,

Ecce CECIM EKS

ElJIRa~~ OONIVENf~IQN FOR CONISIRtU:::IIIONAL SlEEIlWORK OONVENnON IElJROili#!l:EINJ.INE. iDE LA. OONsm,UCT~OiN MtrA!LLIQU~ E.URO,~'AISCH~ KONVEtNn~ON FOR STAHLBAU

In

W 7

.'

snE'L R!ES'EARClH

Design ,H~andb'Diok

"lor Braced !Compo!sii'te Ste'iel,-c.oncrlets' IBuiildingls aecordlnq 'to' IEu~oc,od,e, 4

FIRST IEIDIT~OIN

1'999

,

Aut~ors:

S,el"'iJ'~QeRec!l1e;1'ch,e et Promotmon tecl1!mque Stru.ctu.res JPfo,:filARB]~D Recherches

66~ rue die ~l,t1X!embOlJ.rg

L ,~4221 E.SCH I.ALZETJE lUXEl1BOUlRG

Thepresm:t~ hmu:JJbook ha:s beeliltmJlliShi:too,oomEmn~~~sh~()sevemm E~ropean, ~imt§!!.a!,es brytlrl;efoIl.ow,ing Civil el1igmetring ,Experts::

Name

Ir.H.M .. G.M. Steeebergen

TNO-JBouw Delft

Dutoh

P'h- 'B' .

, n, -egnm

C.T.IC.M.

Saffi{[~RJemy~le.s .. ChevreMse

French

U niver~~tat-GH-SiegeIl $~eg!en

German

Ing, M .. Bandini

SIDER:CAD S.p.a, Genova

P f- 'D In }if 'Mj' m 'M' '

-., .• I; ,,! j-. ,-; ,-- ,-. _ :j" _ "I-'-~ 0::-< I' ','I:," 1:-

fa . r,. - "g., ". " .. , .anes ",' ate

ID]EAM I Uni Pol. Madrid.

Maddd

I~ll .Fomvom

0.1.1 Gen~r,aH:Lias:

0. 1.2 Ob~eaive: of this dUwp. hMdbooJk

0.13 Wa~g

0.1.4 Mow w, ~dg desi!Jl! hoorlbook

0.1,5 Ackllow.ledgemOOlts

l~. n u n 12 12

(t2 Um,ts .and. natations

0.2, 1 UfiH,S

0.2,2 Con.ventioll fur me:mbew axes

0.:2:;3 NotatillOMm .6:mv-cluuis

13 13 13 13

14

O .. .5Ust ,of SymboWs

05] Lallin syMbol~s

0.5.2 (Treek syrnbolls

17 ],7

21

27

llNTBiODUCTION

3.3

t2~2"] 12.2.2 f.2.:U

.~.l3 U.3,.l t2J.2 [2,3"3

Limit Sl:1lme-s A,CIUo~s M;!!~(j!rii!!.lpmp~m~s

[res~~uirements

G~@m~ S~nri.eeabililyL]jwtiI1 Sl;"l~es U~dm3lte Llmi~. SL:.'lI~es

L2 Basis of design

[2.1 !f.illWll.damentam. req~ifeJTIents,

t2 .. 2 DlefinJti:o[1;s:

:1.3 IDe:s:ign of compos~te bfamd.i:TIu:ne

llJ 6enemUties

t3.1".~.

JUaatysiiSliltQdil!i :F~f frames

[)e-si~1l prooedilUefQY aQrIiUpt;l~U:e b~~ frnm~ Sta~~c eq~~librium

,[.000 a~~ments and load cases G~~ramjJes:

Fii3:mc:i'n~per{bcrl;ic:nJ5

f~fS,t Jorde:!' elastic global anaJW)1sffis.

42 42 42 44 46 46 46 47 48

l.:l1.2 1.3 .. 2 1.3,.3

[j,.3,.~.

t3.J,2 13.4

I

'[able ·of contents

1.3.4.1 1.3.4.2 l.:l4.3

t3j ~J.:5.'~. m..:.t.6

~[hom ,ot aJn!lilysis flTool:s; Qf deFormJations Elastlio gl~b!lID :!l~~~\si;s

Vie:rifiicalrucl:tllS at SLS De:f:lecooml o:rframes V,eJiflcaoolm at:11lS

l.J;6 .. ~, U.6.2

Defi;wl1.olil c:fbrn~: frames i'iillttillliLu,IlI!"'s,:vay fqmes

ULS cl~ooki '

1.4 Ccmrmtof me de.s:ign hadlbook

IA.I S'oope ofm:he handl!>ook:

L~,2 S,~ ofd:lemb1e IGf CQ:ntCIiI'tS

V~t3 Chem ;at Semceab~~~tyLlmit S'ta/res

L~.4· Checks ·ofm~~b,e:rsrut 'U~itimate .LWilt Sta:teJl;

52 5.2 54 54 34

57

MiL 1 S~rucrur,al. model

59

113 Loadbearlng slWiliIctu.r,e D.3J. l'jiJI$ ofoohlll1l:lS

.".3,,.2 TYi]les ofbearns

:I!I.3,3 TyPes, 'of slabs

IL3.4i TYpes ofs'hear: OOru:J.ec~ot

IL~ ,5 lytJe~ ofjo~[!ts

64

m.5M:atw,ial ]J!ropCLmcs

It5.1 COtlC~

11..5,.2 Stru~lUmlli ,steem

m.j.3. lte:imbr~g steeW

m.,5.4P:relfffi~ed .sme~ d~ting for o~posile slabs

n.5.5 .colimec~iJWQ, de;,v~ces

n.e

7,3

nu Gene:.ralities

m.2 Load .ammgem.ellts;

m. 2.1 ~eTJTIucnm loads (g and G)

m,2.2 V:ariaJb~e loads fq. Qj W ~d s)

E1L2.2 .. ~. bl_posOO ~@ads on.HQors ;md roof ~~l and Q)

m.2"2.2W:i~dl:(}adcS 1(:We,l ~fw)

IU.2 .. 2.2 .. ~. W~nd p~s~rec (~e,i)'

Im.2.1.2.2 W~[ld rowe '(FW}I

m.2,2.:3: Snow load~ 0;)

m . .3 -.load Cifses

m.3.1 m,.3.2

Load c~fur ,se;R'lceaJb~~ility limwt smtes Load cases fur ul'tm..a:me UMi;t .st~Jtcs

91 91

IV.'~ iG->elleml~ties

[V,l ,.'~ LiMits (if appl,~albi1i~ Oftll~· simplified d~s~~ meftlod

[V,1.2 .Looa1. b~ckIDmg of,stee.l m.em:bers

PI .1.3 InfI!M1eIi!ioooflongi'fiuil:lal stiIDm

rv~ 1.4l Regjo:E ,of load! ~nltrodl1JC!t~on

95 97 98 99'

lO,t)

102

105

113

V.2, 'Cbecb at LT~ti~t·c; Li:m~t S'tates

V .2 .. ~.PropeRi)es of eress-sectlens Of'CQITI~05~te bea:ms

V.1.2 C~ass~ficatiO:I1I of ercss-seetiens 'of co~,poillite cros:s...stlctiOM

V.2.2.1 'G'enflm]Uwe-s

V.l.2. 2. .Defim~on ,~r cr~s~\';lI!iO:n1$ cl~1ica(illon

V.l.2.3 eruassliiica!l:lolHi oil".slool, fii,J,1fIg.esin c'Oml#m~i;olru

V.2.2JI !C!:!lS'S~fiCl.l!~jon o,f s~l: l'l\dbs

'\1.2.2.4.1 C1a:ss:rncaJl:ion ,of :s~eeW \\-"ellsl;~I,lelre Lbe: oompresS~ol'ln3~(lisin e[!)SS 1 Girl

V,2.1,4 • .2: Cl:l~s,ificaiUon ,of lS~~~ ,~b~wb~!!'elhe: Qb!m!PiNs!i[o~ J]a:mge is illl. (:;~llSS 3 G[I' <1

V.2.] Dlslriibll:uon IQ.f~nte.ma] foree·s ,~ld. IT!O!j~,1i!eJ!jl$ inoon~i:m;JollS: beams

V,2.4 VefilficaLiO:IlI at ULS to vertioal shear V~,Sd

V.l.4.1R.es~mlmoo ofg:ro~~ctfuQIl 10 verLicaru :5ihMr Vz.S~l

V.2.4,2 Stl!bj]h~orw~b ~.O v(ilmcm S~~@i!:r Vz$dl. ro:r~orn:~~i;le beams

V;1.4.3 5~Jbility ,ofs1cel ~eb ~Ol crippling

V .2.5 V~rificat1ons at lJiL:S to belldi~iMom.ellt My.Sd

V,2.5.1 Re!ii~ii:rn:ce of eros:s.-:SGQtkm ,1;0 My.Sd

V.2.5.2 StalliJ:iH~ of member to My.SciI.

V.2 .. 5.2, I Genernliili~,

V.,2.S.2,2 C]aoo'k ,o.r[a~e:rru!-:lo!l'SiQmnru lil:I!lol:i:lililJg l~thol]t ,cillireclcalc:li.tl~truo!]

V.2 . .5.2.J, Bl1IokH:l:Ig[\e~ista~.ce momci1~

V,2.6 Veriffica:L1M :a:l ULS to oom~lQed(V ~.Sd. MY . .:sd)'

V.2.6, 1 Res[s~l.!!!l;oo of.C'n~ss"-SeoI:fuO[l t\)1 (Vl.Sd. My~Sd])

V.2.tj,2: StaiiU~yo.r web ~o (V ~,5(i1" My.:5dl

V.2.7 Vertifica:tmo:!l! ef shear GQJlmeC!torsat[ffi,S~ol ~o.liI!grutJi:l:d:iru1ll. s~eaii'

vs. 7.1 Gemern~~t~es

"'1.'1. '1 .2D~~gnIJ©'.!rughurn!mail sl:ie-3irfo:roe

V.2.7.2.1 PUI] ~hearr OO.f:l~u~c!ioll

V.2.1.2 .. 2 .P.1i:rLla~ !lll!.eM' ooM~rtion 'wi,U~ d!uclil~ oogOOlOITS

'\1'.2.7.:1 :OesE~n :!;i~leru:res[~[J.oe ,of headed s,'ltnlJds

V.2;1.3.1lJe.@jclie.d: !im~~n so~id sJabs

v. 2.1.3.:2 He;ad~CI st~dlsilil ,QoltrupO'Sile sl:~bl': willi pr-()ifllM: Sleel .Slm:eli:llg.

V.'l.. '1.4 Sp!!d~ !3i1l~ dletai1:iq of h~OOI 5llil:~S

V.2.7.S: De-sign iS~ea:r resi,smHIIl:OO dt,eonc:_r~tc sl~b

'V. 2 " 1.S .. ~ Larl.~luwmll shear in UlC slab 'vStru

1. ~.'9 1~.9 122 t2:2 .~23 rn.26 ~.28 t~8 t2:9. 138 139 tM) ~.41 H3 144 ~.44 US ~.48 ~4S ~.5iO 152 ~,52 [53 1.55, 15S 155 156 159 l62 1a2 1,63 165 1,68 169

V.2.1 .. S.2 V.2.7..S.3 V.2.7.S.!

D~~g:n ~sl"oe toh'lQg~t'!ru~liIal ~hLmw VR.d

ConmlrUiIiQ:~ of~oofil~ steel slru~GUnl::l as tg!~~rs~· .ooillCoKifliiIlC:IIDL,. 'Wpdl M.lim.mil!!m ~~r.ie re.imr~~!~'Ul:!~1

Y,3 VerillmtioH at ScrviceabIUty li:mi~ Stares SLS n71

V.3.J 6ene:raiitlies aoaut 'sLS~.72

V.3,2 DeflectioM m73

V.3.3 CraclciQg ,ofooticrete l77

V.3,4· V~lnations UO

VIMEl\IBERS WrJII COl\DlNEn AXIAL COM-r'RESSilVE FORCE AND, B.·END'ING

MOMENT' ( (N ~ It) :: (N .' V , M) ) 1St

vr.i Gen:e:mU~esi U3

ViLLI Second erder 'e.iDo~ OOD. bemingnlQmeni_ts l86

VI. l ,2 Speeitiic r~~ fo.r N..:M cai~cuh~ti.o:ns ~. 87

VI.2 Resi;slanoe of'C.:r·~I5~~ootiol1:S: '10 oom~bimaed OQl,mJ.piress~O'~ a:!'!!d ~).mrnax:li<d bending '(Nx.,sd ; My .S~J) oar (Nx.Sd j

M:i\l.5d)rn.'90

VI.3 Stab.l.I:i.ty of me>nilbers to ,oom:bin'oo cO:m!preSS~Qlili and M'nirutia~ bending (Nx.S d;My.Sen) or (N;l!;.Sd;M:z:.Sd) ~'9:g

VI . .f Resistance oflG;fJoss-sectlcms KJ' cOMbined oO~PJessi.oli1J ad biaxial ben:di~rg (Nii:. Sd~ My.Sd and Mz.,Sd) .200

VB COMrOSITE SLABS OR CONClmT:E SLABS 105

'\IU.2 .U1aID slab d~lgn

111I.2.1 P:r",~o:rtiom ofCCnllpO&i~e slab

""II.2.'2 Construction. oondi:t~on

VII.2.S CDmlipos~tc aotlon VlI.2.4Detmectio[Js

209' 209 209 2J):9

210

VJI]I,3 .hfhu~nce ef deckm:g onllle design of co:mposhe beams 'W, 3.1 RJibstrnMve:rsettl tbeb~

VU.3.2Wbs pm:aUf;l~ m the beam

210 211 211

212

8:

o PRELIMINARIES

o

0.1

O.i..ll

(1) The Eo:r-ooOOes ,!ilrebeiling prepar-m ~o hmlllJrn!u~ cles~~ pooccdillresbe,tweenootultries wh]ch are: m~mb~rs: of CEN (iElI;Wrop~ (lo;mmi~e,e for S:too&rd:imtian).

(2) E~troOOde <1 -P,amt m ,.~. '''~Des~211 of COmipo~ite S~eel and 'Concrete SnuCh!:r,es:: G~~.RuI~s and R,uW~::F()ir B~~himgs~' has. boonl'n:IJb~~sboo, ~n[tia]]yi!liS at!l ENV d'oC1!l!l'tlcnt (Buwpea!Il, pre .. smndarda pr,ospectlve E1ti:1Irop~, Stadam .fo~provfus:~o~al appHc:.a:tffioll'i) :E:NV] 994-] -I: 1992,

(3) Th~ !!1!8iuON;1 all>lllJJoirit~es of me nU:~i!.bers smtes ha'!l!e~ss!led iN';ano!Jal A-pp~cation IDocll1'I1eil'l!ts (NAm)),®~, .m.o Eurooooc ,ill ~ rart :~ .lo,peradvf) 'lIllhils;t ~t has ENV~bws.

(l) The,pres:e[ltpl1~l:i.ca!Uon ~s i:rd:encfud. to be iii des~~ ~d. m S'M1PIf,lc!l1entto, tlbe oomp~e.N dOOUMent Euroooo'e 4 ~ Part 1 +'~ 'Calway.s wiitb remrenoos to j,t.) til order ro, provide slm,P[tied ~idlance ,m to :fud~im~e the t!5te ,of Bn.r'OoOOill4! :fOli the: cfusiifPJ orsllch COH!P~Ii~t:c,st~rn~o:n:crC!te struCNiI'CS Wmch are II!WSfia[ m. ICQlllMon practice :braiQOO. comJlos:i1re s!tee:l-co;m~:r'eIte s:tmelures, Astilllls banAbook is Jess fbrrnal ,Mdi mO're~sef-friemB.d[y 'd!:a:r!. BlimfOoode 4 adtJlirno.l1!ailll .. mm~tiion. have boon m.t[·od!~ctld ro ,o1fer~plmOOOfi!i: on design prilnlcip]es ora!pp'l;itlt~ionm~~ and. afbout usaal design result's.

(2.)1 ll1ere:fore~liw '~"Des;igtl ha:ndlbook acco'rdin_g~o,8~ro.oode 4 .for braoed. ooml[rlosite stee'l~(m,corete bt!ildmgs:'~ 'presi~iIlts[l]u.e ma:i~ des:ign fonnulas andm]es e"l[!"~!,(:::ited fr,o·~~ 'EMroood.e 4 - PaWl~, .~ .. 1 ~ which m-e' needed to dear wjdl ::

.~ .Ielastic g{obarQ,fUll\ls,~'S 'of rtiuildilings aJld simiJarstnlct:l!lJres" IdieCi.s. ·of S,h'lIUl~ra1 ~emlbe:r8 at~~mit sta!t~,

-incase ,o:f bnac~d stn:u;:ti!lWres"

,_ accotl"diQg to the E.tlfOPe&I :stan.d!alid .Er~ro.c:£i.de'_j' .~. Bm'! LJ. (ENV' 19~4-,1-,m: 1992).

(]) A1~ol.~~t'he ]J'.l:icsent cl)es~lum.dbook. has been ca~efuUy esmblisili1!ed and .~ntoo.dsto be ~1l1f'sllmdii.ngit does. not: S<1!l!hsl~~te in :a:ny ease fhrtle complete doc,twmen~Eurooode4 - PM 1.1. ~idiJ. shO'Ullld 'be: consuhOOJ.,m ease ·of dOiLllbt or need lllrcl:arificatiotl;j in loonjllllnoti.onwj,ili 'the NatioMl. Appli!catioID'oct!~e!lt. (HAD), 5:pec~:6ic 10' (heoo!l:ntryw~~e:re me bu:i1diiog proj:e:ctig: sltllakld.

(2)! Anr·e:mr·W!,ces to Eurocooe;4 ~·Part L~ are ~ad!e wn [ ... ] adgivei!1I. ~!l appropri~aoo [eli .oolllJfi'lj], caill!ID~ <tRef. '1',

l'teieiOO!l~roE1I]rooodes 1. 1. :3 and 4 are.ealled respecti.\IIely e]~eirRef. I ,Rd. 2. Ref: 3 and Ref •. 4c ew Be I" ,lEC2~ BC3 and ECI11I (gee me ] iSI! Q·f referooc:es ~n cllap~~r ,0 A),

'(S), .Any olirertex:t. taJb~es or :~glllres ~®t q~©.Wd . frem Bu r,oooae 4 are cO:I~sid:ered to !at~isfY tle lIIi!li~es spedtiJed iW11 Eurocode 4 -!?alil:t 1, 1,

11

,

Foreword

0.1,:4 How to ROid. tbi:S dL'!;s,ig,n handbook;

,(I) E}!;am$l~e ofmIlufuering ,otcbapt~-s and pamgraphcS: V.2.1.2.2. (2) La;yout of pages ::

I' am te>.1: with a foIDmowing examp~e abom:layout. ,of chapt~[s:

.... )1

,

ME1I;..tI'"D~'1lI INc ·lBTol'1!I.1iT"o'IN-G-· (V, '., M··· '.' IV· r M1o)

~."'JIlJJi'._ '. . '.c,.n . .v _' t, ", ~'" &T.A.l

1·.1 Ctteiks at IUltim.arte UDfliic ,stll!~C'.'!i

... )

I". .1 .. , Veriifi,catroJiiS ,of s:heu ,!:onlledofS, nf ULS, to I,ongitudir.uli~ ,sheoi"

... )

- ,.,2,.'.1 Desi.g)!1 bllngitudm,aiJ] ,shelll!!" :Fof'ice ... )

, ,.:l.7.1.2:, Partial sl!lliiilU' ,c.o1l.int!ifitiI,_Q wiih ductUe eonneerers

... )

(~) .~ too ~,e:fllt. cobJwwof each. pag,e :

- references k;, Eur'Ooode 4 are ,~so ,gl'lo"llI.IW 'in tM '~e:1{t bet\'reen b,raC:k,e;ts I[ ... l ,other .I)efenmoes are d5i,gnatoo by (Ref. i) and ar-e, ~li~ted iq ohapterO..4.

I( 1) Particulardmrik_'S for fru.i.tfU1 collabcration are .1iJdd:r:essed to members of the p<lejectworlldn,g ,QiiCUljl :

IS oog.in=ri:nc ,offioes,: Adem (Eh:l~iwn)~ Bu:re~Ii1;~ lDe]ta {le[girunm}, Vmlldollick OIoopISteeluak (Belgium),! 'vr.J! Assoc,iilte P~e:F l(Be~gjullt)'i Roo-lb.aU. Hmme:mam. &:

Hoi~und (De:llmark)~ BUreau Velit. (Fm:noo). SQCQtec(P:~loe)l. Sofre:sid (Fr.1llu:.e),. CPU lng~nieurbU:r-o (Gemany). JGB";~ngeJlileurg;ruppe Bauen (Ger:tIimy). Danieli lngegne:ri.a. (Icaly)" Sci1roooe,r & MiSocies (Luxemibur-g)j D'3,BN (the Netherbmds)~ Ove Amp '& PartJners i(Ul!I!i.tedKi~gd(nll)!" EeeS I TC lI ~GelimMY)~

._, RWTH: S,tool Coo;stmction Elep'artl11ent fto:m Aachen University "'~I:h Professo{!' SEDLACEK G .. and GROTMANN D..

S- mil1l'D rot n t~'~~i',~/'1 , •• ri:;,i!. M'. 111,1 ''Q' A ",.1 ID.n.n' r-M'" "I",.li 'C, A- TTl .", jli.rEO' f'

-, I.' ~~.n.u ,\11J'1ld1.~·1 lhr..IIJUI, ·,I.¥'tL. D.~""'.........:--.IIJ,""'I.I, ~ ... ", ~ u ',.'" _ """' = .IfU'''II '" "'I

cnCM (f:rar.u::e), wi~ MM. CHABR'O<llN 1B.~ GALEA Y. and. .BlJR.EAiJJ A. (2) Grateful thanks are ali1iO' expressed~o' ,:

the :ECSC whicb supported. this work in the soope ,of the Euro,pean researeh nCP2124 (contaot D° 7210 - SA/:H6).

_, .d1,e F 0; ,e:;:'llecultive: ci:ln1iIi1W&tee\'IIh~ch lil:asfO·]]Ol~ed ~d. aJdv~s~ t!he lwrking g;roup ,of the research,

'-' anyo'm:: wbo has col1ttiln~tm 10 the \vork:: MM. CJ:[ANJR.A..lN'Pb+~ .MAUER Th .• GERARD¥' r.c and WARSZTA 11;"".

12

0.1.1 Units

Ee4 ,[US; '(2))

.Foroes: aHd. loads UWltMa;SS

kglmJl, kNV~3

N/mM2 ('" MN/m~ or Mfa)

Unjtll'!,.1elgilt

S:tresses ,andi sl1:englh~ M.o:m9ts

kN.m

.BC4.

U .6. 7.li (l) F:or stool meMbefS:~,tlIe tcm,~l1iom used fo:r Ciross~section. ,a.,xes;, m-e;::

iO:1: : along :!he: mliem:ber

ge!letailli~y~

"fy : cross..;SteC!ti!on a:.1cis pam]]~1 ~o&e: fl!.U'lges

zz; : eress-sectien m!:is pe:rpe:lld~clJ]ar 10 '~he :f1ang~ or pai;mllcl~o~ewe<b

1(2) The (;(l~ve~tillOJil u5ed mr sybs~lriiPfs; which mmcate:~es for' mome:~rn IS :

"Use tle ailS abOlllt whlch ·tle.f:l:tOrtlMI ,acts. II

.!PCI:!)'e,xru:niPffiejfor .l-secllion. ;a !1WJn~t ;a:CEW,g m tllC p,I!me: ·aftbeweb Is drulJorted My becalilseit a;CiliS aiboulttfie ,crC\Ss .. secu@ft mcis, pamUelt~lthe: flanges."

AU the flow-charts. a~p e.ari~ i~ tftI~e: pres:ell~ desiign ~and:hook. s,h~tIi]d be :[\eadillcooW'dmg~OI ~e rolknwi;ng rules:

rea:di~,&oltl.~:he~op 'loUie bott:o.m. ill geue\ral"

ilie references to< Blliroood~ 4 are given JID1J [.""].,

~il1<tdl meanslllil:at thecheeks are not fldft.lled ud.lftl1:t. s:tmng,er sootiOflS or joints ]~veto' be selec:ned~

Ti~le

r

J

Criterionte, cboct:,. condli:lmo\IIU: 0]' comparlso~

no - ....

the doled. I( -) means iiat path has t<l! ltIe followed. wfoughtlJie bOll!:

0.3 Tevndn!)llo,IY

EC4

[lA .. 2 (1.)] (1) 'TIWfolIowmg terms ,Blm used ~n. r,an, 1.1 ,o:f':lEuJI'aoode 4- (Ref.4f) with the foJ]owing M~gs,:

- Frome: It stgcllltre orpGmG~ lof a ,stmctul'e., romprisli1,g an. asseli1~~y of diwcctliy conne.died, stro.oturaJ lclentenit:sj, d.esigned toact :toge-tltcr k), resis!: load, It 'oorvers both plane 'ibmles and, th__ree~m'emicn:wl fnWleB.

- Srlb-_(ra:mt!: A name ·whi:c.b. forms part of a larger ftmne. but istnated as an isolated, frnnl.e in a struotu.ml! ,;,malysis ..

_, lIP!? offjam~Hg: TefiIIIS ~sedl to distilllguisilili betwemfrimri.es,~bjcb are either:

Confj~~utms. imru ,~~ldll only both equmbri~1 and the slinlcWiral :plrope:me.s of tbe m~bcrs, need lexp'l1ci~ cO!ls~dm:3itiOOi ~Il, ·th~ global anallysis.

t{elni-co_~(jJJclJ,-Qll~. ill which also the .structI!iliral pfOpeoroes, of thecoMiecticn:ls: need cxpiicit co.lls~derartion. ~n the ,global ani~ysisi

.S111.1[2I1l., in wmch ,only 'eQjuilibriPJll, needs to b~ eensidered in tbegloba.1 a!flalysis.

Global' (uwills.is': The deterllllmadon afa, lconsistent set Of.iintemai! forces Md .. moments tN. V~ M) in. a stmcWre" which ,.e jo eq,uw~~briium with a particular set ofae:tions all ·the .strucwre~ arndare based. IClIil the p100pclrties of~~ mate:ri:al!S .

. 1!iI',d iorde,' g/ab,(J1€!11t11'-gJS: 'G~QbaJ] ana.l,ysis uSMfl,gtiliIDe jn~tiaJ geometry cf~,e ~lrutl;1im~e and ne!~:'ectil1:tl: the deformation ·of die ,sh·l.lIctlu,e \_ylrlch i~fluelloes the eHi'ects ,of actio!'!s (no p~ effects)l.

,- Se·c,cmd fJr.d(J.,r global Qlullv.sis~ G~oba~ :maJ1yslis: taldng mto account the dlefo.rmatioD of the S'Inl:C'I.U:r1l3 wliiich ini1uenoe;s: tbe efFects of actions (PI_,6, effeots) ..

Elastic rdaba.1 cJn:a/y,¥_fs:First-order oli'seocmdoeOr-der gtoba:ll ,ana1yshl basedoD. the a:s!iumptionl!hat die s:l:lIeBs",s:l:rnm beha,viiouf or the material ~s I inear, \"I13.w,ver' the s,tte~s l.evcl~th1s assumption may bemamraiiOOd ,evellwherr-e tlle, fC4lisltance of a cress-seedon ~s based em. its: :p]ast~c 'reB:ism:ance:,

& Cal'lI{}Qsij:e fi:_~I11t~:: A. CQ:IiI'iI[JQsUe ftaJm.e is a framed struomrofibr a buU~ ,Of siillDliJar eonstruetlon works" in w~~rih some or all lof the beams ;l1IIld columns are 'oo.mposite members and :ll1o.s'l of the :remaiillling members are sitruohn:a~ steel :membe:r,s.. The use of reinforced or pr,ii}stressed ecncrete or masonry memherafn bradns s-yS:l'i'}.liiJihS is not eKoludoo.

_, ,Cl2ml1fMi(eJ'IJ~12i:b.(!r. A sUuC:h..!:r,a~ member ,~ith, compolJe.!llts of concrete ,and. of structural or cdld-{omed steel, iQ1erOOrnl.ected by s;heaJr COMSCtlO1il, .so as to ].imj)t; tlie .1,ongiwdinaW sHp benveen. C(iiI:llcrete and stool ,!!iUd. the separation ,of one compo:ne~t from the other.

,PI'DI?lJ({dJJn,:t;!!lJJ!.l! (lj"_ memher: .A s{troc~re or m~ber the Sit,eel eID~e~ts of w~li<llli!! are supported undl the eoncfiote elements ,are able 'to f:es~st snesses,

-, fJnlJ,rQIIDJ!lJ $1"1m.lY~~ me.mber~ A strucmre crmember in 'l'll'hh::b Ole ",,,eight of eon crete elements ~sapplied tOI steern elements.

Shl?ill' COnlte.c]joJ1: An, mtell'connection bet\;veen "d:ll~ concrete and steel ,components of a compos~te M~ntberthat has sufficioot strength and stifBl.essto enabJethe: two eomponents to be d:es~ed as: parts of a,s~"gle; structural ~li~elil.1.ber' .. For eemposlte beams shear connectlonmeans, genef-aUy me'Cll.m1ih:al shear cootll:ictionU1iat does o,otrely O~ bond or aGlli.e.s:ion ,artinrerfaoes: bc!twoon :ij1teel nndooltcrele .

. pun and partial Sh~t1J'lctm,ru't'cUlr:m are de:finediiil ~~apireil' V,2.'7'.

14

~ Hewed s'lud c,rJl:mect()t : A p8!mC'M!1:M form of shearooooector oo!m!p:rising a .stoo~ 'bar ad flat. head.tlatis welded ~l@tama!ticaJW~y~o dw b~:n.

COmpOOiU,f! conne.CJtio1'l : AOOru1,e~[ioIlJ bet\i\1\oon.a ,oompo\!ij~m~b;eii and any oil:he::r Itle~bel:' :iilil wbk:.h re~nfuroonlel1lt Isimwte!l1.ded W'OQ[twbUite to tl~ resh;tuc~ of (he oonnectro!l1!.

,11,igid compfJ~ile' COI1~~~c,tffJn : A OOITI_posilte: eo:m~~tion :sudlilihalt .~ts deroml:atIDo~hasno si~~fica!l!tmf'.hJ;~ce on ·Iiih~ di.!5rlribu,t!oo ol.internal :fames a!!ld moments W, the struOhJre~ tlOif 0JiI tis; ·O'~eraj]~ cfuEormat~O'n"

8 .COI1JptJsile OOh,.l71l1 ~ A cOMpos.i:te mem;b~r su~jcdOO .. mai:_nJy tocoMp£cssion u.tI bendffing', Only ,co]lunms wWtih cross-secti.ol:ls of .t1he: ~es de;fl~edm cmpterlV Me treate:d ~n ·tm.is IitDldbook

Compn:sUe bmlu ~A composlle .~1ilembe!i subjeoted .mai:nillyro benLing. OWlily tihosewn w&iich dle: structural stee~ secliion ~Si ,sym:m:eL1:ilCru .aIbOti,!~Jt Jrtts mMor axis arem:atedi I(see chpter V]i.

~ C()JiItilUlO~lcS COi7/ptl<s!J,'(! b~arn: A beam. ~witi~(1ee or mo.resup!ports. wwbich tile :\l,meJ .seclllol1i .is e~tffiruer ·oon~inucl,!:so\!ler i~~eJrna~ :lil!l!ppoms or~s jcffi!1ltoo.by fu~~"str.cm~ ad ri!~d ,connectiOM.with ooMectlonsbenvoo;!li. tli~ hewn ~deac~b :sup,port s!uch mh1l!ti~ C~I:I 00 assuMed d1:at (he ,suppm1 dees nc:n;t trru1isfcili :s!:sn.i:flcant:b9d,~ mIIOMen! to tlebemn. Melle internal .!iupparts :me beam may have eiMthef ,effeC:l~ve lleiMoif1leme.Flit or Ol]]Y nomina!! reinforee:me.lt

.H:ngging 1:(2'(J.D.~(l1'lt :Nega:lffiwmQM.cnt calWisiIng ,c(uflpres<silOD. in. ·t;]]e bottol:lll. f]lal1ge: of·~ b~.

- ,S'f-lggit" N1.(JtI1e:U.~ :P,nsitilllc mOM~I:I~ cau:smg '1ie1:1s;I.on lWillll.E: h(mromfiange of-flle beam.

- COI1JpOSJl:e ~la:h. : A IDw-di.meill:!lion<!m ho:riw.ntai oo.posi.te member subje;cte.d mainIDy to

berndi:ng"ll'lwhich profiled sreel !lihrec,ts ~s~e dhapter VU) :

• are used as: penanat ~butteriling ca:pab]e ·of s'wpportin.g wet Q©~~r~tc.rei_rdb:rc~mient a.d s:ilte loads. ,and.

sub.sequently oom:b~lfle srtruoru11l11ywitll. the hlllrdf:\l:Ioo ooncrGte ~d. act ~s pm: 01:' all ,of 'Ole ~~:si.lie reimm,oome.r£t W:. iwefiW:l!I.shedsla:b.

Dedring : Profiled sreel sbe~~illilg; whwohmay be cm:oossoo or gpeci:allyfo~edt:o ensUfie ,oompos:irei.'lctionwi.ththe ceaereteslab ..

,'l'r:t1.l'1svers'e re.il~fp.rool'mn.(: : R.eiufb:r,ceme!l1't p1aooo. iwt!h:e: s.1a:b mmswrsely (across) illie s.tool boom ..

• ~¥!;lel1J leng#'1 : D.islan.oe between. ~"'o adjaool:llt points i1IJtlivhich. amendCler is braood a.gaiMt lair;:ml dli$p:.I;a.:cmue:lllit if! a~i'!l'eu p]ilme. er beme~ one ~!W!C:hP'O~!:lt a:ndthe md ,of .~ ~~~llber"

- Btu:kU}';gl(J11g:tb: Siys'meM length of an ,':l!tnelrvnse si:fI:lirn. miG.be" ¥rill! p~Med ,e.:n.ds.whmcb has the same bllJfckJiflg resis;lat!:!oe as, agi.ven gember.

- Des.tg:t!(f;}': .Appilopi.n;a:~~ly q!1alifi.ed. ,and ex~erierl.a~pell'sofl resp0t1sib1e .fo:r tilesl:riM!ctu.ral desj~nl.

t5

R,~f. l ("" .Eel), ENV 199' l-I-I .EUT\lGoderu ~drafl::V!e!jsian) : Basis ,00f Desipm1d .Actiliom '(Jim! S:~fI!!a!ClUR;S: ,(P,ads 1. 2;,2,,2.4, 2.5. 2 .. ")~, 10).

R~. 2. ,(", Eel) ENIV 1992'-m-l. E\1iillrocooe 2. : De:sigp of concrete strucwres~PartU :

Ge~erat mtesand ful.es Fat Bui]dmgs"

Ref. 3("" EC3) BNV~'9.93-1-1~ E-ur:oood~ 3: :D~s~ of s,weel s,trnotures" Pm 1.1 : General m~es ad. ru.h~sfo!i' Bu~ru~.s.

Ref.; 4 ,(~ E-C4) .ENV~'994~1~L B!:u.ooode 4 : Ji)es~pof composi,tc :stwm and conotem rst!li!!,U:t~!!ies. Part l.~ : Gem~r!llru m~~sMclru[es fQrBui[di~s.

Ref: 5 1(=IC8) Eur~CO:dea:. dlmfi versio~,])es~p of silTnotllres for ,ea~Cf~akeres:iSimnce.

Ref 6 .!EOCS ~ech~i,ca1 puJb~[catl:()~Ii1!i:!,65,~ ~~ES:!.\!eil1lti.ahi of EUm<CQde ;3 ~ 'De~ign MiUl'M!~ 'f,oii S~ee:l Strucw:res Wi 'm3'und!~",'~ '~.'99 I, firs,tBcHtknn.

Ret 1BCCSwc]mjca~pl.!b]ica:tffiOJ\] n012" ~~eomposwteBeams ad Golummms to,EWlrooode ,~:"'.

199.3,fim Edill~]rnil,

Ref. is SCI .I~'uib~~catiO:nJ 12~"t~Co:m!positc. Bea:m Design. to Emruroc.ode 4", ~9.9!1J,.

'Ref: 9. SC~pli.llbrurucadm.l! 142,,'·'Co:mposi.le comuJ.Wl.Desi~gn~o Eurooooe: 4~~. 1994.

IWf.~O' 'RP' . .iJom..sOJi1l :and ]1)<. A.niIDL'lFSon.~!.DeSli~e:r~' HMdbook. ooE~roood", 4,P~rt 1.1:

Des~ ,of co.mposi.~e steel ud conCfe~e s~rIlc!mresOi, 199.3, Thomas Ternfbril ..

Ref. tl Allbhm: A., - i"AiPpl.iicatkm. de I',Burooode4. ClasiSiflcll!~iol1 dessootiOf!:stra:nsv-crs:ales de pO'l1l!tres ~i.Xtros·'. pa,ges 'j'1~Q 90. Rewe: CQngtruiCl~ilen Metmnq'(je~ n° 4-.19'94 ..

Ref~.[2, IJel$rt'lamJi R.~'~C[m.lfPQsite OO~t!:mnS~'t p~ges 39'm 63~ [ABSB S~]Oirt Cotu:!lieahou:t Composite s:~eel...coJ]cmte CO!l..st!l!(ltio~and. 'EI.II!QoQoo4i. Bmssels 19.90 .

.Ref .. ~.3 :Bode H.~.d Saiule:u:bom N.~'~Oompo,Sj,tes!B~:'!". :pag,ei ,89 to ~ IS, IAB8E Short C@uirse about ,oo:mposloo :stoo~-oon(;flemeoon~.trnCi~ion: and EUf,l.')COOe 4. Brussels ~.9g,O.,

Ref. .~4 ARBBD S..A .. , ~~Compo.sii®e 'COlmstruottO[! syste~ AlP wiilih mOO!1:fa:ted .fire r~s~s~ce .~ Code ofgooo prractk~j,!.

16

a

Aa Ac Aclr

A-Jl~r Ap At Ar.e As Av Av.:ne~ Av.y A".z b

beff beM. iI:Im bp bO

c CAJ.T ~d com .~

cr

'Cpe

'Cr

'Oli. ,emM

Cd Cy,cz ill

d

<illp

dI:I

ep

eo 'eo,a E

Li~tor Sf.bols L atiD .sY·H1hoIS

desipat:ioll. of a b1J!1lckIDing·cu:roe:;. ti!r,o~t thi.cuess of filial: we[d;,pasi.tio:l1 ofreinforc;imlg bam:s aeasured. 'ffQm~hebOit!lol1l~ of,ooocretefillartge: m composU:e· beam.

gooJlemcal data. oft'be ,effec,ts; of:actions

goom,emcal dam.lOF ·the, resistenee

des~ ,thr:Qait tl1:idbess filf' submerged ,aE 'we[wlJ!Ig

:lIooidle~mllia:ctlon; area (yfbuildillng loaded. by e~e:malpressU:l)e ofvro:.d; area, of gross crass-sacrJOliI

cros:s,.,sectffim;naru. ;iiHC3 o:f~e:st:n:Jcbm1. stoo~

concrete area,

,e:Il'eC!ti.ve area of,clMs 4 CMS~.!lecti!on refere:tlooarre3.fur ,c.f(~l:Id Foree),

·e;:ffectiv,c area of .tJ\e. ~tee( sheet m, rellslon. E:ffecti.ve s'ec:~o~ !of rib 'of COMPQs:i,1~ :d~ib Effwtive seotfuonef rib .of cOJmmJPoslte s]aib eress-secdena] aces oftlle stoolr,elilm:far·oement shear area Qftlh~ s~m(.1~rnJ. I\i,teel meim?be:r effective S~eM' ar,eaFoI'res:i:stmoe,m block ~hear

~hear area O'hltn:!c~ml seeel cross-.s-ecUOmli acooFd~ng to yyIDds :sheaw area of s[lllcmml siteel croSiSi~Siet't[olflJ acoordling to :liz axis des~ .• a:UonO'f a buckIDing C!1ilIwe~ :f1~e:wid.; buildl[Jg wjdld1 e£fect~ve: w.idllili1!.

e[fect~ve 'widtTh1: ,of the; s~a!bF{)iI" cooce[Jtra:~ed Iced

eff"eoUve ",v:idUl IClfthe ooncenit1l'ated load, p'el!lleo~d[clliar to the sp •. of the slab wfud& of the ca.l1ic(!l:Ina:t:ed~oa~ perpend:ic~mat to tile .spallofthesi:ab

w~d& of~be; bunch fOE liL9died. smdJs

d:esignat~o~ ofa[::u.!cJk]:Wi_g. euree; ,o.1J!1Itstand di!iitan~;. c:llective: perimeter a~:timde mctorrorr:erer'9c:c l'l'ind 'Ve~oc~LY

d.ynamkmcmrft1r \'irMd.ft1[\Gf:

dircCittion.f-ac1io.f fOlf r~re:rilnce,:vind.l!iIelocirtt:Y

'~~pOSglle coefficie!1~. f'~r l:vi!l,d pressareead wind forte ",v:hwd fbrce ,ooe:fflc:ie.l:Iit

e"'1'em!!:~press:t!r~ (loeffic,ie~tfur\l!!ind pressil!rure ro~mess, cooffide[li~ fOil" dleWmlimation of Ce 1o~ogmph¥ cooffic~ent. fa!!' d~temmrua:tfuo~. clee tJf.lltl:porary (seaso.m.liru) fi'il:ctmfo:J1' re:Ferenoe...wnd v!emocJ~ .ncun.i~al '\I'.a]IW:C llelalred.rotle. design cff'ect 'Oif,aJcuo~s thickness of OOillC;r1illite· ~er !in co~crete encased sectkln des~a:l~oJru ,of a. bl!lic1k11flg c.tuve;web de:p~

bo~t. dia:!He~er~ headed stud ·diam:e:ter

.d]:s!tm~from the lop !()iftlle s:laib to me £lCl:ill'oid OftilC efFeccivcMea oftlles'hoot

.11.o1e diHilie!l:er

djs~ce ,anile p:.las~l:cneil.ttr:al a.~s; o:f-tbe ef:f-eel~ve area oftl~e :sheetin..g ~o! i!mlulidersia,e le<[uI'Valetlltmlltial bow imupel"fooltioo

des;lgn value '0.£ equJvaru~Jmit miII:ia:[. bowi~perfectjon lC;t:foot of',acUM8 ,It SLS

Ell aces ECSC EC 1 BCl ees EC4 EC:8 IEcm ~Ic.

.. ~

Ek E.N.A. Es

fck

fot f:i:\te

fd

fe

:fmin :~ik

f,"u

f~

f~b= fYIP' :f;~v

Y\.

Fa.Flll.FIll Fc

Fcf Fd

if" Fe

f:s fSk .ft Fren. F'w

g (Jj

0,2. Gd. Ol h ~!I ~ ~p

ht. bSI:.JJb

181

mooo],u!! of crnas~iiC.ity or You~, ModruIDl.Is ofsl:t:ti!lcru.ml s,t-eel Buropean Conve!:!~i.cn for Constructional Sil:eel.'~Ofk Eur,ope.m Co:mm.liI~i,ty qfS:[ool an:dCoa1

Ell~OOe m (Ref, :ID.)

iBu.r,Goooe 2 (Ref;. 2)1

Ell.fil:loooe3 'CR&f. 3)1

.Ell:rccode 41 (Ref . .4)

1E:ufocode 8 ,(Re:r,8)

Secalt .modulus ,ofelia:sticj~of iIl:1S ool:1:c:rem ne:ffect~\i'e"' modulus: of,co'_Qcrete

des!. vaIDue ,o;fthe e~tQ:f aotion dbarncre:riisuc'VaIDue ·of eilects ,ofa.ctia:lls at SU;, ,e.las~c neutral axis

m.oclulllsofb.nngiw~a.~ defommtion oflleilnforcirQg s:~.eei oharn.ctmisticcyliRde.r Ico:mpre:ss~ve .str'Cngth cOOncWristicC}lJi~der tensile .strength

e:ffecd'VIc tensi1e slf(:ngth ·of OOJl!c:r,~,te

design natIlra~. fteque!n.cy

nawrail :froq~:etncy

reoo_ended HJ]:d~ ofu!W1m1fre:CIDuency cllarac,t>cIDisil:i:c yi~l.d .str-t:l'lglli.of ])ei~orcrung s'~eel uU:imateteru;iilestl)e~~

y.ieilld s~re[1~

nOflljJ1gal v,a:[ueo:fy'ru~ld strl:mllith :fOi[ profi~ed Si~eel. s]];eetins ,(lEC4) J.h~~d. .strength Gfthe: ~leib

tt)ir-.cesm stnu::!rural steel SleCUGn. tl)r,esis~ W phUitic b~nd;i~g ~oment

'OOJllpre.s!S,lVlei@fce run theooncre~~f!:ange nece.ssary tOfes~sttl1:e design s~gging bending. moment

.tmlgi.wdhml shear force

de.:si.WlvaIliIDe ofa:cLicuru d~am:c:tern1;Sitruc '\i\all!a:e of ,ac~~ian

d~s~g!1i~@flg~wdiu~ :f'OlIce C3:UJSed by fo.mpos~te action m.rhe s:1.a:t~ foreemtbe f,eiMor-ci~ bars to!1esii!i~ topl:astic: bClld:ing moment dba:rac~erjslt~o v,ah.l:~ ·oftmt'is:v,e:l"s~foil:ce

desi@l tQMVie-rse ooroecaus:ed by (;Q~'!;pOi5iiteaCnOn in til1C .s~",b d:esi •. refl:sile 'ftmce pew stllld

resu1tant w.iNild :rorce.,i'of:cem. thCWBIJl:I of Sil~Grnral .. :s'teel.500:lion to r,csisi~ EO plastic bendin:g mom~l1t

mstribruted. pe:_l1TIim~nt aetien; dead ~o~d pel:11'looent lact~on.

s.hear lllodiu:IJtliS·

de-sign. pC!'Niane.i1i[ action

d:l.a:r,a,·creii.i:s:tic vl3iill(e o:fperlllMet:IJt. ,aCl~io!l

o'Vlerai:! deplJh lor cr-oss ... seCUOJl; storoy height~ bunding ~.eigll.t: dJ~ptll of stnmcmrnI steel secUmroJ

di~c1mes:s oftffiwes1a1babove tile ribs 'OifdJiepro'fi1cd.sheeti!n! beight lofdecktllgs ribs

tolalll d.epru lof~he slab

,

~, H

1

IL [w Ii' .tz k

kc

~:

ke

kLl' kt

k."

kl Kt

l

itT to

L

Lb Ll'B m ma,."Il:. nun M Mb.Rd Mer Me_ltd Mel MctRd Mf.Rd,

M~plRd Mpl M'ptRd Mpl.w.Rd Mpl.li'J~d Mpt"l.Rd MpAd MRd MSd MV.Rd MW.Sd My My.Sd

O\!le:mt~ h.ei'ght ,of strudrure ~otal horizonmlload

radius of gyration alb01il!t re~ev~t axiis USilng: the properilies ,or gross steel cmU-SlectioH! nldmelit of ill~rtla

to.rslooo1 'constant

warping: constant

mO~lellJt of iml.'crua ,abou~. yy bd. ~ axes

subSlcri:pt ,meanms, ,charaoreristic(unfai!Klfcd) value coefficient forme millmtU!lmreWforoeme.llt ,e:ff'ooIi\t;e h:mgtlb mder

re4uotion factor for the sbear [,esmtance ,of headed ,smWl in oomposireslab wilh rjbs p.a:raJlemro t!he Ibeam!

mctror wr ~altera1..,blIRjonatlbuc:k1:in!: with N~M m!eIFactioll

reduction. faClorror the shear .resis'tmoo cf beaded Sitlldsm, ,eom;posiw slab with :ribs, p~endicular fa the; beam

buc~g mcOO,r for ,outstaIld fl_!c~ buckling, factor for shear iiO.essfac:tor orEdw terraj,I[]J :portion ,of a n1c:rnber

eliective [etlSJlhfo'f out-of..pbm:e bending equ i'v,a:~ioot me.

~:stem lengtb~ spin ~~gth~ \'I'emd length bucicl.il:lg mOOQilhof member [ale:ral''''lD.r.s~Oll1arn bU(llding

mass pcr ullit ~engith

mln~ll1l!1im bending ltiDmL}nt;

des:igJ11es~st:anoe; moment fur ~3!te.!.',a:~ .. tersionel buc:kllns e]t!!Istic ,ential mQMen~ (<Ii la!mra1-.to],'s,iOll.a.l: bucJcli~g~ desi.p resistaflccmo:m,ellt. ,of the cross-seetion

el:astiic mommt capacity

desigwt eillalSti,Q resist.mce to bendili1@ ,O'f' beam

,design, p,lunc reswstance moment ,o:f 'tie cress-section ,coj}s~sting ,of the flanges of.l~Y. with 'effective secllon

des',gn plastic resbll1m.ce mO'~ellt of' 'the ,struct1U.rn] steel] alone

pblstic m:om.ell~ ,capacity

des~1 plrul,bcresist~Joe moment of the Silmc:tu:ral: ,cr,os!:H16ction des~gn plastic :r,esii~tanoe momest of the web

d'esign, plastic n .. ~sismnee IllOlllmt of the stmomra] cross-sectien ilIbo"llt yy axis, d'e,s,ign pl'astic res~s(m),ce mam.Cl.t: ,of dlie: .sUtu::wrnl cffis;s-,sect:iouaJbo. 2Z ~L"-dS s-aggimu.g bendmg .resisuw.ce of a oompos~t:e slab

des:ip beD~g moment, lieS:istanceof the mcmbe.:r'

cles~ beud'ing m:o:m.el'lt appiedi to tbewtcmlbet

,~~ p~asti'c resistanee :mome.ll[ reduceCi by shear force design. value ,ofm:oment appWioot:o the web

belldil,g I]iiJODlenlt abol:l~ yy axis

desigrl. bcmding mOItlellt about Y'I axis ap.p'lied tQ the member

19

List o.f symbols

Mz M'!,s\:J, n

~;

Rf

as

N HAD Nb_Rd, Nb:y-.Rd Nb,.z.lW; Noo:mp, N'aj'

Nic..Rd No.sli NptRd NItd:

NSd Nx.Sd P.N.A. p

rltd:

PRk

q

CJk

~f

Q

Qd

Qk Qk.mllii!: r

R

Ra,Rd Ra

i;k.

s

Sd,

Sk

Ss

,S

Sd Sk SLS t

tr tp tw

ULS

Vl\eJ

20

bendi!!!.g moment about z;z, a. ... ds

d~sj~ bending ooome.t:lt about ,ZZ; asis a:pplre-d ~o' the: nlemlber .nom.iuI modulatrratfuo;

~lJ.l.iber 'M col:umms h'l pIDane.

:I.umli.be:r (),f~Hlentbel':S 'to be n~iStmmed by 'the br:ac.mg syste!l1l1l ll!Wtlber of swreys

nonnall fOi\oo; a.~alload

National AppWwootion. Document

des"ignoocklJng resismnoo ofilhe rn,ember

desigJi! bucklwg: r~istance of me m.embeiii' a.coording;w, .llY axis

designJ b~ckl g res~Btmc£ ofl:ihemember ,acoo~g to zz axis

~imI-PMSs~n normal :force:

,elastic: crit~ca:[ :axi;al fo:rcc

desigu, cGMpre.:!ls:iou, res~st;m'ce of tlIlw: ,e[fossJ-sectioll part of the design axiiail leed {[mit is pcrmamrellt d~sil'l plastic resistance ofd1,e gross ,cross-section de~igll resi:Stwlce 'For member' in compression d!esi~ 'vamue of compressive force

d:esr. iIll:emaI axial iowwaJppLioo, £om.emberrilO&{lrdim:Jig to' xx axis plastic neutral1l arxils

:poiI!:t k~ad

desigu :oos~stBc.e ,of shear connec,ror ,chamele,ns-tic lI'esi.stMce of,sllear ccnmeclor imposed v,ariable distributed ~oad

chamc~eris:ticva1ule: of Unposed varia:b:le distributed load rg,ferenoe !mean windpreslS:Ulre,

imposed varililbl:epomt load.

de.s~v,ariaJlti~e action

cha!I'3Cteristic;value ,of imposed variilible: pO~lllt load 'lI'a!"i'abJe ac~i(Ul \v:~IIi,~ QUSe'S, :dle latge.s;t ,~ff'OO~ r.il!mus ,ofrootfinet

:roUed sections

des~g!l 'cri.p'pling, resbiWl'ce of the 'we:b

des~gn resistance ofthemc!illber su~ject tointema] fb:n~es or f!'!lJmellt characteristic vahie ,of Rd

snewload

desiWt sliI.owtoad.

,chaf;i!.Ct:e:ri.mc, value oftlw snow :loa1d on tile g,mu~d, length of $uff beaniDg

effects, ,of actions at IJl.S

d~s~1i! value of an m:lemai! 'toree or moment applied to 'tll.e tnember cha:racwristiiC ",alue ,of effects of aoti.ous at ULS

Sierviceablliry Li:n:d~ states

design thickness • .nonUl!UIl ililclmiess 'of e~en1ent.marerial tbickness fI:m~ge th.ickness:

thickmless ,of a p1a,ue \~,e:]d:ed. to ,ail!. ~1l:sti.ftefi.ed:l\J!a:tige web tl!~oknes'S

Uti~'t,e Limmt Sbr~

refe:re:ncewind veloc:i~

"'rof •. O V

Vb4lJ1.d VCrt

VI. Vp1.Rd v-

. ply. ltd

Vplz.Rd VRd VS~

Vy VY$d:

Vz

V~Sd

'W

Wd w~ ·Wk. W Weft" WI.!I. WeLy WeLz Wpl Wpty Wpl!;, :K.1UI:

Xl y~yY ~.~ ZC. Z<;w

0 .. 5.2

,~ OiT PA PM PM.L'f PMy PMi'. j3w

bas:ic value cf ~e refe:rcncewil'ld ve]oc~ty shear fo:r-ce; total venicail moad

desjgnslttar b!la!okIDm,g r-es~st!.Rc:e e~la.succr~tical. vah1~ eftl11.e 'tota:W.'vert;ica]] mOQid: total cle.sign lon.gi,ttuinrllrn .shear

des~. S:1l:eupmtic res:i:stru100 of cross"lseetilioo.

des].~ S:lIca:lt prn~ti,c. msi:SitOOcr; of cr{lss-sectrnofi acco~,ro yy a.~:s(lI ~QW-eb), des~ .• .she.ar p~as[iCresl:Sitmloe:o:f Cr(lSiS-Slf!cijo~ acoord:i~g.ro, ,ll; aids (.1 ,tl)f1~)' desmgl she.ar res~!ltace ofli.e, member

des~ sh.ear :l:luce ,8ip[ll]~ed, to the m:emlbeI; d~sig!l va~ue ,of the~o'm.I: 'vem.cal load slfuear forees a~pnedpa~aJle!: lOyyaxi:s:

des~ shear ibr>Ce ,3!pp~~edto ~he ~emlb" pii!ifaII.e~ to 1Y a.xis slia.earMl)oepamUelto u axis:

d~~ .inrental slim furoes. a,plitd~o, tite: rnecmbcrpamUe~to uaOOs wind flf:C!iSllre on a. ~~ffiloe

des~'nd ~oad

wi:nd~r:essu~ on e~malsl!ni'!i!~ design cmit. wid~ we~dedlsootio!.1JS

,elast!.(;. seot~o:!]j modlu1rurus 'of effectffiw class 4- eross-seeslen

e.]asltic' sootiolmJ mOOl1]i1.:Qi!! ,of cillass 3 ,c;r-oss..,sectilio;!1!

cl!aistic sec!i,cn moou]us ,of dass 3 crOS8-,Si~CUon according. to yy a.'lds effiasU.c seotiQ[t modill]u,s ,of cruaS!l3 Cfoss-sectillo]iJ acco:riLhu~: to .u3Xm$ ]l,Jas!ti.c sec~olilll. mooul~s ·of cJass l,o!1' 2orPSs'1lec.!ion

plas,tic: sectiioml.mochil~s of CJ~ss .~. 'ow 2crofSs~eo!tiQn a.gOOf~~!1g to yy axis p]as~ic seotio~ :modlu.l~s ·of d:.liSS m ,or 2: cress-seeden a'cCloirdl~llg 'to zza;::"I:(s axwsakmg the :IHe:mJber

ditaf,ac,~e:r,i:slmc va:J~e Qflhe fililrerillaID pl:io;pe:mes

pW::imIDc:Jp.a.laxws or cross section (plZLm~rueill.rofianse'Sj, in genemn ~ii~c:ij)~ ax~s ·of sressseetion (pam~[d to the web-. in ~e!leral)

po:s:i~i.o!\ of plastic: n~]ljtraI asls measured fr'()M the topo.r ooncrelieflage til. coMposite beam poslO.on of plastic neliillttal ,a;l;:j~ m;~sulJedfrom the bQr.t'Onl of cOf!cre~i1!;)I!!1~i:!1l conlpos;iJtc b~

l-emwDoe li1eight for ·evalua!tion ar!Cc vefticilill! dli:Si~.ce

'Greek .sylmb~ts

ooe<mc~~t 'of .I.mear therrual c}'"pM!ll.i.cm

~PtOt~O cfficteminethe po!S,i,tion of the n.o'Mitral a,.1i:~S

,c.oe;_ffic~~i!Wt ,of eifil~~. ampli.ficati:Gn or ·ooe:fficlel]!u of romo1e~~ss ·of cri.ticaJismte oftlta.e :ff;a!I:r.lI~ ,ooemC~tffi,t ,of ~omini!ll [ineartlteM:a[ ex:p~:s:ioll.

:no:un:-dhncnsJona!ID ooefficie.!lit for trockling

eq)lm~V'a]ent u~if.om. mOIlfl!.'cnti'a.c:tO!r :ror fie:.'!\'l!r.jj bucldi~

equ~\!'arneTIt iI!.li~i'fufml mOMen,t fa&'liOif for .~atelCaID.;IOJ'S~()~al b1i!lck]~n9 eq~iya!l]e!lt I!IDnifGWiM. mo~\eO!tfao:~o:r roriIDoxu(,aj b~ck:li[Jlli, ,about yy asis equivaffie:l1lt ~lli:forM :mcm:1.eIllU f,aiQ~Qr wrfil:e.xura! buik:lm~ ,about zz axis; nOIl~imrns~o:md coeffieienlFolr late:ral-~Qii~ionilirn buck1mg

2]

x

x,d,

XLT 1mW

Xy

h

8

ab

a(l ,6d!V ,fiHd a~ 6"1,

8

-q

Sill, ,5Vd ,8VIl'iill( ao,

6~

~ilJ

ec.s

6s

Yu

Yap

YG

'fF

'YO

1M Y!l;fil' YM:s,S'I!1" YMw '1M!)

r-ed:uction fact,or for the I,e!6':Y,3:I1t bu'ckiing Hlodc mtio of cmnpregsjlon for tlhe: resi:stlmoe ofmem.bers rodulCtilon facwr fu~ ]aJte~"itQis'jooal, bucldling 1llii.ImIi.mum ,of Xv and X.z

,mtio ,of compression fur the :r,c:slSliaDR ,of ntembors

~1iedtU:;tiOlil &ictal" for the relcVM:t 'b1l.!:c1d~!IIQ; mode ,abouty}' axis r-educrion fac~or lOl'thc: :r,e:levWl!t. 'b~ekl!~l1g mode about zz a.~s [-enative homo:l'lim~ di:lil'p]~cemellt oft0ill i1md ho:Urlm, of a s1<~il:ey ho,ri~ofital d:lspblce.inent ofUll: bmood :frame

d:esi,gn, de.fl!ection

designvertical d~f]eol:iO:l1o:fitoors., beams. ,,,.'.' d~\ign. b,onzmlltam deftC(:tiiOI, 'of fmmes :r,ecommel!l.ded Iii:rni~ ofhori:wntal deflecnon

in :pbme d,efliection of the bracing ,s-ystem due ~o"q pWU,Sm:lY external loads, d:eflle:eticm diue iO variable ~oad ~q)

,l1ori2olltaJ ,disp~i!I.ceM.~Il~ of'the unbl\aood '&mirI:e design vertical deflection offl.oors. beams •... ,' .RlCommelided Whn:it ,ofvertic~] deflection

pre-eamber ~oggw.g) of 'the beam. ·in the unlOaJded state (sta~e 0)

vacliiltioIi oftbe deflection ,o:f'the beanl duc '00 p6n:1':bane:nt toodls (6), nmnedi.ately aIe:r ~oadJ!ng ,(stare j)1

variation ,of the deflection of the 'beam. due totillevaria:ble .loQiding (Q)I (gtate· 2) displacement

-, .. ~ .. , .. ,,,. -

coeffiiCl.enl ::; V fr· (\-'ii',lfh, f1' w. Nlmm2)

uUi-ate strain of structural steel

total longl'f.enn f-ree shrif.llka.ae: strain

'Ult~maE .stram of reinftl.r"C'm;g ,stoom

partial safety factoOf f-or stmc~1Jral steel P'a:rtiail safety faGtor f-orp'fo,filed .steeW decking parriid sdc.t\y fa,crorOOr eonerete

lJ.'Iam,a:~i :safety :£aicto:r :Fo:rmroe: or €tl\r' ac,UoD partial :safety fa'ctor fOf pennanent action partial safely factor for the reswstmce at ULS

partial safety factor for the: rosistan.ce of bol;~cd ceneeedens pamSiJ] sa;j'e.ty factor fur the, sUpllcsismnce of'p.relo.i1ided 'boUs partila:.li ,safety £actor fur the ,[res.istance ,of-welded connections

pani:al safetyf'actor fbr resistance, ,at ULS 'Olf class 1,2 or 3 c,r-oss-'sec:t[om (plasticity ali' yielding)

partial safety mctor [Of .resis,Umce ,o:fc'lass 4, ,cr-oss~,sooticulS. (local buc'klmg resista:m::e); partial safely faCOOii for 'the .resIstill:lce cfme-Mbcr to b~c:1dill:lg

pamam saFety facto.r for variable action

parti:al saCei:yfa.ctol" fbr :re!fI!Jbrcingmecl:

paunlia[ safttyfacfOif' '£'OI,D' sillear' eo.llllectof

filctor{ow ligtltvi.rei.t. oencrete

s~'endemess of "the .member for the relwant bucitd:ing mode

1~

l rLT 1w az~1y

,ll

Jld

~i

I'lk

I1y

I-iIlz

VII.

e

Po Pi

Py ,~

eli

Euler s'[iondemeS!i for buckling

non-dim.emtonal slenderness .ratio oftl1.~: member for buc:k1:mg nOili-Gimel:lSl0naJ sJefl}demeBi~rado of tbe mCJMber fOr~artem]..:,rorsio.llal bu~klI~ng web sleodefiiCSS'

noft dimensional s~endmless; railo, of lhe Member fbr buclclinlg ,Ii}bon[ 22, and yy axes fdc.tion coefficient; ratio, ,ofm.omellt fartliie: r:es:isl'a!I1ce ofmemb~,s; o,pe~ mno, mct:orfor N-M .mrem.e1fOJml

SltO\N load sil'l:a(pe: ,ooe:ffic~ei:1:~

facmof f-or N .. M mte,radioll

factoll' for N'~M interaction

:meW! fur N';M in~emctio.ll

P,o:issonis :muo forslriIctuml smel

[i1t,ation

unit mas.sf:'or smii::llu.mJI steel

reilu,cdcU}, fudoii' dine to SlleM force VSd. reduction :factol!' dU€l t~ sll,ear m[\ce Vy.Sd reduction, factor due to shear foree "z.Sd nomliill stress

H'I;axim;Ugl stress in lube reinforcement sIlear stress

sbtlp~e .Post:-critical sheer stn:ll'lgih e~:lJst:ic cnlti:cat shear stfe:ngJlh

iniitlia!ll sway impe:rmcti,ol), of the {ram,e

23

I

TabI,~ l.1 Tabl,e ta Table: 1..2 1::aible IA Table 1.5 Table [,fi, Tablet'} Tab~e 1.:8 Tab[,e 1.9 TabIeI.10 Tablel.]I

n

Summary O'f des~,gn requirements ModeHm:s of cQnnemons ModeUmg of frame fof mrnly.sis Global, mlperRliC!tions of'the frame

Values fo:t :tbe imtial sway im,pe<lfecti:cru;: ~, Recomme:nded, iMiits:fu.r ,bo:rizcJIJtta1 def.l~c~;cms OefuriJti.:~~ of:6-mnin,:g for hm:i20nrta1l, ,~oads Checks at S'eMceah~~ity UIT:U~ S~t~

Member Slubmlitted tiO lntel1l.aU1 fuRies ,and bendil'lg moments

P~9!!les wiilhin :intemal ,forces: and, beDding m,omcnts, CNSIt VSd. Msdlareacting Intemamfbrces and bendlingmoments: 11:0' be ,checked at ULS f61' di£fere..Ji'llt types of loading

Page

31. 4] 42 43 47' 48

51 54

55

55

51

Table Il.l O::m:crete ,elasses:ud dhamcteristicvah16s for ,oom,pressIon Mid '~eM:ion 68

Table IiLZ Nolllimd va'!u:es of,sIuifibgesttam Illes 69

Table 0.3 Valuos ofnomhlalmodul'TlnliDs n ~ ( E~J II!l

Tabte llA Design v,ajues ,of material ooefflcient for CODc~e 70

Table IJi'.S Nomiool values of yh~ld, 8~ my' wr structumilllsteels acoordiqgro,EN]J)02;5i and EN

10113 '}.

'Table 11.6 e(tma:uwjso:n.taJb~e orfdifl:re.Rt :;;,tee;l gmdes designatiOl1! 1[

Table IT.1 nes~ign values of ,ma:t,e.riaill! ,ooefficiie<ntsFbf steel 71

Table u.s YieM Sltre:ngtlhfsk lor reinforcmg sreel n

Table n.!! Yield str100gth of basic mat~ria1. fyb fO.f sroeID sheeting 7.'1.

Tab~e It 10 Farnam safety fttctors: 1M for resistaaees and. mate,rialproperties ,atUIDwna:t:e Limit S,tare 74

lU

LO.AD: ARRANGEMENTS AND LOAD 'CASES

J;aibi,c: ITl.] Load ~tJem.enlts 'Fk;w,[' ,eomposiJte builcilg,des:i:!Jl a()ooldliDg tIo EUICcodesn& .f, 80

Table m,l Ct1''oogo:ries ofbliilwIDding areas, mtmc areas: in! b1l!~hl:ing!i ,and :n:1!Of5 83

'Yable m.3 Imposed load (Qk~ Qlo. on '£Ioars: in buUdiHgs depending on categories onoadedi areas 8!\l,

Table m .. 4 &:posure coefficient 'tC as a flmctlon of heig11t z above gr,ol.IDd ;8.-7

Table m.5 E)."ternal pressu:recpe for verticals w.aW~s ,ofrootanpIDaii' pWan buildings 8,8

Table m. iii Combinations of actIons for serviceabil,iJty ~imiit S!taie;s, 91

TableW'.. '1 Co!ililbina(ions of aotiiO~ fofl!m~ti!Mat.e Hmi:t smite 91

Table m.s E'X3:mp~eB; fur the: a~p.Ucation of'lllUeoo:mbmaticms, ndes in Table m. ". All oo~ioffil:S (g, 'I,

p'~ is:, w) are ,oo._llside;red ~o' ,o:ri,gi[l'ate from dif.ferelli& SOlillffi!lS 92

24

IV

TaMe IV,,~, Us~. of,Cihecksi®obe periorm:ed: 3!tutS :forlie Ic'Ompoiflj,t;em.enl,b~rrn, co:mp~si.OIl '96

Tabrne W'.2 Umi!IDlg l:lt:idiw:-1to"iWc!mes!S mtlo.s101avo~d ~.oaill. bu~hling '99

T1IJbme IV.3 [)es~ S~:ei!It resism:noo Sil:RSSieS I(due ito bond and mctio:n)a:trn.einltWace between .. steel

ad. concrem ~ 00

,~,

TaIbID~ IVA V:a:I~e-s of 111rn,O and·iI120 m furu.:tiQ:tllof7l.W3

T1lib~e N.51Oesi,p plas~lCresis,t:moe to ~ompmsioJ\l. NpLRd 103

'i[~bl~:rvAi, O!ossl-'Seoti~.I areas of 'lJ:Jest:!'1i!cmra'l. stoo~ (A.a.)" t:herei:!dor~rnent (A-sj! and the conaetfl

,~ *

'[:al.Jlero.1ImpeliecIll0:ll,mc(ors IQ

'1':a:bJe. [V,S ill) M.JJm.e!l~ o:f~f!e!1ia oftotaW[y m'WpartjaJ]y cooC:lJere...e~cMed swel profi~e. T3:ble[V.'g b ) Momcnis: of .lnertia of,oo:m::reme-nn6d .lWc,~!:a:rbol.l)owsettio[J

T-a'ble N.:S:«) Moments of·.ine:rtia ofooJ!cre!te"fiUecl l~ir!c1lru~M h'O~~Ol\i'SectiO!1

~

T-ableW.9 Um.iUn:g V!aIDu.es. of 1, fo:r~o,~; .. t:ernt 'loadiIoa

Table w. ~,D Bltu:ikOOg ~~l ,of oo[umn. Lb

Taib~eFV .. ~ :I: BuckJi~grechJ:d~on mctors X ;;;:: if I( ~ )fOar oonl]:.!osi,tecro.scs"seetiions

105 10' 108 10,9

no U]

HZ

C-Lritica;!lse~tiO!lJ5: furdJ:ed.es[g~ c:a.1cuJa:UO:fi mJ:d n:~:ill:~edac;r[O<FJJ effi'ie;tg to be e'hecked 116

Li:S!t 0·' ~h,~b to b0per:fo~.ed ,~t(JLSfo!r the ~ember ~nbel1!d:ing acoo'l"~n.8 tome

appUed li.fi:memamf'oroeSi3irld!tor :mome~ts (V ~ M; ,ev. M» 1 rl

List of f!h~~~' to be perfb.rm.ed a'tDts. fowthe, nlem:li:Ie:r m bood~ng: a.eoordiiI,g to tbe

,a!pp'1:ied~f:'IJtemaru 'OOr!CieS ,1l!Oat:Of mo~werirtrs. (V.;. M ;. (V • M» 1m 8

.DeLEi~iti:Qi!il: Qflbe cW~~~ificatkm ,of crosls""sectio1'l 12.4

'Classifica:tmctn ,of ,ccu:npa.'lllte lG:ooss..sec,tioflS :1~~il~l,g w~dth~V"Wl..!l1ric!kne.siSi ratio ~c I ~n

wr s:~eel 0l;ll'9lcmdjlang_f3 in compression l30

CIDass~:ica:lio.l1J 'o:f co:mposi:te eross-seetien :Wimitiml!@:wfud,t;h-tO .. 't[licJknessratioo; fC!I"st:eei

ImtJ:maijlaJ;j:g,e ,('?,If!1nenlS: iWil tompre.ss:iol1 ~:3, .~.

C~asswtftcatiiDn 'of composite cross-sectioM : ~inti~ing,widtl1i-ove¥9th~c'lmess ra,tles. (d I t'lli)

for stool webs 132

'r:ab~e: V . ., a) Classifi:catticn ,offLMl,geall.di we,b iS1!WbJected~o p3H~cu~af ]oadilln:g (Of standa:rd hAlt~rornled

IPB, lIE A aad lPE 0 steei]pro:6Ies 133

Table V,') b) Classification ,ofifl;an.ge ,md.web S'!iru~ieCitedoo pa:rtlc~~8irruoaditlg for .st.udaro. hQH-o~rued

HE AA and HiE. A sroe~p'r'ofiles 134

Table· V" 1c) Cla.s:5jficat:ion offlang,e ,and web !iubjeored to patti.cutar~Qooingfurst_dMd hot-.ral.led

HE 13 ad :HE Ms!~e~l,pronl)es 135

Table V. '7 d) C~assifical1ion. of flMgf: and 'Web .su.bjected to particular 1.()Ilid:i~ for s~.dMd. hOlt.-rolled

00, .steelpIi"OIMes: .~ 36

Ta!b~e V.7 e) .c~a:Sgw:licatii~liIoffla.ng:e: and web :subi:e{lred~g, pa:mcularload:i:mlg fOif S;IAndlard! .he,t,,:(oUed

1IJC' steel. ~fofi~e:6i~.37

t:aJbl~ 'V.2

TableV.2

TableV.4

T-aIMe V.6

Limitls, 10 (·ed~slt!:'~bu~ile.n of hO,gging nlQ:liIlleillts ,at 5tI[C1PORs (In term:sof~ema.'lcimum

pe:riGenUlge: ,afffiern.i,UaI bendilgmome:!1!t to ber,edMood) 138

Shear ij:~ Avlor l~oss-se<:~ion:5 10\'10

25

TaMe V.ID Limiting Mdw,"1to""tbrucknessta:tiorelalted.ltotfieshear buckling in. web

Table VJ. ~ ,Simp"I.e post-criti:eal, shear streo.lJ:h,'f,ba,

Tiabls v .. m.:2 Bucld.lli11g, fii:ctor mr shear k't

141 M2

M2

Tab~e V.~:3 a)PIDasnc S[OOSS dis~ribinilti,crlls~ p:os~tions ,of p~aslicllell!tmID ,axis and plastic bending mo:m.en~

resistance MpI:y"Rdi. for sagging bending m.o.ment 146

Talde V.:[ 3 'b) Plastic stress distributions" PO&~tiollS '0':£' pl'astiic ne:ilJtraJ axis and :plastic bending nromellt

res~stance Mpl.,y.Rd for.hoggillg be:mling mom.ent 147

Tabl.eV.14

Table, V.IS

TableV.16 Tablev'.17 TabWe V.U~ TaJbh:: VJ'g Tab[eV',20 '[ab~e V. 2, 1

M:mci:mum.de;p,th11ain I[mm] of the steelmemberto 3rvoid hUeml,-!wrs:iotim bucklmg inthe h.0Ps; momeet r~oll

lnt:ernction of shea.!!' buck1ffin_g I1csistm:tce u.d. m.OM.eD!U resiseanee \YIDtJili tille~ simple pestcritieWJ !l.lethod,

[JICS~gn feSista!fiCe Pltd 1[kNJ ofhead!e:d studs Mtb. hid:> 4

Basie shear strength tRd [N/mm21

Reoommended limiting v,dues :for vertka1 d~ftections ¥mical deflections to be ,cowddelied

MinimUIlI1 percentage ,of rewor,ceme!lt bam, fbr preppedand uDipropped CQns:tmooons Maxi~l!:m bMdiam~;jg ro:r ~igJ.I, bond bars, lor dift'-eregt m:a.1cimiomreimO!rcerneJlt stresses and.cm,d::,~dltbs: at 81 .. S

MEMBERS 'WITH ,COMBINED .AXJAL COMPRESSlW FORCE .AND BlENDING MOMENT 0( (N , M) ,; (.N "V" M), )

1'0

153 :W.'fB

170 1"14 114- 178

Table V1.2 Factors p, fOf l!:he demenmnati.onof mOMents according to, second-order theory 181

Tab~e VI.3 a) Neutral axes and plastic, llectioo mOd!llH .Fot toWWy and pMl:iaHy ceaerete-eneased steel

pmfi:ie bent iabou:t:m'aj,or a...as (yy) 19:5

Tabte VI.3 b) Nelltra~ axes and. pl'a;sti.c Si(:(;1lio~ ~od~1lii fOil" t:MaJly and prutial.ly concrete-encased zed

pro,file bent about .m.l)j;or axis (.~) 196,

~abl:e 'Vl,,:3i c) Ncr!liftr:~ axes ,MId pl:as:nc Sleclion moduli :for oom::ret,es:EiUedcLrcular ud. r~:ctrul~[aw

hoUol!!l'"l'secti:om; 191'

TabJe VIA Typical values 'o.fXn 198

COMPOSITE SLABS OR 'CONCRETE SLABS

26

203,

210

r

0.7

Hgw;e:tl. F1igl!:!!re: l.2 Fi~:U F1gq,meU F~~.Ui

II

f.igure.m.~ lI."i:r;wre :[[,2 P.i!lJUif~ n.3 P.ipre II.4 Fj11lll~ 115 Fip;reIt6 Fj~ll7 F:igt!lre ItS

INl'ROUUCTION

AdvIlIW~ge: ,o:f oonl~~iJt.eooru~ Adv.aJWl:!!ge !o:f ooJIDl.pOsMe beam

bUQ 'o:fm:~melilil. re!iwsl_ces fw;·,cfim]XIsil.e scoUOJ!l.~o Sleel !ieOHalii bti.o ,ofmomelliiLS ,o.nne:rua :00:.1' tlom:pzys~le seclloiDllo sleel secli.G:flII. Design. p~occ.du:re f'O!l'composw~e: ·~:f:ll.Cedfiru:ttet

TW~ o.fioOm!posi:~ col~ Types ef olilim~si;lebeajJil's:

])pes. ,orwm.~si,te s]:llbS;Uii:d cJlnCiI'e.te .s~3iCS MIWmmWIL dime.mim:ui of ~~ded! stu!lll. SlleilrCou.ea.ol' Exa:mp~es ,~f jOlnms In C(fm~osite:futmes

Mrniellmg; of johns

EfF~~ts ,o;li':P[l¥pW ;md~roppedl oom;l:ructmmJl Frn:mi:ngpl:a~!'i f1rl:rmOOi,umaJf!(1l1~li!.g sp.an Dea~

'7.3

Fi~ro m,l FloJi,l,r-{lha:l1l, for load. aR3~I1llie[lts ,and load ,~~ for 1~1Ie:[(!)1 g1ol;r.arn :amillysis o:f d:te structure 18

Fi~~;re. m.l Flow·.cl~art for lOl!.d !!I!n:ang.ell1Lenl;s ,a1ilitID 10ilod 'ca~ fijI' fl1\St oruiler e[asn:icg~Qb.a1 a:na[ysis or me .strucm;e 79

Fi~ Ut3 (lOf!SU!liactiOlll moads QIn,ro:liled Silc-el declcl;n'g8.2 Fi~m .. 4. VaIDm::-s of dy:namic !'l.lClor d. fur ~ompos~te blll:ild:i:niS'll E5 Fipre HI.$ P~~o.n surfa:oe.sS5i

Fi~ m.6 Rmie[l\e~ .h~igl~l 7"" (!~penm.(lfil:l. ~andb :11:'7

Fig(lrerH .. 1 Im:I:en~al p[e5~ eoemcien[. ~ forbuUdi~Jgli, 'viILho~!li!~~s ~n Otew,al1 :i!:S

21

,

IV'

MEMBERS,~N' COMPRESSION (N)

'1

f'iJl'll-N IV',l l'ype o["Cro.ss-seclJo;m: ,of 'COmIpIl'Siib;ical:umtls "S

:F:igue IV,2 b~u:odiUCiliQn h~~gtl~ t; fOr II.];ve shear .fome moo

Figprerv.3 Meelumica!l slumr ~eoli(lln 1 I) 1

Fwgure lV.4 Shear ~sistanoe of headed ,Silnd '!;lon!l~dofS used. till) cil'ie3Jle diirect :Iood tnmsfer LIlMlbe oO:llcrolitil 102

v

MEMB' ~EfiS·· 111:1' DE·"11nn.~'G-' "V· ~ '. M- • (-V·- M'I.)

,', _' ,"ft- 1_-I",P __ !lIPS'., '~1' "i.,.l I~i" :,,;,-~.,)':I

111

.Figure V~ lEfli~cl,'jVte ,vJdllh beff :md 'equiOY,ru!.'m:u ~ns fo of CDIlcrele :ll;EUlIige

~fillU'e V •. 2 mastic: mlaJ~si:s' .o,f OOR1~Os;iJ!e '~;IU llillder ,!r.I:gg;i:l1Ig ail1:iflltoggiT:l.!l :mG1me:IML

~.:n

F:lgure V.l

F]QW~l<art fQr classifica:lio:m of aJ~Q~i'l~ beam ,c~O&s!"sectiiOI1 (lrith referlCoces ~Q' [EC4] and ~O' (@Sign

mmdbook» 126

S~a(i.in!il 'reqruti:m;emellls of shear 'CQ!l!flootOrs for 'tbe 'Cliass I ~,f:I;;mge in, compression 127

Requi:rem:ents tOili' encascdweb 128

ImpKlVed cla;ss-ffi:catiiofi ,ruSiteel WCi1ilS wiith '!;iOnl])Ies]~O!1. fil~ ~iJ: class 1 0l.2and lrith specific ~l)mJjjtijo!!iS129

Figure V . .4 FisureV.S FJgureV.6 FigureV.1

139 },~,3

149 152 lS3 1:51 158 16{l!

161

F~gtlro; V.S load bil!lroolllCtlon lind. [e~ph of d ~eai:ng" s. F,~gW',e V. g'b:rvenetil U-uame acl~D.n

Figll!oo V. I 0 No:rm~:stress dislriooLi,oo. ,('or M- V~[I~racHonwitil'tlloggLllg knding moment Figure V.II R~~~ul!luiebl OO!'!!ing ,and verlic.ru shear WR ,aibsenoo of ,shear mluctding

Figure V.12 Callcu!laUon ortJi~ Eongitil!lduml slt~ fOIce Vi in .ii~mp'ly SlllWOI.'l!e{J,OOlims:

Figure V. n Qili;uIDatiQiII, ortiile; toog)itlldina1 sll~r f(!in;g V~' in COIllI:i:t'iUClu~be3ms,

A\gwte: V. :rn,4ivlirnmum ~e.8r-ee of shea:t ,c:OmLmecHOiDI al.l.oM~gdw::ti[:e, b~]l;]jvjCU!i" OIf h~d.gd 5ililJds Fi.gm-iCil: V. :W,SRe.]iI!io,n. beLlv,ooD Fc ,1Il1ld. U!J\\j, fb:r .~mtial shear ro~liolJl

F.!gure. V. :~6, Mild, redu.cOO: beillding lfiOment :re!llst:aJlliC.e o·f cQmposile c;oo5s·~lion b~'~1!!~ or parli~ sllear OOiIiWeCUQI1 162

Figu_ru. V.I '7 Compo!ii~e beam w.idi solid slab l62

Figure. V.IS Beiilirul lvilh sleel, dedking db!i pamUel to the b~nl 163

Figtire V.19 Beams with steel. deoking, .ribs tmDSV1e~ to ili@ bemn 164

Figme V~2t1 IDel:ai1.iIf1!8 of'shear cormecl:Ol'S in solid:ill'I.b Figlu;e, V. .. 2l 1JpesoJ oom,pIlsi~e beams, with cam,pos~t'~' smabs

F:ipre V,,22 D,el:aUi:11iJl (Dr s111.ea1t COl1iliieCtOl'S iin OOlllll!p~i·~~ sl:abs wi'llm stool d4tks hu::'I1!!.din~, CGntrnl slilrelilier Figure v':2J Typ:icai :potelllial su!i'fi'lces ohJ~e;u' faillUTe ~n s'la.b.l

Fig-1I1I"e V.24 neidoroemeRI. WelJ!g;tb at S-liPpon:s for a compos;i~.e be.aniil

165 ][66

:~.68

]01:;9 178

r

'VI'

MEMB:ll~S WITH CO,I\OJINEO AXIAL COMPRESSIVE FOJRCE, AN'DBENDING MOMENT' ( (N,[Id), ; ,eN,~ v, M~ )

179

Fi~ \IlL 1 Ttuem"j 1To~ ~.d bllndi!llg, mOID(lnm lll-ppllOO ~(), oom~sil~ ,member F~~Jre;Vl2 1)pe of cro~~tIDo.[lS Q[,eompOsi.te oo~l,Imms

'~gw;e'Vl3 Cmss"'~lio,Q illiteQ.cHon Cl!EniIe: For oomp:!im;i,O:nJ,.~ m;Uaxjial bendi:l!I,g

18~ 1.83, 190

Fi~u~V[.4 C!ooss~tiO:III m~emol:i,O'IDi C1!1!I'W': (mil (lO.lYI:fQnal ,al'lP'ffi'xiJnmtio~J fo:r C()mp:~on ,afliill, 1I!I:Iwa~a~~!filiflilg 191

n~~VtS $~ dlsm1>uIJOfics: oo,~ofldwng ~D the lJl!lernctiio:m, CI!ltve: ,(Fi~:ro VIA) 19,2;

Fiigu~~V[A) Desipprocedure :rc~ conrupf~~o~,~dW11iiilM31oo!1;Wing, h'UemcLiQ'Q! 1 ~$1

~gure,il{[.B Reduction QfuQ.rma~ ~s 'o:f :slef!W JlOOiJil,e ~'~L1lii~ sh~r aKa: illil'U1ep,resene:e of lrnIiIsve:rne!i[leat ,!MeSS 20.2

VII

fi:gureVH. m ')fypklal ,composiL;e :skIlls

Fi,gum vru: Ori~~~aUQ'1III orpmi~ed sleel dec!d~rg

208 an

29

I

,

I

n

I·Ref.

r IN'l.R:ODUCTION

Ref. 14

1.1 B~nefi:ts ,o,r lCo:mrpo,sitre s,tmtmro

FoILo\'oI'ing tigu:n~:s: illustralr:e the mail wiv.anmgeso:f ·oompoiSite strnctl!!!!fcs tbart :rrury be reached in comparison with. other fonns of coostmcnon:

-for c()'I:mnfJ's: the load ~rn:n8 aapac:i& ·oftl:!e co~pos~tepro,fil~e may reaoh tw.viootba:t of ·the: i~~ pro:file ac[~ alene .. F,ot H ap:p:~,ed ,mal loadNx. S.d. a oomposire column .. nta_y ,alI~ow to, reduce the section size and ah:vays ,deUv·e;[s be:tter6:re resista.nce than fo·r stool section alOIlC;1hiS, ru,e TesistaRooiftc:r~ses with the ;am.oum of reinforcing bars Pl!otected by eenerete ,(se-e f~~1l!!re .L Q.

Comparir;:oll .of dirfJkre_n~~cnlum1fltS, with ,~budding length oJ~m~s and bearing the §8Q)~ u:lom_am load: Nx.Sd= 3 <OCIO kN

:1'

'.

Q 0, .~

~ 2'80'mru

HE 240B·

S 355 C2,S

S :35.5

C40 IS SOD

ClOMPOSaTE CDUJMN

PURES,TEEL 'COL1iJMN

RElNFORCE.o OONCRErE COLUMN'

Figure 1.1 Advantage of co:m:pos~te column

.. for Q,tll1t11S:'

• theilea:rmg ,mMc:ltl' of CO~posLte be.anlls :reJllarti,ve toswel seetiens .alone may be increased in the range ,of 1.5 to 2~5For ,typica~sbllb depth ,and for all WE and HE sreei section (up~o ,600 ntm. doop)' as sbownin Figu:re 1.3. This t1guI'S pra:vides 'the ratio of

. , _ . _. (M ptRd )comlPos.i!te_

momellt res~strulceS for com-pool~e: sectl.onstci .s:tool :SCC'IJIOM. (.r-. -.' :-:1:. . . ~ fOil

.MaIpl.Rd .,teel

certain assumptio~'!S .rtgardlmg the ,sl'ab depth. (lie + :tip = 130 mJll~ bp := 50 ntm.l.lhe s1abwidth ,(b~;; 5 Ole + lip +ha}). theooncrete str'lm~ ,~C25130)1, Dolh stool grades. S 235 &. S 3:55M.di IPE 1!imd!'1m !SCtffiOIThS (see Table. '1.13 rOlf l.1oh!!Uons and mrDiVtdas), Fer an appru~ed be<n'wng moment (My . .sdl. OOMpos~t·e 'Owns ',w[h naked steel section and with partially-encased s~oo~ :Slectlon (cWicu:latedwitb .Amtex G of Eurocode 4) may allow to reduce the seotion size,. as sho\w, inFim;m: 1.2; ,composite beams with. partially-en:ca.sed s@ciltion also p,rovide better nre res~e in cOrn(pariscm wi:th. naked steel] section.

33

,

34

COJl:lpmiSQ~ oJdiffullUlt b~oooo.s: ~i~g fl11ll_;S'aUlead:titii1'3itebelildili:le:~ome:llt: MY,.St1::=, fHJOkN'.m

1.:50 m

1_50m

M

-

o

!:nl It'-

In' ••

_._ I'" •• I 8¢, 20

!_p.30~

C2S .'; S 500

.HE320A ,8:35$

HB40OrA, 51 ass

HE__,3QO A S :355

cO"MP" -O'S~'IT' - IE 'E' J"!'.t 1"'''!''I

.,_1:- '--:_ ',, __ , .. _' :'-~I¥J.ti,

STEELPR;OFILE AND OONCRETESlLAB '(wilfuolt colla!borat~on)1

* ReimU~!f1(jem;~llt are 'ta!k,e,n :inlo acOOWlt accmiffiing kI, .Am:urK G ofEC4

CONCRETE BEAM

I(wire. ccllaberarion bdweoo steel ]n'Q'fi~e Md. c-oncr~m: .s]ab)

.. the mos~ imporiMit benefit: of composi,le action .ntay be: the reduction of bemJi't drdlecn'l!J,m: be:ca.ltse of inule3soosnfit.es's: of' oompooi.te section compared wiitil!i. steel :seotion ,al:o:w~ F,igu:re t4p.f'eSeL1ts:tbe ~rat[ol of momeilil:tsofillertia :fOil" oomposh:e

fII' .) • ( ~)

se ·".i,~ '-'-. '''''''''''.-'' ~I-.- .. ..: - \<!!c'. ,oo.mpc .. s,~we ". 1m'·' .r_ [p,m __ ..... U1I::' .. eee l .~- -~:"" .... ( .t\n

~ec.,;o:ImiS ~ ...... ~. ,~OO!.!.OJJ" . :=-.. wF , .. JUiUN, .DJi;O 'lI'~. ,~eCI,",.~ I 1.!Ip W

([II )steem . 10., '

16M mIll deep) and. £Or ~e:vera) typical asSilIDl_PUQnS ~,aming the slab depth Ole -I- ~p ::= 130' nun; hp ~ S,O nw)!.1!he slab widtJb (b.el'~ 5 (he -iF hp -I- ha» and f-or .mmularr ratio of concrete (n = 10) (see clause V.2.1 (S)~, for notattooo and fOmJuliS). Typically the ratios: Ie 11.1, 1(:::::: 1m llal vary in the: ran~e of 2,5, to' 5,0 im:Iicating the great,potential bene6it \vitb, OO~.JIo'Sjlte beams.

!l'l, '1"1 In, I,f'j M, '1"1 1M, on N: i""'I N i"'l

WWWW

« ciL~

~ if!! ! !

I !I II

35

o I- Q

ItIl :~

~I

36

I Ref.

1.2

Buis of design

'Th.etab~e l1 sliilImID!lirlse·s :Ihls: chapter L2pro'lll'wdjwg; tll~ pmct:i.cal pooc:iples of design. :l:1equireme:nI's. Details and IcxpbmatiofiS ~ given iinthe roUa,win.8 slib'Ei()ha;pters 1.2.1 'to 1.2.3,.

EC4 fl.l ;(1))

[2.1 CO]

;(1) A mucltlire shamm be designed aad ,oonsttucted iin, such. ,2\i\i\ay that:

wjdiJ aoceplmbl!e:probaibIHty. i~ will RIl~ fit for the use fur w'Wch it is req;uj~d, ha.~ due to r,e.gamoo jim intended ~~ve and. ~l';s; co-s·t" and

- with appr-opriate d~groos ,of reUabilittty.tit ,:ril~ StIlstain all acnlol'l!s and other int1Il1cncesnke:ly to OOOUii during G""xecutioll (i.,e. me constru,cti'Oliil slage) ,Md LI:SC (te. the 'CQ.f.!;lPOSjte stage)1 and hsve ,adeQ.ua!t:e dUl"ahility in relationto maintellaJiilce ceses,

(2), A stn,c:ru:re shall also be '~leslg,tled, in, such a wayfli.i1It iii: \~~~ no~ be ,damagwby e'lten!ts like ,expLcs~ons:1 ~_:paclt er consequences of human errors, to Em e:dlmt ws;p:ropoitki_te to tlte origmd cause,

(3) The: above reqn:ireHte-ntsshaU be met by the ,cha,ice ofsu.itable mate'riaJs" by appropriate design and detaj~~ng and by s'Peci,~,il;ijl,Ii::Oilt[iO;] prooedures fur pr,odillotiol1, c:onstrucdon Emd use as :I)e~e'vam: :fo,r dle partmcu.lar proj:oot

1.2.1 Delnitions

EC4

[l;:l:.l.ll(l)~ (1) Eu:r:ocode 4 i:s a. :Iin:ltt state design, code in 'whiQh princ:iples: and ndesllre gi,ven :for the 'v,~ri:fjCaitioo of:

- UI:timame limw~ SUlks (ULS),.

(2) The Untiit states are states beyond which the SU'uctu:re: no fOJl'l,gersatis:fiesthe: d:es~penonn;moo requireMents.

Sot [2.2.1..:1 (6)]

a) mr S,LS" p.roblcnliS whioh. may limit die serriCieaibility beca1ll)sl!i of::

def-.ormatmoJ1s O[ denect~o~ whjc~ ac!lIe.rse]y affec:t:tfue:i!lippear3ll:ioo or ,tdf-ec:tiill£ use ()if the stm.~tlln~i r(iiIlc:'luding the 11l[,Oper' fuiilotloning; of' no1ao~i:nesO'r WIVtCCS) Of callise daima,ge to fin:i£iwesor nD:R-,stnlctl!.ll'ial elernsms,

- vibration which eauses discoMfort to people. d!amage to the: build,ing Of its cOlli/tents. 01' l1'llhifih lim'iifsi~ .ftuu:~tiotial. eff~crjve!less~

cm~:kiW!ig of theccaerete ,w.ich ~5 likely to meet appear,aD.Ce., durabiliijl or l<vate;r:.. tigbtl'lJ(~:Ss adveme~y.

~ rdiml~~ ,to concrete beoo1!llse of~~ssi'l!'e oon:tpressiollili. "Wi.ch is ]:ikCily~o, .Ieadto loss of du.rabU~ty"

iSllip ,am tilesfoom..concrel,e intj)eIi'EI:~e when :it b~comll.\S ,Ia;r.!~e enough to, mrvaUdate design checks .fOr othe-r servioeability tim.ic states in vibi,oh tlu:) ,eiffects o:fs:lip are neglected.

31

I Ref.

1:104-

[2 .. 2.1.1 (4)]

b) furULS. probJems,w-wch mal' elldan~!::r the safety of peop~eand. tmrus be regardedas ulmlate: limit bec!liiil~of

,_ loss ofeqiMIi~~briJ]!l)m ,ofi.1:RC'~lme cr ;any pM1l: ofIDt~ CmJiS~dered ;asa rigmd body.

~ failu:reby ex.ces!SI.ve ,deforma:tio.l. rupmre. or loss of sta'bi~ity of the: struclDwe or any pan of it" indudii~ shear (_~ectlon. sU,pportsand mundartlollS ..

(,]) Details about aotions are provid,oo. in Eurooode 1 (Ref I).

EC4

[1,2.1.1 (1)1 (2) .M aotirm (f) is:

a f@fce(knadl) a:pp~[,e:d. to the struotu:rl::, ~diriJct actiio~)t> or

- anm..pooedi de:follr'lano!l (jnd~rect: actio.ll)~ e.g. tempern:lttre5i e.ffects. ,settJernen~ cr shrilllika,ge.

EC4

[2.1;U (2)] (3) Actions (F) ,are clas~ified as:

a) b~ theirvariatierr in time :

pum!ment a.ctions(O)" e.g, $~df..we,i.p:t of' s:~.clures, fittings. ru:u:Uillruries and. fixed equ:ipmiClllt"

variable ,a:cuoos (Ql~ e.,S. :imposed loads (q). lll'IDnQl. [.c~"dS (W)I or SJIlO\lII" ~oads (s)~ ,_ ,a·ceid:ental, acdons (A),. e.g. exph:1sioRS or ;iEpact :frOn.1. vehic:llls.

b) by tJ]a,C']r spatial 'WT.iation :

,_, fixed ,actmons. le,g. seU;'we~ght,

free a.c:ti,ons, "vl1:icJE!: R,S'1!Uig ilifFerent a:cmngem:enm of'acuiollS. e.g, mov,able imposed Joads.wiind loads, S!in.CW!t .Ioads.

E04

[2,,2.2:.11( 1);] 1(4) CtJarac:terist[(. v,dues Fk. of actious are sp ecifi.Gd :

- inBu meade I er lother :[e~ev,a:nt hJad:i~1.g cedes, or

by 'clie.nt, or the de:sri,gne-f in conSldtartion with '~e c[~e'nt. provided tbat the :miWmUM provisi.olls specified, in the; rCmeva:!lt loaiding codes or by the cO'HlIpet~nt authority ,are ohserved,

E,Ot,

[2..2.2.4 (I,)] (5) The design ,(fao1!:o:ood) vaillcsFd 'Oit'ruiII a(,tionl{for mstlmce O,dJ" Qd. Wd. Sd}1 is, express:edin gen.eral terms as:

ll::~d: IF fk i

[,lboo,. (2.1)]

is 'tllecl~ju'lil,c,t13('i]stjC(Uhfa:cltorod) value: of action .

is tbepartial. s,alety factor for the ,actiion. considered .~ taki_ng into ac:OOtllnf o~, for examp.le" the possibUity of unfavourable deviatiolils; of die: acitio!:ll:i.dte. pOBsibn\ity of iooc:cumte lnooelling of tbeaeti:ons:. MI.Q~{!:tii~s in the asseSlsm~nto,feft'ects of ac't~cns and Uin!~MmhC:S, hll tbe assessment of tile liMit state c<lMideredi (the: VfiI]llIie8 i(l( YF are

given i:1l EU[DCodl! 4 (Re.f. 4:2JiJJ) ru. prese.rait cOO;p~e'1' lUJ: 1:0 (perl.'l.'!.moHil. .actions)l, 'YQ (variable. ,alctiOJills), .... ).

I·Ref:

Cbapler I ,_ IntrolillCtion I

EC4 [12.2.5]

[form. (2,.2)]

EC4

[:1:2 .. 3.1 (I)] (1)

EC4 r2.2.!U, (2)]

Ee4

[2:2 •. :U (J)]

EC4

lJ;.l.3.:l (2)]' (2)

[fum. (2, 3b:is)~ :EC4

[2S4 (6)1

EC4

[:2.3.1 (l)] [2.3.1 (2)] [2.3J (3)]

(6) Th~ combillatioJl!s ,of acdcns respecQti,veily for 'ULS ,and for SLS ate give'D in, chapter m. (7) Desip v:aJJues: oftke: le:ff-eci1s: of ,act[oJ:lS: ;

'I1w: ,e::f&c,fg of,a.ctioIls; (E:J! are res,ponse;s: [(for ,exS!tnp~~. mWm~l forees Mel. ~mm£il~ 'CN"Sd, VSd. M8~):" stmses, StmhliS; defiiootions. mtattio:ll!S) 'M~e strucm:rero' the: action:!;,. Des~gn vaIDues of the efiects! of actions (Bdll ate dete:rm~ned.fro:l1liI the desi:gIi values of Ile acticns,8,eo:memooll data (ad) aad material ptopC'rti:e.s, when relevant:

'Characl:e:risttc \ial~e:s of ma;t:eriialW p:r:ope:rtie:s.:

A m;:ruter:ial ,prope.rw ~s ~resented by a charaoterislio v~ue Xk 'which bl genera] cOrIC!Bponds; bJI a fra:cti~e in the assum.ed, statistical wstdbution of tbeparn1:i'cular property ,of the material. spoowtied in refevantsmndard or acoording to tests results (c .. g. Qoncreoo. s:teel. reiofoJ)cmg bars), C'ertainpropel1ies: of -some C'ompolJitents (e.g. resistaaee of a, shew' ,eOMeetorPw, ar,~ "treated. as mate,ri:;jl properties!,

_, Struch.uaill! s;1JeeI, parts (e, . .g. steel beam, pra~iI,ed stool] decki.q) of cDmipos~t~ sltmclures are !l~rnny .rep'Rse:il~ by !'!o.m~nalm v£tlli.i:eBi used as cil1araJctcnstic values (unfacoored) OCJJ.

For othu materials p.roperties 'lhe ,oUtact,e:risti:cs: v,~[ues are forsom£ wri:Bcartions S'~bstjtuted. or supplemented by mesn or ru:)fn~l1alva[ues which correspond lathe nlost J:ike~yv,IlJue·sthro~ghout the s'tru.C!Wfe for which a HliiniDilUH1 oharacre-rjsti,e vtdue has been spec~fied (cue for ,com;retepropedies, and For phy.sical eee ffidellitE,),.

IDesi:gn values ,of material! pIJ)ope:rtie~,:

f,or oomposhe:strucrures. tile design val.1i!e.\l; of the maJtenailli .stre~s (Xci) ud georn~mcal data,

- -

(~" when re~levan~" :s,haimrn be 1j,S!ed ~Ol det~ml~ned, 'the design resistances of members, O~ eross-

sections. aocod:ng to the liw:Iwvid\ya.1 chapters~ as :

IIRd :R(Xk"a.I£.I···)/1M I

ill mcsteases wbereYM ils 'lhcpama:l safety :factor for ~he .resis,lance. The different "1M. factors are exp]jc~tly given. in the I!iles:jsn fOmlu[as and their vW:ues arepirovide:d in bible 8.10 for ULS, cbecks.. 1M &ctors slilallbe: ~en as I,D for SUi ehecks, e)l)ccpt wbere sl!aredothenvise in pi.rt~ooh~f' o~au~es,. Wb.er:e the resissance is: idllenc-e-d by the b~clding oIdle s:trnctuml steel" o~er m:rm!uhlltio:lis ,aire: used, .1imC::I~dJ. a, spec[fico safety faetor ':RdI'(;S(;le dmapte;rn. 6~1.

1.2.3

Design requjremefillt!i

L2.l.1 Gene.I",:d

0) it shall be verified that no, rele,v'Uit Wrumit stalm is exceeded.

(2,~ .AI wle""ut d.es~ ;s~~:atio~s ,and load cases s~all~e consklelioo.

(3)iP,ossib~,c ,deviati.(II:1J :fro!li file assum.=d directions ,00r posUions: of,actions ,shall be eensidered,

39

[2.3.1 (4)] (4), C'a1.cuIMiQns: shaU be performed using, applioprialtc: design models (supp.l.ert:rented, ifnooessa:ry. by tests:) il!1!Yol.vLl'lg aUR1e,~t varlables. ne mooe~s shall be :s:ufficieIlClyprooiseto 'predict the struemraI be118ViioiJilr. oommcllslI:nt-e;wU.h tihe s,tarndlaril. li)fwoli:1crn~lrip likel:y 10 b~achl~ and w,i:thtlJe :r,e:1blbi~~ty of the ,im'onoo:U:~. allwlticllche: de.sign is based .

. EC4

[2.3.4, (n] fU It, shall be v,eri6.edtbat:.

[fOEm, (2.13)] lEd :s;: eli! Oil' 'It:= =--=

when Ed!

.i:s d~e design ,e;ff"CIC,t of fIi,ct$OJl!s. dewJrmmed Cli'iI me b~~!l of one of the cQlnbin3ltiO:IlIS defi~~d'- cffiilla-'~er D

.' . . _ _ -- ~L lmw_-JL -I'

is a nominal v,~~ue or a funcl~on of ,oortain design pif:ope.rtics of materi alsrelated ~o tll~ des:jgn. effect of actl'Oil'l;S ,considered.

(2) P:mcucaID ,c'heQks of SLSin ftOOIS ,and frames for mstanoe (see chapter l.4):

itS Vdl,OHd ) s (aVm~'" ,3H:ml!li:)

f ~ 2: f~jfl

wbere ,l)V:dI ls 1ll1,e: des;i'gIi, "cHi.'Cw deflectmo]Jj Qf'flooF:S i(rwornm~~ded limit's BV.all( == ll250. " .• )~

Slid is the desjgn horizonml de:flootion ·offrame.s (LimillS B'-Hmiil( = W3'OO •... ),

fd is the design natural. frequency of floors, (recommended limwts :&nin =3 Hs,

' ... )'.

E:C4

[2"j.1.] (2)) i(l}Vihen colJsiidemg a liIlil.it smtc of rupture '~:i excessive ,defonna'tior.l. O'f :I, section. member or c-ormeotio!l (faltigue excWuded) it shall be ¥e:ri:fied that:

[ibrm .. ~.7)J ISd S :Rd I

is; the desi,gnvalue: of aa internal force or moment (Olt ,of a respective vector 1m seve:ral,iJnitema:~ forees ali momenm).

is me con-espcmdling des~ res[stu:ce" assoc:la:tffin~all stm~r~l :pro;pe.rti~ \Y;ith tmteres-pe'Ctive d,es:i~, v,a~ues ..

(2)p,ra·cth:al,cheoks lOif ULS ;~ mCiiliilbers for ilr!Sfim:ce '(se~ ehspter I. 4):

lifNSd VSd MSd) ~ (NRd,,'VRd. MRd)111

condwtio:n oollce.ming sepamile m:mema~ fo,roes; or moments Of. i:..ntCnlction ben¥OOD. them

((Y. M)., eN. M) •... )

where ,(N,Sd. V:SdJ., MSd) are tiJ!es~gmru internal ferees and moments aplpliedto,i:he m.embersj 1{NR;d .• VR,d. MRd) are; d'esi.il\e'S~StMCe oftfl.c: members:.

ChapllCf I - mu-odllctiQJI) I

Be4 [2.2.2.4 (])]I

ECIl [1.3.4 nn

EG4 [2:.3.2.'1, ,(2)J

EOI

[Corm. (2.3)]

T'able )',,1

It:d=YF fkl wbere :Ftt

)'F' is,dle partial :safety factor for the ccnsidered action €:see: chapter lli3)

1) aJter gllobal SlIlUIi~Ys;is '€If thefF8me~ :::

de,s:jgn, ,effects of actioml, (:e.B, .. def.lecti,c['is~ ITt;q'!1]:c>ncies) (fu!f 8['S):

Ed, (,~(~ ~I)

desw,~ v,ruues of irntemal femes .d moments' (for UL-S),:

s, (=: (NSdj' VSd. MSd) )

,3) veriCi:catiolii cUind.dOQS at limi't sitates; :

fbr SLS ,C.mic.k.s

in gen~ra~: ,I Ed :;5; Cd II

\vere Cd ~!i tile ,no:mi!n~lvah,'!.e re']!;!.red to tbe des:lgn effect of ,cons~del"ed acticm~ ,(design capaci~y),.

(8 V-do ,BHd--I') S (0 -v'- """",e - ,6 tl -- - • )"

-,' • - -, - ',' ..... " , n rna" '

where' HVdis,ithe des~gn vertical deflection. offloon, ,BUd is the desi~n hori:2:omaI dle.fleil:t~oJil. of' &am~

{d is li.e design u:tu:mJ! :Ei:eQ~:e;~ty ,mtlgOrs.

OVmax. ,5Hm~!'r:. 'fluin are recommended ,[mum'S (for instance: U250, hl3,OO, 3 Hz).

@" ULS ,checks

lngeneral: ISd IS;; Rd I

wber-e Rd islbe dtes~ resistance (:= (N,Rd. VRd~ MEld)):

I Rd = 1ll:k 11' M'I

V!!here Rt is Ii,e chamctedsHc value of th,c: QsccI material,

'1M WS the pam~d ,safety :facto.r for the Jicsistanoe (see mbl:e: IIJO)I

- for .iIlsltIDI,ce;

ooru:i!it~og cO!lIooming: Sleparat:e i.nt.emal, fo,rces Olf mo:m.ew Ol!"~, .l[!oomction beln~ tlem. UV. M}!, I(N, MJu

41

EC4 [4.9]

BC4, [II.U (3)]

EC3: [:5.U, (2)]

Ref.. 6 1[T!I'b1e 5.2]

42

(l') Frames: shall. be ,ehooked. :

- at $eLVlcealbrnrnu:y Limlit Stares :

.. frO:r horimllml: de-flectiollS (see ,chapter 14.3) .~

- at UI:timate Umi~ SUltes:

- foli~tatj;t equiliibril!m1 (500: ,olliap,1!e:r 1,3.,2)1'

- IDIi'i!'es:iistamce of' cros_s; .. sectiiofiS~_eITllbejrs and ~@mle:Qtiolls. (see chapter 1:.4..4).

(2) When cbeclidng the resistance of ,composite crcss-seenons and ;me:mb~s ,of a [l3'I:'I1l. each member may be tfealtOO as, isol'ated from.dil:e ftWlIe:j wiith fbrees .and. moments appUed til each end as detem:rined ftOill\ the &am'e Malysis, Theoondiwm~ of restra:i:nt ,a/teaCiJli. end slli.oul\d be dete:Mined by oollside:ring the meJtJbelJi' as pm of bheframe and s:l:ioJ~!dbe oOlMiSlMt wil[b the type of ,a.na]ysis: ,mull mooe offa:ib:me.,

1.:U .. 1 Analysis mlld.ellsrOir filcaQ!~9:

(]) In. general spaltOl~ftamc stmc'tu!!;;s; mary be separnted mt:o seve:faJ plane frames; that may be.

consider,ed. asla:re:r,~I~y ~llPPiorted .~ the ~a!da1 WiliCmes (see l':ru.ble I.2,piUil:. 1 )" .

·1I..'lhcurst step mr 'file wp~ue loading ·of these p1_e fram.e·s ,o'l\Jt~f~plM_e de;f1ecuoii:ls 'bePoi\ileen the lateral supports. all:e neglect,ed and Qilify die inp]atne ITI0110iXia~ ;~ct]O'D e.ffec:bl.are derenmned.

hi the second steiP the individual members 'o,f~!e. plane frame be:b.'I1een the latem15UPP0li't:s,. Le the beems awd. the: OO]I!!iIlUiiS~ are $,e_pari!!tedftom dileplane: ~~ 11:0 ool'iSider [a;teraJll buckJIng and .tril:ter.§iID-torsk,mal 'bucklin&~m!eli nlOnoaxla:lbending Mdc~~~pfesswO'n. Mentbe.rswhich are lC01lU1ton to tw,Q, dift't~"rent munest e.g. co.lum»S •. may be: verified for biaxial bending and OOItlpr,e;s.g,joll. (see Table: I.,2~. part 2).

(2) 'rable[.3 sho-ws;die model1tng ,of cotlJ:ections in ~be global :.maly.s~s depending;o!nl their rotath:mal slti~:Si.

T.~blel.J

'ieusic"" C'Qmpf·cssion Of sllea;r only

sumde[J~ li'ol;ntions :

I e.IiBlmp~e in F.i~re: U.5 a) .(1)

t,e~sl(in or sl[lJ:icl~ll!t elastic mome:I1'l and

.. fi' .shear strelflgtll:

oom~pfC$sIQn.mtlill

l1lil elalsLicor ,exllmp~e ilt F~.Wl1'C 0:.5 .a) ®

plM'lJc: .~~o'bru

jilllal¥s~s

I

~" '"

,.,.

.w'

~ ~'

"

.~

.. /

....

,- ' ...

~ ....

.,.

...

~ "..

'"

~

~ ...

#'

;/

,..".

,/' ""

,;F

,_.;F

lso,imw t:().lu1'1.u~ tN~ +N2- - ... .

I Ret:

BC4

[-U.l r(1H ([) TheF.i.gure 15 prie.sell,ts a :sequenoe: gwve:..f:I. by Eu:r,ocllde 4, to folio"" in order to VCiruy tlbe de:sipi of ill, ccMposi'te bmcoo, ftame.

steps;

J) Define the imperi"e.ctiQIlS of the fTam.,e {BC4 : 4,.9.3)1 andreprcse:nt 'd1em byeqlliy,ai:ent horiaontal foroes, at nooes (see chapter 1.3,.3 .• 2)

2) ERSl1re~t no steel ,oolIDectioD is, ~1:semJ.-ri~d", using4,.~1115 of EC4, and clause ,(i9.6, of EC3·.

3) .Por me:mbe,rn 'DfmimbFced er JlI1lcstresSed ,concrete, CI:1!SUfC 'tie duc:lii~~ty :r'~!li:rom;ellits

100f,clau:Se: 2.,5.3 o:fEC2 are met

4.> Gkeok that the frame is, braced «lEC4r : 4.9.4\.3) (seecIDause I.3,.t'Z '(2)'".

5) Ch.eck 'dlat thebmcing ISllb.stmCti!:ue is ROtl"S\\\'a:Y (EC4I : 4.9'.4) (see daruse. T,3,J.'2 0».

6) Decide whethe-r the requinmlellls Fo,l' riSid-pJ:astic global analysis (.EC4 : 4.'9'.1) are satisfied .if relevant.

7) Ca:rryo~~ global ,amdly.s:es (Ee, :4[.9',5: ~(J< 4.9.7) fut relcwmt ~oad combinatlollS and lITI,a:ng;enle:ng and ~el1Ctl fBld. d:esign iil,1emaJ! fo\!'ccs and m~')~1"J:ent.s3it each end of ea.ch

m.ember I(s~e cm]li1iew m.l), - I

8) Verifjr tbe loo~~osiire beams: I(EC4 : ~t2 to 4·.4) (see 1~~1f~pte:r V),' oo[Umtl:ll: (EC4 : '4.8) (s:e~ coopErs [V MId. Viij" and oo~nections (EC'4 .: 4 .. [10)1.

9) VerifY beams. oo]n;nI:UIiS., and connections of .stnlctural .stee] <(:[,o EC3) and of loonCj,ete (r·o E·C2).

10)1 ReEcl1ence is lnade to the Ie'ffectiv·e ~(l>ngdll (buckling "Iength)l ofrelnforoed concrete and steel oolunms in EC4.,!U:.3.6(4)1.

~ 1) F:or r,e:iniolced concrete col~nt!'JiS. cJa1l.llse 4.3.5.5..3 and 43 ... 5.6 of Eel e~sQlated co]umns;'), are appllc:illbfe.

EeJ

[5.2.:5.:; (:2)J (2)1 Cltl~g~ficatio:n ,olb.rtw:(ui Ittl" ~tHch:rt1'C!Jd_ (tame:

braCied frame

l-.--~--~~~~~~~~

_ I T"

~ ~ II I.

]I ' ........ """_..::..!Ii'_,-::~~'···i

,_ I

I I i

I

,Ou .ws ~ehori:zo:!Wla~ displ'aciilmeiIiiJ.t: ,of the uli1:brnced frame.

aCQOrdlll,g :to :6I's~ lor-de.r le1aMiJc .global: .amilys,i:s o.f tile frmne SUOm.ilttOO to hypothetic h.OriZOillftal loads.

Nole.: In the case ofswmp'~e frames ,,:vith all beanl-oJl:unm nodlls fi~lItinaUy pilIDed. dll~ ,frame without bracing would. be llypo,Static:. bence ,s'u is munite andthus the c:ondi,tio,n Qb:6: 0,2 !!iii:! Is ,aJlways: mm~ledl .

. EC3[,S.2.S.2] (3) Classijiootir}J1 ofj'w!'1~ Qr1~'O.n~.rnIQV.t-a121e :

A fmme Hlliybe class,ifiOO as 110t,-swgy ~facooldID[lg to 'first order elastic global analysIs of~the ft;ame for eaclil ULS .~oa.d ease .• , one of the following eriterla is satisfied :

,at) mgjelu~,rn;l ~

E:C3

[5.2.5..2 (3)]

'~v~ere, VSdi Va

]Se3, [5.2.5.2 (4)]

11

v[ \-.iherci H" V

h

'H_ V~ 16

~s ,t!h~: design va1ue of the 'ftl'ta'ID 'vertical load,

is ths el'amc ,critic~va:lue ,of the tow 'vcrtical1,oadforfuUu.re in a s~y mode (== 1i2 E I l.lLl \~dilJL. bucklil~g length for a colU!n:m in a !i,wa,Yil1ilode; V:C1r' of aoo~u:r.nn does, not oonespciEl:c1 Ilooess:a.rim,. In Vcr of the fmme .mcluding, 'l\ha:t CO~IlI[I:'iti':I).

is the coefficie.tilE of ,ctidcaj a:mp[~ficatioll Of coefficient of remoreness of cridcaID state'of the frame,


I
I ,
I .= - H,I.

are the: totaID horizontal and vertical reactions 3it tile, bott()ID. of tJhe storey.

~s the rela'lilive itoriz.ontaL dis,p,Jacement ·Df top andbottrom. ,of 'the istO[,e.Yi

is the height of the s:rorey.

aile d~too from a firsm ,order Wlaly,!i[!i of' theiiaMe sub£ll~twd. ~i() bo:l:b bori...1lQl1taJ. and VCJ'lli,c.al des.ign ~oads and to 'Ii.c global! m,periections of the: ftrune ,applied :in tlie form ·of equivalent hOl1lzonw; forces, ('see. Table [4).

Nptes:

- A s~e fimme ,could be classified. as s\W)' ,aooordw!:lg to a lead ease (Vs,;u forinsMnce) and as l!o~~w,ay acoe:rdi;ng to, anadler load case I( VSd2 Eor mstruJire).

The simp~iiedl me~od b)1 .ay pro,vlde: nOll ocm:!le~tiV'er,es:u~ts: iftl1.c geOMetry ,O'f'tlhe snuenire tm:dlcr the appUed loading are B,on 5ymtne~ica~ ..

4:5

r

I. Ref,

EC3 [2.:ll,~J

- F,oil" mu.1iti-sooIi0YS bund:l·1IliB~tJhe fe~evml co~d~tion i\i.!Sd= mWdmum( VV~~~i )', :i

Ve;r - ......

,oonditi!o(H,wlliich i,sGqjllival,e[l~ (:0 ~r "'" minim:l!ilim (tlcrihwhere (~::i) '0',£'!Xc1i am related to Ole store, l

(OP,or the veri.fiiCa,~lmlJ. of smtic eql!l~~~brium. d~sm~~~[s~ng('Umwfili~ol:lJ'abile) actions shall be re.p1~esenlted bYlllpper desi~vaIDues.:dstabinsWg ,(:fav<nl:l,m.ble) acUo~s byllo,we:r desiiVlP vamyCS"

,(2) For staJbUising ,e;ffeCits~ Cl:f.lruy :Otose .actions which CM .rel.iably bea:ssI!il!nred to be lues~t lin. me .si~:l!ti.Cl:n cons1d.lerod. :sh~~~ be;mciiuded inllhe releV8i!.1'! ,oombi:n~tio!1.

1(3) Va;tiableactJIotu.:s;shollld be ,a:p;pl~ool\l!!'he,re,they h~t:;[eiliSerne ,desr~lOn~smg eftl~cts but eMitted. t'!!bere they wO'l!Dirud IncreaJse {he stEibiJisi;n_g effects (1Q .:;;; 0, in "Ja'Me Ur. 7),

(4) Account i!l]~ou.ld be~eil1l 'Qif' the poss~bili.tytll3Jt no~"stf!i!Qtyrol ~]eJne!!1ils. mig:ht be OmIDvted. or remoiVOO.

(:5)1 F.'or hMiilding ,strue,h:Jries~the ru)~1 pa:rtiiaillsa:fe~ f'ac1ia:rgillven m Table 1n.1 :a.pply to p~:meWlt actiQ.Ils (10. '~n,Oi:ffa\!'oura:tJ:]e ac~i.omi).

(6) ~e:reu:noo!!tai]lty ,ofdle v,aruue CfOll, geOXlll:etricflrudiMcnsion s~~iffc.a:ntly ,dFtcts the vedflcattl.oQ of static ,eq;l:dHlbr~I.!:m,. tT:hJs (Umei1!s~o.lili. s']u;aU berepfe:ie\l\~ed in ,thisverificatio.n by '&e most ~,vouraMe l'ah])e diam it ~is reM!O!1abWy pOi£iS:ib~e;lbr [too reach.

(.~) Loa!d a:ITOO~~m..enl1iS which .may be ~pp~Led~o IDuildiings aJieprovided ]n o~p!~e.r H[.2.

(2), Load Qases: (soo,chapter m+3~ may be ,e;smb.li:!l~,ed a,ccordii:ng t:ol:il'lo10 p.roomu:r-e-s tos~dY!ltruomm sub.m~tJtted.ro, ,aot~OIM :

,3. geJJi~:rraI. ~r-ocedufepresentoo inP'~~t1]"e Ull 0.",

~. 3. p~[GlilI:~aNP[ooecl~repre.se!lred. ~Il. Figtue IlL2wluch is:aJppllcab~efo!l' l[)roted buildin,gs because sllJ:ch struom:r,e;may besl1lJ~dioo b~fiftlt order ,elasti,c g~obi!l~ ooal,ysjs ..

(3) T'I~o~e-sof]oad cues: sha~~ beoom1i;iderod:

leadeases iu' S~!rviceahlUty Um~t Stares atld .•

- ~oad cases forUl.timawLiMi[ :s.mlws"

whe:redi:ffur·~ce.sare .related ~(l, oo.bti~al,iQ'~ rules;

.see Talb~e: In.6 for SLS IComlbinadons of a.ctiOI.lS

see 1iabJe: 111.7 for ULS cQmbinal!:ionsofactions

EO!

14.9~3 (3)) (1)1 i!J; case of' brClCed Uame; d],e 'C,:ff'ec£:S O'f gm~!bd frame; imperoocfim'JISsmn be tabu Ll1ro aooowt W, the: global anallysr:s of the lm:lcii/~g_£JJst(1m ..

EC3

[5.2.~.I (l)~ 1(2) Applfopiliate allow,atlce:s, sball be i:ncolJ)ofa;'ed to' ,cover the effects of pm.cticall imp~:rfections, inctud~g ;,es~dgal SUle5SeBi ,andgeomellicall .imperfectioM SiUJch a!S, lack (if verti.clllllJy:" mack of stm;ghm~s' dll$em ~I:dmg or 1aC~ of flit ,Md, the '~l:1avcidlab]e' miil1liOf eceen~dcities preseot .. b1i

praonal cmmeoti.omlS. - -

Eel

[5.2.4 .. 3 (])I (3)TIu~ effects: of Un_periecdou shall beallowed f.or frame mJ/alysis by meMIS of:

an ,equ i:vame.n[ g.eo~tric _perfection m,!Le: mrm of an, :m.i.'l:iiaID ,sway im.peil'i:be!t~on .' O'li, " eqllli~vaJen~ hom·(:mmJ foroes mconiWg, to Table 1.4. eithe.r m.etkod is pemtissible.

(4) ASi sbo\w in. TalbWe Vlth,e imj:[~aj] .sway imperfeclions: of ill fi'ame are din!ctly proPOrtlOiJl!!UCto the

reJeVatilt app~IDed vertical loa. ,of each load ease, -

n1.ererore~~o!b~ bilip.er£~tions ,of a Frame s'llwuld be ,ealcul'attedmr (Jr1;o/l .load Qllfift.

T,able 1.4 Globiall:mperfectioll5 of the frame

ReCti {w'bll! 3.3)

.

$ (PI + f!2)

:2

l' (FI +(2) 2

lEe)

[5.2.4.3 (.Ill] (5:) The h'miUam SW,8LY .m.,jperi'ootioM ,~ap'ply in all l:I.oriOO!lW d;i:reCDDnrll"but: ou]yneoo to be: ,oonsffid.ered m c.!lIe· djreoti:oR at a, 'time, The TalMe F j: gives tie numerieal vallues fur ,$1 :

EC3

[folm. (5,.1)]

41

I Ref. Chapter 1 ~·lntrQdll!l!c:tion

EC3

[5.2.4.:; (2)i ,~6) Only those oo]ullUlSwbich 'can), averticaW load NSIlI of ,artklast .s U'*' of h'leM value of the vertie~

load per co~umlil, in the consldered J:dane" shan be inc~lIded in Iil'c.

EC3

[S.UI.3 (,3)1 (7,) 'OnJy dlose colunms 'Wb~ch ,extend throu,gb ,aU lile ;storeys included En ~s :s'haU be :i:ncludiediB Pc • On~y those floor or roof leveIDs ,~hicbilire ,connec:ted~o, aUtl~e columns mcill!;lded in Dc sbaU be mch.wded when det:emtiniil.g :Il,s,

T,Piblel.S

llIu:mber of columru, m p~ane,

In 1m fIll ffil1 ,

1/490.

n~=oo

nl!l.mber oifst:oreys

n, 1/200

] 1220

[ 1240

1/'.260

1/335

R 11275

] 1300

Ii t325

1/445

1/230.

1. J'240

.~ 1285

i

• • I

1

1/3U

1 J 325

m 12800

~, 1345

.~ t 35.5

1/420

1.1 515

]153,5

,EC4

[,t9.S (l)] rOThe :i~te:mil]fo]'ces andmomeus in :!li s:ta:ticaU:y de:reminate :S'tAJ:cture s~an be obtained us~ing stati:cs.

BC4

[11.3.~' p:.)] 1(2) The ~nJtemal forces and mQnl.e!1i1:s til a, sta:~i;ca[lyind.e['e:nn~l1a.te strulotlIl:'e Dilay ,~,et!lieianJ' be d~tcnil:ined using either:

- elastic gloloa] M!laJ:ysjs

- plastic gklbatl a»aillys,is

1(3) Elastic global. ana.]ysi.Sirtiay be used in all eases,

48

,

EC4 [4Jl.2.S]'

0) The: ~t~idrolOOS u;di bend:Un:!J; m,O:ITI~ts :may ,&1i,e~em.J]y be d.e~e:~d usill1iS: e,ime:r : first ,omer theory. usmg :iniil:iall geometry of the structufe~ or,

- second on:feli'dl.oo~. ~.8 into account the mDuence aftffite ,defo11l!ulon o:ftle struelltl)e.

I(:::n Firs' orner theory mll\Y be used !For the global analYsis ofb:raood fra:mes~ in general, Al:tenmtive'ly' ~oood ,ordertileory may be used for-the global anaJlysis.

UA,.3, El~tit: :glm,b:1lil 9niilly~i~

EC4 [4,,'9.6] .EC4

[4.9.601 on (1) ELuDc ,g1:ob:aJ anamysis !i!liJaUbe based ,on t!he assumption that the sness-strain Ib~ha'lliou[!' o:f the Jl;li!terial js;~iPJ;M.whatev,er tlie stress level. eaDeme itn tensionsl1a11 be tnduded.olt' nGglec'Wd. Wlea it is, .m,cWuded. rei:ofofceme~t m,mlls~OliI mly be nejlec:too. Rei:nocll7cemclllt In cOMpress;iau may :no:rma11ybe n~i,ecte.-d. 'This assumption May be :ma~nta~f!ed evellwhere Ihe Je!i~stance of ,iI! eecss-eectien is based 'on jtsplas:ti:c resist1m.ee. Concrete in tension :may be mC:l~ded 01" Il.egmeded. When ~t is i~c:lud:ed" tie:i~foro:l!rn,ent in~msi.cn~ay be; n.e!1)Je(;red.

E-01

[4.'9.6, .. ~ (4)j (2)1 hi: order to determine the mle:maW ra'iCeS and moments (N. V. M) in braced. col:i:tpooit@frames"first order elastic BLob.~ ,an.alysi:S :may be used ouIDy 'liviere .~~~ cOf:l!llecti,ol'lsme.itherrigidi lort'io:mma~[y pinned (see ,Cihaipter 1.3. i .'~ {2n.

EC ..

[4.9'.6.1 (2.)] (3) De eff@Cb:l: ·of ~dip ,;md up.UfI: nu<ay be negfecloo :3:t, ~Iued'aces between steel and, ooncret.e:at whi:cb sihear CQJlf!oodo~ is p!l)ovid.!ed :imnl ,aooordu.ce \W~. l~lapt(:iIt V.2. 7.

ECII

[4.9.6 .. 1i P1JI ,(4) The principles about sequence of QO,mtruCllOlll(&ef. 4 ;41.5.3 .. 2) and sJlIT1nkage of co~creW (Ref. 4 : 4 . .5.3.3) ,11'e a,ppUcab.~e:.

EC4 [4.9.6.2] Eel!

[4.!U.i2 (2)J

For cORWjlosit,e berun:s: lin braced &ames both Methods 0.£ elasdc ,Sloba1 ,ana~ysis are ,a:Uovredi (see cha~ter V.2.3) :

,_ wi:1i1.liDIl'lcrac~ed seQtion (l~a II).

- or, with cracked BectjOnJ (Eal] and ~ 12)" wlil:eretlcxu:raID s·tHlmess:es E~I 11 and Ea 12 are evaJ]u:a:tOO ,acoord.i_ng: 'W clause V .2.] 1(5)· •

. BC4 [4.'9.6.2 (<1)J

In first order ru:ml)lsisi ,of braced ftames 1he ,ela!'iti.c fI:~xur.l3i[ sdffuess: of ,c-:Olnpos:it~ oo1W'1'1ru1 should be tP:co. as:Ea II .,1;'!'here I~I is, t~e; ·'~ncmcked" secmtdmo:men:i[ of area" as dcfi.['I,ed. w.Eur~~ 4 (Rct.·~ ; 4.2 .. 3') and 'with ,the helpl afTable rv .. s:.

EC4, [4.!l6.2 (1.)J

troop effects, shall be oo~sid~md. if ~hey ,are lik'eillyw reduce~.e sLrucnn:a1 :stabj~~ty, s~ca;ldy'. !But ereel effects ~ ,oollIposite' eolumas may be ~gnored .If ,oondi:t]ons of Eurocode 4 are sa:tis·fiedl (Ref: 4 :4,.'9.6,2 (3)) ..

(6) Redistribution ·of boodmlg; momcf.liIs ar-e allowed m Ell rccooie ,~, ,:w~in 'c~_n cOltdltkms: {Ref~ 4 : 4.9.6,.3)"

(1) In c-ase of first order ebstwc g;1obal ruN.iysiis illite prtru::i:p,le of s~pe~o.s,itio:n i:!; ,appUcaJl!de because: tbe efi'ects 'of ,a:cUons (8, S) ,are UmlI6af mmllc'lwoJlS o:f the: ,applied. ,1i!Oti,O'fliS I(F:: G. Q~ ... ) ,(ne, p..A effects: aReI used marteriSil with an, ·elastic 'ljne3!r b!lilaviour)..

I

The ,Prilli::ip:te of s:uperposition :aUo,ws to consjde r 8. particular p"r;ocedurc ~IO smdy stnu:tu:fe' submJtted to actions. This proeeduse inustrat~in F:lgu:r~ U12 oou~d, be morepra.cti.cali because it should simplifY Ute, dec:isjoll,ofw,ruch load ease gives the vrornt effuct.

Iter 6 [l'l:lble ~.3]

.ho

81 ~ hJ./300 ,51 s ~21 300. 80 ~ bO/,SOO

!a;n'~1)' cr~

- Ol~er bliliMhigs

6sh/150 O.S b1300

1.31,5 Vle:ll'iric~f:i:Oill~ ,at SLS

The limitingv,llu-es, :ror veiit~cW deflections ,of beams, efa~king of concrete and \-I{brations of floors Me g~ven re.s,pecidvely in clliaptersV3.2. V.3.3, and V.3.:4.

Ll.5..1 D(!n0CH~DIl!:~1i' frame!!

EC'I [5.2..1 (3,);] Be3

[4.2..2 (4)) The limiting v,Mues for horiizontal deflectlons, of fram~sjveil. in Talble l.'fi, are :illustrated by reference ~o di;e, mu]ti:-St:Oficy and SingIDMroroy fnJ!fi1c.,

L3.6 Ve:dicatiions :Ilit ULS

Eel

[5~:2.3J (1")] 0> All stmcwres S:b.aJ~ haJv~ s"'lffi:cient ,s:ti:ffi'tt.ess to resist ~otlle 110ri:Z-cn.ttai fbrees and to~~mj,~ 1aterai s,way. This may be supplied by:

,a.) the sw,ay stifmess oftl.li:e bl'Oc.in.g'sYS'Ufl11S. wbich. may be : tli!U1g1l1a~ed frnm.es."

~ rigid~jointed :&ames~

-shear walls, eores and. the Jike.

b)~he art:l.!.a!y s~ffi1.ess ,of the frn'mes. whru~llmay be S'lJJp,p,Jjed. by one (II:" rru)we 'Of th~ :folmowblg : trmngu1atiion.

- stilffiless of1he tomecnolls.

Eel [5.2.5.3 (])]

a)typ.ic-a[~,p:le ,of a fi'amewwl:!h '!~brnoi~g systern~!il which. oou~d be s;yftleiendy stiff: mrdle f'rwn.c to, be c~ass~ijed as a ·"iomcedfnm1e.~!~,

- Md"t~·ass'ijim.eilll~t an~.~pJrui!e lwriiz.(l.ntal1oaJds: a:r'e :res~:s:t.oo b·y the blacin,g system.

Ee3 [S.l.$,,; (2)]

E:C3 1[3:.2,.5.2, (1)]

The cli1~wn of·class:iHca!tiO:llas biJac.OO. or W1Ibir,a:Nd fi:a!tlj~s tS ,e:;"(pla.iIlOO, ~n cOO:,P,te1' 13.1,2:.

b) .exarnprue ofa, bmcingsyste. \\lllruiclru could be $l!]ffi,cffi~li1ly s:tiliff:

,- - - -

to becruasswfied as a"~n~~ffi1 ftfJlJ1Ji'!,

.d, ~() neglecr: Mily aGlldilitionaJ .m:temalwJ1ces or moments. ,arising frornin .. plu.e hon2Jontal d!i;s;pla:ooMen~ of .~lsf!od~:.

Eel

[5.2.,.5.2 (3),. (4)]

The criteria of,cl.a:ss:ificaitiQJ1aiS sway ·01 nO\n.~y 'i:OOles ,~re detmloo.m chapw!!" 1.3. ~ .2."

Tab~el.7 Oetlilll:[UOIJi ofrra-ing; f'orhorilzontaI loads

~I ......... 1F1 --+--+-~~

.~ '~i ---i-.,..".;o.~~---:,lI ~, &-f-~-~--~~~~

rom!'

BEa~ed Fnu.ne Ah19j]~g_,r:rnQLle£;,

11,fll I

- .~

JL, "if"

(3) AQoord'iflg, ~Ol .ElIroccKI~4 app~~catilim1!m~es. composiilll :&:a:UIJ;lS should be hm.coo. and. the brocing system (ooH'lpO's:ite or not) sheuld be 1~6c~ed to be ~.ooordili1.g, ~o .E1:lrmcode 3.i:l.de.s (R.cf.. 3 : 5 .. 2.5) (see chapter t:; .I .. :l)~. s.w.ay ·or non-sway f'Ot eaG~ l!oad e~se:.

EC3

[5.2.:5.3 (3)], (4) A b.rn;cedooMpos~te ·frnme· maty betfea1edJ. as a. ~on..swa!y&ame fiw~]y :supported .~atem]]y,

.51

(5)1 As the crl~er,ioo, ,of bmced Of' um1Jbra'ood 'bmeciiass~fucati~ is remated to 'the s,tifmess of tbe fmme and on hypothetic horizontal ~oads. the f\iame: :shou~d be: J~la:siSi:fil~d as bF.iJced. or not mdependently of load, cases.

1.,3 .• ,6.2: UIS~hcdt8

BC4

The :ihunes, shan be ,c;heckedat uttinmte: :Iinutstaltes Fol' &eli,esisUmces: of cross""Sec<l:iiol!ilS~, membern ad, 'OOm1ecttoiIDs. For "flJ,os~ lJLS checks r-ereiie'.Hoo may be made to 'tile fWlowing cllilaPite:fS !

Mefuber,s in compression. : ohap'tee IV

Mern.bc<r.s in b~dW~ : coopter V

1.4, 'Con,t.ellt of the deslgn hm:ldbook

1.4.1 Sc'~pe orilil! :f:umd.book,

0) hal su:m:mary. the d:Ocll~e~;t: ~tbe :foUa,wing ,aspects i~ detaii: ., Compos~~ beanl!S wiilh 'oompmlite ,ot s!O[~d. s]abs"

- Brn~edl :fi:w:nes.

- 'C-ontlinuous bemns (or \~irh ,c.!Onnections; equlv,aille.;n:t to the rtu.une!lit resistatioo ilftlle beam),

- Weld,ed . headed stud :s:kear' a.onnecltors.

-Full orpartia~ ,sllear oonnectffiOill"

- Class 1 ,or 2, s.ecttollls(c1as's: 3 webs arepe;rniWttGd ftu;oonlin~Oti beHiils)~

- ()ompositle eolunms; (~Il:eased. ~. sectiensor ,oo.nCreife fined. ,sections), under axial load"

Com;pos.i~e colullIiIQs with m.om.enr.s: usii[),g simpilified. bneiiaC<1:tOD methoo" P,a:rtially eaeased secliotls.

Elastic gl,obaJ! analYSt,s of' compo~ite fi:ootes,

!(2) The doC'um'e!1~ nUlkes ,only ,Bene~ai reference (and does IU;)f include detailed infomulltion)' on:

Simply supponed (simpll.e, ,cclI:mectreons)"

- Design. of ooM.ections, .

. Beha:viol!l!F' ofoomposhe s]abs. - 'er:acmg in co.m::rel,e.

Olher forms !of shear (.(Jm1.eotol1'. Use of p:recas:t coocr,ew slabs!1

- Light\:II',eight concrete, .La.remJl~tornjo.naJl. btilctling~

Fire resistance aspects.

~ General analysis of com.po..s:i~c:: OOJ~IIJWiSj,

- ClMS, :3. 'or 4 secLiousfur composite beams,

(3)f':oll.ow.ing 'ro:p.~~ areeJii,d!'~ded:

- Non~U!fIifu:!l!1 crosSi"Sec:UOniS~,

- ~!h~,a,y~e$~

-Piarhilli1. sU:engdl 'OO!meCnOIil~' .

. EC4

[1.].2 (6)] (4) EUl'OCooe4 Part: 1.1 (Ref. 4) does "lM' cover:

resistance to, :fin:; I(see EUfoood:ei!l,,!, "art 1.2:' Pire mistance) nor. more :!]eoorally.resist:ance at Mll.~1iMa:tic,te:m,pemtLn·es;

resistance to higllly :repeated actjo:llsEiaible to IeSI!mU in tatiigue; _'~ij!iJt\aIloe~Q,dynamic;alctiiom: tilat are aet ,ui3l5i~mtilic;

_ pamcular aspeots of speciilW type-s of eivil engineering works (s,uc'l1 as bridgcs. crane gillders, m~ts .• toweil"S. oiffi;;hore p~a!tfonT!s. nuclear cOliiil:aimmmt vessels); for bri~es.sce Eurooode 4,., Part 2.;

~ particul'ar aspects of spell:ial types of bu.iLdings (such as Indus,tria] buildings as far as filitigue. would. need eo be: ool1S,idlered);

:p!!lestressoo :strudures;

members the s'uucmral, steel compone.l]lt of which has cross-sections ,villi no axis of iSymmelwypamllel~o, .e~ p[:!me of' ~tsweb;

m,embe'ISl the struttumI concrete or of eORcr~te wnc]uding heavy aggr(:g,ate, or has less, £elnfoJiIl::,Cme!1t ilhrul the mrm~ml!nil valses given ~nclaus'e: [5.4] of .Euroood.e {Ref: 2}. or ,contains ,exp!l:J1ding or tlOIl-,SI.tririka!,ge ;a~'l:h"'tl.n·es;

~ 'tompositeplates; QOMistlng ,ola, Hat steel p~ate connected ,;vitb. 31, cORcte,te!J]~b; ~. $~y fra.m_,es;

_ some:typesofslleM COllllCCJlO'fS; (,see: clmpi~er U.3.4);

,_ seMi-.eot:lwUi()usframe.s: s~:~btbar.t rigid. .. pla:stic global atii@ilysi,s cmmo~ be used (sec: [~.4 .. 2(:m)]m. :EUT{loode 4 (Ref.. 4lt and in EUJ{loode 3 l(Ref. 3), dause [5 .. 2.2.4] end [Table 5.2J]);

base p]ares bemil!e.aLti COltiposwte 'COhllmliiliJlS~

- pafil:icu~a:r aspects ,of ooRt_pos.ite pii[es for fOUfida!ti.ons,;,

pa:rocu~ar a!3peds of :mem!J;eirS wwdl haJlmclJ:e.d or '~3'Pe[\ed steel co:mpoin;i::m,t~ ,(non '!:mifonn (ir.oss~secbJon);

_, pa:rtillcuJar ,aspects of ba'li:. ,Gi:m:ers~

particular as\peCi~ of ~'Ota1]y or pard!.llID~y 'encased beams I(see Llol!!vever :[4 .. 3.3.1], Amlex ,B, and, .Annell:: G);

_ B.d. :mote 8~eraUy pairtlo1iJlIDu aspec1!:S :meJllt:iO'Reti as not cove.reCil! ~n tile ftl[ltnwng chapters (!!'clati"g FOIr e:li)amp~e to thefurm 'ofcros&'seetioIlS)o.;,

thermal. Ow sOImd h'isulation (s~: l[ rn .1 .. 1 (2)] of .Eu.rooo<IDe: 4l (Ref. 4)~'~ partial .strengilh ,oonneoti.ons.;

- beu,lS wi:1h mJJy-encased s1ieel s!Cct~Olil,s ,(seB: ~4f.l.lO)] of.But~ood:e4 (Ref; 4),

53

:t4.1 Summary of the table ,or contents

_, eha.p,terl: '.' b~!1efits of cQMposiite mmotl.u:es;

,Iii limU states ,(SLS~ VL'S). des:ign requirements;

• des:ign, procoour-e fOI' G1Qb~ ,ana]yslis ofo.m.ced cornposiw frames acoO!rding te EC4;

• soope" definitions:;

- 'c.1mpte:r 11:- IComplete.15et o:f claim, of the sw~m:re: (t,ypes afeleM.el1ts~mat~rial p'ro:pm~es);

'. reeo,mmendatlofiS f'oroompooiw design;,

_ ckapmr m: '. dewrmination ,ofload ar~semenJts ,and IOld casesfer lnmnate Limit Slams and~ Senticeabiriljy Limit Sm~s;

- chapter fV to VI~

.' Sl.Sche:cks: for bewt!S! (see chapiet Vt.3);

,.UlS ,dhec'ks o:fm~m.ber,s (beams ,~l1d col'1:!mm;~ ... )1 sublfiittooto inmrnal forees and bending :mOIDMts (N. V" M) CCltlSiidering the resishuloe of ,crcs:&-'sectiio'ns.d1e ovemU bucfdmg; of members (buckID~ngj' lateral:~tors~onad buckl:ing) and local cfi:ect:s 1(:s'h~buek.Uf:ig ofwe'bs ("In: see.dliftp:rer t4.4;

- dtapter VII:. ,geneml:iti,(ls about design of oompo,si:t,e slabs

(I) TIlle TaJb~e 18 presefWts die difierent checks whjch s~aU be fulfU.led by be_a.m$. and, f!~a'l'l>es a~ ,S'ervit:eahi.litp Li/n,ll Sl...ale;,g,ritbreference.s to ~e: deslg;.I. bandbook :

TaJbb~: I.B

Vertical d:efiool:i.of.ls of beams

HQrizontal d~flecti.OIls of beams

Cracking ,of ,eOllerCit

V~br,l}tion of floors

Chapter V.3' .. 2

Chapter V.3.4

Cbapter V.1.3

ChapmrV .. 3.4

.EC4

[4,.l.1 (3]] f~)1 FOIf' buih:l:i~g ,struc~'Ures, the: requi:m.m.eflts ,of clause 2,.3.4, of EC3 conc:eJmi:og static 'e(}llilibnrumm shall be sati:sfied.

[4.1.1: (6)] 1(2) No consideration of'telTliJlera.ture efre:c~: iinverifica!tio~s for ultima!rernm..il stait:es is~O\miQI.l.y necessaryfO:r e.o:mpos~ile s:Uucmres fhr b~~hli~g.s.

r4.I.l,m~ 0') Th.e e.ffeQts of sl:i!dnkage ,of concrete may 'be neglec.ted LIl, veriflcaitions: .For ULS for compos~te Sil:ru~m.f-es for bu.ilding:::. e:\l.c~p:t .tn.8ruob~ M<aly.~es twtillJime.mb:eiffi havi:!],§; c~ectic:ru;iIn Class 4- (4.3 mld 4.5.3,.3).

[4.1.1 (8)] '~4) The ,effects of creep of eenerete on bothgl,ob:al ad local, analliyses 1113.Y be ,a]]owoo for in ,ootupooim m;el11b~s ,ud frames in buitd~n,! strucmres 'by cl'!:e: use of modll]ar ratios, FOIr' slender rolumns. 4.8.3 .. 6(2) is r,ele·v:ant

S4

[4. W.l {9}] (5)P,or co,mpos:i:le members in buitding ,stnlctures;" a mtig.ue check is 110t :Ilonnally r,eqrtliood,exccpt

for::

-membe'ts suppo,Iilillg )UJl:ilig appUa:n:ces 0:1" ooml1g leads

- me1!libcn S~P'pOIi1.iilJiS, vibwatin_g mad'llinezy

- m,cmbmsubject to wjf!d-md:~ced oSlc:il1ati,cns:

rnemlbe:rs :su.bjeot 'to c;;rowd!~indl!l:ced osoiUatiollS,.

,(6) The foU'a"m:ng tabWes de&e tile dttfe:rent ellcob 'Which shall be fulfilled at Ultimate Limit States bya:IDWIJhe: me,mbe'rs of fnIn1,es sl1bntined tomtem31~ ,forces and momests (N, V. M).

Table I.'

- 'Table 1..10: • DeHnirti_.on '()iribe plane'S O£,Cl'll¥so::g(!,cNons within mtem~d mrees and bemling 1l10mWllts (NStill" VSd. Msdl' are: acting.

~ Talb]e t'1 ru: ,_ :For di:ff~reRt ~es ,of loading on 'the lI.1embC'rs (tens~on. ,compression" ben~.

cQmbined (H;, ,M)), the tab,le 1.11 piI~,yjd~'ithe L!l!temaJ. fOfCe,s;, bemi_ing iiiIl'Ome.lts «Ncompliessio.v. V l(Vy. 'V z). M [My. My). Mod. w:re:racti,ooo between tb~m «(V~, M). (N.M)" (N" V); (N'. V. M)~ .. ,), t{i·be cheoked at U1:tidatelinut Sb1t~.

('1) In respectlv.e foUowmg Cllaptllr5 tob,les :present ,li8tS ,of tlie ch!'!,cks t,e) be perfo.nned. ,at UI.l:imate Umi; S~a'es: for .nletl1~bcrs OJ' webs, sl1lI!bmltt.ed. to dmflerell~. lioadi!lg:

- in chapter lV. 'f~le IV. I for mllmbcr in comp,rtls5:ion.

W, cbaptcr V. T:a:ble V.2 for :me:mber:s ~Il. be,OOiIlg,

._, incfullpter VI" Table VI. I foJ' mComber:s wirth. combined aJcild. £0['00 and bending moment

Table tl'O Pleses within mitemal fomes aad 'be:ndmg;mo.ments {Nsd. VSd~ MsdJ' are acting

• z

.-

,F--- ........... ~_".~ I

- ,I

x

N'c,"~ Vy.Sd Vz.Sd My.Sd Mz.Sd
. ·,l<i:.Sd
a.xmsx: ~y Xl: XZ "1L':J' 55

,

I Ref.

1',gble 1.11 mte:mall forces and ben!di~g, O.l!TI~ts ~O' be che~ked atULS .mr difi"eren!t types of moadffing.

Type airuoadiing on~e: meMbers

lntemal forces, ud. b(l)l1.dling .m.Qme!]~. imdi" .i,l1mmctffioll!s bet'Wee~ them

MemiberSLn oomlpressi:on (oo~l:I:I:W'Is:j •. .] : chapter IV

/' """ ..::
..... r
J'
I • IV-
Y I
~i;'
I ;" Nx,,:Rd ..

Me:mibers ~n bend:i~£1! 1(1b~S!, .".) : cbaplcrV

x~.~)~~ )

hogging My.Sd

sagging My.sd Vz,Sd

z

Members wit!b cO.ll1Ibimloo (N,MJ' ICbeMlillS-cdum:ml~ •.. ) : chapter 'VI

56

f! ~ •• ~'~,~ M ~.Sd Nx.Sd

x :..--i.; i )"4== ..

I • ~.

. M .1"" '

, , ,~ ',r ~'Ii)y. ~

V~.Sd

(N. V ~M)

II

S'TRU .URAL ,C'ONC:EPT OF THE BmLDIN'G

.51

_- -

,

II Sl'.RIJCTIJRAL CONCEPT OF THiE: BUILD~NG

This cha,ter .mtmds itO W~st tJhe"chMactenstics ,~f {io;m;pos~te b~i~cl:i:rlg:s ooncemJi!.g the typ~ of s~ru,ohue~ !};ltmJ1i1ers and joi!ntlS~ tbegooMet:i:y ~a!ll.dwe mi3!teri~,prope~ies,. Reoontm:9dadonsfoil" oomposi,k; d!es~gJI!I ,am alse provided., ne .~oad! am:lIm.!!;J(lMeI1!ts applioo,[o, 't;]mbu:ildha~ :are deDn.ed.m chapterlli.,

n.i Strtl:c1urBi~mode~

(1) The type, ,~f stmcmre:, Ihetype o:fUle b~'cmg sy.stem ,and,8)WWthe dific:rootpRB'cdpil1lIQns oftffil.e

p.r,ojed' (offioo:builm[1S~ hQ~srn;g!, sport or mdtlbiiooml hall, p~kIDng areas~ .... .) should be: defined. .

(2) Thegro_~~try ,~,f the buiJ<i!Jg SbOl!dd be defwed :,l\ke he~gbt. widtih~d leogth @fthe:!itructure~r.IDte m:rmbeii of storeys. &~ diiMeIlS:iO:lls ,ofarcllin:ilteollLl:mill. ,eleme,llla~ ...

11.1 Na;!1J stn:l:Cl'tlU'aJj e~ern:e:I1I:ts:

.Al~ the ele.meil~: ofilhe blli1d1ing \v!ti.ch Ilh), nOE:bear~y~oocill:!l have to be considered in the C\i',fttu,aJriolll,ofme dead weihmlca.J,:, .... ,~1~, ,~1:d . .:I11-'~ - ~~I[tr' ,-_ "\!'i-.:',-~

__ ~_ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ g . Y5. \:0,.,1~~5. (UI un_gis" ct::_L,gS. 00 _ C!.1fl'g5. ".,

U.3L~ad belllrhllg ~tn!l.dliJire

AUiJ]J:e ,ele.1fi6.mlts·wW.eh bear the .~o~d!s: ~hol!.!ldbe: dl::rm~d:~Ji::S. b~." '~QrU.IDJ'!iS. braci~g sys-t'e!m,. concl)tte core. s]aibs:" shear 'OOlUlcc:rorn. joi:~ts~prop!S~ ., ..

Thereawelwo,Mtlin. '~e !of'oolllll;posite OO~u:!:n!.l.:!li,

~. c:ci!lorC1tei"OO~ed co.1M!~s : totally (FiS\we:IU,a:»)oil: partl®illy(Fipre [[[,1 b) and ,cHI, - and, cQ~q;i:ietcl"fi~~oo c6ltlffiil1liI:ls (Fi~"I~ II] d) tom.

This d~lgll.l1andbook ooWy deaIDs wUh lhetypesaJ~ b)6 d)a:nd e) of composite OO]JI1nms&o~l FigureR],

I1.J.1

CoRlfpo.sitebeMts may be; ofform 5ho\w .in F~re '0.2 .. 8eams areu:sllaUy ofbot-£oW~ed sections (liPE,. HE. UB or TIC Sicc[jcmi). P,llIflltial: encasement ,of'lM; stee~ section provides ilJ]]CltlHedi fire: res~stuce and :raislaIloe to budkJiq ..

Shea:rooOneQlors '(500 chapter 0:.3.4) bet\vool'lJ the slab.md booml pI'o'videilie nooe:siSary

. .

tongmmdimiJ! shear tmnsfer ·for com.IfOS~b3 action. The sl1iem" cOMcction mUle Sit\ool beam~cl a

concrete slab can elther be by fu~~ er p.artiail. shear 'co:rmec:liolil" Th~se differ;ent types ·of sbear COllfIeotion are c.oosideroo inehapter V.2.1.

Compos.Ite sla.b

welded .!Ueel sectfon

I Ref,

Ref. , [[4 .• L3]

Sbws ,~e eilJ]u,e:r I( ~lGeFig1!ro .11.3) :

- C,OJiC,t\f]l,'(} s~abs :pit:~brica~edlj eeeast h~ situ" ow

tMJlnposiie' :sJabs: p:rofij~eds:~eel deelWl;g and! COJilcrete; (s~ chaJp'ter VII).

Slabs are ,g(:poernIly ,oonmruuooiS; !bl:i1!tare ,0&:0, d.es:igned,MilI, s~rie ofshnply supported. eile:n':ien~ sp~ bet'\\we~ti1,e beams ..

6.1

E.C4 [3.5.2 (7)]1 16.4.20)] 1[6.'1.2 U)] [6 .. 3.2.1]1 [64.2 (4)J

In plil1c~mi' .ytyp; of slt~' OO.J:l1lOOto~ is pe:r:mritted :prorideri il~ bas, suffic~mt :resisita;noe' a.ciI. ,dlruC'tiUI:y snd P!fGWIl'u uplift. Headed !I,fud :she!liJi CO:mlootors (~e; F~~re 11,,4) are :iu.c~on use ead am :tIlC otl!1y ones COM1tjcwed in this hanbook: fbr some a~:ei types of Ci)fificctOrs in selid :smb.s~ refer ro &rooode <4 '(Ref. 4: ,chJ1iptc.'lf 6) : motion gri,p bolts, blockoonnecto:r,s (bar eonnector, T -cenneetcr, [~tor. Horseshoe),. ,anchors and hoops, Mook OOMC{ltOrs with anchors Of hoops" angle, C-O:m!OO£ors. Sbear' oonuecio:rs comprismg steel angles fixed by shct-fired

- -

pim: ar:e alsaia common IlIlse, bu~. no application rules aJle:Bi:veq in Emoeede 4.

r·.

~f studs not dbectly ,~ocal:ed rove:£' Ole web.

R.e(1 [4.l.6] 0) There are mauy ~esiof jomts. Some eXanlp]es: are gi.ven in F~gure 11.S ,for beam-;oo-colun:m and beam-to':beam. connections .. In desiglil to Eurocodc 4. 'th'lil 'twowmls of joints: genernlly envisaged are fl:omi:Dalll!y' pilmed or dgjd and. -furE s:we~gtb (s'OO: Figure 11.5 ,I!! and b). .. No .aJPP,ucatioo rules ar-e, 8i~ea . .for pmi,alst:re~l ,oooo..ootiol!!.s"inElI.£OO00e4.

EC4 [4.10.5]

62

(2)1 :In! F~ms n.s b ,Md c. die .io~n;ts maybe eOIiiiSi\de:red. 'to be rigid. illmt :l1liIly ()!r' may :flO'!: develop 'die

mU ~trell.Qth ,of 'we rcornpos:ire ,section" .In the case: of Figilire 4A'lr C 'fhe: jorn~ .. I,S pit:moo mtlie 'oonsww,ou stagc~ but iSPlade m01Wl)l::ntt rcs[stifJ! by the slab reiin:fbroe.eut and fitting pieces wh~ch. uansfe:t the necessary tension ead eempresslon for-ces.

(3) This design halildbook o.f.l~Y asswnes 'the use ·of pit1ncrL,ol' rigid joints. Semi-rlgidjoints are :[lot consid,ered. ]D, the, case ,of sem.i'·ri~d joints whose behaviour 115 bet:\~. p,himoo and ri~d jolinits. the desigp..er shou[d tak-e, ililo accoullIt: the moment-rotliiiuoo, ~ara,ctenstics of the jom.ts, (moment. resistance, rotational sti.rmess u:d 1)o,tanon capa.eitji) at Melli!! seep of'lhe d~ign. (p.[,edesi~ WrObal ruWysis:, SLS and ULS C:'ecks)wheJru !E~FClcod~; ·f '\<vJ]] provi:de apli'rn~c~t;iO:Il.ru]es.

(4'~ The, :Figur-c 11.6 P':l!cse:nts:tt.c l)lGrle"m~'f!' ,of joi.lJts. 'Thejomts: nmay be :moden,cd. by Rodes nR51~ frOM HIe: ~n'Jiber ,centrlC~ines to ~efleQt the aemal Ioca:tiom of d.m tQooccti·o;ns.

11M.

.~-----+- ;algle··-ii'------

II ~

·"*-----~'bolt ~~~~~~~-

~ ~

======~=~~~~~~II~~~~~

1--

secondary beaml

pa]'t~Jatl.y encased s:eclmcm:s

a) EX3iJU~~es .o:f ~~no:m~r!any pj~lI:d?~ joints, both irntihe OOtlSilruiCi~[O:Jroi and cOinposite ~~:ges

63

I Ref.

Modemng

M

I;

_I Mil,

I'

I

,~

RlGID'joint (sceFi:gure n.s :: ~pJe b)

SBMI~ruGID' joint fseeFigurc u.s : examp~e ,e)

~ __ J _

M

Ref. 1'[2]

PINNED joiDt

. -Fi·'i"f C 1-' \ (see , . ~gure ~.w ..... ': ,e'x:unp ,e :fl.)

l

M

(I)I Composite beam.s IcomprisG I or H :secrioQ s~oo~ 'beams attached to a "':solid'" or "compositJen :E1oor ldab by use; ,of sflear CO.IDl~Cimn (seePigure 11.2).. C.O.J_'lR()~ite' ~labs comprise profiWed st:c:em decking whic.b suppo.rtsthe: s:eIDf we,i~ht oithe ':lirM C(i-ner:cte d!urin.,g COIHt.ructionand acts as '"lte.infor-cemeJIi:!·' totbe s.1:ab dlt!:rlng jll1l~5ieif\l'[~e 'COl1di~io[js .(see, F.i.g,u·re m1:.3),.

(2) S:imply"suppoRed COItiposire. 'beams bC'hn,e as a seriesof T beams in which the eoncrete ism (;ompllession when ,subjected ~o' ,sagging moment and the, steeS ws main~yin tension. The beaMs Mail" be des~p;ed as simllJ"f_;~lfm'()nedi' or as oon'ljn,I~OJ1'~Oye;.i a number ofsu:pl]loru:. The rel:a,tii-ve econOMY of ·''s.iMp1le·i 'OJ: "cQ.tItin~ol!!s·" ,oon'Strudioll depends: onli:e: bt?le,fijts; of reduced sec,ti:QIJ. sUe ,and deptlll in re~artiQn. mtha mcrea;s,ed cOlimlplwty O'f dIe <design and :we COMIootions in eontinuous CQlilStftl.ction.

,Rd~"1 [4J.5]

StOOl beaJiU :anclllOI' p'1:ofUed stool, dec~s mi,Y be e~Ill.e" {)I~0l!lled '01" uup'nJPwgl,d~mg con:c:retin:g of the s:]alb In. the. eonstruction stage of composite byjldlin,g. Themost eeonomlc method of eo.ll'!mctiom (s,peed O'f [oo!1structia~ .. ,) ~s ,g'tllJsraUy 'w!a/,votd the use, of 'tcempoW'y :prop;P~llg (oopmppoo colUi!wcl~Olil me&od)). But proppmg mary be needed. wberethe slool beam ,OOd/of the profiled steel dlec'lWlg are not ,able to su.pport the \w.igh~ of a, "I'hick co~crete slab during ,oo.nstm,eti'on" or where ,de'flec.trom:: of thO,ill: ,steel 'clemCDIts would o:fherwWse be UlUI.Cooptable., 'The :oum:be:r of temporary supports need :not behigb. These props: are lIsually left in pmlOO until tbi! 'concrete s:Jalb has dewlopooan eqU!a:te S,RlJigQli.

Pi:g-u te 11.7 shows dil.e effects of the different o~ctiiQn. m;ethodis .. propped lor uoprop~ed = In prindpile:~ and. this; Wi ,oo:mpariiso:n!! wiltb oil ba:res~J beamwilh.out ,Myoornposi.le actIon. 1\e drn~; .~pres~Mts,be'~dm.g mo:m.,~[!.t\i; at milidis<p. (M) Ql\(li!f'mffidispan defliecdQns, '(0). MO' dC!lo;tes 'the beudi!mig due bJ Itbe dead mi:gtl of 'dIe: :st.clun::;.

'Under Siml~ce ,oonditions, the di£Fe.rclU eonstructionmetheds lead 'to d:ifferefl't d~f1ections, :for:ce distdbudons ,mid ,stress states. But 'when the composite beams of same cross sect~on are loaded up ~O' fililure,dley filiI. at the same bendffing :momeot '(MpUtd),. Their :strengtb Is indepetldent: 'ofth:e: m.ethod of,construCittOH~, and,t!his 'beodling, strength can be caileulatoo 'ea5.il,y en the basis ofon rectangular stressb~ook. il,fl demon_Slrated in cmmpteli V,,2 . .5.1.

Th~re is: (ulother "cason ror different s:tmiifll Gd. stt,ess dis:mlOu:tJioos and deflections Ufl®!1' sU"!!'foo oo!l..ditions : ~, ~on~m belmviollr of cenerete, Both~ ereep and s:OO.H2ISC offbe cenerete part yields ]~geli s~m:illlls ,and ~~reB\\lesm. 'the: stecru si;(:tionundel' ,servioe cD:I1Iditions. At the: ullffimare,~imit ,S~OO" :bo\lrev.e:r;I' sLmirul .Que eo ~oadi!lg:s are .much n~Ii~;h~ the s;tmi~s diWle b)! creep ,and sbrin~gej' and tile ~aimer can be in,eglected ..

M

M;ap.J.Rd Mo-

-'---- --:~----------------. I

/ ~+

Fiigur.e 11.7 Effi3cls ,of pro,ppecd :and uopropped constmcHon

Ref. 7 [2.] (4)1 TherolIo1oviills reoommeadations are made for .initiaJ S,izll:1g of compos:i'~e beams, It is in-lipomm:tto,

reeegniae dIe dliffeJrenoo be'hvee,n secotldun beams wbich d:ilect~y .support !h.e decking and oompoo,it-e sl'ab andm;t,l1larv beMills 'Ivhich SI1!l!PPOrt the seoondmybeamJs as 'po~j}lt loads. Primary beams: Isua:nyro~eirye, B~eate<r I,oa:di th. s'econdary beams ad the:refa:re a:re usually desiGned. to ,SpOOl. a shorter dj:Stancero,r~~s8ime b~ size .. A1lr.eMa:thre[y, ~~ SPOO, ~:ni_mai!1' ·b~~ s~ch as ,eomposite Uusses~·c.a:tt be: designed eftl,e;iel1tiy with shutt Splm S:eooll.dary beams. nese: cases ,iWC .mu:stli:a~:ed ~n. figure 1l.'8,

65

,

II Ref.

typicaU, 120 MI1'1t,D m 810 n:m1I de;pend~ O~ fir~ :res:ismnce, SlnCh.u:aW ,ruld otll.er requ~wm~Rlts, •.

- Slab Sp'aR ;

2.5 m to 3~S: m, if Hnpropped steel decking. 3J:5 hiI to S.S m, npropptd ~l decking"

. with maximum slab span to slab depdl, ratiO' (L I (tip ... he) (If ,32 tOr a simp]Y"'Illiupported slab 'see chapter VU for fu:rthe:r pidooce).

prImary and secondary beams CiW. be des~gned for app.ro,ximartely !:he same depth \'lhen g.nddimens~olilsaJ:I'e Wi p.roportion of Ill,S. respectively.

-Beam d~jgn, ;

Thefu110wing beam.p:f-.opO'rI:~OM ,sbO'l.:dd give aJoce,pit:able deflec!tious when tbe ~t:tion. siae :is, de!mell11lIi.tioofor momentresistance, The :I'a'fios (span ~O' dep,tllratio) can be eKpressed as (I:. I (h:a -I- hp, + hcnwi1em :L is the d:isfM:ioe bel\lfeen adj,~oof.l~.su,pports: and (ha+ b,p -I- ~Q) is the toml heron iand slab depth.

a.) Simply ,supported berun :

a Secondary beam :. ,span to dept11 mtio of 18 to 20.

o. Primawy berun : spu t'O depth fado or 1 s: to 18:.

b) O:~:n.~iJl!!l!©\UJs beaM :

· Se:oondary beem : span ~ dept[l rat~o o.f:22 to 25 (end bays).

· Primary beam ; span. ; depth rat~o, of I g to 22.

81001: grade: higher grade .stool: (8 355.) usu:a~fy leads to smal1er 'beam sizes t1:umto'\>lI1er smdes:te-el .(.5 235 or S 2.75)"

Shear ,connector.s : W.'9' mm d;ianle~er \>1I1G'1ded .stud 'connectors are p~~ced typiiaally at about ISO mm. :!lpi:lclng. These: beaded studs ,can be welded tluough the profi~ed steel de~kil1g up'oo' I ,,25 mm iI:b~ck~.

I'kf,

Se'Condary bean}

Column

~r:~j:.1 L.,I'.',.':...' ........ ~~ :'I .. ,~i'*;r"" ---

J Span ohlab

rli.LUIU)' ceaJm

iSecondary beam

,.

~ 'iii"" 1-, '~F- = ~JlI~~ ....... -----~~------~:~

::fli":;.,.",_----- 6 ~ 12m------,F-!L·

, rl

Secondary beam

,.

iLl

.1 •

">JI

Primary beam

I

•• 1

,II -.

2~S - 4 m

~'~~I.~J~I~~ ~~~~~ I~·~I ~

, ~",r ... · ---~~~ 8 - t2m---~~~~~¥-( -.

PriEfi:ry beam F

CO~llI:mn

'-, .

'-I

,I" I

Span of ,slaib

t

,(

Figure~ II.S F,raming p~ans for medium ;tmd long :rPilll bemns

61

EC4 [3]

The: material properties given iothis ,cha]J,ter U.S,are those required far d.eS1Yii purposes. :P,miall safery Facto:rs for resistanee and material] :pro:pernes are also provided.

Be4

i[3,].2 (l)I 0) No~-we~pt ,ud tight\\I"e~Qht ,contre~es, may be used. Table U.lgivasproperties of l1,oJ'm_Ql~ UAejghl'oollc~te. necmliiSsU:i:catiiJR of 'OO!lC(:e.te:, ,e,S. C2,C,12S, refer:s to cyl10dei SIlr~!1_gth (20) aad cube men,gth (2:!r) of concrete.

EC4

[3.Ll (3)] (2) For lig}1,rweightoonc,retes. tens~~~ streifl!lhs ({olin; f(;(k 0,05'; felk 0,'95) can, be obtained by multiplying: the: values provided in Tab~e n.l by tltefaritOf :

EC4 [3.1.4.1: (3)]

:&:4

[3.1. ,I (2)] OJ Concrete classes hig,liter m:han C50/60 sho~~d lot be: uS0d, ~nless thei:r U:8e is ~p:p'ropriate]yj ustilioo ..

No Application Rules are g~ve:l1li. in Eur"Ooode 4 for this case.

T"abte n.t COillill:.:[~;te,cl:as"~'esa;nd. cl1amO'~efri:s~~c valuesfof coropres:s:io.l1 Mdrens:ion

Stre~ class ,of' oo~c'tete

f2k fClm feil;, :(I"OS: folk fl'~9S Ecm
N/mm2 N/:!mn2 N/mm2 N/mrn2 kN/RIJII2
2.0 2.2 1~5 2.9 29',0
25 2,6 W.,,8 3,,3 30,S;
30 2.9! 2,0 3,8 32~O
L 35 3,2 2~2 4.2 I 33.5
I ~
40 3.5: 2, .. :5 4~6 35~a
43 3,:8 'lS ~.!9! 36~O
SO 4~1 2,9 5,3, 37,0 C.20!25

C25!30

C4015,O

(:4:5/55

C5Ui60

Notations: fek is ~ei charaoteri.'Stic com.pre~slv.e cyUncle.r ,strength measured at ,age 28: days"

fcl!n is tbe mean tensUe str{:ngtb.

fc(k 0,05 .i:s~'e ~o\'Ii\er value of the ,cMfacteris;iic 'tens~~e s:tre_ (fraeti~,t:I 5%)1,

folk O~9S is the upper 'value ,o,f 'lite chatacreristictens:ile strCI.i,gth (fmc tile

9- ,,01\ .i T~'1J'

68

EOI· [3.1.3] (4) f:or ~ilrJ1Jl!:ag;g. of 'OOlliCifete" ttletotaiW ]oog"'mnn&ee sMinbg,e .stmiIn :fm:m. sebtWg of the concrete Ecs;may be taken as nominal "Values of Table Il .. 2.

T,lJIble. n.Z Nommal values of.shrlnkage :st~ &C!i

I Dry Cl1.wromneDrts:

l(fi~ted members ex:C;::~llidOO!)

WI' normaiW"''!i.'ll\ewgh't concrete

325 .. 1.0-6

rot lightweil}bt concrete

500.H1-6

IOther envliliQnD1:cnts ,iJiDd fined membe.rs

200.10.-6

II

300.10.0

:E:C4

[3. to1.l] (5) Modular r:atio.~ :

F'Ol the design >of braeeli oompO'-s;it~ buIldIngs:. it is aeeurste cmul.lslt w'uke aO:count 'of ~,.ee:f1. .by replackl£: in ,analyses eenerese .areas Ae by cfFecdve equ~vaJcnt .S'too~ areas ·equal to Ado. ,,,,here n is the: .nomilnal modular ratio ,(see Table 113) defiiilcd by:

I

Ec

EC'4· r:UA.2,{4)]

a)

b) In buUdin_gs mainilly ii1!~ended 'for stDmge.

ft);l g;]i;OJiHenn ,cff"eolts: IIE:e .;g Eem I.~ :for ]ong"'oofi'il el1fects: IE'~ = E em f 3, I.,

where Eem is the meru1: sec:ant nl0duh.l:s :f()1U' sfuort~re!lll :Ioadli:i:ig,. dependi~g on t\he s:treng:1h class ,of concrete (see 'Iablie D. n

Table U .. 3 Values lilf.~ornillal .odu~;u :m:tiios n = (. ·.Ea/, 'J •.

·/Ee ..

;

T ClOnS C2SlJO' C30/3 7' C3514:5 C40150 C45/55 CS 0160

.

for short-term ,[4,5 rnJ.:8: n,l U,S I .~.2;O m 1,:7 11. .. 4-
and :Lo:ng~tem1 ,e-ffects
I eOmJpo~ile; bJ.!Lild~ngs (orLSi~O!rage .
.
for s!itort-te:nn ,el'fellts; 1,:2. 6,,9' 6,:6, 6~3 6.0 S:~8 .5,1
for tong ... term effects 2.1 • .7 20 •. 7 1.9,,7 ~81S 18,0 J.7~5 n.o 69

EC4! [3.1:.611

EC4

[3 .. 1..4.3]

(6)1 Themarterlal cooffic£emilt (Pc. aT. v;d tOI be ~dlopted ~ ca1lcy]atiu.I1is 'fO'l conereteshall be ta!ken. as given m. Tab~e 11.4.

d,cnsity fOr nomullEwe.ight cmte:rete ·ooeffic,iellt of ~~near thermal ex,pamiog - for no~~we~ptooncre!1:e fOF lightw-e;igbt cancrete P,ojssoll'~s raUo :

~ mlggem!l~ fo:r lelastic strairul - fal concr;ele; irn.lensiog assumed ~'O, be cmcked

aT = 10 10-6 ~rc aT= '7 10-6 lfOC

II.S.l

(1) The nOMillal] v.aIDuiCS ,of the: yield :st~~ fy :for hot~ro]]ed. st'OO] are gi;veIl. in Tabla It5fo:r .scoom, grades S 135. S .27·S: and .s 35.5 [0 acoord1!!l_lO~ \vjth EN .H1025 .• d. rOf steel grades S 215. S 355" S 420 ,M:!d S4·60m.acc-o~ce ·'~tI.l, EN 10113. Those: nominnl 'Vrubes may be adopkd. as cJmrQc1flI1j~Jit;, '~'i.JIi1iac:t(liI't;d)lval1l.:!e.i in design Qit~t~]atiOl1s ..

1(2) The l;uI'ilpean Slia!'!dlard EN 100.25 speoifiestili1:e rot:juilielllJi.enrs fuw 10o:g and fI:at prod1l.:!cl:5, of bot :rolled.we'ldaMe nO'fli-a~~ay ~1flrIDctu:r:aillI steems (steeru g;radie-s: S 135. S 2"75 .• S :355).

The eulto~ean s~d .EN 10 ll .. s specifies: tile requwementsfot ~Oi!llg .W1d~!at pl'oduets of hotrr-oUied we'kbbJe fine grain. snuc~mJ S1t-eels I(s'l:eeil g~adeSl: S 215. S 155~ 84,20. S 46:0).

1(5) FOIi high strcnSJlihslee:]S (8. 4·20 and S 460)1 sopecific appWica:t.iioQ fUZes given. in ·the nermstive A:w:Iex H ofiEu.rc;Oocl!:l 4.

10

I Rd.

T,able: 11.5 Nonlioo], Va]JlJ]CSi ,of yIeld. ~fy f>Gf stmcJuml steels accooomgro EN UI02S and EN UHlJ

8235 82:75 ,8,3'55'

:EN tous StaDdami

Nominld.thlckncs-s t (mrn)·)

;::. 40 >6:.3> 8:0

S 63, ~80 ~~OO

:> is ~40

EN I0027'~1 EN U1025 Designation Srudar-d I

8295 s 2'75 ,835:5'

s 2'7;5 ,8.275

&355 8355

8420 S420

S 460' S 460'

235 275 35.S

225 .26S 34:5;

215 ,:U5 2l.5
.2$5 24,5, 2JS
31S 325 .315 > 100' S ISO

195 2,25, 295

275 265 .255 245 :2.35 .225
35.5 345 :1.35 325 315 :295
420 400. 390 370 360 3,40
460 440 43,0 410 40'0 Notes;

iti) t iiStlte nominal 'tWclmess ,o:f me e[crnent: - ,0'£ the flange ofrtiUed sectioM ,(t: tr)

_, IOrf d:le paniool'ar eliements 'ofthewe]dled. sections

(6) '!be; Table I['6 oompa:reB the ~bolie des~~atioM ,o:fsteer grades acooKiing to v;";nious S'tandM& eVen! ~f some: of them have been :r:ejpla:ced. Tbe dGs~ handbook ,ail.wa,s: usesthe ,singl:el des~tioll, ,o-f&tmcturali stools d~fined by lh~,eu!l'opean standllifd EN ~rO027-1: IISI~ .followed byihe value of yjeld.sttength eKPressed.~!l NInm:I~ 1(= MPa),

,[,able lUi Comparison table ofdjfferent .steeW grades desipatiQD

EN 10027 .. ]

.EN UUIl

EN NF A 35&5041 Nf' A ,35-:50 I ,I [lUI

.WOOIS , NF A 36-201 I 17.102 I

,823.5 8275 835.5

1,823$ 8275 8355

,D,IN 11~,OO'

as 4360 I

ASTM:

8235 E2~,

S .2''''5 E .2,8

315'S E 3,55 E .36

8t31 StiM St.Sl

401 43 50

EC4,

[3.3.3] (1) The !.11aterial coeficie~ls (E.lhr G\!iI! ,CIT. ~Ii" VII) to bL':: adopled. krucaJ:clI.:dattoti forme stntdural

s~eeJs, co\!eili'ea by Eu:r:ocode,4, sh!1lWW be: taken. as, ,gi,ven m Ta!Me .III. ",

Table' 0.," Desi,gn values: of:marerial ooofficIDemruts 1''011' s:teel

StE 285 StE 355,

· mfoQuiWl a,f'elasticity (E == Ea. "" Es)r

_ sbearrnoouJUSi (0 = .E . _ '). ' (0;;::::: ,O~ :; G~)"

· _ - .- •. _- . 20.., v). -.. --.>_

· coefficIent of ~me_ar Uic:rma~ ,expans~on

· de:ns~ty (P = Pa :: PI!)

E - 210 0.00 N/mnlZ
0 - 80100 N/~2
Il.:r = lO.iOrti lI"OC
P ._ 7850 :kglmJ
v t:;; '0,3 I1.5.l Reinf:o'n~ing steell:

EC4 [3.2]

(l) In re:fe~ce to tiN 10 Oi80 specification, different tYiJles of rcinforcilng ,S'too~s ,are oor've:red by Eurooode 4] ,vi]th diffemnc;es ;

: lligh ductil:ity (dllSs H) or DOlllilaJ.

Clas5 ,~e'IM's NJ"

: plain smooth bars or ribbed 'bars or 'Wires (i!Il'l~.din:g we~doo. mesh),

[R~r. ] 2:] (2) E~rooode 2 (R.e,r: .2) gj.ves 3 diffe:reil~ classes for wmfurclng sRel (see Tab~e lID" .,8)..

T'ahle 11.8 Yield. StreDgiIh :fik -fur reinForoiing stool,

8220

oS 4.20

420

5.:500

.50'0

220

(l) The material! ooe;__ffic~~lirls ~ G.s• I~T. Ps. vs) to be adopted in caicula:llions fut reinfo.r,c:ing stools ar-eprese!l~ed in TaJble ,[[,1'.

Re[ ., [4.2.<1}(1)1 CompoiSite stabs: are dealt in d1!is handbook onWy ml fiv as they ,affec,tthe de.sjgn o,r com[JOSlw beanlS:. Rewrem:e should be made: to EU1Jooode 4, (Rcf:,~, :c:l1iaJpter 3.4 and 7,) mrfurt11er :infurmartion. on tJia,e d'esiign of ,oompooUe ,sIDiwb.s;,. ,with EN 10 ] 41 as the ~p[odllct standar-d for stec~ shooting_

E'C4

[3.4,.2 (2)] 1(2) Tbe Ilomimd va1ues, of fyb provlde:din T!.!Ibl:e: H.9 may be adopted as ,chM3cteristmc values fw in

calO1!m~atio'lls ..

'EO!! [f!ioJc 3A]

Grade

:FeE.2200 FeE 25,0 G FieE28rOG FeE 320 G FeE 150 0

fyb (:= ~yp) [N/rom2]

22rD 250 280 3.20 350

12

Ciliarpler n - SUuclur.d C:OtlCept oflbe I:mj~mng I

EC4

[J.s.~. (2)] (1) For 'OOlUlJ3ctm,g devices i(ibO]ts~ rivets, pms, wel'ds) ,other thMil shear oonnectOfS chapter 3.3 ,of EUl!ooooe;:3 Oief~ 3) is applicable.

EC4

,[3.;5.2,] {l:) Shear ecmn'p..§J1JrS ,,:

Ali 'e:li:I!)[ained, in, Cioopter 0.3.4 this; deswgn handbook ,on~y pm'itides appil,jcadoQ rums for headed smds wi!whmin:iinu,Ufj] mme;Jais[ou d~tailecl in f'~~re ,0.4.

(l)bt ,genera~ resis[:a;noo is determined!. by using ,design values: of :stre<ngtb of die difft:root ;lfiaterials aad campOllelli's; Xlibtba!t JtWes ilmtDa!CCOUlnt ~f!:o~rUimties at ULS w]th partial safety mct01S 1M. The different 'fMfacOOrsare expUcitly introduced tin desip famlul:a:s ,of tldsil.andbook,

E-ot

[4.8.3.'2] (2) The des~g!1 of composite 'OO~llmrlS acoording '('0 'the sif.l1!p~~fi0d .eth'od ~s presented in chapter IV

(M..e!iuber,s in co:mpress,ion) and :inc]ulpter v.m: (MeJl1bf!fS; wIth eo.ro.bin.e:d axial :io[cG:md bcndil!l)g

mm:nent.). In 'that OOISe, ilhe partial safelY factor for struo.tu:ral s:~e61 is: \.\:iJi.tten as; '1Ma. ;imd, in i!~Jilera1; may have olle ofthe 2: foUo<wmg values ;

ITMn '= yg.ll~

where Nx.Sd. is tbe appUoo deslgn ruti~W ~oadt

-

:;Ii. aid No are d.efirled in daus:eW,.3 (4) Md. if rclevant. byaddi:tiioMl

comment's: in c]autSes Vll.l.2 (l) and (2),

b) ,o.therw'iise", co~umn:s:are ilnfluecnoed by buikUqg :

IY~b ~ "tRdi •

(3) Recomme.liided 'Values 'of partial 'S'atety factors for :6wtdlan:nztaJ IQllIdoombina:Uons are gi"\len hi. 'ratite D.lO. ImPIFO,Ved values: of 1M factors m.ay be obtaJ:ned m case of acc~d,enta.l load combinations: refer to Eu:rooode 4 l(Ref~4 ; 2..3.3.2).

(4) The lM factors s'i:n.'O'WII in Ta!M!:l! :n. m are ,pr:ov~ded :a,'OOQ,[idiiilS 'to tile pw:es~1tt ofEic.ial wniaD, of Eurtlood_j;: 4 (Ref. 4). Those. "bored" ~lflf!:r :are oruyindicafiJl,lJ . The values: of 1M faOKl1S to be 'usoom p.mclice ,aurefi~ed by nalticrnall aut!holi~in m each eOMtfy Mod. are pubnsbed in the rele.-v,ii!J]t Haltana,' Ap,plicatim2' DQcrun:en.t' (NAD) to B-ulOcode 4.

(5) V:aIlues of lM factors for boUs:,rivets. P~lillS.1 '\\!'e~ds: and sli!p~es,is;ta!l1ce of bolted cmmectioos alie g,iven :~ Eummde :3 (Ref~ 3 : ,6,.l., ~ 1(2»>.

T:oible 0.,10 Partial 5afetyrncto:r"S 1M ror resistaaees bd ,11atedaID plIopenie,s :at 1Ulltimart:eL'i;n:ut State

~y~ ~1,101 IYRi1 = 1,1.01

• r&d is: eCJu!~lIa,lellt b'), 1'M ~ of Bu.rocodc: :3 (wE by,ckUng ofstrocturnJ 8t-oo])

*'

• YMa :::: 'fa o:r 'YRd {see: d:aus:e 0.61(2))

Illy 'c~ 1, 50~ IVs=1;151 IY~p == 1, 1 0111 ltry v= 1,251

,

III L'O'AD ARRANGEMENTS

L10AD' 'CASES,

AND'

15

I. Iter:

III

01.1

EC4

[2 .. as (1)1 ,e i), It _lmclr/ ,a15r4.fjgmneH~' iclentifresdle pos,imio!l; I113gil'llimde Hid. d1rect~on. C.f'fII. fr:oo aWOI1 (:soo chapler m .. 2)..

1~2..2.S (2)]' (1) A laad oa;se iciJentiffes oompatible: 10M'[ a"m1S~efits~ set of ~:fomlatfuo. u;d tlnpe!:&cTIoQS. oollsicier~ ror a :paltiCiiidar verification (8100 chaptetm.3).

(3), F,ortEte d~finit[OM of actions (~oa:d a:mm.gcllle:nts: .1" ... (]. Q. . ..... ) WId e:ffed:s of actions (E~ S)' md for thf.ldesign .requi:J:'ie'MCliilS itsheuld be :lie:&md to (ll1~p~r J.2 (Basis of des~).

1(4) Figure I!lllpresents the ge:l1etal prC!c.e,durl! to· .sb:fdy s:I:m~tu.re8 siIlbmri:tt:ed. to ,!'!!ctions :

.- an load ,cases ,1R: defined by relevllWt oomb:inations (with pmtiSil sa:fety~eto:rs. 1F) of char-aoterisuc (unmcwfed) values of toad a.nmgeflilellts ,(Ft)~,

-fur eac!h load case tllll.e· g~obau] an~~ysws of the S'U\lcttu\e delemrines, the design 'values far the eff'ecmof actioos (E'd = Sv. ah. :f, C!i ••••• Sd .: "" N, V. M~ ... ) wbioo shall be checked at Serviceability l.i:m~t Sitams (Cd li~wits) and atU1timautc Lim~t States (Rdresismuces)'.

Tm:s genr,alpmeedMreis used ~IJ the pmcedurit for elastic glob:d ru1alysms of CQmpDs.i~e braced name p.;r!es~tedm coo:pter I.J.

(5), For braced bu~mdjngs ~t ~s el\liP]~ ~!l ~ha;p'ttlf· IJ Ithl:l!t tlJi~ ,e;lasit~c globa.~ anaJysis of the stru.Clll!U·C ·cou~d. be based lonlirsl' a,,"d(!~ th.eaiiJ, In that ease of first order alasti.c global ~ys~!i the o.:d1tcJple· ()(sup€'rposUion is appli.eabf~ becwse Ile e:ffucts ,of,aet!o:os (E. S.) allernm~arft:!li~cti'ons

of the .applied actions ;(iF :; O. Qj ) (no P,~4 effecrs aad used material with an ebstlc linear

biibruviou:r).

The :p,rincrpJe: ,of l!upe:rposltJiiol aUolI,'Vs to cOlIDslde,r a pamcyJar :PiI',ocoolll!e 'Kl, study stllliotures submitted W·actiQfis .. nus procedure inu.sttawedm Figur'Uli In.2 could. be mOire' practicaL! beWlusei~ sllou.ld stml'n(y ilibe dec~s]m1i o,f'wh~cb load case~~\I'e'Sthe worst efFect.

For each smile ,characteristic (tl!llfiIctDred~1 value of ~ood alTMiement (Fkl' thegi~bal analysis of the ,strocru:re dememliin.es ~cle,ri.slmc (uilllfa~toTed.)va]~:es,:fbr the ·eWeCbi: ·of ~U:;tiMS :

- Ek = 1(0'1; a'h. :f~ O'~ ••. )k .~ Sk. ~ (N'. v. M, .. ··)t·

AU lioad eases are defimled by re~evant aQMbistion:s: (wiitb :partjaj safety factors. 1F') Of the ,chamcteristic (unfuctored) v,aIDule.s fur the effects of actions OSk"Skl All ·these, ~oad cases directlY fom~sb~be d:es~~ vaJue.!I for !\he: effects .o:fflctlons (Ed'O::::: Bv. 5lh f" Gu ..•. ; Sd == N. v.. MJ ... ),w.hicb. shaU 'be cheeked ,~t ServiceabwWity Limit States (Cd WiJTI~ts)1 and a.t U1dmate Limit States 1(Rd. :resi~stml,ces)'.

EC4

[2 ... 2.1.~Cln (6) .Fol:'coruposlite· st.Rrnomres .alfie:illit~Ol'iI .iSru,it.l!NnKl tile EC..eSSUy ofid~~lruzying mJid. oO]'J)s~dering! wblm . . ~ele:v,M;t,. severo] tmns:lell~ deal.go ,s~ruartions ,corresponding to the suceessive pha.s~ of the buwbli~g process. The: sequence of oollstmclioti! has ~o be oonsfderced ,especially fur com'pos~re' b~ 'II'll'Ji;ere ~] pro6:lesliav.e flrst eo sllpporttih;c .self\!V,eigbt orf.'resh concr·ete s:lab .and olber conslNcrion Joatils -beFore Ule. eeaerete has wiined adeq;u3item:ren~ {Olt eempeslteaction,

Two majn smges:may be ,ooDs~deredi W.iitb differ,mt foad arnwgemeJliI:E, : a:) the' cons·frtMl.firm s'l,age' aad,

b) tJ:te CfJ.mOl~.s.Jffl3j,WJ! '

Bum more .speciffi:c 'l:la:IlSimt desi.gn s,ima~Io.Ds may be :Iliikell Unit,o aeoUlit : :for exllRl,p'I,e~ :!lit constmctiou sttag'~ it may be necessary not ,only to oo~&ide.rlhe sima;ticn of the swe'l. beam ~ailpporting the fresh. COfiCrete. but evento disDng-uJsh several ~i,tua:llions 'CQ!f.Iie.sponding to success~ve plim.:.ses ,ofpou..riQg: the con,crete.

5

'7

-If}

J

De>tailmi!'!~ ~UULS .tond CiISQ: wiJIh :lililelj1iinl, tlLS c-omllmllrUolJiS '!)).FtOlld ,afm~gifmeDIs (.~.) (wIlli p,iDiliaJ: sa,fely faCilols "'IJ'''''''ya, ')Q. , .... )

:Del.enliiine anStS 'oad cases wilh :re!,~va!!l~ .2

SLS li:ornbinai~ions of Ilol;!d ail":ra'llg,~lults fFt)

.5

'"

tJ

Figure 111.1 fJow-cbarl for load arrangemen!tS and load cases fur ~nemJglobai, :analysts of the s:tn!crnre

e~as:s:ific;:i!l,l.iQ!n of the .fmme ; lO:r.teed (rdilil!le

G~jijhii'l nn)ysis: of lhe slruCUlte s~bm.jjl~led

~o the canstdlei:OO, r!ud l'.Jlse, m, order. to d'e<I.eiiITI~f!e

I i!!l'le d:esi.g;I!I, val:t!~ for :Ii~e $LS:

e:rfec~s ofacUons: Ed: = iSh, &or. f~ '(1\, ••• ,

Global an;alysls, oJ' !he SlbuC[m:e 5,llIbm'illled.

lO the oonS~dered I'oad e'Qsem emer 1:0 determli:"e the d~sj~n valses .lior ~he, ULS ,~ffects of

acLioosf S:d= N;. V:, M" '"

Adopm. [he S,Im:t:L~ iIbntfl ULS a.lld.SLS checks ,am fuLfilled

:I!;kW,.:

8

]01

n

Glo:bal ;;ma:liysis of the slnlctw'e: SlJlbm~tled to IllG 'co!'l_sjderOOI ,simg1ie 'lli;J,dll!rmn,gem'ii!D~ {lFk)m ordee to, delenniilic characl.ei~s~c (un:facto:!"-ed) values for tlte, eCfecl:Sof actioms :

~. fOr Ul.S CMc:k'5: ~:Jit:.;: (N~ V. M' , .. ~)k

- for SLS ,eheob:E-k ."". (8h"i)v. r" a .... Jt

F~l1IfU;lie UI.2 F,Iio,w-dl:art :fer toad ,ana:ns~mmts and ~oad easea for fint order eJastic ,glcba;~ analysis ,ot 'dIe structure

Delennme aU S:LS lQad €~Se8 wilbreJev~m~ SLS combilllatio:t.lS ·of eO'eels of' actions: tf,~k)

Detel:1lili:ne i1n ULS _oad tases with reLeVM'1 U1.S €:omIMl1a:tiO'DS 0:" e;l'fec:fS 'ofadJon:s: (SId :5 (wi[i} p,anlal sa:~e~y fm:CltOli'$: "W ~ 'ltl. 'lQ. ... ;)1

Desigil1,V.ii~lJes forllliiee{rf~ts, 'of aClIDJils: 81;'11= Hi V. M" " ..

DesiiGlfI 'yalllles forl!be ,effec~ of 3,ClWIiliS:

Btl ;. 6n. ,~'Y. f. 0: ....

no

I, De~emJiill~ Sts ti'lliiiIs (CeO

10

_ Adopl file SlJUcWure lf lIlol~ ULS ,8IIlIiII SLS cbecb are ftillliiHedi

-J, .

11----~-~---_..,12

(I)I Th.e fol:~Oiwing load ,!.liffangeme~ts are .(,/l7amcleris,t.ic {lIJj[l!_fa<f;)ltowed.)wh.1e.s of' ac:tlQiiS (f',k) to be ,~pp:1 ied to' tin: SilmCOOII"e;, The ,th.a:.rncteristiicvaJ1Il!lts: of load a:~gm;~ts ,gtven. he;reafte~ ar-e iss1J!iIed frcm !umeeda 1 (Ref. 1 )'.

1(2) The ,table m.l provides a list of

all: the load arrang,emen1S (Fk), to be takml ili1ilo acoount. in lcomposite bui:ldIi!lg design, either at ,ooDstmctiol1 mge." OF at, compos~w :stag,a, and.

- the references tethe clla:poors of ~he handbook whe.r-e details ,are giV9 aibo.M![ those load arr:Mgements.

EC'4 [[22.5(S,)]

~eferel:ice to tbe: handbook

(~) For OOl1limJ,au,!!' beJll1J$ tltta s,lahs:in bujldling:sw,itboo[ Clmlti,I~e.veliS, ,su~jett-ed to d.O'rimmtl:y umfonlilily loadst :~t \:I,iI~n ,Gelterru:~:y be :li'limfficien.t t@1 cOililJS;idler ordy the fO'Urn.v,i. load ,afrwl~m.e!Jts:

a:] wterllate: spans cany:iD8 'rlliu,e dlesi,~ variable aIld pcrrrn.ment lO'ads (Y:Q qk+ 'YG ,g0. other spans carryi~g ,oHlyt!h1l! design, p~muweilt load "fa me :

80

n Pennaaent loads:.

d:isITiitn~t.ed, 8 loonCientmood~ G

m.2J.

m .. l.2.ill maz.i

111.2.2.2 nI".2.2.2

m.2.2.3

2LV:lri~a:bl;_loMis~

,_ J:mpo!loo.~oad!lOOi 'floors and roof:

diistributed"lq conccntmloo.. Q

\\Ymd ;pressuf'c. \V;e,i wind foroo. Fw dis:tribu~ 5,

~ Wind Ioads,

- Snow loads:

... > This :Iood :armngemen[ produoes higlier :sa.ggru"g bending rnomel:l:ts and. deflections in spans AB:andCD.

~:n.:l,.l

r:...c~~]

[~, . .5;::.0]

I( 1) In gen~pemwanmt .~oads: w:e adi,c[]s ~ldl ,a_m:el!ik~ly~aact 'Ifrur~~gho~ta g[l;i',m design. situatIon aJildJ :tor wli:ic~. the: 'l!i'ari!atffio~ i:nma.gt1~~de ,wth ti.meis :Ileg[igib~e ~n re:latl!oill! 'bJ,tlIe mean valillie (e.g. dead we[gbt). or for ~idlll the: wrla:lffiorn1l isM:ways bll 'll11,C: same directioJII,u:ntilth.e aoUorn1l. at~a oe~D. nm;i~ 'YalIUJ0.

:(1) IU;cQn$in,/,c,l'icm 8I{;1~!l'!e, :perrnmlell,t loadsshou1dJ. be iin:uitcdw,dea;d wei.gbt !of :steel.pi,rcfi[es~ wher"CZatcol1Jl2tls.fie .S,ttff!{l.~ they ,oou.l.d ino]ude c1~d wei~t ofs:teel profile!;. tQ'I'iIC[l€Jte _CI swe:] d~J~::_i:ng, a<klilitional dead ,~creigh~ du~ to '!)cm:dru~;~f' of t'l1e c:oncre~e _d service perman~nt loam.

111.2.1

sei-i

[1.:5.3.4], (T) Vari:a:ble Joads awe <lotio.os wb~c.h alleY'f![ikely ~O'il'ct tb:l)ougl1(iut ,a gi.v€i1'J! des~~ sillJ,atio~ or Fbr

w,~iJoh the v,~ia:ticl'n in ~a~mde with ~i:!,]16: is not .f!eg~~ib~e ~n .reJalIDo!!1l w, themean va]lJc nor JlIliMOtti:o[o.

8I

E:C4

[7.J.2.I.(l)] 0') At CQfl~lnj_(€:.IiJll1:AttJ:gljj,v,arll.lible .m.posed ~oi.'ld_s: cou~d l:!~mke,l1a!s :

- dead welgJl~ of cast m.-.:s,itu concrete.

-aikUtiorulli dead weiBh~ due w, the upOllding'" eff-ect (increased dep:lb of concrete due 10

d:eD!ecUOQ ,anile 'beam ,or :sheet dec~g:).

~. ,oonstruoti:OIll loads; mc]udm,g ~OiCa~heapmg of' OOIlCfete dud"! ,OOllSItmcno, - S'to:r:age (:if any)"

Albout.C!».1$1l'1tclicm_ia.ads, "&!ir-ooode 4 gives.DO spedfic ~,~d2lifice .1ie,I]Ja«i!ing their magn,twde foil' the des:ign, ,of s~ee.[ beams'. rin!lt 'pifovi.desvruiJi1:e;5: for '$e desi~ o:fPtcofljed s€eel dccki~. Then to r:enta:ilrl. ,eo[Jsi:sre!l~ it sh'ou~d tie ,convenient ~ooollsider ,M,. imp osedl,oharactenstic ciJi:lisinll;;t:!Qu mead of 'O,7S kNlml for the design of a .S,ti(!:el beam. Fbr the design, ,of p.rofIled .s,(:e--ei decking Eu[ooode 4 proposes the fol1mving rules :

E-C4

[1.3.2. ~"2.)]

Thll:l looli1smmc1blR loads: representll1iae, weiigh~· IO.f' ope.ratirves and cO:f.ic~tfuug 'plant ~d take in,to accou~t mtyimP,f};ct ,orvlibrntion l'l.!'hjch may oecu r during cot]struction. In !my area of:; m by 3 m (Of (he span _Ien,gth, is: mess). m, ,additfon to thc\veigbt ,of file eoncrete, 'the ,charaoterisnc QQ_Qstrucllion load.ood we~t: IOf' S:Ilrp)us cOil_,Cre~e: (due to ~lJondjng,·j effect) sbouWd tQge!tber be tak,en as; l~S; kN/m1., 01.iie<:l" the remaini~g; area a ,cihamcteristic lo~dmgo:f OJ,1,SkNlm2 slaouJd be a(ffided. '[0 the "r.veighltof 'tlI1!c: eeacrete, These ~oa:ds: ,sho,und be placed to cause the ma~mum booding moment adlor sElear (:see F~gure m.'3)..

~. ,I I ~'(8) I ~
i li{b~ i I 'i 'i ~)~ I I J'
j rl ~ I' 'I LJ_J ~)rl I 'I ,I * LI ,I
A ~ .3 m. , Xl
I" Loading:

l(a)1 concentration of construction ~oad ; A,S< kNlm1 (h) distribrll~l;ld constru~~ion ~oad: 0,,751 kNtm2:

(0) d,aad,\Veiil~bt:

Figure In.3 Construction ~oads 011 profiled steel decking

8:2

Bm~-l [6.3.],1]

(2), At c.omR-'(};~iIJ!' s)tlgl', areas in res~de;1litiaif. ,soda~~ ,OO.mmerc:ial and adminis'lfatiOJ!! buildings are dividOO! into fiv~ cat(Jgpries aecOird~ng to,d'teir s:pe.cUiic use (see Table m,,2;).

A

Areas fOr do:mes!tic aad re.s.iclCollltiMl activities.

Rooms in ~id,enti3Jlhm]din.!lls ,~m:d .houses; :rooms iBId, wru:ils in bospjlail:Sl~ 'bedlr-ooms in hol,e]s amI bQsmcls~ kitchens, and ~,oiZets

c

D

H

AnIDS Where peop[e .may oollgrete (w:iitbtbe ,e~cep,tion. of ar,eas,defulcd Mder care,gory A" lao Do ad.E)1

I S~opping areas

Areas suscepitibJe to a,cCIill1!u1ation of ~OOS~ mc]~di~; aeeess areas

Traftic ~d pcvk~ll,g areas fur [ig~~t veIride;si. ($ 30kN tow weight ,and s S seats not. :iin,cIDuifutg driver)'

T:m:ffi'c and, :parki~ :a:reas :for me:dii.lnl vehic,des. 1(> 300 kN I' s ~. 6n leN 'rotalll we,igbt" Oil, 2 ~'!:les)

I :Rioofsnot l'ocessibJe excepm fOf ftomW :maintenanoe, repair~paintiDg and minor repa~",.

I Roofs ,a;ocess~br,~ W.IDth occupancy ,3:OCOnilmS to ,cate:&(!!ries A~

K .R,oot's ae:oossi.bleiij:i s:pecialll sCrl.l:ices, such as helicopter landings

'C'1: Areats wi:th, tables ere.

e.g;" areas iin schools:,. cafes" remaumnts. dimmg hallsjreaCi.w,g reoms, reoeptions

'C2: Meas: with fixed: seats~

e;,.g. areas in CiruU:f;Ches~ tJ.teatres or cinemas, came.rences rooms, lecture balls. as!emblyhalls" '""ailing, rooms" etc.

(:3: Areas ''i<vj~:hou~ obs:ta,Q]e.s: for moving peop~e"

'e.,g. areas; :in. museums" eXhibition. rooms, etc ,;;w,d access areas lll.pubUc: Mel ad!:ttRstrauon buUdrin§S'. hotels. etc ..

C4: Areas wIth, possible physical activities e.g, dasse halls, gymlUls:th:::rool1ls, s,tag.es. 'e:~'c.

C5: Areas: si!!I!soeptibWe 10 O\l¢f'cI!Owding,

,e.,g. In, bui1dlingfor public e\leotsi lite eo-nalJi1 hans, sport hallsmduding ,stlmds. teffaCCS and access areas etc.

D~: Ac,eas; in g,ene:ral: retaiJ~ shop'S.

r!,g. areas, in wareloil:1ses~ statiOJle.ry and office stores etc.

A:reas for Si~o!'age use including Ubrafliies., The loads deM-oo in ',[~ble In.3- shall be taken as, minimum ]oadsu:niess more appro:prial.e loads are defined forth!:: s:pecific,case ..

e.g. ,aC/cess m'llNtes; dern~wry zones; Z{lOCS accessible to :fir,e cllgine.:s (;s. I,60kN total wejg!ht)

(3) At (x!Vlr:!Cl$/leJtngq,',tiheva]ues of ,clliarnct"eristic inr/2pSed lQ.qd'i 01.1 Hoors, ,andr;oof are given, in Tiaiblie: 1113 ,accilmin,g~,tIlie: ,cale,gcry of'areas: Midd1i~ ~oadoo areas (s:ee Table m.2)1.

[fhllie 6.2J

Table n I ,,3 [mpootd load. (Iqk, Qk.> Ion fl.oors m buildtl1g-sdepcndliTIg ,on ~tegDri:es of 10aded areas

Qk CkN)

,('!aWgo,[y A: '. gener,llJ~ - stairs

- balconies

.2,0

2,0

3,.0

'Cilt£~rv C'; ,. 'ei -cz

-C3 ·,(:4 • c:S,

3,0 4,0

5,:0.

5,0

4,0 4,0- 4,0 1.0

4,,0

'~l~O:O!=.D:. - Dl ~D2

5.,0

4,0 1.0

7.;0

2,0

10

3,,0

45

CaJ:moor_H:roo,f slope -c 20° >400

0.'75· l~lOOi!'

•

A-G

• For slopes behVeeii1l20a, and 40°' the; value of qk may be: d.ete:rmined, rby linear .mterpo~.aition

ECI.02...!1·

I6.1 (])] ,( 1) The "vind Fames: acting Oil a. strucmre or a S'tnl,ctu:rn.l: Icomponent may be deltennined, ·hln!1Jo, ways:

- as a~f1n.f~llUlli(J'n(jr ,p.l'ieSS!M.a.:f alctffing on Stlrf'~(leS prov~dedfllat "the s1mcOOrt: Of the stmc:rurnl, component is not sens:it~ve 1'0 dynamic response (Cel, -c 1,2),

or, by ;m:~l$ ,of global(PI:!!!?-,~',.

84

sc I =2-4 [9'.2 {I)l

ECt~2-4 [:M{l}]

ECl-2-4

[fom!. S.l]

(2) It iSl\!ropo.sect in this :hi.md:book topfesencdle .sirnp[e :procedlln~i 'which. may be used. for bu~~dillgs .ess than. 200 m tIU pl,ovided that dJe v,ajue 'of C(I is less d~Wl 1,2. For vidues of dJyRamicmcrolF Cd] : seefiiJ1ilre m.4,.[g,ilIJ~o1lh~ralses the de-tilled. Dlethm:ii ofBurooodern,. (Ref: 1:: Part 2,4 .Ann" B) :rnay be used,

UID' ned. of' practical inreresl.

,v ~ /1 I I 1

1 ;;;J r ,I 1/ I

I ,(?{/ II iJ

/ L/ mrlr

I / I ~_jJ I

.,/ I I I I

W.V"/ ( ~A I II

I /

He~gtll h [m]

30 ~

ro

s

20

.so :WO Values ofparanle.ters used ,:

£Vref' = 28 MIs; terraitl,ro,1l]g:hiness ,catego1)f I)

U1' The n:et ,md. pressure across a wan Of lIifi 'element is tlile, differenoo' Q[ ,the Di'essures 011. each su.rfilic~ mtio_g due ,acoolJ~lof thei.r S~_gIItS; I(pressure, dj reeted towards: tire surfsee ~s takeD. ,as lilOs~:tjve. ,and ~l.l(:tioll, directed ;iway :ffrom'like surface as ll~Bii!tive): see F~!JiIro ilLS.

f· G , 't~ ~

(:"\ ----G:

~ 1.1

Intemal p s-- ,c-~, - ~ -

f .. ,. il!J. :nmre

-- - ,- - -- -I' ...

.. ~ .~ .... - ... ... - ...

Figur,e UI.S PreSSUJeSl, Olli.sllniices of:::!)' 'The 'Wi/~d pressllr:e ,ac'[~fI,g an:

a) tllcex:te.l'nal Su.rfaces; 0,( a :s,trruaIQtUI!e., we. slli~aU be obtained ftarn :

Ilw.: ~ q[llf Ce (ze) cpell

ss

[5.3]

[.fo:m. 5.:2] [1.1: U)]

[ftlm:l. r;T.l)]

[for.m. (7.2)]

na.l]

[1,0.2.2 {I} cc:n

[1,02.9]

:&6

b) the ,fntenlol surfaces ,of a structure. Wi", shan be ,obtained. from: !W'i ~ '~;h:'er ce,(,zw )e':pi, I

is me .reference mean. \vmd. pressure detenninedftom:

is the feterence wiIil:d.veWoc~ty taken as foUows, :

IVilief ~ eDit cTEM ,cALl' Vref.oll

wbefie "ref'O is the basle value otthe: f'tference wind vcloc:i~' at sea

-:II '''';

i~ew[ gh'e!1. bytilile wind mapso.f the COlWtrires (Anil:1eN. ,6,.A 'olEC 1-2-4)..

com is the direction factor to be taken as 1,0 unless otherwise: spedfioo in Ule wind 00l,P!S.

ICTEM is the temporary (seasenal) factor Imo be taken. as 1,,0 un~eu etherwlse ,speci:f.i.ed in the wmd maps.

C,At l' iStflC aIt&llI!i:de :mctiQr ro, be taken as ] ,0 un~ess othen~i®e specified in the wind: nmps •

. is me eX]lOSu.re ClQeffic[ent Filii' ~ =·ze i.s deii:noo. by:

(~ ). _ -.2(.) 2( '1[1 ' '1 kr ]

c,e;'zc' ~ Icr·Ol::I c('l.) + _ .. (" ) .. _. f ).

_ cr,z:cnz

where krt ,cr (z~j, 'Cit {~ are ,ghr;en for more details in E-urooode 1 (Ref.

1:: Part 2-4" section 8)

.ForflJa!£ ~eJffliin (ill."". ~.P'''vili1d :si;ope S; 5% ~ tEle wind. directi()~) :.' ct. = 1.0. For such ,oouditionB the C%pOilfure coefficient 'Cc is gIven iothe Table rnA

is 'the external ]u'cgsu:re oo~ffic~e:nrtwh:icb cilep9ids on the: si~ of the ,eff~red. area A :and, the sl~a:pl: ofUl.e bunding ,(see TaMe m . .:5).

m tll.e refermce:hei~b~ ,appmp'.riJat:e to the relevMt pressure ,coe:ffi~i\eW!Jt. (see Fwgurem. 6,)1.

B'l.!!iibiings whos:e, hei,gbt h isgreater than 2b sbaU be: cOlil!Sideredi to be in MultipJe pads" co-mpri:s:il1'ltg; a .. Iower part leJ(tcn.dimg upwards f'lioIill.tbe ground by a height ,equal to b :for wbi,ch ze "'" b1il!ud a midd~e :region. bf;ll:\!y,eel1l dlie upper and. lower paRs.dliv~ded intoas fiiU,y horizof!1mID strips ,as ,d:es~re:d :and :for,,~b[oh Z;eis 'the height ,of'the ~Cilpot eacb smp.

is theintemal pressure 'OOG'fficicllt. FOIr a homogeneous distributiion of Qpe!l~ng.s ~e "ai:ue~i .:::; ~ 0,2:5 shall be used. Else 'I:fw eoeffide:pJ is gl'llcn in Fi,gur-e m.l and is: afu:nctiol!l of the: a,pelting ratio, lUll. whi,ch is de6ned as :

. . L. arq of '~p(;miIJJga[ ~le: I,eewru:d and l¥lllld. ~~e] 5~des

~ :: . ,2: area of Ig:pem~:al dl~ wmd\'1'atoo,leewarn iIlnd ~h!d. par-aUe] ,sides

EC1.-21-4 [Table 8:.]]

EC'I-21 .. 4 [F~!l. 8.3,]

.T~tmill Cnlc~gi(Ult:.

I ItOtl.Wl, opt!] sea. '~.a:k~ shore5 wIth, ,at Jeast 5 ](IU fetch u~d ud sm'Oo:thfla~, (-onn-tTY

'Without ,obsmcles.

II Famllood. 'Mtlh 'bolm.daimy hq~:. occas[oml ~~ ~ :strucoore!!. ,houses or trees. m 'sulxuiban QiriJI..-dusm:aJ: areas: and. pe~eut~rb'r-esl:S.

IV Ullbarn areas :in wme:b at least 15% oflhe surface is cOiVcred wwtb buildings and their ,avemgc heipt ,~ooOOs 15m.

z [m]

lOOO

200

, , --' , . , ~ , I
, • , -, , ,--- , 1 __j
, , , = , , -= , , ,
I I ~ I = , , Li
I , I I I I Lli l_j__j I I I
I I II _j I I I I , __j
U I I
- _--
I I I .I, ~' I .~ JL 1.1
I
I, I I I I I /1 "'1 -1 ~) /' V
/" LV /
I , , I ./
, , ~ =
, , , --,~
, I '" I , , :::::::
I I I
I i I ,L_ V L 'L
I I I ./ ,I I
iLl /' L I I I
I
I I /' V I : P'I /, I
I I ./_
,rIV\'/ IIV /_ V
VI I
'm m' ~ • , __j , •
, !- , __j , ,
I I l- I ,__] I ,
! l__j I I 'I I I I ,
I I I 1/ 1,/ ,=:J ::::::::l , I ,
I l_j I I I I I I I I
I I ~ I _
/i
} I II I I I I I J 'Ce (zl
I , I, I I J I I
" 100

to

o

2

3

ECl .. 2.-4., [Fi& 10.2,,1]

11>2b

h.<b

r.~~b Tze=b

, I Ze=:h .. ,b

8,7'

ECl .. :2A I

[Fig, ] 0:2.3.1 I

L.II· II

~1j'I--d,~~.

.E

,;t

Wind! .~

A.~ B I~C:

A*II B*

111

.CRS!il,: d -c e=.min ~b; 2.h)

4- 1,0

i.e- 0.,2 :Iogl (I J!I:

I,D ~. 0,,4 10Q:1O J1

1E

- 0.,3 [

NQ~: For ,d!iffilr.eIJ![ sha:p~s ,of ~,bebui.ldwngsl' the V!lirnues of ope are given in&e; se-c,tkm. 10 of E~e ~. eltel. lli:Part 24),

C:!'li F""""IF""""""""'"

[1,8 ,jioooL-I'-ooi=

(10 ---

-0,25

-0,5 I~ o 0,1

0,:5 0.75 0,9 1

1-

OCl-2-4

[6.1,(6)] 1(1) The gJobal force" Fw. smLI.l, 'be obtaiill.ed. ftlm1l the,ro~~owjlilg ~'Pressi,on:

'c,£(~) ,Z;e

is, the Te~"t:'ref.!ce: m.ean,wind pressure (s:ee m.2 .2.2.l )~, is the exposure ,coefficient, for z ;:::: ~ (see m.2 .. 2.2.1).

is the :re:F'erel1ice be'jghl arpPlliopriate ~,o the reilevmt plfCSSUIC coeffidemt (see m.2.2,2. 0;,

i\![fle, d.ynannc {~C1~or (seem.2.2.2..W)"

is the fome ooeffic,ient derived. frol!l1lliEurooooe 1 (Re£ l: Part 2-4- see.ticID, 10)1£ a:Y,!!ii~able!

~s fiw: ref(l]'eIlCC, ,a:reafol1' or dedved from Etwooooe 1 ,(Ref; ~: fart 2- 4 section 10.).

[For.m. (S.I,)]

i:sl'.IJe $110\:\1' ~ood shape: ,ooeft:icfeIai[,

is the chm-acterisdcvaJ~e of'th__e, ,SnOW I.cad on Ule ~rou:Jlld (kN/mm.2) i:stke exposure ooeffic£eJt,which u:!fua.l!ly has the value 1,0

is: :lhe 'themlru ooe.ft'l.c:ien!t. ',IIIihich usua-Illy has the 'value 1;0

111.3 Load tl\Se5

(1)1 The fbUOrwirng load 'castiS are .reLated! ro the pJ1eml rJ,t\Ocl!xd1m~ 'ra, study sUucturos submitted to ,acrtiioRS (see F_gum OJ.1 and. dause: m.1 (4 ))::aJ1Woad casesase defim~d by relevant oornibillatio:ns:

'(withpama~ saf~ty f3.ctor~ 'ifF) of',cham.cteristiic(lmfaC1tQred), values ·ofloada£mjjl~,em~~ts (FlJ.,

EC4 [2".3.2.2 on

For each lead c-ase" desigg,vaLues fol!l!h~ ·~ffec:ts o,fa:ci£oDS (E'd!" Sd) shin be determined fram global ,analysis oft~u: stRIcture subnrlitlJed t'Oth~ des:igll\i'iJ~~, of actions (Fd 0:: YF Pk.)1 mvolved by ,oom:binationru~es: asgtven :

- in ':r~b~e: m.I!),. for ServimliiJilty .LiMi,u: Sta;(es~

-m TiiJiblc m." ,and Taltde m .. ,8. IDrUltinste Lkru't sutes.

(2) M '1i1e 'C!lIse oftbe ll.at't,iCt~Jat_J?mc~dii:.i.re' defined, ln F~,taJre m.2 (,see alse ciia,lIWse IUJ. ('S)l~t!ll,e characteristic (unfactQred) values, fotthe 'e:ffucm o.f actions {E,k, 80 are obtained. :from gLobal analy,sis ,of the structure, su.bmi:tted to,each ,s~ngle cilarncte,ris;uc (unfilcoorod) va~ue: of load srrana ~. -:-eE!t roLl.

.... gem- .. \' ,IU

For ,each load case. dcslign vl.Ilues fot the 'e.ffoot's of ,a'c:ti,ons '(Ed; Sci) shan be: detemilined from combina:tio.ll m~~; {widl.p.amaJ smt;"y t"a.ctor.YF) deBIiWd :in Ta,b~esm.6,t:o, m.B wb.ere v,amues of lead ,llr.angements:fFk = at. Qt. g~ 'q, 'S"W. P) are :replaced by die cl'uar:!lJclenstic values for tbe I~ffuc;ts ,ofactions (Ek = 1~8v.3h.. f, a~·· •• )ki, Sk ~ (N, V~ M, ... )k).

FOIr his:tMoe.1 inlhecase of the t1llird ,exa:rnp~e: in Table mJ!. 'dIe genc:ra~ moad. ease ] + (1,,35 Ik i!l,50 wk) ,should bCfcplaced by the f(lUo'~ng parltcumar load case 1, considerinG the ,clement! or the cross-sections wirth :

-tililc:irr 'VQrs~ ,effects (I,i ,acnOH (For ooJUmrls.: axia) force ,(N~k;. for beams; sh~ :force Mk and 'bending, moment I(M)kJl and.

,Itllcir worst ,combined effects ,c:f.actions '(for rtu:li'IM .. columns: (N)k + ,(.M)k; ... ):

- max N == 1~35(N)k~duJl;~ to mJ + .t,,50 CNlk.max(due: t:o \Vidi~.

- mal.:'" V =~,,35 M.k(du,e: to mJ· ... ~ .,50 CVl:k.llllt".l(due to \Vlk:»,

- max M:: 1~3S' (M)J;:(du.e: to SlV -I- 1.500 !(M)k.ID!!;;;;(duG It~) \~).

+max N + a:isoc~ated M.

- m~. M +- ,ilIssociated N~ '"

(3)1 hi. 'the fol1o\vilng cbapters Hll.l amid In.3 .2., tile p.roposed cOlribmatilc)l:ls of aChons are sin1lp]ifi~ati.ons adapted to buiJdlins: stmcrure:s, : fnr S-LSjsee Euwoode4 (Ref: 4: 2.3.4 I(SH and fOifUl.S.:see E~roood:e4I(R!e,f.4: 2.3.J·",·~ ,~6'})1,

i( 4) If 'Ille [i:mitati,ons :i:t:nposed ,:,U SL'S ,illId at ULS meet difficuldes ·kl· be: respected, mo.r-e favoumblle: eembinerions ·ofacti.ons could be used instead of~heresp:ecti1ve siJnpUfied lil'l'foil'osals o:fTable HL6 (th~ refer '~D [2.3.4 om of Eurooode 4) ,or Table,s In.1 and. In.s otten rerer t:o ~2,3.2 ,2(2)] o:f Eur-ocode 4):.

'90

I

Ref. I), TlIbIi!! 2.3

'EDt (2,3.4 ,(5»

It~r. 6< Tobte2.01

EC4 [2.3.3.1(:6:)]]

111.3.:1

pe:r:rnanent ,acnons. e.g" self weight va;rlaible actions, e.g. Unposed loads 00

:ftoors. SROW low:fi:, 'wind loads

Qk.mIDI:: ~ file variable aCl:ton

with aU uofa¥ournblevarlable actions ('Qk)': ,2," E Gk + O!91:Q"

Mdclliru. causes tb_e largest efE'e·d,

UI.l .. Z

"With. ,only the .00f)!Sr IilIlflimV01l!lrn.b~e variable ,aJ.CUOlJIs: I(Qkmad:

oil' .. ... ....

Ya LOk +Y'Q Qk.~'Wi

1. :W,3.S'· LOt + l~O*· Qk.rna.'II

'with, ,a'll u~favo'llIDrnbJe w,riabJe aCiOOn.s (Q18:

tJ ,-, ••

"to 2:Gk+O~91Q; L:Qk

*' . ~,~

2. 1.35' r, Ok +m,3:S I 'Q k

If the cIDea:d IOii'd G OOl'l~teraots the v,ooa;br:e IlIctio:l1!Q (nuean.i£lgia fi1,voumb~e effect of G) : If G =1,00111

t=t CD

Lf t

wind w:ad.Q dead .~o3:_d, G

LeI

:pennanent actions. e .. g. s:e]f weight.

vm;jalble ao'UollJS~ e.g .. imposed loads on 'floors, 5nO,\\1 Woad" wind loads,

Qk"lImx ~ tl];le:\lanaJbleactioo whi,ch causes tlhe largest effect

pama! ,sai'e<Uy' factor for permanent actions.

p;;!rtill safety fado:r for variab~e a.QCions

91

1'able Hl.8 B."I!:~p\les fordle app~ji)tatim1J of tillite ,oombillill!tious mles in Tabl.c m .1 .. AU acdom U1 qjoP,!. s, w;) ar~:OO$.i.deH%l~o origiinaw :rrom. different SiOu:rees

i I I i ,. ·LO· s
r I I I I I U q
~ I ~ ·1· i, I U g
.,4 It\ L 2.,

a

1,3Sg + 1.50q. ~,,35 s+ 1,50.s rn.3d(S +q +5)

16

cr.

,I * ,S I ~ s

n

L 2.

4.

~.15 g ... ~j:SOq -~- .. ----:~): [.35 g, + ~.50 P .

I~33 g+[.50s

1,35(g ... q +s +p*»

,i I i ~ I I I ~ s
,i I i i i I I ~ Ig.
,i I i ~, I I I ~ g
w§l
1 1. 1,3::5 g +·l~5'ICI W

2. ],35 g¥ IJ50 ~

3, m ~35 s+ .~ ~5ij is

4..~~3'5 (g ... q -3- W -iF s),

g, ~ dead IOil:[I qiaposedload

p .~ pamt load (vari:a:bl.e) s :S~OIl!:V .~oa:d

VI - "vmdru©ad

[

IV MEMBERSI IN C,OMPRESSION (N)

I R(i£.

IV

IV.1

-Mm-MBEn,i:' -1M ""O--MBHE"$C 'S-ION" tN)

I : ~, - ___:_ ,,~, ,1,'11 1\.,;.,1":1; ,!I-.D..&:i.I';_ -_ .. I~ ,_," ,J _".

(1 } For ~CJt:h lOQfl Ir;t1Njf (Boochap:t·er m) the. design 'v,a;[iue cftlbe f;j)Uowin,g mte:mllii force may 'be app.Ued to iIiIilf:}Mbers submitted 10 ecnter·ed aaial ,compression 'which shall be chooked at uhinmm lim~t stall:S ;

/' ~I
." I
I
,-'-
_! I' ~'
.
. ~,
y'
.; ~
,/ ~ Z

i

.

'I

_._)1.

N;I!~Sd .~., .... - ... --~-

. "

z.

(2) 1111s dl:apterordy deals; ,mit!!!! composite .cohrnms which,alre of t\MO main types :

- totZllID]y (f~re .IN, l a}) Oil' pamttiaUy (P"igure N. 1 b)) co~c:r'e:re: 'encased: steel sections ami, ._. ,oolJcrete filled s~eel SCCcti@m; I(fll res [V.l c) and d)}.

}~ be ,c,~
b
I r r I

:r: I •

. J_ f- - -::-It i;, -

I '

':,1 •• " •••• ,-

,3)

J. e}! .~ 70

b

t

b='bc

~f i2::i __ l

· r '.' I

~ ,_'"

._-+_.

tf

e

, Cz

-' t.r-

'Cz:

c)

tz

b)

T '!.':y II

,Z

d

[

ez '

y .. '

95

llC4 [4.8.1 "l)1 'The stooW section ,ud. theullcmcked ,ooncMesection usually ba,veihe same oelll~roid:.

SC4

[4.~!1.1 (lJiI (3) This chapter IV ,only appUes to ,ts(J,lat'ed non\.,nv~ OORiliposi:te mJembers,inoomp:l'CS5Won

:EC'~

[4.8.] 0)] (4) This ,ehap:tlll' IV pres:entsdle ,~jmf1lifled method of des. (EC4 {4,.8 .3]) for 'com:posiw columns of dallblJe s~eltricaJ (F.igu.r,~ .lV.I) m:u:ll ~ni€brm 'Q;ross-sec£i,on ,ove::r t.he oolumnl!e~~, This simpHfiedi. method uses the: EUf'O'pewi buckUn,g 'Cllnr'es, ftlE' steel columns (Eu_oocode 3), as the basic diesigncll:rves ro,f oom.pos~te ooh.liIit'lfiS"

.A;pplication ru~es :fOIi' compos~te columns of H1on~-symmetrlca1 cross~sootion are given !in, Annex:

D ,ofEu_rocQde:~, ,(Ret 4:).

When the limits ,of appUcability ,of the simpUfied. metbod are not. fu:Uined (s~ cli:arptet lV .1.1), dile aeneral meithoo 1(EC'4: ,[4 .. 8,.3) Us to be a~,p;lied.

That g,eneralme.tbod mcludes, composite coJu~ with :non-symmetrical ornQn.-unifom cresssooti.on llv:e:r the collurm.l len,lIb"

(5) Design .Msumptions :

Both approacies f-or the d\:is~ of,composite ,coI.UD'IDS are based on. the foUowmng :mam assl1!I!Il1pdons:

~ full inreractionbetwee!l. concret~ and, stool up' to 'tiI1epo~[lt ,of coUapse.

- aUowanoes nwust be mad:efbr :i:mp~r.fucti.o:l1swh~~h ere '~xms;iS\~~t w~ilh those ad:QP:ledwli assessing the strength ofba:re .stoom ,oo~u:mrns,.

pro:rU;):r i2'CiCOUllJIIt ~USlt be 't2lktm. ,of the s-ree:1 ad ,oo[il;re'tes~re.9'Se,.stf~~dll cu~s. - plane seeriens ~lIl!ahl. plane.

1(6) Th~ '~l1Ib~e rv. I pfovide-s a list of ,ebee'ks to be perfu.l1l1ed at U1:tiimate Liimit Sta!tes f;btthe: m~R1bef sub.mltt:ed to, ,ceniT:erOOar.xi:ai oo.press~ol!!! (Nx.SdI). A .liIilemlbetshall ha:-w sufficient beano_g capacil;y if aU tihecks ,are :ndfi~~cd. An ·the chedks ha"'!l"@ botlh reoo,r;enccs '10 EU:fiocooe 4 :md to the desip handbook.

T,able [V.l Lis~. of cbecks to be pe:d'orm.ed a~. Ul.S fot the ,composite member in compfessio.n

EC4 [4.8.3.]]

Eel!

[4 . .8.:3.1 {5)]

[4.&,3.1 r:m [4.1!.25] PV!I.l.4) [4.8.2 ,6J t.oc [4.8,1,:8]

[4.J!.3.3]

[4.8.3.!1]

96

:L~st of Ichecks to be: p"nontlooat ULS for the compos~t:e memlber m cODlp'!le-ssion

(5)

(6)

R~r;~Sitc designhandboo:k

Check the Jimits: of ap_pUca:bmty ·of the sil'up]~fied des'i,gll. nwbhod IV.:t .1

Checkoollcrere cover a:I1Id reUtforc~f!;lem [V L 1 (4) to (6)

C.heck for loca[buckJ~l1g ef st~J .H'l.cmb0fS IV .1.2

Check ~e load introducuolIli and the ]tmg~mdimI shear. I\l. ~ .. 3 afV.I.4

Resis:tlm,ce a-f' ercss-seetien ~Q1 NxJ~d : 1V.2

Nx.Sd ,:$; Npl:.Rd ,(~~gllpJa'.!Uc resistance to c-ou'lpressiioll of Lhe OOml]l(lsib~oroSS-S;CC'niCln)

Stalbmty ofnlcm.ber to Nx.8~, 'for both buc'ldl[J,g axes: 1V.3

N x, Sd ~: mill1i:murn (Nby.Rd~Nb1.:~Rd) '(des~gn .UeXUIi8.I bY:~k~wml,g

re$i:st!m~ of Ulecomposi~e

menlber' a1:l'Qut y'and Z 3!XeS)

IV.l"l

lID:! [4,8.301: (3)]

(I) D::ee olct(}ss-9(U;Ji01J t.

''[he: oo[u~ is: of ,doub~~etricam ,and 'i.nUom~ erQss,.,s~tiiOl1 over the colunm Wength (see FiJure IV.l).

(2) Sleet ratio:

The ,steel ,contribution ratio ,of [oUed or wernded, members should li~ between foUowmg Umits :

f'c

A iii. y

IO~2~,15 sO~911 ,wher,eli, =: .. - Va

N.I!l~'&!i

is, 'die des,ign plas'lie wcsi,slance 10 CO'llrlJ)t'eBS]QI]. of the ,composite cW:s;S'-MScttiofi (see:chaptar [V,2)"

is !i,e ,area o,f the :stiNclu.mJ1 stee:l proil,e_

is tbe yi)c,'d :s!I;r'e<~ o,ftllte' ,st!1:u:::mml:stee~ profile (see: tab]~ 115). ~s the partial sMel;y fa.ctorfor slmcoom.l stee[ (sooTabJe [I. 10,).

R.ef; 7 [8,,1,6] Ff Sis: ,ICSlS th._ ,(]I.2 'I' '£!he CQi]i!!.!l!fmi shall be designedaccordling to El!IfoC'<lde 2" W,15 MQeOOs 0.,9 i 'OO~tlif.iln design 5[1311 be made on. Ole lbas~s ·ofEurooode 3,

1(3) Member t;le:l1d€mt~.S:s.;

The n0.l1-diJneru;:i0l1s1 silendemess A of OOllIp!,)s:ite member sholldd: be lindted for both, ,alxes :

1"...· - - 1-' - -I

'ly ~2.U m:ldlz,~2.0

- .-

where' 1,/ and 1:z are the nO'~..(IimenstomUre~ative sl'ende4'JleIl:S'es fOIi llexund !buckling

abou! m~j:or a.-ds (yy) and minor axls (tt)1 :r,especti1o!ely (see cbap:ref W.J).

(4) Reirifp.rc{f_'JJe_~l,r' (f~'R,el\l'el1~l) ,;

Jf tbe ,1.ongirnmrraJ r,ewa.r-oeMCI1i1: Is ,considcr:oo in des:i:gn. e:Nltr:eailil!e U.its of f'ejmr"me:ilt~ whicb are ex:p[:e5sed in peroe.l:1tage of,co!lOre~e;a:rea" areimposed:

O 30/." A So;:: AI 001:

1~' 7"0 ==,,' .. .....,: ~ij!- - 7('11

A,e

Ref. "1 [8.3.6]

f:or :n~asonoS of fire P!i"ot~tion" greater percenta,.ges of reinforoi}.:enl can be included but shan not:

- -

be: um9 ,mto a;coo~t :For the de.s~g!l \\!'~lhou~ co.IlS~d:e.ta!tjO:l'l'O:f' fire probJems ..

EC4, [4.8.25 {oil)]

The transverse .reinfor,cement ~!l 'OOl1crete encased CO~UItil:ijl~ ,(see Figure !V. 1 a) :and bn should be de,si,gnedi acc-ord~llg to c]al!mse 5. .. 4.1.1.2 'ME"llWMCode 2 (Ref. 2)1,.

EC4

[4.&2 .. 5 (,5)]

91

IRef.

I

[4.8.2,5 (8)]1

CO!lcreliefiUOO! steel S'CCti:OIIlS (soo F'~re IV.~, c) and d)) may be fabricaoodMthout any re.iofi:.I,r~mmil'tB'U~, Wi ,Benera~ iflthe mO:ll!~~udmal reimroement ws nej!'!ected mca:bilaUOM for the reg,istanoe of il:he ,eo~UW1J; gu.idance 0111, minim.um roinforcemeBt is g~vm for all types ,of CJ:iOSSseotIDOM:lD cJ;use:4.8,:3.,1 (3)(:0 of,Eurooode ,4, .'

~6) COl1Ql'ele c.ove.c.;

FOli'totally COI!Cl'ete encased S'ttee1, sootiOl1S (soo: Fi:IDJ:r-e N.m a)llj,Limits to the 'tiiIiiolb:less o,f'con.crele oov.er '(ey. Cz) that may 'be used in the ,calculations M,e :

in lbe y-dir:ectiOl'!! ; 111,4O:mm $ Oy ,~ 0.4 b~ ~

inche zedin~ction. Imax~mlUllm (11:01 rom;, .~J ~ Ie ~ S A." 3 b

IV.1.l

L,ocal bll:cldin:g of stecl !!Rem,ben,

[4.8.;2.11 (7.)] U) At tdtimae limiit ;states the effects ,00f I:ociid buckUng af SK.~I m:t}mbers in composite cohmms may benc,!loomd p:rovidedti!mt d:le steel: part!:i, iin co.pl'ess~o~ have to sa,Hsfjtdle lirui:ts de:&ed ,m, Tab[eIV.2.

(2), In practice. all stoodam H or I Elot~roU.ed profiles presented in 'Tables V.1 (desi~d by IPE, :IPE A" WE O. HE .AA. HE A. HE: B. HE M. UB3!Dd ve), ftdfi!W the limit c:O'uditio(!'lJS o.fTable: rv.2 (first type ,of e:rosS,.SOO,t:kllili : partially ooru::rete '~i:~scd :s~eel profi~e)' fOf all steel grades (S 235 • .s 27:5" S 355),; 'tIlerefore they can be d'esiign~d widl.out eonsideratien of I.ocaID buckling.

E'C4:

[4.8.2.4 (3)] (3)' If the, limit vaJJ;.!)e~s; gi.viCom 'fable: IV.2 are ~c;eedJed.Ihe: effect iC)f local bu(;k]i~g, shoutd. belalken ro~o, aQoou:nt by an appropriate e::qn:dmmtm:ny con_fin:noo metilod.

ReI': 7 Tllb. 8.]

EC4

[4. 8.1.6 (l)~ (1)

Eel!

[1I .• U.7(0]

36

UmilS fOIl dill'efeD!l sli~l, grades

S 235 I S 275 s 3SS

hIt s

44,

$,2

41

The s~ear re,silStMce behveen tlile ,sreeill ,section and the concreite .may be developed by : - cbemical bond. andmction at the ,mlermce ,S'lee[..oom::ret¢j or

.. mech.animt shearoormeeti)olil;.

sucb :that no, si,gnificanlt sHpoccurs.

Ol.d

.

.

- -

b

00:::

- No,veriicalion of ~~!I~ bllckJmgForsreeJ. membell',

_, III '@[~r 'to pJevent prenmture spaUing or U~e Oo\l1ctel:e, mi1i!lhuum conc:rel.e ,cover !ua~ be pl'Q,videdll(~ IV.I.] (6»)0 ~

Ci; ;2:; maxlrru:trn ( 40,lllDill;:)

42

1\1':.1.3,

In genernJ intemaJ: .fcr~:es: and moments, appUed, from membersoomectOO to the ends of a, compose ,co~unm, ~1}]'Ig1ib have '~o, be dillstribut:ed beh:vcen the steel ,1Uld. ,arnclfete components of the ooIEm~, by c.Ofi's~de~~e ,5.hear re!jts:tam.oe at the :interia:oo· bet\:veen st:cel and concrete.

EC4

[4:.8.2." (2)J (2) .As the nawrnl bo.nd between ,sooe~ pi,r,'O!fii]e ,and OOicrele is uf.lcerta~l1~ (he desfp !lh:9I' resistance due to, bond andmctiion ma.y be Jimitoo. to ~be val:uesgjrven m Talhl!e N.3.

i.e:!;"

[8.2.4]1 (3,) An e:!\:act delemtiootjQD,otbo:l'a.d stresses lbe~n structural steel ,and co:ncrel'e :requir-e:s 1l1d:e.IlS~\iIe

C81tculaJtioi:'i," Stresses, nNiiY be detet:min.ed .1iI. a, sJrnp1iB.ed way ,ejmcf aocording eo elastic theory or from tmte p~iStlc fesIst.ce of the crasIS-section. The 'variation of stresses in the conclle.temembe:r bemoolil two'critical sectiol:ls: tOOl! be used ror the deremti~atiio.nru_ ,of bU1JJd Sbe;s\'i:es,

.Rl!f:'9

[it 7] (~) for axIally .I.oaded coWloms. l't ~s usually 'f;i]Md du~t this :interfaoe shear is sufficient to dev;e]op 'm:he

com,him,elI, stllengdts 'of botlliru mawria]s at the! c:dtical 'CT!ossssec!tiolJ (m:.idJ..oo~umn height)l. For ,oo~um_rt:s: \W~ significant. ,endnlomellm. a horirontal shear force: is needed, 'wruch requires the deveIDo;pnumt o.f .I:ODgil1ldi~3,1 Sihearfo:roe.s: bC(~wee!l ~:he concrete and s'teeL

99

T'aa.le .rv:.3' [les,i,gn sheartle.Sistanoo stre::sses (dillalc to bond and fi";tctioo) ,a.tlle wterface be-Meen ~teet ,and coocr,Cil:e

DO

IV.IA

Ref: 9

[4.SJ (1) Where a '~,oa;d .is appUedi to ;11 OOnlPos:it,~ co]wnn, it must be '!}1lisu:rcdtha:twithin ,3. specified

w!loouotion len~~tillIJe rnmvii~aillI oompoRcolS of the:oompOBite cross-seoticm are ]oo.d~ ,a.cco.rdi!U),§ !io, thelr res:iswnoos 50 'Uli!:t :110 S:Jg;m:n\CMt ;smI' OCCIllf'S, bt'l<t\Voon these parts. For tlus ,pil.n-p08.e, a di.vislon of the loads between '[[Ie steel and 'ilie conCf:e>tentust be :11l..ade in a. man_ner simi far to that d:esc:ribedin secdcm IV .1.:1.

i~ l~roe:r to es,0018JmdJie di:stribut[on of'tt.e app:lied ~Qad. the stress distribu:rioru: atilhe beg~ and. the: ,end. of the :r'egion of iintn)ducnon must be knOWD-. F.rom tIle differences lin these s;tr,ess~, ~e loads which are trnns:libmd 10 the C]"OSs-Sicctilion oOIDpOnCrnlts, may be d!eteooi!loo ..

The f'Olknving requirement OD th,e introducdon. ~~g(lh li oft!he reg~ooonoad introd:l!.1ctio:n ,should be satisfied ::

I"e'i ~. 2d II

EC4 [4.S.Z . .() (3)]

where d

J.igure IV .lblitroduction ~eillgth £j for the: shear force

100

,

(2) .A. simpl,e mothecl of dj5Uib~~_g the 10ads '~l) be ilritl:oo:'lmood 'cm1be made byhe~p of theplas'tio resistMice of 'lih~ difFerent cm~g..giectiliolli compe:ncm[s. the steel ,section. tlIe ,concrete Md.~he relnfo:r,oing\s~~]. as fcrnrnm:>ri's:

N N· ,. (.~ NIlJtd J" -. lI<:~' - :'~II cI:1'~

-- esSd ~ > ,..$''(1 .~ ~'. . -- ---. . or Hx.Sd. (~ ~"Y.1·~

---- "',.;!!- N- -

- '-pUW _

~ .. 11:"4' ~ N~ (:''11 - N ..... ~d· .. ~ N ... co . .,. ,5

lu:"blU ATI,kJ'UJ '!iiIY!IoILil.. J ' .-"'!i:i.~!.iIIj,' 'I

iii. ~ -M- [m Marl.d! J"

1\,£ -=.l~···' -_~ ~ _., • ,

--~:Sy .. SI:.I. - ·MI.' . . . .... .'

_---~U~iiI-

M:3J.Sd ~. MSd.·Mos.Sd

i, til. , es is ... co;o """'p ........ cfill. ,teO! cress-seetien ( ~:. ), is lbefiesist:a~lic:elo oO!mlpirt-!ls~onoftllil.e om~(.losite cro.ss-.sec[folli (See chapter fV.2l'.

js: dl. "",,,,.nt """""'0 oftl, e s toel.",,,,.eotkm (w;:ry),

is fuep.~O'Ilstic mo:mentres;is:tance oftffi1e ,oo:m:posUe ,cJoss!-!Section -(:see: 6h!il~l:er VlI:.2).

NpUld.

ls the des~ ax~aill lesd app,~~ed to the concrete nd tle ,reird'trlcwn~t"

lS't11h.c ,design.be~dfngno.H'I,en~ apiP]ioo, to'~ Qo~c:[-ere ,a!!1d 1!1,e

l'eim-Of-aetniL?~t.

rf1he .lloiild:s ar-ea~pl:ted fhll'oQgba Cl;l!!'i!i!lJectiO'~to lIhe s~l se-ct~Q~.the -eJ~_me:m!ls of m,eIDoad i!!Wtrod:1WCtiliOJru;. e.g. the head!ed studs" m~:st be desisnoo to t~mlt the com::f:ete compoifients oftbe ]Q1lJdi~lg~ 'NcsJlid! a;nd Mcs.Sd, In die Cilise of load ~trocluotion fr-On1 the oof!cret:emt:otlliw; slool, ~~ctii~:I'1, e.g.~ou,ghbmck~l:S. tiliwrespectl,ve sltw;lml)c,e·s and mome·l1!ts. Na,.Sd,m M,a"Sd, mit!!i~ be aJlo\¥OO wr inthe des~gn.

BDl.

[4,U.,~ (4)] (3]1 ~ ,anIESleotw~wwOl (lO~Cfe~e o~Jy betl;v'OOn the flanges, &-ei ClQrnrucr,e~-e :\lilil:QtJJ~d be: grip'poo. by .s~il1l!p_s. and a clear de:fmed. ]o~d tll1Msm~s!'l~o:l':lI patWi b~Meen c~ncre~eMl.d S're:e[ web s~ol;lld be ideIItiru~d (soo;ri;g}Jre 1'1.3).

I I
- I Stim'!]j~ welded to \VCib

Sdmlpsp1ru\1S00 iftvc):!];gh 1I<ve!b

Sbea' cQ:m1eC1<li['S Qf!. '\veb

FJl/lll,u·e Pi.~ Moo~rucal s:bem 'oolm.eC!Uon

(4) for s,i]l_gJe"'storeys coluMnls. head piiates are g~ne;rany 'Used as ~he ellem.en,v:s tOil: load lntr-oductiiOR. lliw ilhOB~ C8iS~, RQ' ,o:ilie.r cmmectiill1ig: d.evi:cesare HeeJCilleiI. Sp,e(;~aru d'etai]i~g is: DeoossalyfO-F contftinMlo'tiliscci.IJIil!mns;.£Q:I'liese: ~ases, headedsnsds mve :proved ~o be eeenemic wh~used with ope._I1ICIi'O'.'lfNiedimu as shmvn .~.Fig!!J1e IVA • Tbeforoecs· on lileollitward stud. CQ~ctors are '~r,af.lsWJJl:tedl to th~ ftang,esa!l1dlb.e fdctiof] . .fbrce dlervelope~R,. may be e""al,n~ed as :ro·]lO'\,vs .: