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  • Chap III Purposive

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    Shekyna
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    Purp. Com. Part 1

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    Chap_III_Purposive

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    Purp. Com. Part 1

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    18 visualizações14 páginas

    Chap III Purposive

    Enviado por

    Shekyna
    Purp. Com. Part 1

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    LOCAL AMD GLOBAL COW ‘UNNCATION Wi MAL TCML TR | Se TINGS You have seen from the previous chapter thir we exis cnt where all of us belong te pie, ower ree (oh 1 class, ethnic, profeesions ved andi eit) MN be these cultures not only fr SCOT nd wen relatives, friends, neighbors, class eto ensign > from the medra (radio and television, books ara a sate’ Je Our multiple cultures ma ted wut | ww ourselves to varied cultures and learn t fund dot re can Jessen our own communication dithicult tealtals oe become much easier to deal with COLTVRALLY APPROPRIATE TERMS, EXPRESSIONS, AND IMAGES Freya Stark, in her book The Journey's Bide: Select. from Brey. Stare! says, “Every country has its own way of saying thing. ‘Th which lies behind people's words.” Cultural differen s re and “language, more than anything else, is the heart of cultur in Lee, 2017). This means thit being proficient in English, tor ypgiance does not Buarantee our being able to fully understand what another speake: of Enylich to communicate unless we become fully aware of how tat speakce yge {nh based on his own culture. k ‘Communicate & Connect! cu wit Can vea ON isso dakets orp AME, the ry 8, "To dlustade this, let's take a look at the two major v | Amerivan Faglis (AmE) and British English (BrE). In } equiva a tthe BFE ground floor, and the American second for is he pr 4 { floor. Fle sor opartment, eggplant, hood and trunk (ofa cas), drugston whiny i and pos! ing hf px AmE ace lift, lat, aubergine, bonnet and boot (ofa gy Sa, “Heft my ch en Ry dustbin, and carpark, respectively, in BrE. Ifa Londoner say and nap in the pram,” a New Yorker needs to know that dummy jg Paces is diane, and pean is baby carsage to understand the Londoner’ semen, 2? Filipine use Rrqecican English, we have to know differences in vocabulary — 2 the two varieles of English if we want to successfully communicate with speak Ker of British Engi. But vocabulary is just one aspect of the differences. Most of us Filipinos canny underond how He British speak, too. Another difference between the ™o variey then, keg in gpaakeng, particularly pronunciation—using different vowel sounds , stressing the word in a different place. Look at the examples in the table BE Word j leesure Me3: ar/ fomato ‘gprage Arama:t2o/ garage ballet magazine magazine magazine One more difference between the two English varieties is found BritishEnghigy ¢} clling usually keeps the spelling of words it absorbs from another Janguage,, like Fraych, bur American English adapts the spelling to re3ect the was tie wordsactystlhy ound when they are spoken. These are the (Englis! Oxt ing Dictionaries): 1. Words ending in -re in BrE end in -er in AmE. «) theatre (BrE); center, iter, theater/theatre (AmE) ent Wow ening in ~cu> in BrE end in ~cr in AmE. colew’ huenour, neighbour (BrE); color, humor, neigh2or (AmE) Wd ending in ~is- or ~ise in BrE end in ~ize in AmE. apolegae/apologise ganize “organise, recognize/recagnise (BrE) aoole ge, organize, recognize (AmE) 4. Words ending in -yse in BrE end in -yze in AmE. analyse, breathalyse, paralyse (BrE); analyze, breathalyze, peroy2e AME) 5. Words ending in a vowel plus /in BrE double the /wheneddung, erlings that begin with a vowel, but the /is not doubled in AmE. travel, travelled, travelling, traveller (BrE) travel, traveled, traveling, traveler (AmE) 6. Words spelled with the double vowels ae or ve are just eed wich an ¢ in AmE. leukaemia, manoeuver, oestrogen, paediatric (BrE) leukemia, maneuver, estrogen, pediatric (AmE) 7. Nouns ending with ence in BrE are spelled -ense in Anil defence, licence, offence (BrE); defense, license, offense (Amb) 8. Nouns ending with -ogue in BrE end with either -og or ~eguein AmE, analogue, catalogue, dialogue (BrE) analog/analogue, catalog/catalogue, dialog/dialogue (AmI: Scanned with Car eee AN HNeReNRE ema egngyll WORLD ENGI \\ES AND ENGLISH AS INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE Ve the preset ora of high technology ovo me cBMolicared than what it seems because of the emergence of the now- used by three identified kaya, 2009) y, the issue on culture and use of English has uuntries (e.g., England, le comprises the former Singapore, Philippines, ries (e.g., China, Japan, ypt, Jseael, Saudi Arabia, Korea, and Taiwan), which are affected aan, Turkey. EF he vide ggmad use of Unglish as a global language--an important language in bustneg, gedeno6, technology, and education, a6 ‘Communicate & Connect! Scanned with Car y ee When turning to other ¢j what may be considered a vari : i ircle ney cert duestion of what coun #8 a larg uae and me Pidgins arid creoles lewhat intrics J franca for trade er oy other practical uses words faon bela: cages Of but itis not th: langaage of either rings of nouns, vere ‘aad adjectives: rst and new inform staabiter 1" the Evans, 2015, pat) The language language that prvvides thesyatacrie ded period of ase: of a p igin in & leveloped and gerve. 26 th: langusiBe Ne, Hawai'i Creale Engl HCE). Je (Mooney & Evans 30, p. 212): da light start to shane. CO! see an da dork on da adds time.’ Da dark fim he give UM la day time, az day mambo ene juage although the weiten form has es in syntax are due 4o the number ind Japanese) that amntribtite to the a second language or & foreign s develop an jrerlenguage, & reole) that deviates from fhe norms istic system atalll levels (Phonology, interlanguage resalys free several pacterns from fg mother rongue, expressing meaniagg using the words att, 8 Platt, 19° lipinos geytag dertences like iya sa atin, hindi ba.) 4. They will come there. ( vuamicu wiur val Le us fade at example: in another variety of English--Indian English (Bhare 2008, | 1 Yow have aken my book, isn't i? 2 Yowar@ on going home, isnt agin tag questions is its social meaning, In Badin English, the meaning of the tag 9 tag 4 a nos the mevrang)f the main proposition (or the independent clause) »: expected in Ame-ican or ‘ritish English, The two examples show how the linguist is affec od by ealtural constraints of politeness in India The tag Gani i as u: ‘! in the seatenee- is governed by the politeness principle of nonimposition. In standard oa . ed by using the subject of the i forme Anenean of Brifish English, tag questions are fo : indepgp len latn6 and an appropriate modal auxiliary, such as the following 1 You kaye taken my book, haven't you? 2. You are yaon going home, aren't you? form Idian eutfar€ on grammatical rues is also evident in the use of “may” in Indian J Consider the following example and its Standard English counterparts Indian English: “These mistakes may please be corrected.” (*May" 1s used to express oblagatat politely.) Scandard Ging) “These mistakes must be corrected.” or “These mistakes ate 10 be con gated” We have sen from the examples in Philippine English and in Indian English, which afe both ftom the Ourer Circle, how linguistic forms that are unacceptable in Standsid Engltdy are “perfectly” acceptable and understood in the local Englishes. Does tis mean. én, that anyone can use or has the righi to use whatever kind of English he knows! Definitely not. Since English is an international language, we do not con numyéafé only with people from our own circle, whether it be Outer Circle or Expanding Carcle, but with chose from the other circle (Expanding or Outer, respotfively) andthe Inner Cicle, too, In other words our English must be the kind of Engigh ender good and used worldwide. : To be al f9 use English well and to understand the many accents-and varieties of English, wt nééd to learg to communicate across cultures, ‘This will allow us to develop \ guesler Aplerance and acceptance of linguistic differences and adjust to others’ expectrhon: geceding to contexts or settings, ‘The intelligibility of the uses of English in different ceurtr1€§ oF regions, not just in national boundaries, is very important, 48 SCENE w eee LINGUISTIC PREFERENCES AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR Variations in the way different cultuces use languayelike linguos Me Pre! Fenee® and nonverbal behaviors--also cause miscommunication. Nusnges in Wagy'St preferences provide hints about behavior, manners, anc thinking 25 > cukutal group (Lee, 2017, Zelinski, 2017). For instance, Spaniards and Italians, who Orefer dleque . and expressiveness to exactness, tend to be flowery with their languagp In ” ‘The V-sign with the palm facing towuyA 4ye speaker is the obscene “up yours” insult and frequent!s used 0 signify defiance (especially to authority), contemgt of desivion, but With the palm facing out itis the victor) 1 Your hands should always be visible. I ig rade for lands to be in pockets, TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL MULTICULTURAL COMMUNICATION Being.a member of a culturally diverse society, you can adopt ar#tegies to avoid being misunderstood when Communicating with others from ante cultural group. Here are some tips you can follow (AMA, 2017). 1 wen 10. Simplify your message by using less-complex sentence structures and vocabulary; . Avoid shouting to be understood; }. Define the meaning of critical technical words and acronyms . Avoid nonstandard abbreviations, such as “U R” for “you #t . Be patient and try to follow the other communicator’s ideas ond logic, which may be different from yours. . Ask him to repeat once, maybe twice, or to say his ideas in » defferent manner (if you do not understand him); Remain cool and composed even when you have made a mist>ke that results in embarrassment for you or feeling embarrassed by others (1 most ses, they did not mean to embarrass you); . Clarify the meanings and intentions of something said gf AOné. by someone who comes from a culturally different background before you become angry or express the strong emotions that you feel; ._ Clarify someone's actions or words with the person or with gomeone else who has experience in dealing with similar cultural groups (if you cannéf think of any positive interpretation of the actions done or words gael fecause-you may be missing something); Adapt your space requirement to that of someone from anothef cultural group whenever, possible (you can judge someone’s comfort zone by the digtance to which he'extends his hand when shaking hands); and . Give the benefit of the doubt to someone who does or gays: spinerhinig that seems weird and/or wrong (Ask yourself: “How else cowld ¥ qnterpret these words.or actions?”) n van TIPS FO NOM, |\VIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS As > keener ef English, you can observe the following strategies: to avoid any miscany wn eaten when using English (AMA, 2017), . uunicate 1. if ya do not mind people suggesting words so thar you. can comm wore quickly. Say 80. 2. Try do panicipate in English discussions, even YP yew feel uncomfortable, — Jeyen gehool offers Knglish asa Second Language (ESL) courses, take them, even if yur English is already functional. Courses designed to help you modrfy yoo accent to make it more understandable by native English speakers cane pafticularly beneficial, : 4.

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