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outside India; in Europe and America. Zoroaster is the Anglicized name of the Prophet
Zarathustra. Now a few more bells start ringing. The more well read and erudite recall that
masterly tome by Nietzsche “Thus Spake Zarathustra”, where he expounds the theme of
Man as Superman. Aficionados of Classical music identify with Richard Strauss’ opus of
the same name. Movie buffs have heard it too; only they would recognize it as the theme
from “2001: A Space Odyssey” – and perhaps as the music that used to open live Elvis
concerts.
So who is this Zoroaster? He was arguably the very first prophet who preached the
concept of a monotheistic religion; of one God. He exposed the pagan gods of the
Egyptians and Romans and Greeks for the soulless idols they were.
Zoroaster walked the earth a long time ago; so long ago, in fact, that historians cannot
even agree on the date; or even the century. Estimates of his date of birth range from
4000 BC to 1000 BC. Zoroastrianism, the monotheistic religion he founded, is the oldest in
recorded history. Zoroastrianism predates Christianity and Islam, and many historians say
it influenced those faiths and crossfertilized Judaism as well, with its doctrines of one
God, a dualistic universe of good and evil and a final day of judgment. The holy scriptures
of Zoroastrianism, known as the Avesta, speak of individual judgment, heaven and hell,
the future resurrection of the body and life everlasting for the soul.
Zoroastrianism was the state religion during the thirteen centuries of the Persian Empire
(559 BC to 651 AD) that predated Alexander the Great and outlasted him by almost a
thousand years. It, along with Judaism, was the most prominent world religion at the time
of Jesus. Many historians have deduced that the Magi, who anointed Jesus at his birth,
were Zoroastrian priests.
Zoroaster lived and preached in the Inner Asian steppes, a region encompassing the
Western part of Iran and the Eastern part of Afghanistan. He is said to have received his
divine revelations directly from the one God, whom he referred to as Ahura Mazda; and
his archangels, known as Amesha Spentas. The holy scriptures, collectively known as the
Gathas are revered by Zoroastrians as the Word of God, directly revealed to His Prophet.
Zoroastrians believe that Ahura Mazda is “allgood”, that He created the world and all
good things, including mankind. He is opposed by Anghra Mainyu, the “destructive spirit”
(or the devil), who is the embodiment of evil. Zoroaster exhorted his followers to constantly
fight against evil in any form. He revealed that a cosmic battle is waging between Ahura
Mazda and Anghra Mainyu, that will ultimately result in the destruction of evil. Shades of
Armageddon and Judgment Day, perhaps? His followers live by three simple tenets: Good
Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds.
Zoroastrians once dominated an area stretching from what is now Rome and Greece to
India and Russia; and their numbers were between 40 and 50 million. Soon after the
advent of Mohammed, the mighty Persian Empire was finally toppled, 1400 years ago, by
the invading Arab armies. The Zoroastrian population was decimated by massacres,
persecution and conversions to Islam. Seven boatloads of Zoroastrian refugees fled Iran
and landed on the coast of India in 936 AD. Their descendants, known as Parsis, built
Mumbai, formerly Bombay, into the world capital of Zoroastrianism. Bombay is the place
of my birth. Those refugees are my ancestors.
There is an interesting story (fable?) about that first landfall on the West coast of India.
Apparently, the local Hindu king was less than pleased – and not a little alarmed – at the
sudden advent of these tall, fair Aryans. The leader of the refugees, a High Priest, assured
the king that his people would not harm, or interfere with the native population. To
illustrate his point, he asked for a glass of milk and a few spoonfuls of sugar. As the sugar
dissolved, he explained that – in the same manner – his followers would be unobtrusive
and blend into the local population.
The Zoroastrian religion is full of joy. A short daily prayer, Ashem Vohu, says happiness
comes to those who give happiness to others. One main reason I happily embrace the
faith I was born in is that it has very few strictures or taboos. Unlike the Torah and the
Koran, the Avesta is not a detailed guide laying down rigid rules for daily living – rules
which can be manipulated to suit and justify a certain ideology, as the terrorists are
tragically doing today with their perverted version of Islam. Essentially, the Avesta exhorts
Zoroastrinas to be the best they can be; do minimum harm to others; give to charity
whatever they can afford; and, most importantly, fight evil – whatever form it takes –
wherever they encounter it. Unlike the fundamental strain of Islam and some puritanical
sects of Christianity, it does not frown on healthy enjoyment; it actively encourages it.
There are no dress codes. Zoroastrianism does not subscribe to the view that lustful
feelings in men are so uncontrollable that the mere sight of an unveiled woman would let
them loose. There are hardly any dietary restrictions.
Zoroastrians are sometimes mistakenly referred to as “fire worshipers”. It is true that the
focal point of our temples is a large urn containing a big fire that is kept continually burning
by feeding it sticks of sandalwood. It is said that the original refugees, during the exodus
to India – lasting several weeks – kept the sacred fire continuously burning through the
power of their prayers alone. Fire is regarded as a great purifier and a means of
communicating with Ahura Mazda; the fire itself is not an object of worship. In fact,
Zoroastrians have enormous respect for the environment and the elements: earth, wind,
fire and water.
It is this respect for the elements which leads to the Zoroastrian ritual for disposal of the
dead. It is a practice unique to the religion; and one some may consider a little barbaric.
But there is a method to the apparent madness. Zoroastrians believe the physical body,
after death, is an empty shell devoid of a soul; and one that, hopefully, will be resurrected
in the next life. The dead body is, in fact, subject to decay and, therefore, a source of
pollution. Burying it would pollute the earth: similarly, cremating it would pollute the sacred
fire. Hence, the ancients came up with their own ecofriendly system. They left their dead,
uncovered, on the slopes of mountains; to be devoured by wild animals and vultures. That
way, the body did not pollute any of the elements and, in its terminal phase, was of some
use to living creatures. Nowadays, with most Zoroastrians living in cities, the old ritual has
had to adapt itself. Wild animals are hard to find. The modern practice is to leave the
bodies in large open wells, popularly known as Towers of Silence; there for the flesh to be
picked clean by vultures and the rays of the sun. The bones are periodically removed and
buried.
Zoroastrian priests are not required to be celibate. In fact, a normal family life is
encouraged. Neither are they expected to immerse themselves in the holy scriptures, 24
hours a day. Remember, Zoroastrianism is a very free religion. Actually, most Zoroastrian
priests also have a day job. A typical case would resemble that of Kersy Antia, a
psychologist practicing in Illinois. In his private life, Mr. Antia dons a long white robe, slips
a veil over his face and goes to work as a Zoroastrian priest, performing weddings and
ceremonies initiating seven to nine yearold Zoroastrians into the faith (something like a
Bar Mitzvah or a Communion).
There is a palpable panic among Zoroastrians today —in India, the United States and
around the world — that they are fighting the extinction of their faith. From a peak of
almost 50 million at the heyday of the Persian Empire, their global population has
dwindled to 190,000 at most, and perhaps as few as 124,000. The majority of
Zoroastrians still reside in India, but about 11,000 Zoroastrians live in the United States ,
6,000 in Canada , 5,000 in England , 2,700 in Australia and 2,200 in the Persian Gulf
nations. The Zoroastrians’ mobility and adaptability has contributed to their demographic
crisis. They assimilate and intermarry, virtually disappearing into their adopted cultures.
And since the faith encourages opportunities for women, many Zoroastrian women are
working professionals who, like many other professional women, have few children or
none.
Despite their shrinking numbers, Zoroastrians are divided over whether to accept
intermarried families and converts; and what defines a Zoroastrian. An effort to create a
global organizing body fell apart two years ago after some priests accused the organizers
of embracing “fake converts” and diluting traditions. The orthodox elements within the
community feel that the religion is not universal and is ethnic in nature, and that it should
be kept within the tribe. The very tenets of Zoroastrianism could be feeding its demise.
Zoroastrians believe in free will, so in matters of religion they do not believe in compulsion.
They do not proselytize. They can pray at home instead of going to a temple. While there
are priests, there is no hierarchy to set policy, although some conservative elements take
it upon themselves, rather pompously, to dictate what is good for the religion. Fortunately,
they are in a minority. Moreover, despite, or because of, the high intermarriage rate, some
Zoroastrian priests refuse to accept converts or to perform initiation ceremonies for
adopted children or the children of intermarried couples, especially when the father is not
Zoroastrian.
Although the collective picture is bleak, most individual Zoroastrians appear to be thriving.
They are welleducated and welltraveled professionals, earning incomes that place them
in the middle and upper classes of the countries they reside in.
So are people of my faith doomed to become extinct as the dodo within the next 200
years? It is possible, of course, but I have not lost hope. Those seven boatloads who
arrived in India probably thought they wouldn’t last long either – they were only a few
hundred, after all. But, 1400 years later, we are still around and thriving – albeit in reduced
numbers. Zoroastrianism is a happy religion; and happiness is what makes life worth
living. I believe we will prevail.