiocy wbey©w×Zv
J-L
Joint ms‡hvM¯’j Join ‡hvM`vb Kiv Joint †hŠ_ Jointly †hŠ_fv‡e
Joyfully
Joy Avb›` Enjoy Dc‡fvM Kiv Joyful/Joyous Drdzjø Drdzjøf‡i
Joyously
Justice mywePvi Just h_vh_
Justify mZ¨Zv wbiƒcY Kiv mZ¨Zv wbiƒcY Kiv hvq Justly h_vh_fv‡e
Justification ‡hŠw³KZv Justifiable
Ggb
King ivRv, kvmK - - Kingly/Royal ivRKxq Royally ivRKxqfv‡e
M-N
Management eë¯’vcbv Manage eë¯’v Kiv Manageable cwiPvjbxq - -
Marriage weevn Marry we‡q Kiv Marriageable weevn‡hvM¨ - -
Marvel Avðh© e¨vcvi Marvel Avðh© nIqv/Kiv Marvelous we¯§qKi Marvelously we¯§qKifv‡e
Matter welq Materialize ev¯Íe Kiv Material ev¯ÍweK Materially ev¯ÍweKfv‡e
O
Obedience AvbyMZ¨ Obey †g‡b Pjv Obedient AbyMZ Obediently AbyMZfv‡e
Objection cÖwZev` Object AvcwË Kiv Objective êlwqK Objectively êlwqKfv‡e
Oblige Obliging Obligingly/
Obligation evaëvaKZv eva¨ nIqv eva¨Zvg~jK eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e
Obligate Obligatory Obligatorily
Observation Observant g‡bv‡hvMx
ch©‡e¶Y Observe ch©‡e¶Y Kiv Observantly g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_
Observance Observational ch©‡eÿY welqK
P
Package
‡gvoK Pack ‡gvoKRvZ Kiv Packed ‡gvoKRvZK…Z - -
Packet
Pain e¨_v, †e`bv Pain e¨_v †Ìqv Painful †e`bv`vqK Painfully ‡e`bv`vqKfv‡e
we‡klfv‡e GK
Particularity we‡klZ jÿYxq Particularize Particular h_vh_Zv Particularly we‡klfv‡e
GK D‡jøL Kiv
Provision ms¯’vb Provide mieivn Kiv Provisional mvgwqK Provisionally mvgwqKfv‡e
Q-R
Qualification Qualify Qualified
†hvM¨Zv †hvM¨ Kiv †hvM¨ - -
Quarrel Quarrel Quarrelsome
SMov/weev` SMov/weev` Kiv SMov wcÖq - -
Removal AcmviY Remove AcmviY Kiv Removable Acmvib‡hvM¨ - -
Repetition cybive„wË Repeat cybive„wË Kiv Repetitive cybive„wËcÖeY - -
Resentment Amš‘wó Resent Amš‘wó Abyfe Kiv Resentful Amš‘wóc~Y© Resentfully Amš‘wóimv‡_
Resolution `„p msKí Resolve `„p msKí Kiv Resolute `„p msKwíZ Resolutely `„pfv‡e
S
Safety wbivcËv Save i¶v Kiv, euvPv‡bv Safe wbivc` Safely wbivc‡`
Sale weµq Sell weµq Kiv Saleable weµq‡hvM¨ - -
Satisfaction mš‘wó Satisfy mš‘ó Kiv Satisfactory m‡šÍvlRbK Satisfactorily m‡šÍvlRbKfv‡e
Selection evQvB Select evQvB Kiv Selective wbe©vPbx Selectively evQvB K‡i
T-Z
Tale Mí Tell ejv Telling* Kvh©Ki - -
Thankful K…ZÁ Thankfully K…ZÁwP‡Ë¡
Thanks abëv`, K…ZÁZv Thank abëv` †Ìqv
Thankless AK…ZÁ Thanklessly AK…ZÁZvi mv‡_
Theory ZË¡ Theorize ZË¡ Øviv cÖKvk Theoretical ZvwË¡K Theoretically ZvwË¡Kfv‡e
Toleration mn¨ Tolerant mwnòz Tolerantly mwnòzZvi mv‡_
Tolerate mn¨ Kiv
Tolerance mnbkxjZv tolerable mnb‡hvM¨ Tolerably mnb‡hvM¨fv‡e
Understanding †evSvcov, †eva Understand eyS‡Z cviv Understood Dcjä Understandingly Dcjwäi mv‡_
Unity GKZv, HK¨ Unite GKÎ nIqv United HKë×, mw¤§wjZ Unitedly HKë×fv‡e
Usefulness cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Useful cÖ‡qvRbxq Usefully cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi mv‡_
Uselessness cÖ‡qvRbnxbZv Use eënvi Kiv Useless cÖ‡qvRbnxb Uselessly cÖ‡qvRbnxbfv‡e
Usability eënvh© Usable eënvi‡hvM¨ Usably eënvi‡hvM¨fv‡e
Variance Awgj
Vary wfbœ nIqv Various wewfbœ Variously wewfbœ iƒ‡c
Variation wfbœZv
Vacancy kyb¨Zv Vacate Lvwj Kiv Vacant kyb¨, Lvwj, duvKv Vacantly k~b¨`„wó‡Z
Vanity An¼vi - - Vain An¼vix, e¨_© Vainly M‡e©v×Zfv‡e
Validity ‰eaZv Validate êa Kiv Valid êa Validly êafv‡e
At A Glance
Identification of Parts of Speech

Identification of noun
Verb + (er, or, ar, ee, e, ce, al, th, tion, sion, ment,
age, iour, y, ance, ence) = Noun
Adjective + (ness, cy, y, ship, ism, ity, ety, hood, dom)
A_©vr, Verb Ges Adjective Gi c‡i DcwiD³ Suffix ¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j, Noun MwVZ nq| Avevi, Noun †_‡K GB Suffix
¸‡jv ev` w`‡j Verb Ges Adjective cvIqv hvq|
Formation of noun from Verb
1. Verb-Gi mv‡_ er/ r (Suffix) †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Keep (VerB. + er = Keeper (Noun)
Make (VerB. + r = Maker (Noun)
2. Verb-Gi mv‡_ ee/ e †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Pay (VerB) + ee = Payee (Noun)
Examine (VerB) + e = Examinee (Noun)
3. Verb I Adjective-Gi mv‡_ ery/ ry †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Brave (Adj.) + ry = Bravery (Noun)
Hatch (VerB) + ery = Hatchery (Noun)
4. Verb-Gi †k‡l ar †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Beg (VerB) + ar = Beggar (Noun)
5. Verb-Gi †k‡l tion/ ion †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Express (VerB) + ion = Expression (Noun)
Rusticate (VerB) + ion = Rustication (Noun)
6. Verb-Gi †k‡l ment †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Conceal (VerB) + ment = Concealment (Noun)
7. Verb-Gi †k‡l iour †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Behave (VerB) + iour = Behaviour (Noun)
8. Verb-Gi †k‡l age †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Break (VerB) + age = Breakage (Noun)
9. Verb-Gi †k‡l or †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Visit (VerB) + or = Visitor (Noun)
10. Verb Gi †k‡l ce †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Obedient (VerB) + ce = Obedience (Noun)
11. Verb-Gi †k‡l th †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Grow (VerB) + th = Growth (Noun)
12. Verb-Gi †k‡l al †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Remove (VerB) + al = Removal (Noun)
13. Verb-Gi †k‡l y †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Discover (VerB) + y = Discovery (Noun)
14. Verb-Gi †k‡l ance/ ence †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Attend (VerB) + ance = Attendance (Noun)
Exist (VerB) + ence = Existence (Noun)
15. Verb-Gi †k‡l eed _vK‡j Z_vq ess †hvM K‡i Noun form MVb Kiv hvq|
Exceed (VerB) + ess = Excess (Noun)
16. Verb-Gi †k‡l sion/ ion †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Pretend (VerB) + sion = Pretension (Noun)
Allude (VerB) + sion = Allusion (Noun)
Identification of noun from Adjective
01. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ness †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Broad (Adj.) + ness = Broadness (Noun)
02. Adjective-Gi †k‡l cy †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Decent (Adj.) + cy = Decency (Noun)
03. Adjective-Gi †k‡l y †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Honest (Adj.) + y = Honesty (Noun)
04. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ship †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Hard (Adj.) + ship = Hardship (Noun)
05. Adjective/ Noun-Gi †k‡l ism †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Social (Adj.) + ism = Socialism (Noun)
06. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ity †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Prior (Adj.) + ity = Priority (Noun)
07. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ous _vK‡j Gi ¯’‡j ity ev ety †hvM K‡i Noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Anxious (Adj.) + ety = Anxiety (Noun)
Homogenous (Adj.) + ity = Homogeneity (Noun)
08. Adjective-Gi †k‡l dom †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Free (Adj.) + dom = Freedom (Noun)
Identification of Noun from Noun
23. Noun-Gi †k‡l hood †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Boy (Noun) + hood = Boyhood (Noun)
Identification of Verbs
1. Adjective-Gi †k‡l en †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Light (Adj.) + en = Lighten (VerB)
2. Noun-Gi †k‡l ize/ ise †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Agony (Noun) + ize = Agonize (VerB)
3. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ate/ te †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Captive (Adj.) + ate = Captivate (VerB)
Active (Adj.) + te = Activate (VerB)
4. Noun-Gi †k‡l ify †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Air (Noun) + ify = Aerify (VerB)
5. Adjective-Gi c~‡e© en †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
En + able (Adj.) = Enable (VerB)
6. Adjective/ Noun-Gi c~‡e© 'Re' Prefix †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Re + new (Adj.) = Renew (VerB)
7. Noun-Gi c~‡e© 'De' Prefix †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
De + frost (Noun) = Defrost (VerB)
8. Noun-Gi c~‡e© 'Em' Prefix †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Em + balm (Noun) = Embalm (VerB)
Identification of Adverbs
1. mvaviYZ, Adjective of Quality-Gi mv‡_ 'ly' Prefix †hvM K‡i AwaKvsk Adverb MVb Kiv hvq t
Swift (Adj. of quality) + ly = Swiftly (Adv.)
Exceptional Rule: Word Gi †k‡l ly _vK‡jB memgq Adverb nq bv| Noun Gi mv‡_ ly †hvM Ki‡j Zv Adjective nq, Adverb
bq| Z‡e Adjective Gi mv‡_ ly †hvM Ki‡j Zv Adverb nq|
Noun + ly = Adjective; Ex: mother+ly = motherly, home+ly = homely, e¨wZµg: namely (h_v, †hgB. n‡”Q adverb
2. Noun/Adjective-Gi ci wards †hvM K‡i Adverb MVb Kiv hvq t
Home (Noun) + Wards = Homewards (Adv.)
3. †Kvb †Kvb Word-Gi †k‡l wise, long, ling, ways, etc. †hvM K‡i Adverb MVb Kiv hvq t
All + ways = Always (Adv.)
Other + wise = Otherwise (Adv.)
Identification of Adjectives
01. Noun-Gi †k‡l like †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Business (Noun) + like = Businesslike (Adj.)
02. Noun-Gi †k‡l ish †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Child (Noun) + ish = Childish (Adj.)
03. Noun-Gi †k‡l y †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Silk (Noun) + y = Silky (Adj.)
04. Noun-Gi †k‡l ful †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Beauty (Noun) + ful = Beautiful (Adj.)
05. Noun-Gi †k‡l less †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Help (Noun) + less = Helpless (Adj.)
06. Noun-Gi †k‡l ous †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Fable (Noun) + ous = Fabulous (Adj.)
07. Noun-Gi †k‡l able †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Value (Noun) + able = Valuable (Adj. )
08. Noun-Gi †k‡l some †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Trouble (Noun) + some = Troublesome (Adj.)
09. Noun-Gi †k‡l ic †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Magnet (Noun) + ic = Magnetic (Adj.)
10. Noun-Gi †k‡l ly †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Home (Noun) + ly = Homely (Adj.)
11. Verb-Gi †k‡l able †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Drink (VerB. + able = Drinkable (Adj.)
12. Verb-Gi †k‡l ible †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Contempt (VerB. + ible = Contemptible (Adj.)
13. Verb-Gi †k‡l ive †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Act (VerB. + ive = Active (Adj.)
Number
◉ Foreign plurals: Singular number Gi †k‡l um _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq um Gi cwie‡Z© a em‡e| KLbI KLbI Gi
singular number Gi m‡½ s †hvM K‡i Plural Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Spectrum Spectra Agendum Agenda
Alluvium Alluvia Momentum Momenta
Referendum Referenda Datum Data
Curriculum Curricula Erratum Errata
Symposium Symposia Ovum Ova
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l is _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq is Gi cwie‡Z© es e‡m| †hgbÑ
Thesis Theses Analysis Analyses
Oasis Oases Synopsis Synopses
Parenthesis Parentheses Hypothesis Hypotheses
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l ix/ex _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq ix/ex Gi cwie‡Z© ices A_ev Gi mv‡_ es †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Vertex Vertices Radix Radices
Appendix Appendices/ Appendixes Index Indices/
Indexes
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l us _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq us Gi cwie‡Z© i A_ev Gi mv‡_ es †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Syllabus Syllabi/ Syllabuses Radius Radii/ Radiuses
Terminus Termini/ Terminuses Focus Foci/ Focuses
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l on _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq on Gi cwie‡Z© a e‡m| †hgbÑ
Phenomenon Phenomena Criterion Criteria
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l a _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq s, e ev ta hy³ K‡i plural Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Dogma Dogmata/ Dogmas Stigma Stigmata/ Stigmas
Alumna Alumnae Formula Formulas/ Formulae
◉ Singular number †_‡K plural number
Madam Mesdames Seraph Seraphim/ Seraphs
Monsi Messieurs Mr Messrs
◉ English Plurals
Rule: Noun Gi Singular form-Gi †k‡l s †hvM K‡i Plural form MVb Kiv nqÑ
Book Books Chair Chairs
Journey Journeys Tree Trees
◉ Noun Gi †k‡l s, ss, sh, ch, x I z _vK‡j Zv‡ì c‡i ‘es’ †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Class Classes Ass Asses
Glass Glasses Bush Bushes
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l f _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq f ev fe Gi RvqMvq v e‡m, Zvici es †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Calf Calves Knife Knives
Life Lives Shelf Shelves
◉ wKQz Noun Gi †k‡l f _vK‡j ïay s †hvM K‡i plural Ki‡Z nq|
Proof Proofs Gulf Gulfs
Dwarf Gi plural Dwarfs Ges Dwarves DfqBï×|
◉ †h mg¯Í Noun Gi †k‡l ‘o’ _v‡K †mB Singular ¸wjI es †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Echo Echoes Buffalo Buffaloes
Volcano Volcanoes Mango Mangoes
Negro Negroes Cargo Cargoes
◉ mvgvb¨ wKQz Noun Av‡Q hv‡ì †k‡l ‘o’ _vK‡j †Kej s †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Piano Pianos Photo Photos
Studio Studios Commando Commandos
◉ hw` Noun wUi †k‡l Y _v‡K Ges Zvi Av‡M consonant _v‡K ZLb Y ¯’v‡b i Ges c‡i es †hvM nq|
Country Countries Army Armies
Lady Ladies Duty Duties
◉ Noun Gi †k‡l Y _v‡K Ges ‘y’ Gi Av‡M hw` vowel _v‡K Zvn‡j s †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Day Days Play Plays
◉ gvÎ AvUwU Noun Av‡Q hv‡ì wfZ‡ii Vowel cwieZ©b K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Woman Women Man Men
Dormouse Dormice Louce Lice
◉ PviwU Noun Av‡Q hv‡ì en, ren ev ne †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Ox Oxen Cow Kine (cows)
Child Children Brother Brethren

◉ msL¨v, eY© ev cÖZx‡Ki †k‡l Apostrophe ( s) †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
M.A. M.A’s 5 5’s
Seven Seven’s y y’s
◉ Noun Gi †k‡l ‘man’ gbyl¨ A_© bv eywS‡q hw` Dnvi Askiƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nq Zvn‡j ïiæ S †hvM Kiv nq|
German Germans Brahman Brahmans
Roman Romans Mussalman Mussalmans
Norman Normans
◉ Noun Gi †k‡l ‘man’ _vK‡j Ges Zv gbyl¨ A‡_© eëüZ n‡j men ewm‡q plural Ki‡Z nq|
Workman Workmen Coachman Coachmen
Englishman Englishmen Clergyman Clegymen
◉ KZ¸wj Noun Gi Singular I Plural iƒ‡ci †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
One deer Three deer One dozen Two dozen
A swine Many swine An aircraft Two aircraft
◉ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã Øviv MwVZ Compound Noun Gi Plural Ki‡Z n‡j mvaviYZ cÖavb kãwUi †k‡l S †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
Father-in-law Fathers-in-law Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in- chief Maid servant Maid servants
Gender
◉ Noun cysevPK ev ¯¿xevPK Dfq eySv‡bv‡K Common Gender e‡j| †hgbt Student, Parents, Baby, Driver, Singer, Child.
◉ Rule 01: †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î m¤ú~Y© wfbœ kã eënvi K‡i Masculine †_‡K Feminine Gender MVb Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
Masculine Meaning Feminine Meaning Masculine Meaning Feminine Meaning
AweevwnZ Maid AweevwnZ
Bachelor Gay mgKvgx cyiæl Lesbian mgKvgx bvix
cyiæl Spinster gwnjv
Lady
Beau my›ì cyiæl Belle my›ì gwnjv Gentleman f`ª‡jvK f`ªgwnjv
Gentlewoman
Boar ïKi Sow ïKix Hart nwiY Roe nwiYx
Boy Girl Horse
evjK evwjKv †Nvov Mare †NvUKx
Lad Lass Stallion
◉ Rule 02: KZK¸‡jv Masculine Form Av‡Q hv‡ì †k‡l ‘ess’ †hvM K‡i Feminine Form MVb Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Author Authoress Prophet Prophetess Lion Lioness
Baron Baroness Steward Stewardess Poet Poetess
Count Countess Manager Manageress Shepherd Shepherdess
◉ Rule 03: KZ¸‡jv Masculine Form Gi †kl Syllable Gi Vowel ev` w`‡q Ges †k‡l ‘ess’ †hvM K‡i Feminine Form MVb
Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Actor Actress Enchanter Enchantress Songster Songstress
Benefactor Benefactress Hunter Huntress Tiger Tigress
◉ Rule 04: KZ¸‡jv Masculine Form Av‡Q hv‡ì †k‡l ‘ess’ †hvM K‡i Feminine Form MVb Ki‡Z evbv‡bi wKQz cwieZ©b nq|
†hgbÑ
Abbot Abbess Duke Duchess Emperor Emperess
Governor Governess Master Mistess/Miss Murderer Murderess
◉ Rule 05: KZ¸‡jv Compound Masculine Gi ïiæi ev †k‡li cysevPK kãwU‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Feminine Form MVb Kiv nq|
†hgbÑ
◉ ïiæi cyiælevPK Ask cwieZ©b K‡iÑ
Man-servant Maid-servant Billy-goat Nanny-goat (cvVx) Son-in-law Daughter-in-law
Bull-calf Cow-calf Male-child Female-child He-goat (QvM) She-goat (QvMx)
She-ass,
Brother-in-law Sister-in-law Jack-ass
Jenny-ass
◉ 2. †k‡l cyiælevPK Ask cwieZ©b K‡iÑ
Fisherman Fisherwoman Grandfather Grandmother Godfather Godmother
Pea-cock Pea-hen Bridegroom Bride Stepson Stepdaughter
* Doctor Gi Feminine Lady doctor.
◉ Rule 06: we‡`kx fvlv n‡Z AvMZ Masculine Noun Gi †k‡l ‘a’, ‘trix’, ‘ine’ BZ¨vw` †hvM K‡i Feminine Form MVb Kiv nq|
mvaviYfv‡e we‡`kx Word wUi †k‡l ‘tor’ _vK‡j Zv cwiewZ©Z n‡q ‘tric’ nq| †hgbÑ
◉ ïiæi cyiælevPK Ask cwieZ©b K‡iÑ
Administrator Administratrix Czar (Rvi-ivwkqvi m¤ªvU) Czarina Executor Executrix
Henry Henrietta/Herriet Hero Heroine Sultan Sultana
◉ Rule 07: KZ¸‡jv Masculine Gender Gi †Kvb Feminine Form †bB| †hgb: Captain (`j cwZ), Judge (wePviK), Knight
(exi), Squire (m¤£všÍ cyiæl, Parson (cv`ªx), Coward (Kvcyiæl), Chairman (mfvcwZ) [†Kvb gwnjvI GB c‡` Avmxb n‡Z cv‡i e‡j
GLb Chairperson kãwU eëüZ nq|
GKBfv‡e KZ¸‡jv Feminine Noun Gi †Kvb Masculine Form †bB| †hgb: Amazon (cyiælvjx ¯^fv‡ei bvix), Shrew (kÖæ-SMov‡U
gwnjv), Nurse (†mweK), Virgin (fviwRb-AweevwnZ cweÎ hyeZx), Brunette (Kv‡jv Pzj I †PvLwewkó gwnjv), Laundress ( †avcvbx),
Blonde ( †mvbvjx Pzj I eY©wewkó gwnjv), Termagant (KjnwcÖq gwnjv), Siren (KznwKYx), Coquette (wQbvj gwnjv), Flirt (wQbvj),
Prude (K…wÎg j¾veZx) BZ¨vw`|
◉ Rule 08: Sun, Death, Summer, Winter, War, Thunder, Anger, Fear, Love, Time, Day, June, Revenge- G‡ì
†ZR, kw³ ev cyiæ‡lvwPZ ¸Y _vKvi Kvi‡Y G‡ì‡K Masculine Gender wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Ab¨w`‡K Moon, Peace, Hope, Liberty, Earth, Modesty, Nature, Mercy, Religion, Justice, Church, Truth, Night,
Spring, Autumn- G‡ì †mŠ›`h©, bgbxqZv, †KvgjZv, cweÎZv BZ¨vw` bvixmyjf ¸Y _vKvi Kvi‡Y G‡ì‡K- Feminine Gender wn‡m‡e
MY¨ Kiv nq|
◉ Rule 09: Masculine & Feminine Form of Some Common Nouns: Noun cysevPK ev ¯¿xevPK Dfq‡K eySv‡j Common
Gender nq| †hgb: Friend, Student, Cousin, Doctor, Neighbour, Infant, People, Enemy, Thief, Orphan
(Abv_/Abv_v)| wb‡P KwZcq Common Gender Gi Masculine Ges Feminine Form †Ìqv nj:
Common Masculine Feminine Common Masculine Feminine
Calf Bullock Heifer Spouse Husband Wife
Servant Man-servant Maid-servant Pig Boar Sow
Hart Roe Son Daughter
Deer Stag Hind Child, baby
Buck Doe Boy Girl
◉ Rule 10: AeyR wkï (child, baby) Ges BZicÖvYx (†hgb: Dog, Cat, Bird, Mouse etc.) †m me©`vB Neuter Gender e‡j MY¨
K‡i Pronoun eënvi Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr G‡ì Singular Pronoun wn‡m‡e it, its eëüZ nq| Plural-G †Zv they/their/them-B
eëüZ n‡e|
◉ Rule 11: Collective Noun cÖvYxevPK n‡jI Neuter Gender G Pronoun eëüZ nq| A_©vr G‡ì Singular G Pronoun nq
it, its|
Article
Rules of Indefinite Article

◉ Basic Principle: Sound Gi wfwË‡Z A, An eëüZ nq e‡jB avibv Kiv nq| Word Gi cÖ_‡g Consonant Sound _vK‡j A
Ges Vowel Sound _vK‡j An e‡m| wKš‘ Vowel Gi D”PviY (Pronunciation) you (BD) ev wa (Iqv) Gi gZ n‡j A Ges
Consonant Gi D”PviY Vowel Gi gZ n‡j An e‡m| ZvB ejv hvq Sound bq, Pronunciation Dci wfwË K‡iB ev wbf©i K‡i
Article eëüZ nq| One (Iqvb), Uniform (BDwbdg©) Gi Vowel Sound Av‡Q weavq G‡ì c~‡e© An emvi K_v _vK‡jI D”Pvi‡Yi
Dci wfwË K‡iB G‡ì c~‡e© A e‡m|
◉ Rule 01: †Kvb Word Gi cÖ_‡g Consonant _vK‡j A e‡m| Example: a word, a quarter, a B.A wKš‘ cÖ_‡g Consonant
_vK‡jI D”PviY hw` Vowel Gi gZ n‡j An e‡m| Abbreviation Gi cÖ_g AÿiwUi D”Pvi‡bi ïiæ‡Z Vowel/Vowel Sound
Avm&‡j Zvi c~‡e© An em‡e| Example: an L.L.B. †h‡nZz L (Gj&) D”PviY ïiæ‡Z G (a) ZvB Gi c~‡e© An e‡m‡Q| myZivs A, E, F,
H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S, X, Øviv ïiæ mKj Abbreviation (mswÿß iƒc) Gi c~‡e© An em‡e|
Example:
an honest boy (A‡b÷) an heir (Gqvi) an hour (AvIqvi)
an M.Ed. (Gg.GW.) an S.D.O.(Gm.wW.I.) an O.C. (I.wm)
 He is an M.B.B.S.
 My elder brother/He is an M.A. in English.
◉ Rule 02: †Kvb Word Gi cÖ_‡g Vowel (a, e, i, o, u) _vK‡j An e‡m| Example: An apple, An ass, An ugly (AvMwj)
wKš‘ cÖ_‡g Vowel _vK‡jI D”PviY You (BD) Gi gZ n‡j a e‡m| Example:
Eulogy (BD‡jvwR) Euphemism (BD‡dwgRg) European (BD‡ivwcqvb)
Union (BDwbqb) University (BDwbfvwm©wU) Uniform (BDwbdg©)
 He is a European.
 Denmark is a European nation.
 Gold is a useful metal.
◉ Rule 03: k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z _vKv h Gi D”PviY ÔnÕ n‡j Z‡e A e‡m| wKš‘ k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z h _vK‡jI hw` D”PvwiZ bv nq Zvn‡j an e‡m|
Example:
half (nvd)-A‡a©K horse (nm©)- †Nvov heroic (wn‡ivwqK)-bvq‡KvwPZ

hero (wn‡iv) bvqK heir (Gqvi)-DËivwaKvix honours (Abvim&)-m¤§vb
 I am standing here for an hour.
 He is an honours graduate.
 Sunday is not a holiday for us.
 They will do it in an hour and a half.
 Benares is a holy city. (cweÎ bMix)
 He was an honourary Magistrate. (wZwb GKRb A‰eZwbK g¨vwR‡UªU wQ‡jb)
◉ Rule 04: O Øviv ïiæ mKj k‡ãi c~‡e© An e‡m| ïay One Gi c~‡e© A e‡m|
 This is an oasis. (I‡qwmm&)
 I saw a one-eyed man.
◉ Rule 05: mvaviYZ Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© a/an eëüZ n‡j H †kÖwYi †h‡Kvb GKwU‡K eySvq Ges mvaviYfv‡e Ggb
êwkó¨ eY©bv Kiv nq hv H Noun wUi mvaviY êwkó¨| †hgb: An orange is round (Kgjv †MvjvKvi)| A_©vr GKwU Kgjv †MvjvKvi
gv‡b c„w_exi mKj KgjvB mvaviYZ †MvjvKvi n‡q _v‡K|
 A mirror is a reflection of one’s own self. Here “A mirror” means any one mirror.
 A child needs love. (wkï Avì-hZœ cÖ‡qvRb)
◉ Rule 06: mvaviY Singular Countable Noun †K cÖ_gevi D‡jøL Ki‡j A_ev A‡bK ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Awbw`©ófv‡e †h‡Kvb GKwU‡K
wb‡`©k Ki‡j Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m|
 I am awarded a gold metal.
 It is a quarter to six. (†cŠ‡b QqUv ev‡R/QqUv evR‡Z c‡bi wgwbU euvwK)
 The English are a nation. (Bs‡iRiv GK RvwZ)
◉ Rule 07: AcwiwPZ ev m¤§vwbZ e¨w³ †evSv‡Z Mr/Mrs/Miss ev †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| Avevi H iKg GKRb/KviI gZ
GKRb †evSv‡Z Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© a ev an eëüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Proper Noun wU Common Noun n‡q hvq|
Example: A Newton is not born every year. (wbDUb eQi eQi R‡b¥ bv)|
 I talked to a Dalai Lama. (Avwg GKRb `vjvB jvgvi mv‡_ K_v ejjvg)
 A Mr. Karim has been arrested. (Kwig bv‡g GKRb †MÖßvi n‡q‡Q)
◉ Rule 08: Superlative ‘most’ hLb Zzjbv bv eywS‡q †Kvb we‡kl Ae¯’v ev ¸‡Yi Lye †ewk cwigvY †evSvq A_©vr Very A‡_© eëüZ
nq ZLb ‘most’ Gi c~‡e© the Gi cwie‡Z© a e‡m|
Example:
 He leads a most unhappy life. (†m Lye AmyLx Rxebhvcb K‡i)
 He saw a most wonderful sight (†m Lye PgrKvi GKwU `„k¨ †`L‡jv)
◉ Rule 09: KL‡bv KL‡bv Preposition A‡_© a eëüZ nq, ZLb †mB a †K Disguised Preposition e‡j|
 The king went a hunting. (ivRv wkKv‡i wM‡qwQj)
◉ Rule 10: few, little, lot of, good deal, good many, great many BZ¨vwì c~‡e© a e‡m| Aí msL¨K A‡_© Countable Noun
Gi c~‡e© a few Aí cwigvY A‡_© Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© a little e‡m| m¤ú~Y©UzKz eySv‡j the em‡e|
Example:
 He made a few mistakes. (†m Aí wKQz fzj Ki‡jv)
 A great many students attended the test.
◉ Rule 11: Many Gi c‡i a/an e‡m| A_©vr many Ges singular common noun Gi gv‡S a/an e‡m|
 Many a man was present. (KZ †jvKB †Zv Dcw¯’Z wQj)
◉ Rule 12: wKQz wKQz Phrase G a/an e‡m| †hgb: In a body, in a hurry, in a nutshell, in a fix, in a temper, to take an
interest|
Example: He is in a temper now. GLb Zvi †gRvR Mig|
 He is in a hurry.
Omission of A/An
 Meals (Lvevi) Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| Z‡e Lvev‡i (meals) c~‡e© adjective em‡j a/an e‡m| †hgb: Breakfast, dinner, lunch
etc.
Ex: I ate my breakfast at 8 am. wKš‘,
We had a good breakfast yesterday.
 Uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb: news, information, advice, money, time etc.
Ex: He gives me good news.
 Material noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb:
I need water. He drinks milk.
Z‡e cwigvcK kã _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| †hgbÑ
I drink a glass of water.
 Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb:
Honesty is the best policy.
wKš‘ wbw`©ó K‡i †evSv‡j Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m| Ex: The kindness of Omar teaches all.
Rules of Definite Article

◉ Different Types of “The”:
 Generalizing “The”: GKRvZxq mKj‡K †evSv‡Z Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m G‡K Generalizing ‘the’
e‡j| †hgb: The cow is a useful animal.
 Defining “The”: wbw`©ó K‡i †evSv‡Z the e‡m G‡K Defining ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb: The book is mine.
 Instrumental “The”: hZ ZZ †evSv‡Z Dfq Comperative Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| GB Dfq the †K Instrumental ‘the’ e‡j|
†hgb: The more you read, the more you learn.
The earlier, the better. (hZ Av‡M, ZZ fv‡jv)
The more, the merrier.
 Familiar “The”: GKK e¯‘ (hv gnvwe‡k¦ GKwUB) †hgb: c„w_ex, m~h© P›`ª BZ¨vwì c~‡e© the e‡m G‡K Familiar ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb:
The earth moves around the sun.
 Possessive “The”: A½cÖZ‡½i bv‡gi c~‡e© Possessive Gi cwie‡Z© the e‡m G‡K Possessive ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb: He struck
me on the cheek.
 He struck me on the head.
◉ Rule 01: †Kvb Noun †K wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The charge for the excess luggage is Tk. 600 per kilo.
 The soup is horrible; I am going to complain to the restaurant’s owner.
◉ Rule 02: cÖ_gevi †Kvb Noun D‡jøL Ki‡j Zvi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| wKš‘ wØZxq evi GKB Noun Gi D‡jøL Ki‡j The e‡m|
 The house has a beautiful garden. Let us sit in the garden.
◉ Rule 03: mgMÖ RvwZ †evSv‡Z Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The ant is an intelligent insect.
 Do you prefer the town or the country?
◉ Rule 04: mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ †evSv‡Z Man Ges Woman Gi c~‡e© †Kvb article eëüZ nq bv|
 Man is mortal
◉ Rule 05: cÖK…wZ‡Z hv GKwUgvÎ Av‡Q Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| A_©vr GKK e¯‘ †hgb: P›`ª (Moon), m~h© (Sun), AvKvk (Sky), c„w_ex
(Earth), wek¦ (World), `ywbqv (Universe), †h‡Kvb w`‡Ki bvg c~e© (East), cwðg (West), DËi (North), `wÿY (South) BZ¨vw`
bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 Do you see the blue sky?
 The earth moves around the sun.
 He is tired of the world.
◉ Rule 06: †Kvb RvZxqZvevPK kã Øviv †h RvwZi mKj †jvKRb‡K eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m| wKš‘ RvZxqZvevPK kã Øviv †m RvwZi
fvlvi bvg eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| A_©vr RvZxi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m wKš‘ fvlvi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv|
 The French people.
 The Bangladeshis are proud of their glorious past.
◉ Rule 07: †Kvb Noun Øviv hw` †ckv eySvq (hwÌ cÖK…Z A‡_© Zv †ckv bq) ZLb Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb: He joined the Bar
(g~jZ wePvivjq, GLv‡b-AvBbRxwei †ckv)/ the Church (g~jZ Dcvmbvjq, GLv‡b-hvR‡Ki †ckv)
 He joined the Army.
◉ Rule 08: Avgiv Pronoun Chapter-G †R‡bwQ Subject ev Object wn‡m‡e A½ cÖZ‡½i (Limb) bvg ( †hgb leg, ear, head,
tail, horn, neck _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective (my, his, her, etc) e‡m| He shook my hand.
wKš‘ Object+Preposition Gi c‡i †Kvb A½ cÖZ¨½ bvg _vK‡j Ges H Object wUi A½ hw` Preposition wUi c‡i Av‡m Z‡e †mLv‡b
Possessive Adjective+ kix‡ii A½ bv n‡q the+ kix‡ii A½ e‡m| G ai‡bi the †K Possessive ‘the’ e‡j| e.g.I struck him on
the head. jÿ¨ Kwi head wU wKš‘ him Gi| A_©vr,
Subject+ verb+ Possessive + Part of body + Extension. Example: He hurt his arm.
Subject + Verb + Object + Preposition + The + Part of body. Example: He shook me by the hand.
 He caught me by the neck.
 I pulled the cat by the tail.
◉ Rule 09: Adjective we‡kl ¸Ywewkó †kÖYxi mKj‡K GK‡Î wb‡`©k Ki‡j Zvi The+Adjective (H ¸Y) e‡m hv Plural Number
nq| Example: The pious (avwg©‡Kiv), The rich (abxiv), The poor (Mix‡eiv)
 The virtuous are always happy.
◉ Rule 10: mshy³ †`‡ki bvg [†hgb: the U.S.A (The United States of America., the U.K. (The United Kingdom) The
U.A.E. (The United Arab Emirates) Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| Z‡e GKK †Kvb †`k †hgb: India, England, Canada, Great
Britain, America BZ¨vwì bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv|
 He visited the U.S.A.
◉ Rule 11: †Kvb cÖ‡`‡ki Ò†fŠ‡MvwjK eY©bvg~jK A_©Ó _vK‡j H cÖ‡`‡ki bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| Example: the Deccan, the
Punjub.
 The Punjub is a province of Pakistan.
◉ Rule 12: Adjective-Gi Superlative Degree- Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|

 Honesty is the best policy.
 Rakib is the finest young player now.
◉ Rule 13: mvaviYZ Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| wKš‘ wb‡Pi Proper Noun ¸‡jvi c~‡e© me©`vB The e‡m|
Before the name of archipelago Øxccy‡Äi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Andamans, The West Indies, The
Philippines, The Netherlands
Before the name of desert giæf~wgi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Sahara, The Gobi.
Before the name of directions w`‡Ki bv‡gi c~‡e© The North, The south
Before the name of famous weL¨vZ AÆvwjKvi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Tajmahal, The world Trade Center.
buildings
Before the name of holy books cweÎ MÖš’/ ag©M‡Ö š’i bv‡gi The Quran/Koran, The Bible, The Ramayana etc.
c~‡e©
 I lived in the Netherlands for two years.

 I read the Prothom Alo, which is a very popular newspaper in our country.
◉ Rule 14: †Kvb Noun Gi c‡i Clause ewm‡q Noun Gi w`‡K wbw`©ó Kiv n‡j Noun wUi c‡e© the e‡m| Clause gv‡b nj
Subject + Finite Verb] Clause m¤ú‡K© cieZ©x †Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 The lunch my mother served was excellent.
 The apple you ate was rotten. (Zzwg †h Av‡cj †L‡qwQ‡j Zv cPv wQj)
◉ Rule 15: Common Noun hLb Abstract Idea ev Kv‡iv †`vl, ¸‡Yi bvg eySvq ZLb Zv Common Noun nq Ges Gi c~‡e© the
e‡m| †hgb: Mother Øviv ÔgvÕ bv eywS‡q ÔgvZ…‡¯œnÕ ev ÔgvZ…Z¡Õ, Father Øviv ÕwcZ…Z¡Õ Beast Øviv ÔcïZ¡Õ, Fox Øviv ‘a~Z©ZvÕ eySvq ZLb
Mother, Father, Beast, Fox BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© The e‡m|
 The father in him arose to see a child.
◉ Rule 16: Ordinal (µgevPK) Numeral Adjective (First, Second, Third, Fourth etc Gi Av‡M the e‡m|
 Louis the fourteen was a benevolent king.
◉ Rule 17: ev`¨hš¿ evRv‡bv †evSv‡Z ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| evRv‡bv †evSv‡Z ‘play on’ eëüZ n‡j †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
Avevi KviI ev`¨hš¿ _vKv †evSv‡Z ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m|
 I can play the flute. (Avwg euvwk evRv‡Z cvwi)
◉ Rule 18: †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| e¨wZµg: The gout ( †Mu‡UevZ), the measles (nvg), the mumps (KY©MÖwš’i cÖ`vnc~Y©
†Quvqv‡P †ivMwe‡kl)| Z‡e AwZ mvaviY †iv‡Mi c~‡e© a e‡m| Example: a headache, a cold and a fever BZ¨vw`|
 AIDS virus infection is incurable. (GBWm fvBiv‡mi msµgY Abv‡ivM¨)
◉ Rule 19: mvaviYZ Material Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Example: Gold is a precious metal, Z‡e G‡ì wbw`©ó K‡i
eySv‡j Article e‡m| Example: The gold of Saudi is a good quality.
 I paid a one taka note for old paper.
 Salt tastes salty, and pepper (†Mvj gwi‡Pi ¸ov) tastes hot.
◉ Rule 20: mvaviYZ Abstract Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| wKš‘ Abstract Noun †K wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 I can’t forget the kindness with which he treated me.
 Agriculture is an important activity in Bangladesh.
◉ Rule 21: †Kvb wKQzi we‡kl Ask †evSv‡Z Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The child likes the yellow of an egg. (ev”PvwU wW‡gi Kzmyg cQ›` K‡i|)
◉ Rule 22: MÖ‡š’i bv‡gi c~‡e© †jL‡Ki bvg _vK‡j A_ev †jL‡Ki bvg Øviv eB‡qi bvg †evSv‡j †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
 I have read Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
 She reads Nazrul’s Agnibina.
◉ Rule 23: mvaviYZ Telephone, Television BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv| Z‡e we‡klv‡_©/ †dv‡b K_v ejv eySv‡Z over
the telephone e‡m|
 Telephone has had bought an enormous impact on how we communicate.
◉ Rule 24: Lvevi mgq †hgb: Breakfast, Lunch cÖf…wZi c~‡e© The e‡m bv| †hgb: We have dinner as usual time. wKš‘ wbqš¿Y
eySv‡j The em‡e| †hgb: We took the dinner with his family.
 What did you eat for breakfast this morning?
◉ Rule 25: wKQz wKQz Idiomatic Expression Av‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z ¯^fveZB the e‡m| we¯ÍvwiZ Idioms & Phrases As‡k Av‡jvwPZ
n‡q‡Q|
 I am not in the know of the thinks. (In the know of the something- †Kvb wKQzi †Mvcb Z_¨ Rvbv Av‡Q Ggb)
 He is in the wrong. (In the wrong-fzj aviYv ev Ab¨vq Kiv)
◉ Rule 26: Transitive Verb Gi Subject I Object hw` GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ nq ZLb H Object Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
Mr. Sen became Principal of the college.
Exception: We called him a fool. –Fool Gi c~‡e© a em‡e|
 Draw the picture of an owl.
 I heard a knock on the door.
Omission of ‘the’ Article

¯‹qvi, iv¯Ív, A¨vwfwbD, cvK© BZ¨vwì bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| wKš‘ Ex:  He walks Ramna park.
Road kãwU _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|  He drives a car on the Fuller Road.
fvlvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  He speaks Bengali.
Day /Month Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  January, Sunday.
gvby‡li †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  the mumps, the goal, the measles
Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv Ex:  Honesty is the best policy.
 Beauty is truth; truth is beauty.
¯^vfvweK A‡_© Material/Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article Ex:  Iron is a useful metal.
e‡m bv|  Newyork is the capital of the United States of
America.
mgMÖ RvwZ eySv‡Z Plural Noun- Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv| Ex:  Dogs are faithful animals.
e³vi wb‡Ri ev hv‡K ejv n‡”Q Zvi wb‡Ri evwo n‡j, Zvi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Ex:  Go home.
Article e‡m bv|  Come home.
†jL‡Ki bv‡gi Øviv eB †evSv‡bv A_ev eB‡qi bv‡gi Av‡M †jL‡Ki Ex:  I have read Jonathan Swift’s ‘Gulliver’s Travels’.
bvg _vK‡j, †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv|
cÖk‡œ evaK ev‡K¨ Kind of, sort of, species (cÖRvwZ) of _vK‡j, Ex:  What kind of flower is it?
Zvi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv|  What sort of man is he? (†m †Kvb ai‡bi gvbyl?)
†Ljv Ges Lvevi Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Ex:  We like to play cricket/football/hockey/ tennis/
batminton etc.
 We have dinner/breakfast as usual time.
FZz I Drm‡ei bv‡gi c~‡e© mvaviYZt Article e‡m bv| Ex:  Summar, winter, spring, autumn etc. wKš‘ rainy
season- Gi Av‡M ‘The’ e‡m|
 The rainy season.
ågY msµvšÍ hvb I c_ Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Ex:  By car/By bus/By train/ By boat/By air/By sea
etc.
Preposition Ges Zvi object wb‡q MwVZ wKQz wKQz phrase G Ex:  At home, at dinner, at ease, at dawn, at sun-set,
article e‡m bv| by night, by home, under ground, above ground, from
hand to mouth etc.
Phrase & Clause
Phrase
◉ Phrase gv‡b nj kã ¸”Q †hLv‡b †Kvb SubjectGes Finite verb _v‡K bv| GwU Sentence- G eëüZ n‡q †Kvb GKwU Part of
Speech Gi KvR K‡i|
➥ Hasan wants something. (Noun)
➥ Hasan wants to go to America. (Phrase)
➥ Phrase mvZ cÖKvi| h_v t
◉ Noun Phrase: Noun Phrase nj KZ¸‡jv kã¸”Q hv Noun Gi gZ KvR K‡i| GwU ev‡K¨-
A. Subject wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i-
The home of little family was a pleasant place
near a lake in Chittagong city.
B. Object wn‡m‡e- I like singing in the bath.
C. Subject Gi Complement wn‡m‡e- Dr. Shahidullah was a man of letters.
D. Preposition Gi Object wn‡m‡e-He is proud of his excellent result.
E. Noun in apposition wn‡m‡e -Sumon, my best friend, is no more.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: mvaviYZ evK¨‡K, Kx Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hw` †Kv‡bv Phrase DËi †`q Zvn‡j †mwU Noun Phrase n‡e| Noun
Phrase mvaviYZ ev‡Kï Subject A_ev Object nq|
➥ The rivers of Bangladesh are beautiful. (evsjv‡`‡ki b`x A‡bK my›ì)
➥ e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b ev‡Kï Subject wn‡m‡e ‘are’ Verb Gi Av‡M The rivers of Bangladesh e‡m‡Q| GLv‡b hw` evK¨‡K cÖkœ Kiv
nq, ÔKx my›ì?Õ ZLb DËi w`‡eÑ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki b`xÕ A_©vr, ‘The rivers of Bangladesh’.
➥ The blue sky looks very nice. (bxj AvKvkwU A‡bK my›ì|)
◉ Adjective Phrase: ‡Kvb Phrase ev kã mgwó hLb Zvi c~e©eZ©x †Kvb Noun ev Pronon †K Qualify K‡i A_©vr Zv‡ì †`vl,
¸Y, Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adjective Phrase e‡j|
➥ Tanisha has got dark hair. (Adjective)
➥ Shompa lost her dark brown briefcase. (Adjective Phrase)
◉ More Example-
The man in the street knows it.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: mvaviYZ evK¨‡K †Kgb, Kx iKg Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hw` †Kv‡bv Phrase DËi †`q Zvn‡j †mwU Adjective Phrase
n‡e| Adjective Phrase ev‡Kï Noun ev Pronoun-Gi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Adjective Phrase- I
Adjective Gi g‡Zv Noun ev Pronoun e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kã‡K Modify K‡i bv|
➥ He is a man of noble principles. (†m GKRb gnr ¸Yvewji AwaKvix e¨w³|)
➥ There is no hard and fast rule in the film making. (Qwe ˆZwii wfZ‡i †Kv‡bv aiveuvav wbqg †bB|)
➥ e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b ‘rule’ kãwU Noun. ‘rule’-Gi Av‡M ‘hard and fast’ e‡m ‘rule’ †K Modify K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b hw` evK¨‡K cÖkœ
Kiv nq, ÔKx iKg wbqg †bB?Õ ZLb DËi w`‡eÑ ÔaiveuvavÕ A_©vr, ‘hard and fast’.
◉ Adverbial Phrase: Sentence- G Verb -†K KLb, †Kv_vq, ‡Kb, wKfv‡e Gme w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq Zv‡K
Adverbial Phrase e‡j|
Example: The train was running at high speed (wKfv‡e cÖ‡kœi DËi)
He went to University in time (KLb cÖ‡kœi DËi)
We went to the National park. (†Kv_vq cÖ‡kœi DËi)
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: mvaviYZ evK¨‡K KLb, †Kv_vq, †Kb, Kxfv‡e Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hw` †Kv‡bv Phrase DËi †`q Zvn‡j †mwU Adverbial
Phrase n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Adverbial Phrase- I Adverb Gi g‡Zv Noun ev Pronoun e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv kã‡K
Modify Ki‡Z cv‡i|
➥ He worked with all sincerity. (†m c~Y© AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ KvRwU K‡iwQj|)
➥ e¨vL¨v: D³ ev‡K¨ ‘worked’ kãwU Verb ‘worked’- Gi c‡i ‘with all sincerity’ e‡m ‘worked’ †K Modify K‡i‡Q|
GLv‡b hw` evK¨‡K cÖkœ Kiv nq, Ô†m KvRwU Kxfv‡e K‡iwQj?Õ ZLb DËi w`‡eÑ Ôc~Y© AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_Õ A_©vr ‘with all sincerity’.
◉ Verb Phrase/ Verbal Phrase: Auxiliary Verb mn Sentence Gi g~j Verb ‡K Verb Phrase e‡j|
Example: Arefin is waiting for you.
Jusita had been speaking over the mobile for two hours.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: Verb Øviv hw` †Kv‡bv Phrase ïiæ nq, Z‡e †`Lv gvÎB †PvL eÜ K‡i Verbal Phrase wn‡m‡e DËi Ki‡eb|
➥ He would make a noice.
➥ We are going to see our parents.
◉ Prepositional Phrase: ‡Kvb Phrase hLb preposition Gi KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Prepositional Phrase e‡j|
Example: He succeeded by dint of hard labour.
She is at the point of death.
He was going across the road.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: †Kv‡bv Phrase hw` Preposition Øviv ïiæ nq Ges Preposition ØvivB †kl nq, Z‡e †`Lv gvÎB †PvL eÜ K‡i
Prepositional Phrase wn‡m‡e DËi Ki‡eb| †hgbÑ
➥ He was absent on account of illness.
➥ Rahim stood in front of me.
◉ Conjunctional Phrase: †Kvb Phrase hLb Conjunction Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunctional Phrase e‡j|
Example: You should not go out as long as it rains.
I have a book as well as a pen.
He talks as if he were a mad.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: Conjunctional Phrase GKB ev‡Kï `ywU Clause ev `ywU Phrase- †K hy³ K‡i| Conjunctional Phrase
¸‡jv n‡jv as, soon as, as far as, as much as, as early as, as quickly as, as well as, as long as, along with, not
only.... but also, No sooner... than BZ¨vw` GB RvZxq kã¸‡jv| †hgbÑ
➥ Complete your study as quickly as you can.
➥ Fahim as well as his friends has decided to leave London.
Clause & Its Idendification
Clause cªa vbZ wZb cÖKvi
Clause

  
Principal Clause/ Sub-ordinate clause/ Co-ordinate Clause
Independent/ Main Dependent Clause (†Kvb cÖK vi‡f` bvB)
Clause
(†Kvb cÖK vi‡f` bvB)
  
Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause
†h mKj Word ev kã mgwói wbR¯^ Subject Ges Finite Verb _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zviv GKwU eo ev‡Kï Ask wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq, ZLb
Zv‡K Clause e‡j|
Example: The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.

Clause cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
1. Principal Clause ev Independent Clause ev Main Clause
2. Subordinate clause ev Dependent clause
3. Co-ordinate clause
A. Principal Clause
◉ Principal Clause †h Clause Zvi A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Ab¨ ‡Kvb Clause Gi Dci wbf©ikxj bq A_©vr wb‡RB wb‡Ri A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i Zv‡K Principal Clausee‡j|
Example: He gave me a book that I lost.
I have a ring which is made of gold.
B. Subordinate Clause
Subordinate Clause †h Clause GKwU Sentence Gi gZ m¤ú~Y© A_© cÖK vk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv A_©vr Principal Clause Gi Dci
wbf©ikxj n‡q A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K Subordinate Clause e‡j|
◉ †hfv‡e wPb‡e Subordinate Clause:

➥ Subordinate clause Gi c~‡e© wbgœwjwLZ Clause Marker ¸‡jv _vK‡et that, which, what, when, How, where,
why, who, whom, whose, if, whether, how many, how much,unless, as, than, because, since, so that, in
order that, though, a through, even though, before, after, until, till.
Example: If you dial a wrong number, it is important to apologize before hanging up.
I do not know when he will come.
➥ Co-ordinate Clause: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kªYxi mg¸iæZ¡wewkó Independent Clause hLb Co-ordinating Conjunction
Øviv hy³ n‡q GKwU Compound Sentence MVb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Co-ordinate Clausee‡j|
Example: I went to his room and I found him using Twitter.
The man is poor but he is honest.
➥ Subordinate Clause ‡K Avevi wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:

(i) Noun Clause
(ii) Adjective Clause
(iii) Adverbial Clause
◉ Noun Clause
Clause Definition Noun Clause †Pbvi Dcvq Examples
Noun Sentence-G ‡h mKj Sub-ordinate that, which, what, when, Whoever did the crime will be
Clause Clause Noun Gi gZ KvR K‡i Zviv-B How, where, why, who, punished.
Noun Clause| G¸‡jv Sentence-G whom, whose, if, whether, What Elman says is very funny.
Subject, Object, Complement I how many, how much, I know that Latin is no longer
Preposition Gi Object wn‡m‡e KvR however, whoever, spoken to be a native language.
wherever, whenever, He said that he would go.
K‡i| mvaviYZ Verb ‡K what Øviv cÖkœ
whichever,whomever, It is not known when he will
Ki‡j Noun Clause cvIqv hvq| arrive.
whatever, etc. Øviv ïiæ nq|
◉ Setence –G noun clause- Gi Ae¯’vbmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
(i) As the subject of the verb.
Ex: That Shakib is a good cricketer is known to all (mvwKe †h GKRb fv‡jv wµ‡KU ‡L‡jvqvi GUv mK‡j Rv‡b|)
 What Charles Darwin said is not true.
(ii) As the object of the verb:
Ex: I know that he is right.
 They know that you are dishonest.
(iii) As the complement of subject: Ex: The reality (ev¯ÍeZv) is that they were innocent.
(iv) As the complement of the object. Ex: Pinki told me what I wanted to get.
(v) As the object of the preposition. Ex: It depends on how the girl behaves.
(vi) As the apposition of noun/pronoun (It): Ex: It is true that they were guilty.
◉ Appositive
Definition `ywU Noun cvkvcvwk e‡m, hLb GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Ges 2q Noun-wU 1g Noun m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb
K‡i ZLb 2q Noun wU‡K 1g Noun wU‡K 1g Noun-Gi Appositive ejv nq|
Exaple Sumon, my cousin, is a doctor. A_ev, My cousin, Sumon is a doctor.
Features Examples
 GwU mvaviY †h Noun-Gi e¨vL¨v †`q, Zvi c‡i e‡m Ges Gi `yB The books, an English dictionary and a chemistry,
cv‡kB Kgv _v‡K| text, were on the shelf yesterday.
 Appositive, sentence- Gi cÖ_‡gI em‡Z cv‡i| Economist, Amartya Sen visited Dhaka in 1980.
 D‡jøL¨ Appositive hv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i †mB Noun Gi mv‡_ Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought
Number Gi wgj _vK‡Z n‡e| him many friends.
◉ a. Appositive 3 ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i h_v:
i. Nominative ev Subjective Appositive: Nominative Appositive wU subject Gi c‡iB e‡m subject m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³
Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i
Example: Mr. Rahim, the headmaster of our school, is an honestman.
ii. Object Appositive: Objective Appositive-wU object- Gi c‡i e‡m object m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|
Example: We invited Mr karim, chairman of our village, is a very honest man.
iii. Possessive Appositive: Possessive Appositive-Gi †ÿ‡Î Appositive wU Possessive nq Ges Zv c~e©eZ©x Noun- Gi
AwaKvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i:
Example: We have read shakespeare, the poet’s work.
I wrecked my best friend, Bobi’s car.
◉ b. Nominal That Clause
Definition  That clause hw` †Kv‡bv Sentence-G Subject wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K Nominal that clause e‡j|
†Pbvi Dcvq  Nominal that clause- G wbR¯^ Subject Ges verb _vKv m‡Ë¡I Sentence –G GwU Principal verb-Gi
Subject wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
 †h Sentence – G Nominal that clause eëüZ nq, †mB Sentence – G Aek¨B `ywU Verb _v‡K Ges wØZxq
Verb-wU memgq Singular nq|
Exaple  That vitamin C prevents the cold (VvÛv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i) is well known.
 That we need to move is sure.
◉ Adjective Clause
Clause Definition Adjective Examples
Clause †Pbvi Dcvq
Adjective mvaviYZ †h Clause wU Adjective Gi b¨vq KvR K‡i Zv‡K Adjective GUv mvaviYZ The man who
Clause clause e‡j| Z‡e GLv‡b cv_©K ¨ GB †h ïay Adjective Noun Gi Av‡M e‡m where, whose, came here is my
H Noun mg‡Ü Z_¨ †`q wKš‘ Adjective clause ïay H Noun Gi c‡i which, whom, brother.
e‡m Z_¨ †`q| GLv‡b g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Adjective Clause n‡Z n‡j what, whoever
Aek¨B H Clause wU†K Zvi c~‡e©i Noun wU‡K Qualify Ki‡Z n‡e| BZ¨vw` w`‡q ïiæ nq|
Qualify bv Ki‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î †mwU Adverb Clause n‡q hv‡e| ‡hgbt She
gave me the both that I wanted. GLv‡b ejv n‡”Q H eBwUB Avgv‡K
†`qv nj ‡hwU Avwg †P‡qwQjvg| A_©vr eBwU‡K Quality Ki‡jv| myZivs GwU
Adjective clause wKš‘ wb‡Pi D`vniYwU jÿ¨ Ki: She gave me the
book when I was at New Market GLv‡b hLb New Market-G
wQjvg Clause wU eBwU‡K Qualify K‡iwb| ZvB GwU n‡e Adverb Clause.
◉ Sentence G adjective clause Gi Ae¯’vbmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
i. As the subject: Ex: Mary is a beautiful lady who is very pious.
ii. As the object: Ex: That was a mobile phone which I gifted her yesterday.
iii. As the object of the preposition: Ex: The girl to whom (hv‡K) I offered my love was beautiful.
iv. As the relative adverb: Ex: Jannat knows the place where I like to visit.
v. As the possessive: Ex: I have a cow whose colour (hvi eY©) is black and white.
Noun clause Adjective clause
I know where he lives. I know the place where he lives.
Only she knows why she lvoes me. Only she knows the reason why she lvoes me.
I know when he will come. I know the time when he will come.
I can remember how he made the cake. I can remember the way how he made the cake.
◉ Adverb Clause:
Clause Definition Adverb Clause †Pbvi Dcvq
Adverb Sub-ordinate Clause wU hLb ev‡K¨ where, why, when, how, because BZ¨vw` Øviv Adverbial Clause wU
Clause Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, A_©vr Verb †K ïiæ nq|
eY©bv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Adverb Clause Who Ges which ‰ewkó¨ clause Øviv KviY (cause) ev D‡Ïk¨ (purpose)
e‡j| G‡K Adverbial clause I e‡j| eySv‡j Zv adverbial clause.
Example: GQvovI, Though, Although, As, Since, If, So that, Till, Until,
 His mother died Unless, Lest BZ¨vw` conjunction Øviv †Kvb Clause MwVZ n‡j Zv Adverb
when he was ten years old. Clause wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
Adv. clause  GK K_vq: Sub-ordinate Clause wU noun m¤ú‡K© n‡j Adjective
 As he is ill he cannot walk fast.
Adv. clause
Clause Avi verb m¤ú‡K© n‡j Adverb Clause Ges Subject ev Object
n‡j Zv Noun Clause.
Kinds of Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Adverbial Clause †Pbvi Dcvq Examples
Clause
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mgq wb‡`©k She had come before I
Clause of time Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of time nq| GBwU mvaviYZ while, came.
whenever, when, before, after, till, until, since BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mgq wb‡`©k I will go where she
Clause of place Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of place nq| GBwU mvaviYZ where, lives.
wherever, whence BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mgq wb‡`©k He is absent because
Clause of reason Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of reason nq| GBwU mvaviYZ as, since, he is ill.
sothat, because BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi cÖwµqv wb‡`©k He talked as if he
Clause of Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of manner nq| GBwU mvaviYZ how, knew all.
manner however, as, as if, as though BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk He learn English
Clause of Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of purpose nq| GBwU mvaviYZ that, in sothat he can pass in
purpose order that, sothat, lest BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq| the exam.
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi kZ© cÖKvk Ki‡j I will help you if you
Clause of Zv Adverbial Clause of condition nq| GBwU mvaviYZ unless, if, in case, want.
condition whether, on condition, provided, supposing that BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Clause Though, although Øviv ïiæ nq| Although he is poor,
of Concession he is honest.
Adverbial Clause G‡Z than _v‡K| He is wiser than I
of Comparison thought.
Adverbial Clause as Øviv ïiæ nq| He is as intelligent as
of Degree you are.
Adverbial Clause so.... that Øviv ïiæ nq| He is so weak that he
of Result cannot walk.
Clause Identify Kivi Special †UKwbK

◉ Special †UKwbKÑ01:
cixÿvi cÖk‡œ Z Avmv Underlined K…Z Clause-Gi wfZi hv B‡”Q _vKzK bv †Kb Avcwb Clause-wU nvZ w`‡q †mwU †X‡K †djyb|
Gici †`Lyb Underlined K…Z Clause-wU Qvov ev‡Kï evwK AskwU Øviv c~Y©v½ A_© cÖKvk K‡i wKbv| hw` ev‡Kï evwK AskwU Øviv
c~Y©v½ A_© cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j Z‡e Zv Adverbial Clause n‡e|
➥ They will go out to play when they complete their study. (Adverbial Clause)
➥ I shall go where he lives. (Adverbial Clause)
Avi hw` ev‡Kï evwK AskwU Øviv c~Y© A_© cÖKvk bv K‡i Zvn‡j †`Lyb Clause-marker-Gi c~e©eZ©x As‡k Kx Av‡Q| Clause
marker-Gi c~e©eZ©x Ask hw` Noun _v‡K Zvn‡j †mwU Adjective Clause n‡e|
➥ I saw the person who stole my book. (Adjective Clause)
➥ This is the boy whose pocket was picked fell into trouble. (Adjective Clause)
Avi hw` Clause marker-Gi c~e©eZ©x As‡k Verb (am/is/are/was/were Qvov) _v‡K Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g Avcwb Underline
K…Z Clause-wUi e`‡j It eënvi Kiæb| It Øviv hw` evK¨wU c~Y©v½ A_© cÖK vk K‡i Z‡e Zv Noun Clause n‡e| It Øviv hw` evK¨wU
c~Y©v½ A_© cÖKvk bv K‡i Z‡e Zv Adverbial Clause n‡e|
➥ I know that he was passed. (I know it. GLv‡b Clause-wUi e`‡j ‘it’ emv‡j evK¨wU c~Y©v½ A_© cÖK vk K‡i| AZGe GwU
GKwU Noun Clause|
➥ You may go where you want. (You may go it. GLv‡b Clause-wUi e`‡j ‘it’ emv‡j evK¨wU c~Y©v½ A_© cÖK vk K‡i
bv| AZGe GwU GKwU Adverbial Clause|
◉ Preposition-Gi c‡i †h Clause- B AvmyK bv †Kb, †`Lv gvÎB †PvL eÜ K‡i Noun Clause wn‡m‡e DËi Ki‡eb| †hgbÑ
It depends on what you really want|
GLv‡b ‘on’ Preposition- Gi c‡i ‘What you really want’ Clause- wU G‡m‡Q| AZGe GwU GKwU Noun Clause.
Av‡iKwU D`vniY †`‡L †bqv hvK- Please, listen to what I say.
◉ Pronoun- Gi Objective Form- Gi ci †Kv‡bv Clause Avm‡j Zv mvaviYZ Noun Clause nq| †hgb-
Tell me where she lives.
GLv‡b, ‘I’ Pronoun- Gi Objective Form wn‡m‡e ‘me’- Gi c‡i ‘Where she lives’ Clause-wU G‡m‡Q| AZGe GwU GKwU
Noun Clause| Av‡iv wKQz GB RvZxq Noun Clause- Gi D`vniY †`‡L †bqv hvK-
He explained me why she did so.
I told him what he wanted to know.
I may show you whatever you like.
◉ As/Since/Though/Although/if BZ¨vw` Adverb Øviv hy³ †Kv‡bv Clause †`L‡j †PvL eÜ K‡i Adverbial Clause wn‡m‡e
DËi Ki‡eb| †hgb-
As he is ill, he cannot walk fast.
Although he is poor, he is honest.
Since he is strong, he can carry the bag.
If you come, I shall go.
C. Reduced Clause
Definition mvaviYZ wbf©ikxj/ Dependent clause hLb †Kv‡bv relative pronoun Øviv marked _v‡K bv ZLb †mB clause wU‡K
reduced clause e‡j|
†Kv‡bv Clause- †K Reduced Ki‡j Zvi c~‡e©i A_©/D‡Ïk¨ eRvq _vK‡e| Noun Clause- †K Reduce Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e
Adjective/Adverb Clause- †K Reduce Kiv hvq|
Reduced Adjective Clause
hw` Principal Clause Ges Subordinate Clause- Gi Subject GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ nq, Zvn‡j Adjective Clause- †K Reduced Kiv hvq|
Reduce  Clause marker Ges be verb ev` w`‡Z n‡e|

Kivi wbqg  Sub-ordinate clause- Gi Principal verb- †K Participle-G cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Sentence-wU Active form- G _vK‡j, Principal verb- Gi Present Participle n‡e|
 Sentence-wU Passive form-G _vK‡j, Principal verb- Gi Past participle n‡e|
 be verb- Gi c‡i Principal verb bv _vK‡j, be verb I clause marker ev` w`‡Z n‡e| evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z
_vK‡e|
Example All of the money that was accepted (M„nxZ) has already been released.
All of the money accepted has already been released.
Important Points:
➥ Clause Marker-wU Sentence- Gi Object n‡j Zv‡K Reduced Kiv hv‡e bv|
Ex: The books that I checked out of the library are due today.
KviY: books-subject-wU check verb Gi subject bq Ges eB wb‡R check Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, checked nq|
➥ Whose w`‡q †Kv‡bv Adjective Clause ïiæ n‡j, Zv Reduced Kiv hvq bv| Reduce Ki‡j A_© cwieZ©b n‡q hvq|
Ex: The woman whose son is blocking the entrance works upstairs.
➥ †Kv‡bv Adjective Clause hv Sentence G Adverb wn‡m‡e A_© cÖK vk K‡i, Zv‡K Reduce Kiv hv‡e bv|
Ex: The time when Andrew arrived was inconvenient. (AmyweavRbK)
Reduced Adverb Clause

◉ Dfq Clause- Gi Subject hw` GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ nq, Zvn‡j Adverb Clause- †K Reduce Kiv hvq, hw` A‡_©i cwieZ©b bv nq|
Reduce Kivi wbqg  Subject Ges be verb ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges Clause marker _vK‡e|
 Sentence-wU Active form- G _vK‡j Principal verb- Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ n‡e|
 Sentence-wU Passive form- G _vK‡j Principal verb-Gi Past Participle form n‡e|
Example After he had finished the book, he put it on the table.
After having finished the book, he put it on the table.
◉ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e; mvaviYZ, G‡ÿ‡Î Clause marker wn‡m‡e eëüZ nqÑ
after before once
since until when
while although though
Ex: After he had finihsed the book, he put it on the table.

After finishing the book, he put it on the table.
or,
After having finished the book, he put it on the table.
◉ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, When/While/Until _vK‡j Gi ciB Present Participle nq Ges evwK As‡k Subject+verb nq|
Ex: We worked on the project until we finished it.
We worked on the project until finishing it.
Important Points:
◉ Because Øviv KviY †evSv‡j, Zv D‡V hv‡e Ges †m Abyhvqx verb Zvi form change Ki‡e:
Ex: Because the house has been remodeled, it will fetch more on the market.
Having been remodeled, the house will fetch (AvKl©Y Kiv) more one the market.
◉ †h mKj Adverb clause Gi ïiæ‡Z as ev as soon as _v‡K, Zv‡ì‡K Reduce Kiv hvq bv|
Ex: As he was walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.
As walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.
Clause Marker
Definition †h mg¯Í kã w`‡q Clause †K wPwýZ Kiv nq Zv‡ì clause marker e‡j|
Example who, which, hardly, so.... as, etc.
◉ 2 ai‡bi Clause marker i‡q‡Q| Zv wb¤œiƒc:

Sub-ordinate WH word: who, which, whom, whose, where, when, while, what, why, how, how long, how
Clause Marker many, how much, what time, as, if, since, so that, scarcely, barely, no sooner, such, even, the
same, unless, until, though, although, as .... as, so ... as, so ... that etc.
Dc‡ii word ¸‡jv †Kv‡bv sentence- Gi gv‡S _vK‡j Zv wbwðZ Complex sentence.
Co-ordinate Conjunctional: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, after all, on the contrary, on the other hand,
Clause Marker moreover etc.
Dc‡ii Conjunction ¸‡jv †Kv‡bv sentence- Gi gv‡S _vK‡j Zv wbwðZ Compound sentence.
Example Though he is rich, he is dishonest GLv‡b ‘though’ n‡jv GKwU clause marker.

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Parts of Speech

wb‡¤œ GKwU ev‡K¨B 8 cÖKvi Parts of Speech Gi e¨envi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

Proper Noun Mashrafe Sakib

Proper Noun Ges Common Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

Common Noun Ges Collective Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

Common Noun I Material Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

Formation of Abstract Nouns

Common Abstract Common Abstract Common Abstract

Verb Abstract Verb Abstract Verb Abstract

◉ Rule-03: Preposition Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun|

 She had no faith in imagination

◉ Rule-04: Article Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun|

 At last, she presented an argument to refute my claim in love.

◉ Rule-06: The......of Gi gv‡S GKwU Word n‡j Aek¨B Noun|

◉ Rule-08: Possessive Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Noun e‡m|

Incorrect : We have twenty dollar left.

All / Ø Noun (non-count) Verb(Plural)

No Noun (Noncount. Singular) Verb (Singular)

One of the Noun (Count Plural) Verb (Singular)

Some of the Noun (Count Plural) Verb (Plural)

Some of the Noun (Noncount) Verb (Singular)

much Noun (Noncount)

a few/few Noun (Count-Plural)

large Noun (Noncount)

Almost all (of the)

kind Singular count noun

 msL¨vevPK kã + Hundred / million / billion Gi Sing. form +Noun(Pl.)

Incorrect : Fifty thousands people were present.

Subject Verb Pronoun(Reflexive)

➥ A_©MZfv‡e Adjective ‡K wb‡¤œv³ K‡qKwU fv‡MI fvM Kiv hvq:

S V not Adjective enough infinitive

a Adj. - Adj. - Adj. noun

S V so Adj a CN (Singular) that S V

Consecutive Order One, another, the Other

Difference between Pronoun & Pronominal adjective

Av‡iv wKQz Adjective

†hgbÑ It is interesting. ‘-ing’ adjectives Gi GKwU list †`qv n‡jv|

Two adjectives of the same noun

Nouns Adjective Latin Adj. Noun Adjective Latin Adj.

N.B. rarely, barely, hardly, scarcely G¸‡jv Negative evPK kã|

A_©vr Structure ¸wj Ggb nq:

◉ Rule-06: hZ-- ZZ A‡_© Comparative Degree e¨eüZ n‡j Zv Adverb n‡e|

◉ Rule-08: Imperative Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z adverb em‡Z cv‡i|

◉ Rule-10: wKQz adverb Av‡Q hv‡`i `ywU iƒc Av‡Q|

Sometimes (Occasionally) Sub. V

Once Noun/ NP , Sub. V

Once Gi Av‡M A_ev c‡i that emv‡bv hv‡e bv|

Sub. V(Auxiliary) no longer V(Main)

Month Ordinal Number

As a whole (Generally) Sub. V

Sub. V Wholly (Completely)

Co-ordinating Conjunction Subordinating Conjunction Correlating Conjunction

Alternative Conjunction ev weKíevPK

Adversative Conjunction ev ˆecixZ¨evPK

Illative Conjunction ev wm×všÍevPK

Usage of some Conjunction

Before/after (c~‡e©/c‡i): c~‡e©/c‡i eySv‡Z `ywU Conjunction wn‡m‡e before/after e¨eüZ nq |

Inter Change of Parts of Speech

Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun

Identification of Parts of Speech

Rules of Indefinite Article

half (nvd)-A‡a©K horse (nm©)- †Nvov heroic (wn‡ivwqK)-bvq‡KvwPZ

Rules of Definite Article

◉ Rule 12: Adjective-Gi Superlative Degree- Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|