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Tese
Pelotas, 2011
PRISCILA MARQUES MOURA DE LEON
Pelotas, 2011
Dados de catalogação na fonte:
Maria Beatriz Vaghetti Vieira – CRB 10/1032
Biblioteca de Ciência & Tecnologia - UFPel
CDD: 636.10824
Banca examinadora:
Muito Obrigada!
“Quem baila essa chacarera
Não pode "froxá o garrão"
Hay que firma o puchero
Batendo o legüero do coração”
Pirisca Grecco
RESUMO
RESUMO..................................................................................................................... 7
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. 9
LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ................................................................... 11
1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ........................................................................................ 14
1.1 Reprodução Equina ......................................................................................... 14
1.2 Genômica na Reprodução Equina ................................................................... 15
1.3 Expressão Gênica na Reprodução Equina ...................................................... 17
1.4 Polimorfismos Genéticos na Reprodução de Equinos ..................................... 20
1.5 Aplicação de Diagnóstico Molecular em Equinos ............................................ 22
2. ARTIGO I .............................................................................................................. 24
EXPRESSION OF APOPTOTIC GENES IN IMMATURE AND IN VITRO MATURED
EQUINE OOCYTES AND CUMULUS CELLS .......................................................... 25
Summary ............................................................................................................... 26
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 27
2. Materials and methods....................................................................................... 29
3. Results ............................................................................................................... 32
4. Discussion ......................................................................................................... 33
5. References ........................................................................................................ 38
3. ARTIGO II ............................................................................................................. 46
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN P53
AND ABORTION IN THOROUGHBRED MARES .................................................... 47
Abstract.................................................................................................................. 48
Short Communication ............................................................................................ 49
References ............................................................................................................ 52
4. ARTIGO III ............................................................................................................ 56
EQUINE FETAL SEX DETERMINATION USING CIRCULATING CELL-FREE
FETAL DNA (CCFFDNA) ......................................................................................... 57
Abstract.................................................................................................................. 58
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 59
2. Materials and Methods....................................................................................... 61
3. Results and Discussion ...................................................................................... 65
5. References......................................................................................................... 68
5. PATENTE DE INVENSÃO .................................................................................... 56
Anexo de Inventores .............................................................................................. 74
Resumo da Patente de Invenção........................................................................... 75
6. CONCLUSÕES ..................................................................................................... 73
7. REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................................... 73
8. ANEXO I: Produção Científica no Doutorado ...................................................... 73
14
1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL
com os genes CRISP3, SPATA1 e INHBA têm sido realizados em associação com
problemas de fertilidade em garanhões (GIESECKE et al., 2010).
O desenvolvimento de mapas genéticos de alta resolução é uma ferramenta
valiosa para o isolamento de genes e marcadores associados com características
economicamente importantes, como a reprodução (CHOWDHARY et al., 2008). A
compreensão mais sofisticada de traços complexos e do impacto do genoma na
aptidão individual, poderá auxiliar na seleção e melhoramento genético dos animais.
Além, de permitir que pesquisadores desenvolvam testes específicos de diagnóstico
e elaborem medidas preventivas de manejo e tratamento (BROSNAHAN et al.,
2010).
homozigotos para este SNP (GIESECKE et al., 2009). Giesecke et al. (2010)
analisaram cinco SNPs intrônicos em garanhões que possuem efeito no sítio de
ligação do fator de transcrição do gene INHBA, modificando o nível de expressão da
inibina beta A, que participa da regulação do eixo hormonal hipotálamo-hipófise.
O TP53 é um dos genes mais estudados em oncologia humana, pois em
vários tipos de tumores malignos têm sido encontradas mutações (OLIVIER et al.,
2009). O gene TP53 é fundamental no processo de supressão tumoral, por estar
envolvido na progressão do ciclo celular e apoptose, assim como na manutenção do
DNA e da integridade genômica. Dentre as mutações comumente estudadas,
encontra-se em destaque o SNP do códon 72/exon 4. Este polimorfismo resume-se
a uma variação de um G para um C, resultando na síntese dos aminoácidos Arginina
(CGC) ou Prolina (CCC). Estas duas variantes polimórficas tem demonstrado possuir
além das diferenças estruturais, propriedades bioquímicas e biológicas diferentes
(WANG et al., 1999; SZYMANOWSKA et al., 2006; LI et al., 2009). Este SNP no
códon 72 da p53 foi relacionado com problemas de fertilidade e pré-natais em
humanos (KANG et al., 2009). Alguns estudos encontraram uma relação entre os
genótipos da p53 e a ocorrência de anormalidades reprodutivas (KAY et al., 2006;
Chang, 2002) e endometriose (OMORI et al., 2004; AMMENDOLA et al., 2008).
Além disso, a TP53 é um mediador potencial da gestação, com atividades
relacionadas ao estrogênio e a progesterona (SIVARAMAN et al., 2001); e através
da regulação da transcrição do fator inibitório de leucemia (LIF), citocina crucial na
implantação embrionária (HU, 2009).
Estudos realizados em humanos são frequentemente extrapolados para
animais, baseado no conhecimento e resultados obtidos no âmbito genômico sobre
a influência dos SNP em problemas reprodutivos de mulheres, o gene da p53 torna-
se um importante alvo de pesquisa na reprodução equina.
22
2. ARTIGO I
P.M.M. Leon1,2, V.F. Campos1,2, C. Kaefer1,2, K.R. Begnini1,2, A.J.A. McBride3, O.A.
1
Laboratório de Embriologia Molecular e Transgênese, Biotecnologia/Centro de
collares.t@gmail.com
26
Summary
The gene expression of Bax, Bcl-2, survivin and p53, following in vitro maturation of
equine oocytes, was compared in morphologically distinct oocytes and cumulus cells.
Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were harvested and divided into two groups: G1 -
morphologically healthy cells and G2 - less viable cells or cells with some degree of
atresia. Total RNA was isolated from both immature and in vitro matured COC and
expression. Our results showed there was significantly higher expression of survivin
(P < 0.05) and lower expression of p53 (P < 0.01) in oocytes compared to cumulus
vitro maturation or in COC derived from G1 and G2. However, expression of the Bax
Introduction
and cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos is critical for the in vitro production of
embryos (IVP). The techniques of assisted reproduction, In vitro fertilization (IVF) and
equine gametes, however, low efficiency has limited their commercial application in
this species (Choi et al., 2006; Hinrichs et al., 2007; Squires et al., 2003). Progress in
this area was initially slow as standard IVF is not reproducible in horses (Hinrichs,
2010). However, ICSI resulted in the birth of several foals, and has been used for the
clinical production of foals (Galli et al., 2007; Jacobson et al., 2010; Mortensen et al.,
2010). Nevertheless, oocyte quality and culture conditions were found to be highly
variable, with low levels of blastocyst formation in vitro and poor reproducibility
and under different culture conditions (Badr et al., 2007; Rizos et al., 2008;
considered healthy, these oocytes can then be selected for in vitro maturation and
IVF (Li et al., 2009). However, it has been reported that equine oocytes with a
28
compact cumulus exhibited a lower meiotic competence and lower fertilization rate
after ICSI (Ambruosi et al., 2009). Analysis of the expression of genes that are
One of the main factors affecting the potential for embryonic development is
apoptosis (Anguita et al., 2009; Dhali et al., 2007; Park et al., 2006), or programmed
cell surface, or by internal stimuli to intracellular stress, such as DNA damage, cell
gene families (Chang et al., 2002). Previous studies on cumulus cell gene expression
(McKenzie et al., 2004) and apoptosis (Corn et al., 2005) showed that cumulus cells
can reflect the developmental potential of human embryos during IVF cycles.
Previously, was demonstrated the apoptosis incidence in mare ovarian follicles, its
association with cytoplasmic maturation was observed (Dell'aquila et al., 2003). The
impact of apoptosis in the COC and its impact on oocyte development potential
remains unclear, as contradictory reports from various species have failed to clarify
Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the expression of the
apoptosis related genes Bax, Bcl-2, survivin and p53 during in vitro maturation of
equine oocytes and to compare gene expression between oocytes and cumulus cells
The biological material used in this experiment was obtained from a horse
abattoir located in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. The ovaries were randomly
collected on the slaughter line, without identifying age, stage of the estrous cycle,
clinical condition and nutritional status of mares. The time between slaughter and the
collection was approximately one hour, and the ovaries were transported in thermo
Embryology, UFPel. The COC were aspirated from follicles ranging from 10 to 20 mm
in diameter (follicles preceding follicle deviation). The contents were placed into a 50
mL conical tube and allowed to settle for 15 min. The sediment was evaluated using
microscope (Olympus, USA) for the number of layers and degree of compaction of
the cumulus cells, cytoplasm homogeneity and integrity and were divided into two
more than three cell layers, intact cytoplasm, evenly granular and homogenous
atresia (oocytes that presented less than three layers of cumulus cells and/or
30
previously described (Caillaud et al., 2008). Briefly, equine follicular fluid was
collected from follicles smaller than 30 mm, centrifuged at 14.000 rpm for 10 min,
filtered through 22 µm filter and heat-inactivated at 56°C for 30 min. For in vitro
maturation the COC were incubated for 36 h at 38.7ºC and 5% CO2. At the end of
the incubation period the COC were denuded mechanically by repeated pipetting in a
Reagent (Invitrogen, USA) for RNA extraction and subsequent assessment of rates
the IVM process, the COC were classified into G1 and G2, denuded and total RNA
was extracted immediately after collection. Nine hundred and sixty COC were divided
among the experimental groups, four replicates were performed on pools of 60 COC.
To determine the stage of nuclear maturation of the oocytes upon collection and after
IVM, 10% were assessed by staining. The maturation rate was determined by
µg/ml and denuded oocytes were incubated for 10 min at 38.7°C. Slides were
vesicle (GV) with a single condensed mass associated with the nucleolus; germinal
31
condensed chromatin. Metaphase I (MI) oocytes were those presenting the first
metaphase plate. In oocytes at metaphase II (MII) the metaphase plate was located
peripherally in the ooplasm and polar body in the perivitelline space. Oocytes with
degenerating.
Total RNA was extracted from the COC stored in TRIzol as described by the
manufacturer. The extracted RNA was quantified using the Qubit Fluorometer
(Invitrogen, USA), with the Quant-iT RNA BR Assay Kit following the manufacturer’s
oocytes). cDNA was produced using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription
Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The cDNA
was then used as template for the qRT-PCR, Stratagene Mx3005P Real-Time PCR
System (Agilent Technologies, UK), reaction using the Platinum Sybr Green Kit
(Invitrogen, USA). The primer pairs for the qRT-PCR were designed using Vector NTI
11 software (Invitrogen, USA) using the sequences for each of the target genes,
al., 2009) was used for normalization of the target gene expression data.
Data processing and statistical analysis were performed using the software
REST 2009. The rate of gene expression was calculated relative to the expression of
32
the GAPDH gene, based on the method of Pfaffl and colleagues (Pfaffl et al., 2002).
The various groups were analysed using integrated randomization and bootstrapping
Results
Some 1160 COC were recovered from 528 ovaries. Immediately after
collection, 76% (76/100) of oocytes were at the germinal vesicle stage, 17% (17/100)
were at the germinal vesicle breakdown stage and 7% (7/100) were at the
degenerated stage. The COC were divided into two groups: G1 - considered
some degree of atresia, see Fig. 1. The average rate of IVM was 51%, with a rate of
54% (27/50) for the G1 group and 48% (24/50) for the G2 group.
Overall our results showed that survivin gene expression was significantly
comparison to COC. Furthermore, p53 expression was higher in both immature and
The survivin gene showed higher expression in in vitro matured oocytes from
morphological group G1 than in cumulus cells from these oocytes (p <0.02). The p53
vitro matured cumulus cells (p=0.007). However, the same relation was not observed
33
between mature oocytes and cumulus cells mature G2. Figure 2 shows the data on
survivin gene expression and the data on p53 gene expression in oocyte and
cumulus cells of G1 and G2 groups. When the expression was compared between
oocytes and cumulus cells according to morphology and maturation, differences for
analyzed in immature oocytes and after in vitro maturation (p>0.05). In oocytes from
different morphological groups, G1 and G2, there was no difference in Bcl-2, Bax,
survivin and p53 gene expression in immature and in vitro maturated oocytes.
there was no difference in Bcl-2, Bax, survivin and p53 gene expression (p>0.05).
Changes in gene expression of Bcl-2, survivin and p53 (p>0.05) were not
and G2 it was observed difference in the expression of cumulus cells for the pro-
apoptotic Bax gene. The expression of Bax was higher in cells of the morphological
Discussion
This study evaluated the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, survivin and p53 genes
morphological parameters of oocytes and cumulus cells from these complexes. Gene
expression studies in equine species are relatively scarce (Smits et al., 2009), this
was the first report of gene expression in equine cumulus-oocyte complex, allowing
apoptotic gene p53 between oocytes and cumulus cells. Equine morphologically
viable oocytes expressed a higher rate of survivin and lower rate of p53 than
cumulus cells. Gene expression in cumulus cells, including genes involved in the
gene expression in the cumulus cells (van Montfoort et al., 2008). The bidirectional
communication between the oocyte and companion somatic cells is essential for
(Matzuk et al., 2002). An increase in apoptotic cumulus cells has been related to a
IVF cycles (Host et al., 2000). Our results indicating the survivin and p53 proteins
transcriptionally quiescent and must rely on pools of RNA accumulated during the
growth phase for protein synthesis (Wassarman and Letourneau, 1976). In a study of
oocytes and cumulus cells of bovine, ovine, porcine, canine, feline and murine, it was
occurred in vitro or in vivo, and were similar between the phases of nuclear
maturation of the germinal vesicle and metaphase II oocytes (Payton et al., 2010).
The differences in features of total RNA from oocytes versus cumulus was reported,
oocytes are contained within growing antral follicles which are in large part
oocytes contain maternal pools of RNA, protein and energy stores that accumulated
35
during the growth phase, a period during which features of oocyte RNA are more like
vitro developmental capacity of bovine follicular oocytes (Jeon et al., 2008). The
competence and the quality of in vitro produced blastocysts in bovine (Jeon et al.,
apoptosis and regulates cell division. The survivin acts as inhibitor of apoptosis by
linking directly to the caspases, it has been shown to inhibit directly the caspase 3
2003).
cellular stress (Dhali et al., 2007). The transcriptional activity of p53 is required for
cell death in some systems, its nuclear translocation is required for transcription of
the gene Bax (Sabbatini et al., 1995). However, the p53 gene expression appear to
2009). Was reported a significantly higher expression of p53 from oocyte to four-cell
stage as compared with that of the later pre-implantation stages, suggesting p53-
independent apoptosis in bovine embryos (Melka et al., 2009). Equine oocytes are
with the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Ambruosi et al., 2009;
Tremoleda et al., 2003), suggesting the oocytes and embryos of this species are
more sensitive to oxidative stress and apoptosis (Ambruosi et al., 2009). In vitro
the conditions under which the oocytes are subjected may result in changes in gene
Expression of the Bax gene has been identified in oocytes, granulosa cells
and luteal cells of various species and levels of Bax expression appear to be
positively correlated with apoptosis in each of these lineages. Bax and p53
upregulation has been associated with apoptosis in granulosa cells (Zwain and
observed difference in the expression of cumulus cells for the gene pro-apoptotic
Bax, the expression of Bax is higher in cells of the morphological group G1, and the
Bcl-2 has not changed. However, in the study by Filali et al (2009) the Bcl-2 mRNA
mature oocytes than those associated with immature oocytes, whereas BAX mRNA
analyzed in immature oocytes and after in vitro maturation period, and oocytes from
expression Bcl-2, Bax, survivin and p53 in immature oocytes and in vitro maturated.
Similar results were published comparing the expression levels of anti-apoptotic gene
quality of oocytes from which they originate, with the selection of oocytes based
Bcl-2 showing that the dynamic change in the transcriptional profile of Bax
expressed a greater rate of survivin and lower rate of p53 than cumulus cells. No
immature and after in vitro maturation period and in oocytes from morphological
groups, but in cumulus cells higher expression of the gene pro-apoptotic Bax in G1
than G2 was observed. However, other genes involved in cell survival and viability
of meiotic maturation are targets for our subsequent studies. We believe that our
the knowledge about the biology of the oocyte and signals the progress in
competence.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from CNPq and FAPERGS, Brazil. P.M.M.L,
V.F.C., C.K. and K.B. were supported by scholarships from CAPES, Brazil and J.C.D.
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Figure Legends
Figure 2. Normalized CT values of the mRNA levels of the four apoptotic genes, Bcl-
2, Bax, Survivin and p53. A. Immature oocytes and cumulus cells from groups G1
and G2 and B. In vitro matured oocytes and cumulus cells from groups G1 and G2.
Significant differences where P < 0.05 are indicated by a *, P < 0.01 by ** and P <
0.001 by ***. iOoc: immature oocytes; iCum: immature cumulus cells; mOoc: matured
3. ARTIGO II
a
Laboratório de Embriologia Molecular e Transgênese, Biotecnologia/Centro de
Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
b
Laboratório de Genômica Funcional, Biotecnologia/Centro de Desenvolvimento
Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
c
Instituto de Matemática, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
RS, Brazil
d
Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de
Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Abstract
Although the equine genome sequence is completed (Wade et al., 2009), exon
4 of the p53 gene has not elucidated, as there is a gap in the genome assembly at
this point; moreover there is little information on the impact of p53 gene
polymorphisms in horses. Thoroughbred breed showed population diversity through
Linkage disequilibrium study (Corbin et al., 2010). Considering the importance of the
p53 gene in reproduction, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of
the Arg/Pro SNP and correlate the genotypes with reproductive performance in
Thoroughbred mares.
Blood samples were collected from 105 Thoroughbred mares and the genomic
DNA was extracted using the Blood and Tissue Dneasy Kit (Qiagen). Polymorphisms
were analysed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) as
described in Lin et al. (2008). The target region was amplified by PCR using primers:
forward 5’-TTGCCGTCCCAAGCAATGGATGA-3’ and reverse 5’-
TCTGGGAAGGGACAGAAGATGAC-3’. GoTaq qPCR Master Mix (Promega) and
restriction endonuclease BstUI (New England Biolabs) were used for PCR-RFLP.
The enzyme produces 113 and 86 base pair (bp) fragments if the genotype is
Arg/Arg; 199, 113 and 86 bp fragments if it is Arg/Pro and a single fragment of 199
bp (no cleavage) with the Pro/Pro genotype (Fig. 1). For enzymatic restriction
reaction was used positive (Arg/Arg) and negative (Pro/Pro) controls.
PCR products were sequenced using the above primers with a MegaBACE
1000 DNA sequencer (GE Healthcare) using Dynamic ET-terminator technology (Fig.
50
2). Contigs were assembled and analysed using the ContigExpress module of Vector
NTI 10.0 suite (Invitrogen). The assembled sequence was analysed by BLAST
against p53 sequences available in GenBank (equine: NC_009154.2; human:
NC_000017.10).
Reproductive data from 105 mares for the reproductive seasons in 2007, 2008
and 2009 were analysed, including number of natural mating per season, a positive
diagnosis of pregnancy, birth of foals during the season, abortion, twin gestation,
placentitis, diagnosis of endometritis post-coverage, anovulatory cycles (acyclic) and
number of stillbirths. For the statistical analysis, Pearson's χ2 and Fisher’s exact test
were used to compare the differences in reproductive variables and p53 SNPs
between cases and controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess
the association between the p53 genotypes, age (years) and reproductive variables.
Nagelkerke’s Pseudo-R2 was calculated for significant models.
The authors believe that is the first study demonstrating the Arg/Pro SNP in
equine p53 gene. We identified three possible genotypes of the p53 gene in the
Thoroughbred mares, identifying the existence of the Arg/Pro genotype in the equine
genome. Fig. 1A shows the results of the PCR and Fig. 1B shows the RFLP profiles.
The 199 bp nucleotide sequence corresponding to the three genotypes was
confirmed by DNA sequencing. This Arg/Pro SNP present in exon 4 of equine p53
corresponds to the SNP of codon 72/exon 4 of human p53 according to alignments
performed.
This is the first study demonstrating the prevalence of p53 gene polymorphism
at exon 4 in equines and its association with reproductive variables. Several studies
have shown an association with the Pro72 homozygote and recurrent pregnancy
failure in women (Firouzabadi et al., 2009; Pietrowski et al., 2005). Conversely, no
significant associations were found between codon 72/p53 SNP and recurrent
pregnancy failure in patients in a study carried out by Coulam et al. (2006).
Furthermore, Kay et al. (2006) reported a significant increase in the Arg/Arg
frequency among women with recurrent pregnancy loss. It is known that a balance in
proliferation and apoptosis is necessary to ensure normal embryonic development
during pregnancy. Apoptosis and cell proliferation is frequently observed during
normal pregnancy in blood vessel cells, cytotrophoblasts and trophoblasts of the
placenta (Pietrowski et al., 2005). The study of SNP in genes linked to reproduction
allows the prediction of prognostic markers of fertility, indicating possible precautions
in reproductive management in equines.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Alan McBride for a critical review of the manuscript.
This work was supported by grants from CNPq and FAPERGS, Brazil. P.M.M.L,
V.F.C. and H.S.T. were supported by scholarships from CAPES, Brazil and J.C.D.
and O.A.D. received a research fellowship from CNPq.
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variation in the structure of the protein-coding region of the human p53 gene.
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2010. Linkage disequilibrium and historical effective population size in the
Thoroughbred horse. Animal Genetics 41 (Suppl. 2), 8-15.
Coulam C.B., Kay C., Jeyendran R.S., 2006. Role of p53 codon 72 polymorphism in
recurrent pregnancy loss. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 12, 378-382.
Firouzabadi R.D., Ghasemi N., Rozbahani M.A., Tabibnejad N., 2009. Association of
p53 polymorphism with ICSI/IVF failure and recurrent pregnancy loss. The
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53
Kay C., Jeyendran R.S., Coulam C.B., 2006. p53 tumour suppressor gene
polymorphism is associated with recurrent implantation failure. Reproductive
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Li D.B., Wei X., Jiang L.H., Wang Y., Xu F., 2010. Meta-analysis of epidemiological
studies of association of P53 codon 72 polymorphism with bladder cancer.
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Chen C.H., 2008. Polymorphisms of COX-2 -765G>C and p53 codon 72 and
risks of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Taiwan population. Oral Oncology
44, 798-804.
Pietrowski D., Bettendorf H., Riener E.K., Keck C., Hefler L.A., Huber J.C., Tempfer
C., 2005. Recurrent pregnancy failure is associated with a polymorphism in
the p53 tumour suppressor gene. Human Reproduction 20, 848-851.
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Adelson D.L., Bailey E., Bellone R.R., Blocker H., Distl O., Edgar R.C., Garber
M., Leeb T., Mauceli E., MacLeod J.N., Penedo M.C., Raison J.M., Sharpe T.,
Vogel J., Andersson L., Antczak D.F., Biagi T., Binns M.M., Chowdhary B.P.,
Coleman S.J., Della V.G., Fryc S., Guerin G., Hasegawa T., Hill E.W., Jurka
J., Kiialainen A., Lindgren G., Liu J., Magnani E., Mickelson J.R., Murray J.,
Nergadze S.G., Onofrio R., Pedroni S., Piras M.F., Raudsepp T., Rocchi M.,
Roed K.H., Ryder O.A., Searle S., Skow L., Swinburne J.E., Syvanen A.C.,
Tozaki T., Valberg S.J., Vaudin M., White J.R., Zody M.C., Lander E.S.,
Lindblad-Toh K., 2009. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and
population genetics of the domestic horse. Science 326, 865-867.
54
Table 1
Distribution of the codon 72 SNP in p53 (% genotype, n/total) and association with
reproductive variables in Thoroughbred mares.
Figure legends
Figure 1. (A) Amplification of a 199 base pair (bp) fragment of p53 containing codon
72. (B) Restriction fragment length polymorphism demonstrating three possible
genotypes: Arg/Pro (A/P) (199, 113 and 86 bp fragments); Arg/Arg (A/A) (113 and 86
bp fragments); and Pro/Pro (P/P) (199 bp fragment).
4. ARTIGO III
Equine fetal sex determination using circulating cell-free fetal DNA (ccffDNA)
Equine fetal sex determination using circulating cell-free fetal DNA (ccffDNA)
1
Laboratório de Embriologia Molecular e Transgênese, Biotecnologia/Centro de
*
Corresponding author: Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Campus
Universitário s/n°, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil, Phone:
Real Time Polymerase chain reaction; SRY, sex determining region Y; EDTA,
Abstract
In this study a PCR, re-amplification of first PCR product (2nd-PCR) and qPCR
assay was used to detect SRY gene from ccffDNA in pregnant mare’s plasma to
determine the fetal sex. For the ccffDNA collection in blood plasma we used 20
pregnant mares in the final three months of pregnancy. For control of molecular
sexing we used two non-pregnant mares and two virgin mares, in addition the non-
sensitivity results (90.9%) and an accuracy of 95%. Fetal sex was confirmed after
birth. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time the fetal sex
1. Introduction
commercial and research applications [1], and is particularly desirable in the livestock
industry [2]. Fetal gender determination in the mare can provide a useful
implemented, in terms of sales decisions, as the value of stock at the time of sale is
often determined by the gender of the fetus, thus enhancing the value of the
pregnant mare [3]. Moreover, some stallions have a greater proportion of quality
Traditionally, fetal sex determination in the mare has been conducted with
Days 120 to 210, by identifying the external genitalia. After Day 70, the ultrasound
image in pregnant mares is complicated due to the fetal positioning in uterus [3].
visualization of the equine fetus, and are therefore limited as it depends on the fetal
position [3].
Assays using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for molecular sexing are often
more useful because they provide sensitive, precise, rapid, and reliable results [2].
chromosome, and when the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene is expressed the
male pathway prevails. In the absence of SRY, the female pathway gains control of
gonadal development [2;4]. Sex typing based PCR has been used for embryonic
sexing in equines [1;5]. The molecular sexing of horses had been described using
60
the SRY and AMELX-AMELY genes [6], and using a ZFX/ZFY in preimplantation
embryos [1].
has previously been described [7]. During pregnancy, maternal and fetal circulations
cell lysis resulting from physical and immunological damage and developmentally
regulated apoptosis of certain fetal tissues could transpose this placental membrane
[7]. The ccffDNA in maternal plasma offers an alternative source of fetal genetic
material for prenatal diagnosis [8]. Yet, little is known about the physical and
median of 10% of the DNA in the plasma of pregnant women is fetally derived [10],
thus allowing fetal sex determination, with the DNA amplification and detection of Y-
in addition to giving the prospect of prenatal genetic diagnosis in horses. In this study
firstly a PCR assay was used to detect ccffDNA in pregnant mare’s plasma and
determine the fetal sex by SRY identification; secondly our aim was to perform a
validation study by re-amplification of the first PCR product (2nd-PCR) and qPCR
For the collection of free DNA in blood plasma we used 20 pregnant mares in
the final three months of gestation. The age of pregnant mares varied between five
and 13 years old, of these mares eight was Thoroughbred, six Lusitano and six
Crioulo. For control of molecular sexing we used two non-pregnant mares and two
virgins mares.
Oxfordshire, UK) was processed within 15 min of collection and centrifuged at 664
×g for 10 min to separate plasma from packed cells and buffy coat, and
subsequently at 12470 ×g for 10 min to further separate cell debris. The pregnant
mare’s plasma obtained after double centrifugation was then divided into 0.5 mL
aliquots and stored at −80 °C until subsequent analysis. The plasma was stored for
During validation, the QIAmp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA,
USA) was used to extract DNA from the plasma samples of pregnant mares and
protease at 56 ºC for 15 min. After the addition of 1 mL ethanol, the mixture was
62
incubated for 5 min at room temperature. This mixture was applied to and drawn
was washed sequentially with 600 µL of Buffer AW1, 750 µL of Buffer AW2 and 750
µL of ethanol. The column was centrifuged at 14462 ×g for 3 min and subsequently
incubated at 56 °C for 3 min, allowing the membrane to air dry. DNA was eluted from
The primer pair were designed using Vector NTI 11 software (Invitrogen,
Carlsbad, CA, USA) using the sequences for equus caballus sex determining region
target region, SRY gene was amplified by PCR techniques (PCR, 2nd-PCR and
control, GAPDH gene was amplified by the same PCR techniques describe above
males were used. Blood samples were collected from horses and the genomic DNA
was extracted according to the manufacturer's instructions of the Blood and Tissue
Dneasy Kit (Qiagen, Mississauga, ON, Canada). Equine DNA samples of females
and males were utilized in order to standardize the reaction of molecular sexing prior
GoTaq® qPCR Master Mix (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) and H2O
60 ºC for 30 s and 72 ºC for 1 min. A final elongation step at 72 ºC for 10 min was
performed prior to maintaining the reaction at 4 ºC. For each sample two reactions
were performed, one with SRY and another with GAPDH. For visualization of the
amplified, 12 µl of the PCR product was electrophoresed through a 1.5% agarose gel
and stained with GelRedTM (Biotium Inc., Hayward, CA, USA). The PCR reactions
The re-amplification of PCR product using the same pair of primers was
performed in order to increase quantity of the amplified DNA fragment. In the second
round PCR (2nd-PCR), 5 µl of the first PCR product was used as template for the
64
second reaction. We used the same primer pair for SRY gene described above. The
agarose gel and stained with GelRed™. The re-amplification of PCR reactions were
The ccffDNA was used as template for the qPCR reaction that was conducted
Clara, CA, USA), reaction using Platinum® SYBR® Green qPCR SuperMix UDG
(Invitrogen). The same primer sets for SRY and GAPDH genes described above
conditions were the same described above for PCR, in addition was performed the
dissociation curve to indicates that the products specific. The qPCR reactions were
A no-template control (NTC) was included in each run for all PCR techniques.
The negative control was composed of a standard female DNA. The positive control
was a mixture of female DNA containing 2% male DNA. Fetal sex was confirmed
after birth.
2.8. Sequencing
65
primers described above. Before the sequencing step, PCR products were purified
by the use of GFX PCR DNA and Gel Band purification kit according to manufacturer
in a MegaBACE 1000 DNA sequencer (GE Healthcare©) by the use of the Dynamic
Using equine genomic DNA, designed primers for SRY and GAPDH
products were confirmed by DNA sequencing showing 100% coverage with the
equine SRY and GAPDH genes. Standardization of molecular sexing using genomic
DNA showed that SRY was exclusively amplified in male samples (Table 1).
72.7%; in other words it was able to identify 8 from 11 male pregnancies, while the
specificity was 100%, identifying as female nine female pregnancies. Using the
sensitivity, while the same results were observed in SRY/qPCR. Table 1 shows the
data of PCR, 2nd-PCR and qPCR amplification. Fig. 1 shows the ccffDNA SRY
In women, a study using the SRY sequence reported that correct prediction of
male fetuses varied from 31 to 97%, and specificity varied from 93 to 100% [12].
Comparing the performance of the SRY and DYS14 sequences, the DYS14 assay is
the best approach for early fetal gender assessment because it is more sensitive,
accurate, and efficient (80 vs. 97.9% respectively) [13]. Nested-PCR specific for the
amelogenin gene revealed false-Y-negative results in 50% of the cases [14]. While,
sequences in maternal plasma implies that the fetus is female but this may also be
[16]. The use of larger volumes of plasma and most sensitive molecular techniques
sexing test in horses becomes necessary. The use of qPCR with a larger final
volume (50 µL), the identification of DYS14 and AMELY genes, together with SRY
amplification, can improve the effectiveness of fetal gender determination. The qPCR
advantage of qPCR is its sensitivity, enabling detection of very low copy numbers of
DNA; this can be extremely useful in early stages of gestation [8]. In humans, it was
ccffDNA in maternal blood can be achieved with a high accuracy in the first three
To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the presence of ccffDNA
assessment of pregnancy including the prenatal fetal gender identification. With the
horse genome sequence completed [17], genetic diseases can be detected with a
simple diagnostic test using the ccffDNA. Our future efforts are to improve the sexing
test sensitivity and to determine the least period of pregnancy in which it is possible
detection in equines.
4. Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Kevin Smith for a critical review of the manuscript. This
work was supported by CNPq and FAPERGS, Brazil. P.M. M. de Leon and V. F.
5. References
27.
[2] Han SH, Yang BC, Ko MS, Oh HS, Lee SS. Length difference between equine
ZFX and ZFY genes and its application for molecular sex determination. J
[5] Choi YH, Gustafson-Seabury A, Velez IC, et al. Viability of equine embryos
after puncture of the capsule and biopsy for preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
Reproduction 2010;140:893-902.
[7] Lo YM, Corbetta N, Chamberlain PF, et al. Presence of fetal DNA in maternal
[8] Finning KM, Chitty LS. Non-invasive fetal sex determination: impact on clinical
[9] Lo YM, Chan KC, Sun H, et al. Maternal plasma DNA sequencing reveals the
genome-wide genetic and mutational profile of the fetus. Sci Transl Med
2010;2:61ra91.
[10] Lun FM, Chiu RW, Allen Chan KC, Yeung LT, Kin LT, Dennis Lo YM.
Microfluidics digital PCR reveals a higher than expected fraction of fetal DNA
[11] Akolekar R, Farkas DH, VanAgtmael AL, Bombard AT, Nicolaides KH. Fetal
[12] Johnson KL, Dukes KA, Vidaver J, et al. Interlaboratory comparison of fetal
best approach for early prediction of fetal gender by using free fetal DNA from
[15] Zhu B, Sun QW, Lu YC, Sun MM, Wang LJ, Huang XH. Prenatal fetal sex
2005;25:577-81.
[16] Wright CF, Burton H. The use of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood
2009;326:865-7.
71
Figure captions
Figure 1. Molecular sexing test using equine circulating cell-free fetal DNA (ccffDNA)
mare; +TC: positive control; -TC: negative control; NTC: non-template control;
72
Table 1. Sensitivity of molecular sexing by SRY and GAPDH genes amplification in equine circulating cell-free fetal DNA
(ccffDDNA).
5. PEDIDO DE PATENTE
(Protocolo 016110005809)
74
ANEXO DE INVENTORES
6. CONCLUSÕES
III) Este foi o primeiro estudo que demonstra a presença de DNA fetal livre e
circulante em equinos. Esta descoberta abre uma abordagem para o diagnóstico
fetal não-invasivo durante a gestação de éguas. Nossos resultados mostram que
é possível determinar o sexo fetal através do ccffDNA e amplificação do gene
SRY em equinos.
78
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84
Artigos.......................................................................................................8
Patentes....................................................................................................3
Livros.........................................................................................................2
Capítulos de Livros....................................................................................2
Trabalhos Completos publicados em Anais de Eventos...........................5
Resumos Expandidos publicados em Anais de Congressos..................22
Resumos publicados em Anais de Congressos........................................6
CAMPOS, V. F.; KOMNINOU, E. R.; URTIAGA, G.; LEON, P. M. M.; SEIXAS, F. K.;
DELLAGOSTIN, O. A.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. NanoSMGT:
transfection of exogenous DNA on sex-sorted bovine sperm using nanopolymer.
Theriogenology, v. 75, p. 1476-1481, 2011.
LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.; CORCINI, C. D.; SANTOS, E. C. S.; RAMBO, G.;
LUCIA, T.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Cryopreservation of immature
equine oocytes, comparing a solid surface vitrification process with open pulled
straws and the use of a synthetic ice blocker. Theriogenology, 2011.
LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.; KAEFER, C.; BEGNINI, K. R.; MCBRIDE, A. J. A.;
DELLAGOSTIN, O. A.; SEIXAS, F. K.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T.
Expression of apoptotic genes in immature and in vitro matured equine oocytes and
cumulus cells. Zygote (Cambridge. Print), 2011.
LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.; THUROW, H. S.; HARTWIG, F. P., SELAU, L. P.;
DELLAGOSTIN, O. A., DESCHAMPS, J. C., SEIXAS, F. K., COLLARES, T.
Association between single nucleotide polymorphism in p53 and abortion in
Thoroughbred mares. The Veterinary Journal. 2011.
III. Livros/Capítulos
LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.; HAAS, C. S.; SEIXAS, F. K.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.;
COLLARES, T. Effect of in vitro maturation on the expression of apoptosis-
87
LEON, P. M. M.; THUROW, H. S.; CAMPOS, V. F.; HAAS, C. S.; HARTWIG, F. P.;
SEIXAS, F. K.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Association among TP53 SNP
and reproductive parameters in mares. In: II Jornada internacionales del Instituto de
Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal., 2010, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
BEGNINI, K.; LEON, P. M. M.; KAEFER, C.; AGUIAR, I.; FORTES, E. K.; CAMPOS,
V. F.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Expressão de genes apoptóticos na
vitrificação de oócitos equinos.. In: 6ª Jornadas Técnicas de la Facultad de
Veterinaria, 2009, Montevideo, Uruguai.
LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.; KAEFER, C.; BEGNINI, K.; AGUIAR, I.; FORTES,
E. K.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Avanços no estudo da expressão de
genes apoptóticos em oócitos equinos. In: 6ª Jornadas Técnicas de la Facultad de
Veterinaria, 2009, Montevideo, Uruguai.
KAEFER, C.; LEON, P. M. M.; BEGNINI, K.; AGUIAR, I.; FORTES, E. K.; CAMPOS,
V. F.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Avaliação da expressão de genes
apoptóticos e de estresse oxidativo em oócitos e tecidos do trato reprodutivo eqüino.
In: 6ª Jornadas Técnicas de la Facultad de Veterinaria, 2009, Montevideo, Uruguai.
LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.; LUCAS, C. G.; HAAS, C. S.; SEIXAS, F. K.;
COLLARES, T. Sexagem fetal em equinos utilizando o DNA livre fetal circulante
(ccffDNA). In: XIII ENPOS da UFPel, 2011, Pelotas, RS.
BASGALUPP, S. P.; LUCAS, C.; HAAS, C.; LEON; P. M. M.; COLLARES, T.;
SEIXAS, F. K. Formação de biobancos de DNA para estudos de genômica funcional
na espécie equina. In: XX Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UFPel, 2011,
Pelotas, RS.
HAAS, C.; LUCAS, C. G.; LEON, P. M. M.; SEIXAS, F. K.; COLLARES, T.;
DESCHAMPS, J. C. Associação entre o polimorfismo da p53 e a ocorrência de
sarcóide em equinos. In: XX Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UFPel, 2011,
Pelotas, RS.
HARTWIG, F. P.; THUROW, H. S.; LEON, P. M. M.; HAACK, R.; HORTA, B. L.;
SEIXAS, F. K.; COLLARES, T. Estudo Associativo do SNP ARG72PRO do Gene
P53 e a Característica de Cor da Pele na Coorte de 1982.. In: XIX Congresso de
Iniciação Científica da UFPel, 2010, Pelotas, RS.
CAMPOS, V. F.; URTIAGA, G.; KOMNINOU, E. R.; LEON, P. M. M.; SEIXAS, F. K.;
DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. NanoSMGT: transfecção de DNA exógeno em
sêmen bovino sexado usando nanopolímeros. In: XIX Congresso de Iniciação
Científica, XII ENPOS e II Mostra Científica da UFPel, 2010, Pelotas, RS.
89
LEON, P. M. M.; THUROW, H. S.; HARTWIG, F. P.; NEDEL, F.; CAMPOS, V. F.;
SEIXAS, F. K.; COLLARES, T. Polimorfismo no códon 72 da p53 em coorte PSI
equina. In: XIX Congresso de Iniciação Científica, XII ENPOS e II Mostra Científica
da UFPel, 2010, Pelotas, RS.
THUROW, H. S.; HARTWIG, F. P.; LEON, P. M. M.; HAACK, R.; HORTA, B. L.;
SEIXAS, F. K.; COLLARES, T. Associação do histórico familiar de câncer e o SNP
Arg72Pro da p53. In: VI Congresso Franco-Brasileiro de Oncologia, 2010, Rio de
Janeiro.
BEGNINI, K.; LEON, P. M. M.; KAEFER, C.; CAMPOS, V. F.; OLIVEIRA, R. S.;
COLLARES, T.; DESCHAMPS, J. C. Expression of Bcl-2 gene related to apoptosis in
equine oocytes. In: XV Meeting of the Brazilian Society for Cell Biology, 2010, São
Paulo, SP.
URTIAGA, G.; COLLARES, T. F.; CAMPOS, V. F.; Seixas, F. K.; LEON, P. M. M.;
DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Viability of sperm cells from rabbits submitted to
gene doping with erythropoietin gene. In: XV Meeting of the Brazilian Society for Cell
Biology, 2010, São Paulo, SP.
KAEFER, C.; BEGNINI, K.; LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.; COLLARES, T. F.;
AMARAL, M. G.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Avaliação in vitro de genes
90
BERNEIRA, E.; AGUIAR, I.; AMARAL, M. G.; COLLARES, T. F.; CAMPOS, V. F.;
LEON, P. M. M.; COLLARES, T.; DESCHAMPS, J. C. Estudo da DNase do plasma
seminal de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). In: XVIII CIC - Congresso de Iniciação
Científica - XI ENPOS - Encontro de Pós-Graduação - I Mostra Científica
Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2009, Pelotas, RS.
AGUIAR, I.; FORTES, E. K.; LEON, P. M. M.; KAEFER, C.; BEGNINI, K.; CAMPOS,
V. F.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Expressão das caspases 3 e 9 em
gametas e tecidos reprodutivos eqüinos. In: XVIII CIC - Congresso de Iniciação
Científica - XI ENPOS - Encontro de Pós-Graduação - I Mostra Científica
Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2009, Pelotas, RS.
BEGNINI, K.; KAEFER, C.; AGUIAR, I.; LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.;
COLLARES, T. F.; AMARAL, M. G.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Expressão
dos genes Bax, Bcl-2 e p53, relacionados aos processos de apoptose, durante a
vitrificação de oócitos eqüinos. In: XVIII CIC - Congresso de Iniciação Científica - XI
ENPOS - Encontro de Pós-Graduação - I Mostra Científica Universidade Federal de
Pelotas, 2009, Pelotas, RS.
LEON, P. M. M.; CAMPOS, V. F.; KAEFER, C.; BEGNINI, K.; COLLARES, T. F.;
AMARAL, M. G.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Delineamento in silico e
avaliação in vitro de genes apoptóticos em oócitos eqüinos. In: XVIII CIC -
Congresso de Iniciação Científica - XI ENPOS - Encontro de Pós-Graduação - I
Mostra Científica Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2009, Pelotas, RS.
COLLARES, T. F.; BERNEIRA, E.; AGUIAR, I.; CAMPOS, V. F.; LEON, P. M. M.;
AMARAL, M. G.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Clonagem do gene da
eritropoetina de coelho. In: XI ENPOS - Encontro de Pós-Graduação - I Mostra
Científica Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2009, Pelotas, RS.
91
CAMPOS, V. F.; COLLARES, T. F.; KAEFER, C.; LEON, P. M. M.; LANES, C. F.;
SANDRINI, J. C.; MARINS, L. F.; OKAMOTO, M.; SAMPAIO, L. A.; DESCHAMPS, J.
C.; COLLARES, T.; ROBALDO, R. B. Avaliação da expressão gênica do
neuropeptídeo Y durante 24 horas no linguado Paralichthys orbignyanus. In: XVIII
CIC - Congresso de Iniciação Científica - XI ENPOS - Encontro de Pós-Graduação -
I Mostra Científica Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2009, Pelotas, RS.
KAEFER, C.; COLLARES, T. F.; BERNEIRA, E.; CAMPOS, V. F.; LEON, P. M. M.;
AMARAL, M. G.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.; COLLARES, T. Análise da motilidade
espermática em coelhos utilizados para avaliar a administração de eritropoetina na
espermatogênese. In: XVIII CIC - Congresso de Iniciação Científica - XI ENPOS -
Encontro de Pós-Graduação - I Mostra Científica Universidade Federal de Pelotas,
2009.
THUROW, H. S.; HARTWIG, F. P.; LEON, P. M. M.; HAACK, R.; HORTA, B. L.;
COLLARES, T. ; SEIXAS, F. K. Análise do SNP Arg72Pro do gene da p53 e a
herança familiar de câncer na coorte de 1982 de Pelotas. In: XII Encontro de Pós-
Graduação da UFPel, 2010, Pelotas, RS. XII Encontro de Pós-Graduação da UFPel,
2010.
BERNEIRA, E.; COLLARES, T. F.; AGUIAR, I.; CAMPOS, V. F.; LEON, P. M. M.;
AMARAL, M. G.; COLLARES, T.; DESCHAMPS, J. C. Perfil eletroforético em SDS-
PAGE das proteínas do plasma seminal de coelho (Orytologus cuniculus). In: XI
92
AGUIAR, I.; BERNEIRA, E.; COLLARES, T. F.; CAMPOS, V. F.; LEON, P. M. M.;
AMARAL, M. G.; DESCHAMPS, J.C.; COLLARES, T. Avaliação da interação entre
espermatozóide de jundiá e DNA exógeno para SMGT. In: XVIII CIC - Congresso de
Iniciação Científica - XI ENPOS - Encontro de Pós-Graduação - I Mostra Científica
Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2009, Pelotas, RS.
BEGNINI, K.; KAEFER, C.; CAMPOS, V. F.; LEON, P. M. M.; COLLARES, T. F.;
AMARAL, M. G.; MARINS, L. F.; ROBALDO, R. B.; DESCHAMPS, J. C.;
COLLARES, T. Análise filogenética da sequência codificadora do neuropeptídeo Y
do linguado Paralichthys orbignyanus. In: XVIII CIC - Congresso de Iniciação
Científica - XI ENPOS - Encontro de Pós-Graduação - I Mostra Científica
Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2009, Pelotas, RS.