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UNIT 4
FLUID DYNAMICS
OBJECTIVES
General Objective : To know, understand and apply the mechanism of flow to simple
pipes.
INPUT
4.2.1 Discharge
The volume of liquid passing through a given cross-section in unit time is
called the discharge. It is measured in cubic meter per second, or similar units
and denoted by Q.
Q = A.v
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/3
Example 4.1
If the diameter d = 15 cm and the mean velocity, v = 3 m/s, calculate the actual
discharge in the pipe.
Q = Av
π d2
= ×v
4
π (0.15)2
= ×3
4
= 0.053 m 3 / s
The mass of fluid passing through a given cross section in unit time is called
the mass flow rate. It is measured in kilogram per second, or similar units and
•
denoted by m .
•
m = ρ × A× v
A1 v1 A2 v2
in out
• •
m1 = m 2
ρ 1 A1 v1 = ρ 2 A2 v 2
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/4
`Example 4.2
Oil flows through a pipe at a velocity of 1.6 m/s. The diameter of the pipe is 8 cm.
Calculate discharge and mass flowrate of oil. Take into consideration soil = 0.85.
Q1 = A1v1
π (0.08)2
= (1.6)
4
= 8.042 × 10 −3 m 3 / s
•
m = ρQ
(
= 0.85(1000) 8.042 × 10 −3 )
= 6.836 kg / s
A very simple way to measure the rate at which water is flowing along the pipe is by
catching all the water that is coming out of the pipe in a bucket over a fixed time
period. We can obtain the rate of accumulation of mass by measuring the weight of the
water in the bucket and dividing this by the time taken to collect this water. This is
known as the mass flowrate.
Example 4.3
The weight of an empty bucket is 2.0 kg. After 7 seconds of collecting water the
weight of the bucket is 8.0 kg. Calculate the mass flowrate of the fluid.
ACTIVITY 4A
4.1 List down four types of flow. Define any three types of flow that you have
listed.
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/6
FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 4A
4.1
1. Steady flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream may vary from cross-
section, but for each cross-section they do not change with time. Example: a
wave travelling along a channel.
2. Uniform flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream of fluid are the same at
each successive cross-section. Example: flow through a pipe of uniform bore
running completely full.
3. Laminar flow
Also known as streamline or viscous flow, in which the particles of the fluid
move in an orderly manner and retain the same relative positions in successive
cross-sections.
4. Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow is a non steady flow in which the particles of fluid move in a
disorderly manner, occupying different relative positions in successive cross-
sections.
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/7
INPUT
P R
QP QR
SYSTEM
P R
Figure 4.1
QP =QR
Application
We can apply the principle of continuity to pipes with cross sections that have
changes along their length. Consider the diagram below of a pipe with a
contraction.
Section 1 Section 2
Figure 4.2
A liquid is flowing from left to right and the pipe is narrowing in the same
direction. By the continuity principle, the discharge must be the same at each
section. The mass going into the pipe is equal to the mass going out of the
pipe.
Example 4.4
If the area A1 = 10 × 10-3 m2 and A2 = 3 × 10-3 m2 and the upstream mean velocity,
v1=2.1 m/s, calculate the downstream mean velocity.
A1 v1
v2 =
A2
10 × 10 −3 (2.1)
=
3 × 10 −3
= 7.0 m / s
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/9
Now try this on a diffuser, a pipe which expands or diverges as in the figure
below.
Section 1 Section 2
Figure 4.3
Example 4.5
Figure 4.4
Total discharge into the junction = Total discharge out of the junction
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
A1v1 = A2v2 + A3v3
Example 4.6
A pipe is split into 2 pipes which are BC and BD as shown in the Figure 4.5. The
following information is given:
A B
D
Figure 4.5
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/11
a) Discharge at section A
Q A = AA × v A
π (0.45)2
= ×2
4
= 0.318 m 3 / s
Q A = QB
AA v A = AB v B
A v
vB = A A
AB
0.318 (4 )
=
π (0.3)2
= 4.5 m / s
QB = QC + QD
QD = QB − QC
= ( AB × v B ) − ( AC vC )
⎡ π (0.3)2 ⎤ ⎡ π (0.2)2 ⎤
=⎢ × 4.5⎥ − ⎢ × 4⎥
⎣ 4 ⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
= 0.192 m / s
3
For pipe BD
QD = AD × v D
= 0.192 m 3 / s
QD
vD =
AD
0.192 × 4
= = 10.86 m / s
π (0.15)2
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/12
ACTIVITY 4B
4.2 State the actual discharge equation for the following pipes.
5
2
1
7
Q1 = _______________
Q2 = _______________
Q7 = _______________
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/13
FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 4B
4.2
5
2
1
7
Q1 = _Q2 +Q3_
Q7 = _Q3 –Q8_
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/14
SELF-ASSESSMENT
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check
your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment. If you face any problems,
discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck.
4.1 Water flows through a pipe AB of diameter d1 = 50 mm, which is in series with
a pipe BC of diameter d2 = 75 mm in which the mean velocity v2 = 2 m/s. At C
the pipe forks and one branch CD is of diameter d3 such that the mean velocity
v3 is 1.5 m/s. The other branch CE is of diameter d4 = 30 mm and conditions are
such that the discharge Q2 from BC divides so that Q4 = ½ Q3. Calculate the
values of Q1,v1,Q2,Q3,D3,Q4 and v4..
C D
B
A
E
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/15
FEEDBACK ON SELF-ASSESSMENT
Answers:
v1 = 4.50 m/s
d3 = 71 mm
v4 = 4.17 m/s