Project - (Cigarette Brand Preference)

CIGARAETTES BRAND PREFERNCE OF
CONSUMER ACCORDING TO
A.I.C.O.L
A Thesis submitted to the Department of Marketing

Faculty of
Management Sciences
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMISTRATION

(MBA,MARKETING)
Supervised by:
Muhammad Sajjada Shamim Ahmed
Senior Lecturer
Submitted By:
NADEEM ABBAS
ID: 1564
April 2010
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment-----------------------------------------------------------------------i
Executive Summery--------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Market Segmentations & promotional strategies ----------------------------------iii
CHAPTER-1---------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW-----------------------------------------------
1.1 Background-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2 Problem Statement----------------------------------------------------------------
1.3 Scope of the research-------------------------------------------------------------
1.4 Research objectives--------------------------------------------------------------
1.5 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.6 Limitations-------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER-2--------------------------------------------------------------------------
LITERATURE REVIEW----------------------------------------------------------
2.1 International work done---------------------------------------------------------
2.1.1 Tobacco use among Middle & High school students---------------------
2.1.2) Tobacco use in 1980 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse-----
2.2 Tobacco industry in Pakistan ---------------------------------------------------
2.2.1) Article by Syed M Aslam-----------------------------------------------------
2.2.2) Investigating socio-economic demographic determinants in Pindi.-----
2.2.3) Prevalence and factor association with current smoking among high
School adolescents in Karachi.----------------------------------------------
CHAPTER – 3
DATA ANALISIS, RESULTS/FININDINGS & DISCUSSIONS------------------
3.1) Data Analysis-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2 Data gathering instruments--------------------------------------------------------------
3.3) Procedure followed to gather data------------------------------------------------------
3.4) Statement of Hypotheses------------------------------------------- ---------------------
3.5) Statistical Techniques---------------------------- ----------------------------------------
3.5.1) Data analysis-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.5.2) Statistical Analyses----------------------------------------------------------------------

3.5.2.1 Descriptive Statistics-------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.5.2.2 Inferential Statistics--------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.6) Methodologies-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.6.1 Selecting Brand names for the Questionnaire------------------------------------------
3.6.2 Data collection method---------------------------------------------------------------------
3.6.3 VARIABLE AND MEASURES----------------------------------------------------------
3.7 Solutions and Evaluation-------------------------------------------------------------
3.7.1 Frequencies-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER – 4
HYPOTHESIS TESTING-----------------------------------------------------------
4.1 Hypothesis 1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2 Hypothesis 2-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.3 Hypothesis 3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.4 Hypothesis 4-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.5 Hypothesis 5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.6 Hypothesis 6--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONCLUSION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER – 5----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RECOMMENDATIONS-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ANNEXTURE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIBLIOGRAPHY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“THANKS TO ALMIGHTY ALLAH”
My sincere thanks to my whole factuality specially Sir Shamim Ahmed without whose
Teachings, help and guidance this project would not have been possible.
I would like to thank also all the people who cooperated with me especially Sir Uzair for
his precious time to interpret my questionnaire’s statical analysis.
I would like to thank the KASBIT’s Library Staff, my friends outside KASBIT and my
class fellows for providing help, books & materials related to this topic.
I would like to thanks my parents with out their dedication and Sacrifice to my future I
really wouldn’t be where I am today. Thanks to them all.
CIGARAETTES BRAND PREFERNCE OF
CONSUMER ACCORDING TO
AICOL
Executive Summary
This Term report focus on cigarette brands preference of consumers according to “AICOL”
People belonging to same age group, income, consumption of cigarettes, occupation &
location prefer same brand of cigarettes.
Knowing the Correct market segment of each cigarette brand is very important
So that companies of different cigarette brands can apply their:-

Promotion Strategies
Placement Strategies
Price Strategies
Promotion Strategies
Advertising and all other kinds of promotion methods and awareness creation so that the
company will achieve its financial and commercial objectives by first knowing what add
will attract their consumer best and so on.
Placement Strategies
It’s basically creating a favorable image in the minds of the consumers about the product
and/or the company; let us say for example here, what the consumers think about k-2, Gold
leaf, Benson & hedges etc.
Price Strategies
At what price that the consumers can and will buy these brands. Is the current price suitable
for the current and potential customers? What price is suitable for what group? Loyal to
what brand?
Department of Marketing Faculty of Management Sciences
KHADIM ALI SHAH BUKHARI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(KASBIT)
Certificate
I am pleased to certify that Mr. Nadeem Abbas S/o. Muqarrab Khan has satisfactorily
carried out a research work, under my supervision on the topic of “Cigarette Brand
Preference of consumer according to Age, Income, Consumption, Occupation &
Living.”
I further certify that her distinctive original research and her thesis is worthy of
presentation to the Department of Marketing, Faculty of Management Sciences Khadim Ali
Shah Bukhari Institute of Technology (KASBIT) for the degree of MBA.
Senior Lecturer Muhammad Sajjada Shamim Ahmed

CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Let us define the term which we created for the understanding and easiness of the work at
hand and to facilitate the work for us and for the respondents a like and the word is:
“AICOL” Consisting of these followings:
A= Age
I= Income
C= Consumption 1
O=Occupation
L=Location2
1
( cigarettes per day smoke by a sample or respondent)
2
Area in which respondent lives
This report focuses on cigarettes brand preferences of consumers as smoking is an
addiction. If a person smokes, what he needs is a filter, tobacco & paper and most
importantly a taste which will satisfy him best. If taste has the most importance here so
consumer will prefer only one brand over others. If that is the case, how many consumers
belonging to same “AICOL”, than will prefer a specific brand? Consumer preference
defers from consumer to consumer but can be same according to “AICOL”. In order
to check the level of preference of consumer this report was started.
Contradicting to the statement “consumer preference differs from person to person” I found
that people according to AICOL use same cigarette brand. Means usually consumer from
alike set has same psychology and same kind of products usually satisfies them and
provides them value.
A Questionnaire was designed by keeping respondents in mind & their precious time that is
why it consists of only 9 questions because we already studied that the questionnaire
should not be too long and too short and we followed the teachings of our teacher. But
these 9 questions are enough to provide necessary information according to our hypothesis.
During my research Questionnaire filling, the respondents responded very comfortably and
easily and cooperated well with us.
I selected my respondents randomly and visited different places like: Offices, Collages,
Shopping malls, Parks, Different Pan shops & Super Markets in different locations.
1.2 Problem statement:
The problem statement of my research is “to determine the consumer usage pattern of
cigarette according to AICOL i.e Age, Income, Consumption, Occupation and
Occupation.
It is usually thought that people from same AICOL use or prefer same kind of brands, same
kind of products. It has also been observed that people from same AICOL have similar
likes and dislikes, they have same psychology. I have taken this topic as this will help me
in understanding the behavior of consumers who belongs to similar group of people. And
will also help me to prove this thinking right or wrong.
1.3 Scope of the Research:
Scope of the research is to test out and confirm the known statements and study the
consumption pattern in Pakistan. I have selected six hypotheses, among which five are to
prove basically brand preference according to age, brand preference according to income,
cigarette brand preference according to consumption pattern, cigarette brand preference
according to occupation and cigarette brand preference according to location, the last
hypotheses is the consumption rate according to consumer’s occupation. The last
hypothesis is set to check the consumption rate according to occupation. Weather
occupation and consumption have any relation or not?
1.4 Research objectives :
The objectives of the study/research are to determine:

1) To determine the relationship between age of the consumers to their cigarette brand
preference
2) To determine the relationship between income of the consumers to their cigarette
brand preference.
3) To determine the relationship between consumption of the consumers to the amount
of cigarettes per day.
4) To determine the relation of cigarette brand preference to the occupation of the
consumers
5) To determine the changing behavior of cigarette consumers according to the
location they live.
6) To determine if there is any relationship between rate of consumption to the
occupation they are in.
1.5 Conclusion:
6 hypothesis were set are as follow
1) Consumers belong to same AGE group prefer same brand of cigarettes.
2) Consumers belong to same group of INCOME prefer same brand of cigarettes.
3) Consumers belong to same rate of CONSUMPTION group prefer same brand of

cigarettes.
4) Consumers belong to same OCCUPATION prefer same brand of cigarettes.
5) Consumers belong to same LOCATION prefer same brand of cigarettes.
6) Consumers belonging to same OCCUPATION have same rate of CONSUMPTION of

cigarettes.
1.6 Limitations:
This study was conducted only in Karachi. Due to the fact that convenience sample was
used; the findings cannot be generalized and would be low in external validity. Sample size
was selected as 263, focusing on people who are from different organizations and different
areas of Karachi.
I tried to make this study comprehensive but there is always a possibility of getting wrong,
inadequate answers from few of the respondents. Therefore my results may give an idea but
cannot be 100 % correct. As in researches at bigger level respondents are paid or
compensated for their time and to provide correct answers but for this small level research
it may not be the case.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The focus of this chapter is to provide insights to the theories that have shaped the
understanding of consumer cigarette consumption, their brand preferences according to age,
income, consumption, occupation and location.
Given the focus of this research study, it is important to have a sound understanding of tobacco
industry and usage patterns on international and national level.
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for variety of
effects. It is considered as addiction substance because it contains the chemical nicotine.
Cigarette is a small role of finely cut tobacco for smoking, enclosed in a wrapper of thin paper.
It is addiction which means physical or psychological need for a habit- forming substance, such
as a drug or Alcohol. In physical addiction, the body adapts to a substance being used and
gradually requires increased amounts to reproduce the effects originally produced by smaller
doses. Everyone knows smoking is bad for them, but millions cannot overcome the addiction.
Let us see the work done in the relevant topics world wide
2.2 International work done

2.2.1 Tobacco Use among Middle and High School Students -- United
States, 1999
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
January 28, 2000 / 49(03); p.49-53
The prevalence of cigarette smoking nationwide among high school students increased during
the 1990s; more than 80% of current adult tobacco users started smoking cigarettes before age
18 years. To determine the prevalence of cigarette, smokeless tobacco (i.e., chewing tobacco
and snuff), cigar, pipe, bidi, and kretek use among middle school and high school students
nationwide, the American Legacy Foundation, in collaboration with the CDC Foundation,
conducted the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) during the fall of 1999.
This report summarizes data from the NYTS on current use of tobacco products, which indicate
that 12.8% of middle school students and 34.8% of high school students use any type of
tobacco; that the low prevalence of current cigarette smoking observed among black high
school students throughout the 1990s is not found among middle school students; and that the
percentages of high school students who currently use bidis and kreteks (two new forms of
tobacco in the United States) are almost as high as the proportion who use smokeless tobacco.
The school-based 1999 NYTS employed a nationally representative sample of students in
grades 6-12. 145 schools were selected, and approximately five intact classes of a required
subject (e.g., English or social studies) across grades 6-12 were randomly selected from each
participating school. All students in the selected classes were eligible to participate. 15,058
students in 131 schools completed questionnaires. The school response rate was 90%, and the
student response rate was 93%, resulting in an overall response rate of 84%.
Students completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire that included questions
about tobacco use, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, minors' ability to purchase or
otherwise obtain tobacco products, knowledge and attitudes about tobacco, and familiarity with
pro- and anti-tobacco media messages. Current use of bidis, cigarettes, cigars, kreteks, pipes,
and smokeless tobacco was defined as use on one or more of the 30 days preceding the survey.
Any current tobacco use was defined as using any of these products on one or more of the 30
days preceding the survey.
Middle School Students
Among middle school (grades 6-8) students, the overall prevalence of any current tobacco use
was 12.8% (see Table 1 below). Cigarettes (9.2%) were the most prevalent type of tobacco
used, followed by cigars (6.1%). Cigarette smoking rates were similar among boys and girls
and among racial/ethnic groups.
Boys were significantly more likely than girls to use smokeless tobacco (4.2% and 1.3%,
respectively), smoke cigars (7.8% and 4.4%, respectively), and smoke tobacco in a pipe (3.5%
and 1.4%, respectively). Black students were significantly more likely than white students to
smoke cigars (8.8% and 4.9%, respectively).
High School Students
Among high school (grades 9-12) students, the overall prevalence of any current tobacco use
was 34.8%. Cigarettes (28.4%) were the most prevalent type of tobacco used, followed by
cigars (15.3%). Boys were significantly more likely than girls to use smokeless tobacco (11.6%
and 1.5%, respectively), smoke cigars (20.3% and 10.2%, respectively), smoke tobacco in a
pipe (4.2% and 1.4%, respectively), and smoke bidis (6.1% and 3.8%, respectively).
White and Hispanic students were significantly more likely than black students to smoke
cigarettes (32.8%, 25.8%, and 15.8%, respectively). White students were significantly more
likely than black and Hispanic students to use smokeless tobacco (8.7%, 2.4%, and 3.6%,
respectively).
TABLE 1
Percentage of students in middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12)
currently* using tobacco products, by type of tobacco product, sex, and race/ethnicity
United States, National Youth Tobacco Survey, 1999
[95% Confidence intervals in parentheses. Middle School = MS; High School = HS]
* Used tobacco on one or more of the 30 days preceding the survey
A. Any Tobacco Use (cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, bidis, or kreteks)
Sex Race/Ethnicity
Male Female White Black Hispanic Total
MS 14.2 (± 2.2) 11.3 (± 2.2) 11.6 (± 2.3) 14.4 (± 2.7) 15.2 (± 5.2) 12.8 (± 2.0)
HS 38.1 (± 3.2) 31.4 (± 3.1) 39.4 (± 3.2) 24.0 (± 4.2) 30.7 (± 4.4) 34.8 (± 2.7)
B. Cigarettes
MS 9.6 (± 1.7) 8.8 (± 1.7) 8.8 (± 2.0) 9.0 (± 1.8) 11.0 (± 4.1) 9.2 (± 1.6)
HS 28.7 (± 2.8) 28.2 (± 3.3) 32.8 (± 3.1) 15.8 (± 3.8) 25.8 (± 4.7) 28.4 (± 2.7)
C. Smokeless Tobacco/Chew/Snuff
MS 4.2 (± 1.3) 1.3 (± 0.5) 3.0 (± 1.1) 1.9 (± 0.9) 2.2 (± 0.9) 2.7 (± 0.7)
HS 11.6 (± 2.8) 1.5 (± 0.6) 8.7 (± 2.1) 2.4 (± 1.3) 3.6 (± 1.6) 6.6 (± 1.6)
D. Cigars
MS 7.8 (± 1.3) 4.4 (± 1.3) 4.9 (± 1.0) 8.8 (± 2.3) 7.6 (± 2.9) 6.1 (± 1.1)
HS 20.3 (± 1.9) 10.2 (± 1.6) 16.0 (± 1.6) 14.8 (± 3.5) 13.4 (± 2.9) 15.3 (± 1.4)
E. Pipe
MS 3.5 (± 0.8) 1.4 (± 0.6) 2.0 (± 0.6) 2.0 (± 0.9) 3.8 (± 1.7) 2.4 (± 0.5)
HS 4.2 (± 0.9) 1.4 (± 0.5) 2.6 (± 0.6) 1.8 (± 0.9) 3.8 (± 1.4) 2.8 (± 0.5)
F. Bidis
MS 3.1 (± 0.8) 1.8 (± 0.6) 1.8 (± 0.5) 2.8 (± 1.3) 3.5 (± 1.6) 2.4 (± 0.6)
HS 6.1 (± 1.0) 3.8 (± 1.0) 4.4 (± 0.9) 5.8 (± 2.1) 5.6 (± 2.1) 5.0 (± 0.8)
G. Kreteks
MS 2.2 (± 0.6) 1.7 (± 0.7) 1.7 (± 0.7) 1.7 (± 0.8) 2.1 (± 0.6) 1.9 (± 0.5)
HS 6.2 (± 1.1) 5.3 (± 1.5) 6.5 (± 1.5) 2.8 (± 1.5) 5.5 (± 1.9) 5.8 (± 1.2)
CDC Editorial Note
This report is the first to measure the prevalence of current tobacco use among a nationally
representative sample of middle school students and the first to report the prevalence of current
bidi and kretek use among a nationally representative sample of middle and high school
students.
Although previous national surveys have shown that cigarette smoking rates among black high
school students have been increasing, black students still were smoking at much lower rates
than other high school students. However, the findings in this report indicate that current
cigarette smoking prevalence among middle school black students was similar to rates among
white and Hispanic students and that current cigar use prevalence among middle school black
students was significantly higher than among white students.
Future surveys should evaluate whether the rate of increase in smoking rates among black
students has accelerated and whether the difference in smoking rates between black and white
high school students are disappearing. In addition, more research is needed to determine
whether black youth are finding smoking appealing and socially acceptable.
Current use of novel tobacco products, such as bidis and kreteks, is an emerging public health
problem among U.S. youth. Cigarettes remain the most widely used tobacco product by youth;
however, recent trends underscore the importance of monitoring the rates at which youth adopt
other tobacco products. The social and cultural factors related to differing patterns of tobacco
product use across sex and racial/ethnic groups require additional study.
The 1999 NYTS estimates for high school students will be compared with those of the
Monitoring The Future (MTF) study and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), the other
national school-based surveys. Comparison of NYTS estimates with those of other national
surveys must be interpreted with caution for several reasons.
First, YRBS and MTF were conducted during spring 1999, and NYTS was conducted during
September-October 1999, a different academic year. Within each grade, the fall school
population is approximately 6 months younger than the spring school population. This
difference can be expected to lead to higher estimates of ever smoking in the spring surveys
and may lead to higher estimates of current smoking.
Second, the tobacco industry increased the wholesale price of tobacco products during 1999,
but also provided substantial price discounts during the same period, making determination of
the precise effect of retail prices on smoking rates difficult. However, preliminary per capita
consumption estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture suggest cigarette consumption
has decreased in 1999, suggesting that the prevalence among youth also may have decreased.
Third, the NYTS is a single-topic survey (tobacco), and MTF and YRBS are multi-topic
surveys. The effect of the number of topics surveyed on the resulting estimates is unknown.
Finally, NYTS had a 90% school response rate, a higher reported school response rate than
YRBS and MTF. Some schools that participated in the NYTS may not participate in YRBS or
MTF.
The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, these data apply only to
youth who attended middle or high school and are not representative of all persons in this age
group. Few persons aged less than 16 years do not attend school and, in 1997, only 4% of 16-
year-olds and 6% of 17-year-olds who had not completed high school were not enrolled in a
high school program. The dropout rate for young adults aged 16-24 years varies greatly by
race/ethnicity (7.6%, white; 13.4%, black; and 25.3%, Hispanic). Second, "any current tobacco
use" might be underestimated in this report because it does not include a measure of "roll-your-
own" tobacco smoking.
To evaluate the potential impact of the expanding levels of tobacco prevention efforts
nationwide and in the individual states, surveillance of trends in tobacco use among youth must
be continued and expanded. YRBS has provided national and state-specific surveillance of
tobacco use among high school students since 1991. The NYTS and state-specific youth
tobacco surveys are extending this surveillance effort to middle school students and across a
wider range of evaluation variables, including knowledge and attitudes about tobacco, exposure
to environmental tobacco smoke, familiarity with pro-smoking and antismoking media
messages, and exposure to tobacco-use prevention curriculum in schools.
CDC has prepared "Best Practices" guidelines to help states determine funding priorities and to
plan and carry out effective comprehensive tobacco-use prevention and control programs. If
current patterns of smoking behavior persist, an estimated 5 million U.S. persons who were
aged less than or equal to 18 years in 1995 could die prematurely from smoking-related
illnesses.
Implementation of the "Best Practices" guidelines, along with nationwide prevention efforts,
enforcement of the proposed Food and Drug Administration rules, increases in the excise tax
on tobacco products, and increased availability of smoking cessation treatment options, could
dramatically reduce these projected deaths.
Editorial Note
The 1999 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) is the first national school-based survey to
provide information not only about tobacco use, but about related knowledge, beliefs, attitudes
and behaviors. It is also the first national survey to focus on all varieties of tobacco use among
youth and the first survey of middle school students.
As such, this survey will provide us with considerable new knowledge about the onset of the
nicotine epidemic and should serve to remind us not to forget about all forms of tobacco use.
We look forward to reading future reports on the 1999 survey and hope that future surveys will
be conducted to enable us to examine trends over time.
The prevalence of current cigarette use among high school students in Fall 1999 has decreased
substantially since Spring 1997. These comparisons are shown in Table 2 below.
TABLE 2</TD< TR>

1997 YRBS 1999 NYTS
Overall 36.4% (± 2.3) 28.4% (± 2.7)
Males 37.7% (± 2.7) 28.7% (± 2.8)
Females 34.7% (± 2.8) 28.2% (± 3.3)
Whites 39.7% (± 2.4) 32.8% (± 3.1)
Blacks 22.7% (± 3.8) 15.8% (± 3.8)
Hispanics 34.0% (± 2.7) 25.8% (± 4.7)
Current smokeless tobacco among male high school students declined from 15.8% (± 3.7) in
1997 to 11.6% (± 2.8) in 1999; however, this decline was not statistically significant (as the
95% confidence intervals overlap). The declines in cigarette use may be due to events that
occurred in the interim (e.g. price increases due to the Tobacco Settlement or state tax
increases) or to cohort differences. However, it's also possible that the differences in smoking
prevalence are at least partially attributable to differences in the methods used in these two
surveys (e.g., different content of survey questionnaires and response rates).
The National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) appears to have employed very high quality
survey methods. Sampling, survey administration, response rates, and weighting and analysis
of the data appear to be very strong. The overall response rate of 84% boosts our confidence
that the results from this sample are generalizable to the national school population. (The
report, however, did not indicate whether private schools were included in the sample.) The
overall response rate and the school participation rate (90%) for this survey are remarkable
especially as compared to other national school-based surveys (e.g., the overall response rate
for the 1997 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) was 69% and for the 1998
Monitoring the Future Survey (MTF) was less than 58%). Also remarkable is how quickly the
preliminary findings from this survey were released to the public. Perhaps, other national
surveys can be improved in these areas.
The 95% confidence interval means that there is a 95% likelihood that the actual value in the
population should be within that many percentage points of the observed sample value. For
example, 12.8 (± 2.0) for total tobacco use among middle school students (which appears at the
end of the first row of Table 1) can be interpreted as follows: there is a 95% likelihood that
from 10.8% (12.8 - 2.0) to 14.8% (12.8 + 2.0) of middle school students in the U.S. used some
form of tobacco in the 30 days preceding the survey.
2.2.2 Tobacco Use in the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
The results of the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) have been
released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The results for tobacco use
have been summarized below followed by a summary of the survey design.
Tobacco Use in the United States
An estimated 60 million Americans were current cigarette smokers in 1998. This represents a
smoking rate of 27.7 percent for the population age 12 and older. The rate decrease from 29.6
percent in 1997 is statistically significant.
Current smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to be heavy drinkers and illicit drug users.
Among current smokers, the rate of heavy alcohol use (five or more drinks on the same
occasion on five or more days in the past month) was 14.0 percent, the rate of
marijuana/hashish use was 13.6 percent, and the rate of current illicit drug use was 16.1
percent. Among nonsmokers, only 2.9 percent were heavy drinkers, 1.8 percent were
marijuana/hashish users, and 2.5 percent were illicit drug users.
An estimated 3.1 percent of the population were current users of smokeless tobacco in 1998.
The rate has remained steady since 1991.
An estimated 6.9 percent of the population were current users of cigars in 1998. This represents
a statistically significant increase from 1997, when the rate was 5.9 percent.
Age
Approximately 4.1 million youth age 12-17

were current smokers in 1998. The rate of
smoking among youth age 12-17 was 18.2
percent. The rate was 18.9 percent in 1994,
20.2 percent in 1995, 18.3 percent in 1996,
and 19.9 percent in 1997. There were no
statistically significant changes.
The current smoking rate among young adults
age 18-25 continues to follow an upward path
from 34.6 percent in 1994 to 35.3 percent in
1995, 38.3 percent in 1996, 40.6 percent in
1997, and 41.6 percent in 1998. The 1998 rate
is significantly higher than the 1994, 1995
and 1996 rates.
An estimated 5.6 percent of youths age 12-17, or 1.3 million, were current cigar users in 1998.
This rate compares to 5.0 percent in 1997; the difference is not statistically significant.
Race/Ethnicity
In 1998, current smoking rates were 29 percent among Blacks, 28 percent among Whites, 26
percent among Hispanics, and 24 percent among those of other race/ethnic groups.
Smokeless tobacco use was more prevalent among Whites (3.7 percent) than among Blacks
(2.0 percent) or Hispanics (0.8 percent).
Gender
Males had higher rates of smoking than females (29.7 percent vs. 25.7 percent). Among youths
age 12-17, the rates for males and females were similar (18.7 percent for males, 17.7 percent
for females). The rate for females age 12-17 years decreased significantly between 1997 and
1998, from 20.7 percent to 17.7 percent.
The rate of current smokeless tobacco use was significantly higher for men than for women in
1998 (5.9 percent vs. 0.5 percent). About 91 percent of smokeless tobacco users were men.
Similarly, males were more likely than females to use cigars (11.9 percent vs. 2.3 percent).
Region/Urbanicity
The rate of current cigarette use was 32.0 percent in the North Central region, 27.9 percent in
the South, 25.5 percent in the Northeast, and 24.5 percent in the West. The rate of smoking was
26.5 percent in large metropolitan areas, 27.2 percent in small metropolitan areas, and 30.5
percent in nonmetropolitan areas.
Education
Level of educational attainment was
correlated with tobacco usage. Fifty percent
of adults age 26-34 who had not completed
high school smoked cigarettes, while only
15 percent of college graduates in this age
group smoked. The opposite relationship
was found for cigar use: 10.7 percent of
college graduates age 26-34 were current
cigar smokers, compared to 7.5 percent of
those who had not completed high school.
Tobacco As a "Gateway Drug"
Youths age 12-17 who currently smoked cigarettes were 11.4 times more likely to use illicit
drugs and 16 times more likely to drink heavily than nonsmoking youths.
An estimated 5.6 percent of youths age 1217 were current cigar smokers in 1998. This
compares to 5.0 percent in 1997, not a statistically significant difference.

Between 1997 and 1998, there was no change in the percentages of youths age 12-17 reporting
great risk from using cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, or alcohol.
The current rate of smoking among young adults age 18-25 has increased from 34.6 percent in
1994 to 40.6 percent in 1997 and 41.6 percent in 1998.
Survey Design
This survey is the primary source of statistical information on the use of illegal drugs by the
United States population. Conducted since 1971, the survey collects data by administering
questionnaires to a representative sample of the population at their place of residence. The
survey covers residents of households, noninstitutional group quarters (e.g., shelters, rooming
houses, dormitories), and civilians living on military bases. Persons excluded from the survey
include homeless people who do not use shelters, active military personnel, and residents of
institutional group quarters, such as jails and hospitals.
Interviews were conducted with 25,500 persons between January and December 1998.
Response rates for household screening and for interviewing were 93.0 percent and 77.0
percent, respectively. The sample design oversampled Blacks, Hispanics, and young people, to
improve the accuracy of estimates for those populations. In addition, residents of Arizona and
California were oversampled to provide direct survey estimates for these state populations.
Editorial Note: The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse is one of the most carefully
conducted surveys in the nation. The sample coverage and the response rate are very good. The
survey administration methods are designed to elicit accurate responses even to very sensitive
questions.
Cigarette smoking has declined slightly among older adults and adolescent females, has
remained stable among adolescent males, and has increased substantially among young adults
(18-25 years of age). Smokeless tobacco use has remained stable, and cigar smoking has
increased.
More attention must be paid to prevention and cessation of smoking among young adults
as 42% of this group now smoke cigarettes.
2.3 Tobacco industry in Pakistan
2.3.1 Article by Syed M Aslam:
Smoking may not be good for health but it is certainly good for numerous national
economies around the world, and Pakistan is no exception. This article intends to highlight
the important role tobacco plays in the economics of the country, nothing more nothing less.
By Syed M. Aslam
Jul 31 - Aug 06, 2000
Tobacco industry — growing, manufacturing, distribution and retailing — contributed 4.4 per
cent or over Rs 27.5 billion to the total GDP of Pakistan including Rs 15.17 billion, including
Rs 14.54 billion in excise duty and sales tax, in 1997. It is the single biggest contributor of
excise duty, six-times than that from cotton yarn. Over 5 per cent of all taxes collected in the
country comes from the tobacco industry. It employs over one million people directly or
indirectly which in terms of full-time equivalent jobs means 312,500 jobs supporting some 1.2
million persons.
The area under tobacco cultivation increased by 30 per cent during 1990-91 to 1998-99 —
from 44,000 hectares to 57,000 hectares. The production has increased even more significantly
during the same period — by 145 per cent from 75,000 tonnes to 109,000 tonnes. The value-
added sector, the cigarette production, depicted a far more unproportionate increase of 72 per
cent — from 29.8 billion sticks to 51.5 billion sticks during the same period.
Tobacco is the only crop grown in Pakistan whose yield is well above the world average and
matches the per hectare yield in the US and other developed countries — an average yield of
1,900 kilograms per hectare. Tobacco industry — growing, manufacturing, distribution and
retailing employs over one million persons directly or otherwise. This translates in the full time
equivalent of 312,500 jobs supporting approximately 1.2 million persons. Manufacturing
employs the highest number of persons — 35 per cent followed by 33 per cent by growing and
32 per cent in distribution and retail.
Smuggling
It is easy to understand the threat of huge revenue loss that presence and easy availability of
smuggled cigarettes pose to the economy of Pakistan. The government is losing a substantial
revenue of Rs 3 billion from the smuggling of cigarettes into the country. According to Aslam
Khaliq, the director consumer and regulatory affairs of Pakistan Tobacco Company, the second
top cigarette manufacturer after Lakson Tobacco, the government is losing at least Rs billion
every year due to cigarette smuggling. He blamed the high taxation as the singular most
important incentive for cigarette smuggling.
This is true if one looks at the global trends of taxation on cigarettes. Smokers in Pakistan pay
the highest tax in the world second only to Denmark and the UK where 85 per cent and 82 per
cent of the retail price respectively goes toward taxation. In Pakistan, 78 per cent of the retail
price of premium brands ( all brands whose retail price is over Rs 10 per 20 sticks) and 58 per
cent of the retail price of low segment brands go toward taxation.
Price war
Defending the price war started by PTC by slashing the prices of a number of its middle-priced
brands early this year, Aslam said that it brought numerous domestic manufacturers in the
excise duty and sales tax net. For instance, slashing the prices on some of its brand by 50 per
cent from Rs 19 to Rs 9 reduced the excise duty from 63 per cent to 43 per cent with sales tax
remaining unchanged at 15 per cent. Despite price reduction, Aslam said, PTC was able to
break even due to increased turnover and at the same time forced manufacturers who did not
pay excise duty and sales tax in the net to create a level playing field.
Though worried about smuggling and high taxation, Aslam expressed that cigarette prices in
Pakistan are on the much low side. He said that the manufacturers should be allowed to
increase the prices of their products to better their revenues which are constantly threatened by
massive smuggling. He also suggested that price increases would help discourage smoking in
the country.
True. Experience in many countries show that each 10 per cent increase in cigarette prices
results in a 5 per cent decrease in the numbers of smoking adults and much more in young
adults — between 6 to 8 per cent — who have little surplus funds to spend on smoke.
However, the argument that high prices discourage smoking is a bit flawed particularly in the
context of Pakistan.
Number one, unlike all developed and many developing countries Pakistan choose not to spend
even a negligible portion of tobacco taxes on healthcare, research, education, and anti-smoking
activities. Such developing countries, not to mention the developed ones, as Nepal and Peru
spend a share of cigarette taxes to support cancer research and treatment. Latvia allocates 30
per cent of the revenue which it earns from the tobacco tax on healthcare. Iran earmarks a
portion of tobacco tax revenue on healthcare and education.
Secondly, if the manufacturers and policy makers are really serious about reducing smoking in
Pakistan through price increases — and no one say that they are — they need to raise taxes on
all brands of cigarettes be it locally manufactured — imported. Supporting the domestic
tobacco industry against imports, as is the case with Pakistan, may be good for the local
industry but negates the very argument that higher prices and taxation discourages smoking.
2.3.2 Investigating socio-economic-demographic determinants of

tobacco use in Rawalpindi, Pakistan:
Research article
Investigating socio-economic-demographic determinants of tobacco use in
Rawalpindi, Pakistan Ali Yawar Alam*1, Azhar Iqbal2, Khalif Bile Mohamud3,
Ronald E Laporte4,Ashfaq Ahmed5 and Sania Nishtar6
To investigate the socio-economic and demographic determinants of tobacco use

in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Cross sectional survey of households (population based) with
2018 respondent (1038) Rural; 980 Urban) was carried out in Rawalpindi (Pakistan) and
included males and females 18–65 years of age. Main outcome measure was self reported
daily tobacco use.
Overall 16.5% of the study population (33% men and 4.7% women) used tobacco on a
daily basis. Modes of tobacco use included cigarette smoking (68.5%), oral
tobacco(13.5%), hukka (12%) and cigarette smoking plus oral tobacco (6%). Among those
not using tobacco products, 56%were exposed to Environmental tobacco smoke.
The adjusted odds ratio of tobacco use for rural residence compared to urban residence was
1.49(95% CI 1.1 2.0, p value 0.01) and being male as compared to female 12.6 (8.8 18.0, p
value 0.001).
Illiteracy was significantly associated with tobacco use. Population attributable percentage
of tobacco use increases steadily as the gap between no formal Education and level of
education widens.
There was a positive association between tobacco use and rural area of residence,
male gender and low education levels. Low education could be a proxy for low awareness
and consumer information on tobacco products. As Public health practitioners we should
inform the general public especially the illiterate about the adverse health consequences of
tobacco use.
Counter advertisement for tobacco use, through mass media particularly radio and
television, emphasizing the harmful effects of tobacco on human health is very much
needed.
2.3.3PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CURRENT

SMOKING AMONG HIGH SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN KARACHI,
PAKISTAN
Shafquat Rozi1, Saeed Akhtar1, Sajid Ali1 and Javaid Khan2
Our objective was to estimate the prevalence and evaluate factors associated with smoking
among high school adolescents in Karachi, Pakistan. A school-based, cross-sectional
survey was conducted in three towns in Karachi, namely, Gadap Town, Bin-Qasim Town
and Malir Town, from January through May 2003. Two-stage cluster sampling stratified by
school type was employed to select schools and students. We recruited and interviewed 772
male students regarding socio-demographic factors, smoking history of students, their
families/friends, number of siblings,
and place of residence.
The prevalence of smoking (30 days) among adolescents was 13.7%. Final multiple logistic
regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, ethnicity, and place of residence,
being a student at a government school (OR=1.6; 95%CI: 1.0-2.7), parental smoking
(OR=1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.8), uncle smoking (OR=1.7; 95%CI: 1.2-2.8), peer smoking
(OR=6.2; 95% CI: 3.9- 9.9), and spending leisure time outside home (OR=3.9; 95%CI 1.2-
13.2) were significantly associated with adolescent smoking.
Cigarette smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in
developed countries. Dramatic changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the
second half of this century in the United States (i.e., a reduction among men and an
increase among women) have reduced current smoking levels to approximately one quarter
of the adult population and have reduced differences in smoking prevalence and smoking-
attributable diseases between the sexes. Current smoking in the United States is positively
associated with younger age, lower income, reduced educational achievement, and
disadvantaged neighborhood environment.
Daily smokers smoke cigarettes to maintain nicotine levels in the brain, primarily to avoid
the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal, but also to modulate mood. Regular
smokers exhibit higher and lower levels of stress and arousal, respectively, than
nonsmokers, as well as higher impulsivity and neuroticism trait values. Nicotine
dependence is the single most common psychiatric diagnosis in the United States, and
substance abuse, major depression, and anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric
comorbid conditions associated with nicotine dependence. Studies
in twins have implicated genetic factors that explain most of the variability in vulnerability
to smoking and in persistence of the smoking phenotype. Future research into the causes of
smoking must take into account these associated demographics,
social factors, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and genetic factors to understand this
complex human behavior.
Bangladesh is a moderate Islamic country. There are six full pledged Islamic banks
providing services to wide range of customers. This study is designed to examine the
impact of demographic disparities on the bank selection criteria applied by diversified
customers of domestic Islamic banks in Bangladesh. We have run regression analysis after
controlling for four demographic groupings such as Gender, Marital Status, Age and
Educational Qualification. The beta scores were taken for identifying the influential factors
chosen by the customers of Islamic Banks. Mostly, non-Islamic factors such as Corporal
efficiency, Core-Banking services, Confidence, etc. were given higher weights by majority
of the respondents. The report recommends introducing complete E-Banking solution, to
increase advanced marketing efforts and to hire experienced human resources for better
Islamic Banking activities in Bangladesh.
Branding is increasingly being used as a strategy for managing markets in developed

countries while developing countries still lag behind. The objective of this study was to
assess the level of brand awareness and factors underlying brand preference of dairy brands
in Chitungwiza and Harare urban markets in Zimbabwe. A total of 90 respondents who
included individual and institutional consumers were selected using judgmental and simple
random sampling respectively. Primary data was collected using structured interview
schedules developed for each category of consumers. Consumer product
awareness indices, cluster analysis and factor analysis were the main tools used in the
analysis. The findings of the study showed that 52% of the respondent consumers were
aware of ARDA dairy brands despite having come across few ARDA DDP advertisements.
Four factors were identified as key determinants of dairy product choice namely promotion,
price and availability of product, attractive packaging and product quality. There is need for
agricultural marketers to incorporate these findings in
the formulation of responsive marketing strategies.
CHAPTER – 3
DATA ANALISIS, RESULTS/FININDINGS & DISCUSSIONS
3.1) Data Analysis

POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE
Sekaran (2000 p 255) defines a population as “entire group of people, events or things of
interest that a researcher wants to research”
I have selected a population as people of Karachi City Population of 2-Crors, which is the
largest city of Pakistan. I have selected this population as per my convenience. I per
statistics Karachi is the only city to which people from almost all cities migrate and having
said that it has population of 2 million, almost all type of professions have been adopted by
this population. Therefore it will be easy for me to get the cigarette consumers from all the
occupations. Occupations include managerial as well as labor work.
Leary (2004, p. 118) defines sampling as, “the process by which a researcher selects a sample
of participants for a study from the population of interest”.
A total of 263 questionnaires were sent manually to respondents and a total of 263 completed
the questionnaire but responses of some of the questions are ambiguous. According to Sekaran
(2001), a response rate of thirty percent is acceptable for most studies. The response rate for
this study was ninety eight percent (98%). A convenience sample was used, which according to
Leary (2004) refers to a sample of participants that are readily available. Such samples, he
postulates, are used because they are easy to obtain and not representative of people in general.
Therefore the finding of studies, such as the present one which utilises convenience sampling,
is low in generalisability.
3.2 Data gathering instruments
For the purpose of this study a quantitative methodology was followed and a questionnaire was
used as the measuring instrument. According to Leary (2004), the major advantages of
questionnaires are that they can be administered to groups of people simultaneously, and they
are less costly and less time-consuming than other measuring instruments.
3.3 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED TO GATHER DATA
This section describes how the researcher gathered the relevant data for this study. Although
known to the population, the researcher relied on random sampling to obtain access to the
sample. The researcher has direct contact with the population and therefore had more influence
in terms of creating a sense of urgency to complete the questionnaires.
Each respondent was given a time of 15 minutes to understand and fill the questionnaire. While
making a questionnaire I tried my best to make it as easy as possible so that there will be no
difficulty for respondents to fill the questionnaire.
3.4 STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES
7) Consumers belong to same AGE group prefer same brand of cigarettes.
8) Consumers belong to same group of INCOME prefer same brand of cigarettes.
9) Consumers belong to same rate of CONSUMPTION group prefer same brand of

cigarettes.
10) Consumers belong to same OCCUPATION prefer same brand of cigarettes.
11) Consumers belong to same LOCATION prefer same brand of cigarettes.
12) Consumers belonging to same OCCUPATION have same rate of CONSUMPTION of

cigarettes.
3.5 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
3.5.1 DATA ANALYSIS
The statistical programme used for the analyses and presentation of data in this research is the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 12. The descriptive statistics utilized
are based on frequency tables and graphical illustrations to provide information on key
demographic variables in this study. This is followed with presentation of the inferential
statistics based on examination of each hypothesis formulated for the research. The upper level
of statistical significance for null hypothesis testing was set at 5%. All statistical test results
were computed at the 2-tailed level of significance in accordance with the non-directional
hypotheses presented (Sekaran, 2001).
3.5.2 STATISTICAL ANALYSES
According to Leary (2004, p. 37), “statistical analyses are used to describe an account for the
observed variability in the behavioural data.” This involves the process of analysing the data
that has been collected. Thus the purpose of statistics is to summarise and answer questions
about the behavioural variability that was obtained in the research. Statistical analyses involve
both descriptive and inferential statistics.
3.5.2.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarise the behaviour of the respondents in a
study. They refer to the ways in which a large number of scores or observations are reduced to
interpretable numbers such as averages and percentages.
The descriptive statistics utilized in this study are based on frequency tables and graphical
illustrations to provide information on key demographic variables, as well as the means and
standard deviations for the responses on the Work Motivation and Satisfaction Questionnaire.
3.5.2.2 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions about the reliability and generalisability of
the findings. According to Leary (2004, p. 38), inferential statistics are used to assist in
answering questions such “How likely is it that my findings are due to random extraneous
factors rather than to the variables of central interest in the study? How representative are the
findings of the larger population from which the sample was taken?” In order to test the
research hypotheses, the inferential tests used include the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient, Multiple Regression Analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
3.6 METHODOLOGIE
The methodology we have adopted for the subject study is briefly discussed below
3.6.1 SELECTING BRAND NAMES FOR THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Pan shops, super markets, retailer stores and cigarette consumer were asked about brand
names & then it was put in to the questionnaire. So that respondents can identify his\her
brand of choice on this question and if their brand of choice is not there he\she can reply on
the option of “others”
3.6.2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Data was collected through a questionnaire which was distributed on different locations
and some were filled or noted down through an informal interview 3 form some of
respondents.
3.6.3 VARIABLE AND MEASURES
Our Questionnaire was based on nine different questions, out of which five were related to
personal information (gender, age, occupation, income & location); a Nominal Scale was
used to measure the personal data. The other remaining four were related to independent
3
by translating it into Urdu
variables like: Do you smoke? How long have you been smoking? Which brand do you
smoke? & how many cigarettes do you smoke per day).
3.7 Solutions and Evaluation
Frequencies
Statistics
how long how which

what is what have you many what is brand what is where
your is your do you been cigrettes your do you your do you
gender age smoke smoking per day ocupation smoke income live
N Valid 263 263 263 226 226 227 226 220 263
Missing 0 0 0 37 37 36 37 43 0
Interpretation:-
263 out of 263 respondents replied on gender, age, do you smoke & where do you live,
no one was found missing.
226 out of 263 respondents replied on how long you have been smoking & how many
cigarettes per day, 37 found to be missing in both.
227 out of 263 respondents replied on what is your occupation, 36 were found missing.
226 out of 263 respondents replied on which brand you smoke, 37 found to be missing.
220 out of 263 respondents replied on what is your income, 43 found to be missing.
Frequency Tables
what is your gender
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid male 233 88.6 88.6 88.6
female 30 11.4 11.4 100.0
Total 263 100.0 100.0
233 male respondents were male having valid percentage of 88.6% and 30 were female
having valid percentage of 11.4% no one was found missing.
w h a t is y o u r g e n d e r
100
80
60
Percent
8 8 .5 9 %
40
20
1 1 .4 1 %
0
m a le fe m a le
w h a t is y o u r g e n d e r
what is your age
Cumulative
Valid 16-17 7 2.7 2.7 2.7
18-20 39 14.8 14.8 17.5
21-25 63 24.0 24.0 41.4
26-30 38 14.4 14.4 55.9
31-35 36 13.7 13.7 69.6
36-40 21 8.0 8.0 77.6
41-45 30 11.4 11.4 89.0
46-50 15 5.7 5.7 94.7
50 & above 14 5.3 5.3 100.0
Total 263 100.0 100.0
According to age group, 2.7 % belong to 16-17 age groups with 7 frequencies, 14.8 %
belong to 18-20 age groups with 39 frequencies, 24% belong to 21-25 age groups with 63
Frequencies, 14.4% belong to 26-30 age groups with 38 frequencies, 13.7% belong to 31-
35 age groups with 36 frequencies, 8 % belong to 36-40 age groups with21 frequencies,
11.4% belong to 41-45 age groups with 30 frequencies, 5.7% belong to 46-50 age groups
with 15 frequencies, 5.3% belong to 50 & above age groups with 14 frequencies
what is your age
25
20
Percent
15
23.95%
10
14.83% 14.45% 13.69%
11.41%
5
7.98%
5.7% 5.32%
2.66%
0
16-17 18-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 50 &
above
what is your age
do you smoke
Cumulative
Valid no 25 9.5 9.5 9.5
yes 225 85.6 85.6 95.1
already quited 13 4.9 4.9 100.0
Total 263 100.0 100.0
25 respondents replied they do not smoke which is 9.5%, 225 replied yes they smoke
which is 85.6%, 13 replied that they had quite smoking which is 4.9%, no data was found
missing.
do you smoke
100
80
Percent
60
85.55%
40
20
9.51% 4.94%
0
no yes already quited
do you smoke
how long have you been smoking
Cumulative
Valid 1-5 years 68 25.9 30.1 30.1
6-10 years 83 31.6 36.7 66.8
11 years & above 75 28.5 33.2 100.0
Total 226 85.9 100.0
Missing System 37 14.1
Total 263 100.0
Respondents were asked to reply on “how long have you been smoking”, in which 37
respondent are missing due to they are not smoker which holds 14.1%.
30.1% valid percent4 have been smoking from 1-5 years, 36.7% valid percent have been
smoking from 6-10 years & 28.5% valid percent have been smoking from 11 years &
above.
4
the percentage of non missing data
h o w lo n g h a v e y o u b e e n s m o k in g
40
30
Percent
20 36.7 3%
3 0.09 % 3 3.19 %
10
0
1 -5 ye a rs 6 -1 0 y e a rs 1 1 ye a rs & a b o ve
h o w lo n g h a v e y o u b e e n s m o k in g
how many cigrettes per day
Cumulative
Valid 0-5 21 8.0 9.3 9.3
6-10 39 14.8 17.3 26.5
11-15 46 17.5 20.4 46.9
16-20 63 24.0 27.9 74.8
25 & above 57 21.7 25.2 100.0
Total 226 85.9 100.0
Total 263 100.0
Respondents were asked to reply on “how many cigarettes per day you smoke”, in which
37 respondent are missing due to they are not smoker which holds 14.1%.
9.5% valid percent is smoking 0-5 cigarettes per day, 17.3% valid percent is smoking 6-10
cigarettes per day, 20.4% valid percent is smoking 11-15 cigarettes per day, 20.4% 27.9%
valid percent is smoking 16-20 cigarettes per day & 25% valid percent is smoking 25 &
above cigarettes per day.
h o w m a n y c ig r e t t e s p e r d a y
30
25
20
Percent
15 2 7 .8 8 % 2 5 .2 2 %
10 1 7 .2 6 % 2 0 .3 5 %
5 9 .2 9 %
0
0 -5 6 -1 0 1 1 -1 5 1 6 -2 0 25 & above
what is your ocupation
Cumulative
Valid professional 17 6.5 7.5 7.5
management 20 7.6 8.8 16.3
technical 21 8.0 9.3 25.6
sales 20 7.6 8.8 34.4
financial 19 7.2 8.4 42.7
business man 31 11.8 13.7 56.4
student 56 21.3 24.7 81.1
others 43 16.3 18.9 100.0
Total 227 86.3 100.0
Total 263 100.0
Respondents were asked to reply on “what is your occupation”, in which 36 respondent are
missing because they are not smokers which holds 13.7%.
7.5% valid percent belong to professional, 8.8% valid percent belong to management,
9.3% valid percent belong to technical, 8.8% valid percent belongs to sales, 8.4% valid
percent belong to financial, 13.7% valid percent belongs to business man, 24.7% valid
percent belongs to students & 18.9% valid percent belong to others.
what is your ocupation

25
20
Percent
15
24.67%
10 18.94%
13.66%
5 7.49% 8.81% 9.25% 8.81% 8.37%
0
professionalmanageme technical sales financial business student others
nt man
w hat is your ocupation
which brand do u smoke
Cumulative
Valid benson & hedges 32 12.2 14.2 14.2
capstan 29 11.0 12.8 27.0
dunhill 15 5.7 6.6 33.6
diplomet 1 .4 .4 34.1
goldleaf 79 30.0 35.0 69.0
goldflake 3 1.1 1.3 70.4
K2 3 1.1 1.3 71.7
marlboro 20 7.6 8.8 80.5
more 11 4.2 4.9 85.4
morven gold 8 3.0 3.5 88.9
pine 2 .8 .9 89.8
red & white 5 1.9 2.2 92.0
555 1 .4 .4 92.5
others 2 .8 .9 93.4
No preference 15 5.7 6.6 100.0
Total 226 85.9 100.0
Total 263 100.0
Respondents were asked to reply on “which brand do you smoke”, in which 37 respondents
are missing because they are not smokers which holds 14.1%.
14.2 % smokes Benson & hedges, 12.2% smokes Capstan, 6.6% smokes Dunhill, 0.4%
smokes Diplomet, 35.0% smokes Gold leaf, 1.3% smokes Gold flake, 1.3% smokes K-2,
8.8% smokes Marlboro, 4.9% smokes More, 3.5% smokes Morven gold, 0.9% smokes
Pine, 2.2% smokes Red & White, 0.4 smokes 555, 0.9% smokes other brands.
No Preference 5 on cigarettes brand was given by 6.6% of respondent.
5
smoke more than one brand
w h ic h b r a n d d o u s
4 0
3 0
2 0
3 4 .9 6 %
Percent
1 0
1 41 .2 1 . 68 %3 %
6 . 6 4 % 8 .4 8 .3 58 . %75 %4 % 6 . 6 4 %
0 0 . 4 1 4 .1%3 . 3 %3 % 0 .2 8 .0 82 .0%14 . %48 %8 %
b ec na d sp u d s n i tgph olgi ol l od K l l dm2 f ml a mro l rpo e ir n ve e5d 5o &5t Nh e o r
o n a n. l. . m ee ata f k e b o r eo n . w. . h i t s e p r e f . . .
w h ic h b r a n d d o u s
what is your income
Cumulative
Valid 500-1,500 25 9.5 11.4 11.4
1,600-3,000 15 5.7 6.8 18.2
4,000-5,000 30 11.4 13.6 31.8
6,000-10,000 51 19.4 23.2 55.0
11,000-20,000 61 23.2 27.7 82.7
21,000 & above 38 14.4 17.3 100.0
Total 220 83.7 100.0
Total 263 100.0
Respondents were asked to reply on “what is your monthly income/pocket money”, in

which 43 respondent are missing because they are not smokers which holds 16.3%.
11.4% belongs to monthly income group of R.s 500-1,500, 6.8% belong to monthly income
group of R.s 1,600-3,000, 13.4% belongs to monthly income group of R.s 4,000-5,000,
23% belongs to monthly income group of R.s 6,000-10,000, 27.7% belongs to monthly
income group of R.s 11,000-20,000 & 17.3% belongs to monthly income group of R.s
21,000 & above.
what is your income
30
25
Percent
20
15 27.73%
23.18%
10
17.27%
13.64%
5 11.36%
6.82%
0
500-1,500 1,600-3,000 4,000-5,000 6,000-10,000 11,000- 21,000 &
20,000 above
what is your income

where do you live
Cumulative
Valid Clifton 16 6.1 6.1 6.1
Defence 19 7.2 7.2 13.3
F.B area 12 4.6 4.6 17.9
Garden 9 3.4 3.4 21.3
Gulshan 17 6.5 6.5 27.8
Gulistan-e-johar 14 5.3 5.3 33.1
Lasbela 3 1.1 1.1 34.2
Liaqatabad 8 3.0 3.0 37.3
Landhi 4 1.5 1.5 38.8
Malir 9 3.4 3.4 42.2
Liary 2 .8 .8 43.0
Nazimabad 16 6.1 6.1 49.0
New karachi 12 4.6 4.6 53.6
Tariq road 15 5.7 5.7 59.3
Saddar 10 3.8 3.8 63.1
P.E.C.H.S 14 5.3 5.3 68.4
Maripur 8 3.0 3.0 71.5
korangi 6 2.3 2.3 73.8
Light house 5 1.9 1.9 75.7
K.D.A 13 4.9 4.9 80.6
Azizabad 11 4.2 4.2 84.8
Jahangir road 10 3.8 3.8 88.6
Akhter colony 7 2.7 2.7 91.3
Hill Park 13 4.9 4.9 96.2
Cantt 10 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 263 100.0 100.0
Due to our subject location or area was very important so we selected small areas to get our
result. For that we divided it in to 25 areas
w h e r e d o y o u liv e
6
Percent
4
7 .2 2 %
6 .4 6 %
6 .0 8 % 6 .0 8 %
5 .7 %
5 .3 2 % 5 .3 2 %
4 .9 4 % 4 .9 4 %
4 .5 6 % 4 .5 6 %
2 4 .1 8 %
3 .8 % 3 .8 % 3 .8 %
3 .4 2 % 3 .4 2 %
3 .0 4 % 3 .0 4 %
2 .6 6 %
2 .2 8 %
1 .9 %
1 .5 2 %
1 .1 4 %
0 .7 6 %
0
C lift D e f F . B G a r G u l G u liL a s bL ia q L a n M a liL ia rN a z Ni e wT a r i S a d P . E M
. a r ki o r aL ig hKt .D A. z izJ a h aA k h tH ill C a n t
o n e n c a r e ad e n s h a s ta n e la a ta b d h i r y m a bk a r a q d a r C .H .p u r n g i h o u s A a b a dn g ir e r P a r t
e n -e - ad a d c h i ro a d S e r o a dc o lo k
jo h a ny
r
w h e r e d o y o u liv e
4. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
HYPOTHESIS 1
Consumers belonging to same AGE group prefer same brand of cigarettes.
1:- Statement:
H1o:- consumers belonging to same age group do not smoke same brand of cigarette.
H1a:- consumers belonging to same age group smoke same brand of cigarette
2:- Statement:
Level Of Significance = α = 0.05
3:- Test’s Statistics:-
χ² = Σ [ (ø i,j – e i,j)²]
e i,j
i, expected frequency
o, observed frequency
4:- Critical Region:-

Rejected H1o if p-value is less then 0.05
5:- Calculation :-
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
What is your age. * Which Brand

263 99.6% 1 .4% 264 100.0%
do you smoke.
What is your age. * Which Brand do you smoke. Crosstabulation
Count
Which Brand do you smoke.
Benson Red
& Morven &
Missing Hedges Capston Dunhill Diplomet Goldleaf Goldflake K2 Marlbore More Gold Pine White
What 16-17 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
is 18-20 30 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
your
21-25 0 13 29 11 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
age.
26-30 0 5 2 4 1 20 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
31-35 0 8 2 6 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
36-40 0 2 0 1 0 7 3 3 5 0 0 0 0
41-45 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 4 0 0
46-50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 5
50 &
0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ABOVE
Total 37 34 33 22 1 66 3 3 26 3 8 2 5
what is your age
50 & above
16-17
18-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
ce
en
er
ef
pr
No rs
he
ot e
5 hit
55 w &
d
re ld
e go
pin ven
or
m e
or o
m lbor
ar
m
which brand do u smoke

e
K2 flak
ld
go leaf
ld t
go e
lom
dip hill s
n ge
du tan hed
ps &
ca on
ns
be
0
20
10
Count
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-

Value df sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.197E3a 120 .000 .b
Likelihood Ratio 786.586 120 .000 .b
Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 242.527 1 .000 .b .b
N of Valid Cases 263
a. 132 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .03.
5:- Conclusion:-
As Asump. Sing (2-sided) is < 0.05
Therefore:
We cannot accept H1o
H1o:- consumers belonging to same age group do not smoke same brand of cigarette.
We will accept H1a that is

H1a:- consumers belonging to same age group smoke a same brand of cigarette
HYPOTHESIS 2
Consumers belonging to same INCOME group prefer same brand of cigarettes.
1). Statement:-
H1o:- consumers belonging to same income group do not smoke same brand of cigarette.
H1a:- consumers belonging to same income group smoke same brand of cigarette
2:- Level Of Significance = α = 0.05
χ² = Σ [ (ø i,j – e i,j)²]
e i,j

5:- Calculation :-
Cases
Valid Missing Total
What is your income. * Which

263 99.6% 1 .4% 264 100.0%
Brand do you smoke.
Count
Benso Red
n& Morve &
Missin Hedge Capsto Dunhi Diplom Goldle Goldflak K Marlbor Mor n Pin Whit 55 Other 1 Tota
g s n ll et af e 2 e e Gold e e 5 s 5 l
What Missin
37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37
is your g
incom 500-
e. 0 5 0 0 0 15 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 25
1500
1600-
0 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
3000
4000-
0 0 15 2 0 0 10 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 30
5000
6000-
0 5 0 3 1 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 51
10000
11000
- 0 19 0 0 0 10 3 3 20 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 61
20000
21000
& 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 10 2 2 2 1 5 5 0 38
4
Above
Total
37 37 29 5 1 81 13 3 33 8 2 1 6 5 0 263
7
B a r C h a rt
30
w h a t is y o
5 0 0 -1 ,5 0 0
25
1 ,6 0 0 -3 ,0
20 4 ,0 0 0 -5 ,0
6 ,0 0 0 -1 0 ,
15
Count
1 1 ,0 0 0 -2 0
10 2 1 ,0 0 0 &
0
b e cn as pd su tnd hi pi gl l oo gl d ol l dK f 2l m amr l o mr eo pr vi n r e d 5 &5 o5 t h Ne ro
o n a& n l m e et a af k e b o r o e n w h i t e s p r e f e
hedg g o ld re n c e
es
w h ic h b r a n d d o u s m o k e
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-

Fisher's Exact Test .b .b
5:- Calculation :-
As Asump. Sing (2-sided) is < 0.05
H1o:- consumers belonging to same income group do not smoke same brand of cigarette.
H1a:- consumers belonging to same age group smoke same brand of cigarette
HYPOTHESIS 3
Consumers having same rate of cigarettes CONSUMPTION6 prefers same brand of

cigarettes.
1:- Statement:-
H1o:- consumers having same rate of cigarettes consumption group do not smoke same
brand of cigarette.
H1a:- consumers having same rate of cigarettes consumption group smoke same brand of
cigarette.
χ² = Σ [ (ø i,j – e i,j)²]
e i,j
6
5:- Calculation :-
Cases
Valid Missing Total
How many cigrettes per day. *

263 99.6% 1 .4% 264 100.0%
Count
Benson Red
& Morven &
Missing Hedges Capston Dunhill Diplomet Goldleaf Goldflake K2 Marlbore More Gold Pine White 555 Others 15 Total
How Missing 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37
many 0-5 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
cigrettes
6-10 0 11 5 0 0 3 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39
per day.
11-15 0 4 1 9 1 29 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46
16-20 0 3 2 2 0 38 3 3 7 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 63
25 &
0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 11 8 2 5 1 2 0 57
Above
Total 37 47 29 15 1 81 3 3 17 11 8 2 5 1 2 0 263
How many cigrettes per day. * Which Brand do you smoke. Crosstabulation
B a r C h a rt
25 h o w m a n y c ig r e t te s p e r
day
0 -5
6 -1 0
20 1 1 -1 5
1 6 -2 0
25 & above
15
Count
10
0
b e n s coa p sdt u n h ill
d ip log o ld leg o ld fl K 2 m a r lbm o r em o r v p in e r e d & 5 5 5 o th e r N o
n & an m et af ake o ro en w h ite s p re fe r
hedge g o ld ence
s
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1- Point

Value df (2-sided) sided) sided) Probability
Pearson Chi-Square 9.423E2a 75 .000 .000
Likelihood Ratio 735.291 75 .000 .000
Linear-by-Linear
1.984E2b 1 .000 .000 .000 .000
Association
b. The standardized statistic is .000.
5:- Conclusion:-
As Asump. Sing (2-sided) is < 0.05 ,
Therefore
We can not accept H1o
H1o:- consumers having same rate of cigarettes consumption group do not smoke same
brand of cigarette.
H1a:- consumers having same rate of cigarettes consumption group smoke same brand of
cigarette.
HYPOTHESIS 4
Consumers belonging to same OCUPATION prefers same brand of cigarettes.
1:- Statement:-
H1o:- consumers belonging to same occupation group do not smoke same brand of
cigarette.
H1a:- consumers belonging to same occupation smoke same brand of cigarette
χ² = Σ [ (ø i,j – e i,j)²]
e i,j
Cases
Valid Missing Total
Occupation *
Which Brand do 263 99.6% 1 .4% 264 100.0%
you smoke.
Occupation * Which Brand do you smoke. Crosstabulation
Count
Red
Benson & Ot
& Mor Morve Whit her
Missing Hedges Capston Dunhill Diplomet Goldleaf Goldflake K2 Marlbore e n Gold Pine e 555 s 15 Total
Occupation Missing 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36
Professional 0 10 0 2 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
Management 0 11 1 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
Technical 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
Sales 0 0 4 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
Finance 0 2 0 3 0 12 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
Businessman 0 5 0 3 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31
Student 0 0 0 0 0 22 1 3 20 11 8 2 5 1 2 0 68
Others
0 0 0 0 0 29 2 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 31
0
Total 37 32 29 30 1 79 3 3 20 11 8 2 5 1 2 0 263
B a r C h a rt
30 w h a t is y o u r o c u p a t io n
p r o f e s s io n a l
m anagem ent
t e c h n ic a l
25
s a le s
f in a n c ia l
b u s in e s s m a n
20
s tu d e n t
o th e rs
Count
15
10
0
b e n scoa p sd tu n h dillip log o ld le
g o ld f lK 2 m a r lbm o r em o r vp in e r e d &5 5 5 o t h e rN o
n & an m et af ake o ro en w h it e s p re fe r
hedge g o ld ence
s
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-

5:- Calculation :-
Therefore
H1o:- consumers belonging to same occupation do not smoke same brand of cigarette.
H1a:- consumers belonging to same occupation smoke same brand of cigarette.

HYPOTHESIS 5
Consumers belonging to same LOCATION7 prefers same brand of cigarettes.

1:- Statement:-
H1o:- Consumers belonging to same LOCATION do not prefers same brand of cigarettes.
H1a:- Consumers belonging to same LOCATION prefers same brand of cigarettes.
χ² = Σ [ (ø i,j – e i,j)²]
e i,j
Cases
Valid Missing Total
Where do you live. * Which

263 99.6% 1 .4% 264 100.0%
Brand do you smoke.
5:- Calculation :-
7
Where do you live. * Which Brand do you smoke. Crosstabulation
Count
Benson Red
& Morven &
Missing Hedges Capston Dunhill Diplomet Goldleaf Goldflake K2 Marlbore More Gold Pine White 555 Others 15 Total
Where Clifton 4 4 2 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
do Defense 5 5 1 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
you
F.B Area 2 2 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
live.
Garden 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9
Gulshan 0 4 3 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
Gulistan-a-
0 0 8 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
Johar
Lesbela 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Liaquataba
0 2 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
d
Landhi 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Malir 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
Liary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Nazimabad 0 2 4 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 16
New
0 1 3 0 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
Karachi
Tariq Road 0 2 2 1 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
Saddar
0 1 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10
2
P.E.C.H.S 0 2 2 1 1 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
Maripur 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
Korangi 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Light House 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
K.D.A 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 13
Azizabad 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
Jahangir
0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 10
Road
Akhtar 0
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 7
c e n tr a l
s o u th
n o r th
w est
m a lir
east
d is t r ic
nce
fere
pre
No rs
e
oth
te
555& whi
red ld
e o
pin ven g
r
mo e
r
mo lboro
r
ma
K2 flake
d
gol leaf
d
gol met
lo
dip hil s
dunstan hedge
capson &
ben
30
20
10
0
Count
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-

Value Df sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)
Likelihood Ratio 1.037E3 360 .062 .b
Fisher's Exact Test .b .b
a. 398 cells (99.5%) have expected count less more 5. The minimum expected count is .01.
Conclusion :-
As Asump. Sing (2-sided) is > 0.05 ,
Therefore
We will accept H1o that is
H1a:- Consumers belonging to same location do not prefers same brand of cigarettes.
And will reject H1
H1a:- Consumers belonging to same location prefers same brand of cigarettes
HYPOTHESIS 6
Consumers belonging to same occupation have same consumption rate of cigarettes.
1:- Statement:-
H1o:- Consumers belonging to same occupation do not have same consumption rate of
cigarettes.
H1a:- Consumers belonging to same occupation have same consumption rate of cigarettes.
χ² = Σ [ (ø i,j – e i,j)²]
e i,j
5:- Calculation :-
Cases
Valid Missing Total
Occupation * How many

263 99.6% 1 .4% 264 100.0%
cigrettes per day.
Occupation * How many cigrettes per day. Crosstabulation
Count
How many cigrettes per day.
Missing 0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 25 & Above Total
Occupation Missing 36 0 0 0 0 0 36
Professional 1 16 0 0 0 0 17
Management 0 5 15 0 0 0 20
Technical 0 0 21 0 0 0 21
Sales 0 0 3 17 0 0 20
Finance 0 0 0 19 0 0 19
Businessman 0 0 0 10 21 0 31
Student 0 0 0 0 31 0 31
Others 0 0 0 0 11 57 68
Total 37 21 39 46 63 57 263
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1- Point

Value df (2-sided) sided) sided) Probability
Pearson Chi-Square 1.044E3a 40 .000 .000
Likelihood Ratio 768.754 40 .000 .000
Linear-by-Linear
2.506E2b 1 .000 .000 .000 .000
Association
a. 36 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.36.
b. The standardized statistic is .000.

20
w h a t is y o u r o c u p a t i
p r o fe s s io n a l
m anagem ent
10 te c h n ic a l
s a le s
fin a n c ia l
b u s in e s s m a n
s tu d e n t
Count
0 o th e r s
0-5 6 - 1 0 1 1 - 1 5 1 6 - 2 02 5 & a b o v e
5:- Calculation :-
Therefore
we can not accept H1o
H1o:- Consumers belonging to same occupation do not have a same consumption rate of
cigarettes.
H1a:- Consumers belonging to same occupation have a same consumption rate of

cigarettes.
CHAPTER – 5
CONCLUSION
The Top Three most preferred cigarette brands

1st = Gold leaf
With 79 out 263 respondents smoke it having 35%.
2nd = Benson & hedges
With 32 out of 236 respondents smoke it having 14.2%
3rd =Capstan
With 29 out of 263 respondents smoke it having 12.8%
RECOMMENDATIONS
Target Segments of Gold leaf:-

Age: - 18-20
Income: - 11,000 – 20,000
Consumption: - 25 & above
Occupation: - students
Location: - East
Target Segment of Benson & hedges:-

Age: - 41-45
Income: - 21,000 & above
Consumption: - 16 - 20
Occupation: - Financials
Location: -East
Target Segment of Capstan:-

Age: - 21-25
Income: - 6,000 – 10,000
Consumption: - 16- 20
Occupation: - Others
Location: - North
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• The anatomy of the United States housing crisis by Dr. Mark W. Hendrickson is a
faculty member, economist, and contributing scholar with the Center for Vision
and Values at Grove City College (January 02, 2008 6:00 AM).
• Backgrounder: Sub prime mortgage crisis Editor: Wang Hongjiang

www.chinaview.cn 2008-11-15 12:59
• The Conservative Origins of the Sub-Prime Mortgage Crisis the American

Prospect.htm.John Atlas and Peter Dreier December 18, 2007 web only.
• Finance & Development a quarterly magazine of IMF Dec 2007 volume 4, no 4

Sub prime: Tentacles of a Crisis by Randall Dodd is a Senior Financial Expert in
the IMF’s Monetary and Capital Markets Department.
• Credit Crisis Bailout Plan by New York Times Monday, June 8, 2009.
• Regional Economic Outlook: Europe, International Monetary Fund, April, 2008, p.

19-20; and EU Banking Structures, European Central Bank, October 2008, p. 26.
• Flash Estimates for the Fourth Quarter of 2008, Eurostat news release, STAT/09/19,
February 13, 2009.
• CRS Report RS22988, Iceland’s Financial Crisis, by James K. Jackson.
• Anderson, Camilla, Iceland Gets Help to Recover From Historic Crisis, IMF Survey
Magazine, November 19, 2008.
• CRS Report RS22850, Tax Provisions of the 2008 Economic Stimulus Package,
coordinated by Jane G. Gravelle.
• Dougherty, Carter, British Central Bank Cuts Its Key Rate, The New York Times,
March 6, 2009; March 5, 2009 –Monetary Policy Decisions, press release, the
European Central Bank.
112
• EU Sets up Crisis Unit to Boost Financial Oversight, Thompson Financial News,
October 16, 2008.
• From Financial Crisis to Recovery: A European Framework for Action,

Communication From the Commission, European Commission, COM (2008) 706
final, October 29, 2008.
• Bernanke, Ben S., Liquidity Provision by the Federal Reserve, May 13, 2008.
ANNEXTURE
Questionnaire
Please fill out this form

1.
What is your gender?
Female Mal
e
2.
Your age
16 - 17 18 – 20 21 - 25 26 – 30 31 – 35
36 – 40 41 – 45 46 - 50 50 & above
3.
Do you smoke
If NO so go to Q.9
Yes No Already Quitted
4.
how long have you been smoking
1 year - 5 years 6 years - 10 years 11 years & above
5. how many cigarettes per day

0-5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 – 20 25 & above
6.
Your occupation
kindly tick your occupation

Professional Management Technical Sales
Financial Business man Student Other
7. Tick the brand you smoke
kindly tick only one brand
Benson & hedges Capstan

Dunhill Diplomat
Gold leaf Gold flake
K2 Marlboro
More Morven gold

Pine Red & white
555 Other
8.
Your monthly income\ pocket money
500 - 1500 1600 – 3000 4000 - 5000
6000 - 10,000 11,000 - 20,000 21,000 & above
9.
where do you live
117

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CIGARAETTES BRAND PREFERNCE OF

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Marketing

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMISTRATION

3.5.2) Statistical Analyses----------------------------------------------------------------------

“THANKS TO ALMIGHTY ALLAH”

So that companies of different cigarette brands can apply their:-

Senior Lecturer Muhammad Sajjada Shamim Ahmed

1.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

1.2 Problem statement:

1.3 Scope of the Research:

1.4 Research objectives :

The objectives of the study/research are to determine:

2) Consumers belong to same group of INCOME prefer same brand of cigarettes.

3) Consumers belong to same rate of CONSUMPTION group prefer same brand of

4) Consumers belong to same OCCUPATION prefer same brand of cigarettes.

5) Consumers belong to same LOCATION prefer same brand of cigarettes.

6) Consumers belonging to same OCCUPATION have same rate of CONSUMPTION of

2.2 International work done

TABLE 2</TD< TR>

Approximately 4.1 million youth age 12-17

Tobacco As a "Gateway Drug"

compares to 5.0 percent in 1997, not a statistically significant difference.

2.3 Tobacco industry in Pakistan

2.3.1 Article by Syed M Aslam:

2.3.2 Investigating socio-economic-demographic determinants of

To investigate the socio-economic and demographic determinants of tobacco use

2.3.3PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CURRENT

Branding is increasingly being used as a strategy for managing markets in developed

DATA ANALISIS, RESULTS/FININDINGS & DISCUSSIONS

3.1) Data Analysis

3.2 Data gathering instruments

8) Consumers belong to same group of INCOME prefer same brand of cigarettes.

9) Consumers belong to same rate of CONSUMPTION group prefer same brand of

10) Consumers belong to same OCCUPATION prefer same brand of cigarettes.

11) Consumers belong to same LOCATION prefer same brand of cigarettes.

12) Consumers belonging to same OCCUPATION have same rate of CONSUMPTION of

3.5 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

3.5.1 DATA ANALYSIS

3.5.2.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

3.5.2.2 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

3.6.1 SELECTING BRAND NAMES FOR THE QUESTIONNAIRE

3.6.2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

3.6.3 VARIABLE AND MEASURES

3.7 Solutions and Evaluation

how long how which

what is your age

how long have you been smoking

how many cigrettes per day

what is your ocupation

what is your ocupation

w hat is your ocupation

which brand do u smoke

Respondents were asked to reply on “what is your monthly income/pocket money”, in

what is your income

4:- Critical Region:-

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

What is your age. * Which Brand

Which Brand do you smoke.

which brand do u smoke

Asymp. Sig. (2-

Pearson Chi-Square 1.197E3a 120 .000 .b