11 April 2002 SE Asia Radiometric Ages: GIS Database

SE Asia Radiometric Ages: GIS Database

Jeffrey F. A. Malaihollo, Robert Hall, Colin G. Macpherson
SE Asia Research Group, Department of Geology,
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK

Introduction

This summary describes the database of radiometric age determinations in SE Asia

compiled by the SE Asia Research Group (SEARG). Compilation of the database
began in August 1998 and is continuing. The database contains information on
radiometric age determinations of rock samples, the locations from which these
samples were collected, and the methods employed to measure the ages. In general the
measurements included in SE Asia were made using isotopic techniques although a
number of fission track ages are also included. The database information can be
accessed using Microsoft Excel and database software. However, MapInfo
Professional is the preferred medium as this also allows the data to be viewed
graphically and integrated with other GIS data.

Scope of SE Asia age databases

The aim of the database is to compile radiometric age measurements of rocks from SE
Asia. This is a vast region with a complex geological history and it was considered
wise to (a) place some limits on what data should be included, and (b) organise
compilation into manageable segments to ensure systematic coverage of the area.

Limits of the databases

The first limit introduced was to include mainly ages determined on igneous and
metamorphic rocks. Secondly, it was decided to focus on ages of less than 70 Ma.
This allows inclusion of all ages that fall within analytical uncertainty of Cenozoic
dates. Some Mesozoic ages are included (notably in Borneo). Some fission track ages
of sediments have been compiled in a subsidiary database.

Areas covered
Indonesia was selected as the first region for which to compile data. Indonesia was
chosen largely because this is where the SE Asia Research Group has the greatest
resources e.g. bibliographic references etc. Indonesia itself is a huge country and so,
for the purpose of this database, it has been further subdivided into regions; Sumatra,
Java, Borneo (including east Malaysia), Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Sorong
Fault Zone and Irian Jaya.

Expansion of the SE Asia database continued region by region. The database is

currently subdivided into several databases (MapInfo tables) with identical formats.
These can be viewed together in MapInfo, or for each of the subareas. The files and
subareas covered are listed below. Opening the Workspace file in MapInfo opens the
necessary database tables, together with a legend, and a bathymetric or topographic
map as background to provide geographical location.

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Table 1. Age database files and areas covered by them

Database Workspace
Fission track ages FT_ages.TAB FT_ages.WOR
Indonesia and Malaysia Indonesia_ages.TAB Indonesia_ages.WOR
Japan Japan_ages.TAB Japan_ages.WOR
New Guinea NG_ages.TAB NewGuinea_ages.WOR
Philippines Phil_ages.TAB Philippines_ages.WOR
Philippine Sea Plate PSP_ages.TAB Phil_Sea_ages.WOR
SE Asia All tables except FT_ages SEA_ages.WOR

Data quality
As with all analytical techniques radiometric age measurements are subject to
uncertainty in accuracy and precision. The accuracy of a date depends on quality of
the material analysed and the suitability of the method employed to make the
measurement. The precision is the ability of the technique to reproduce an individual
analysis.

Many rocks are susceptible to alteration and weathering and this is a particular
problem in tropical latitudes. With some techniques it is possible to select materials
that are resistant to weathering (e.g. mineral separates for Rb–Sr) or the technique
itself may allow identification of such events (e.g. Ar–Ar). However, the effects of
alteration on isotope systematics cannot be quantified (and often cannot even be
qualified) in techniques such as K–Ar, which provide the majority of entries to the
database.

Different techniques are more or less suitable for determining the ages of certain rock
types. Volcanic and hypabyssal rocks cool relatively quickly and the measured ages
may represent the age of eruption/intrusion. Plutonic rocks experience slower cooling
and the age measured will represent the time at which the intrusive body passed the
‘closure temperature’ of the isotopic system used to date the rock. The closure
temperature is the temperature above which the isotopic system, or clock, will be reset
to zero. For deeper level intrusives the geotherm may allow the body to remain above
the closure temperature for considerable periods after emplacement.

An example is the use of fission track data. Fission tracks are formed in certain
phases, such as apatite and zircon, by the spontaneous emission of particles during U
and Th decay. Tracks are annealed at relatively low temperatures e.g. 110°C in apatite,
so that track formation would not start until a rock cooled below this temperature and
would be reset if the rocks returned above that temperature. Fission track ages are
highly unlikely to reflect emplacement ages for plutonic, or even hypabyssal
intrusives, but may be useful for extrusive rocks which are cooled instantaneously (in
geological terms). Therefore, fission track ages are included in the subarea databases
only for extrusive rocks. A subsidiary file contains fission track ages for other rocks.

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In an effort to provide an indication of the reliance placed on each entry in the

database a data ‘Quality’ field is included for each age measurement. This is a largely
subjective classification with entries graded from 0 (lowest) to 5 (highest). In
assigning a quality, the technique used, the material analysed and the applicability of
the technique are considered. General guidelines for applying quality to the entries are
given in the description of entries below.

Methods

In some cases samples (whole rock and different minerals) have been dated by more
than one method. In these cases the sample has multiple records, each recording the
different dates. The reason for this is so that each date can be plotted.

Formats

The SEARG uses MapInfo as the GIS to store and manipulate data. MapInfo has been
identified as the most suitable platform in which to integrate all the facilities required
by the group. A GIS allows the data to be viewed in table form or graphically, and
integrated with other maps or databases stored in similar formats. Furthermore, the
data can be exported into ATLAS (The palaeogeographic computer mapping program)
for incorporation into plate tectonic reconstructions. From MapInfo data can easily be
exported into an Excel spreadsheet or database file (*.dbf).

Database fields

There are a number of fields used in the MapInfo table database.

The fields are listed below with a description of the data that can be found in each.

1. Entry: A consecutive number identifying each individual database entry (integer).

2. Sample_No: Sample identification from the original source (20 characters max.).

3. Region: Series of location terms starting with the region (see reference list) and
becoming sequentially more local (e.g. JAVA, West Java, Gunung Pongkor
Area) (80 characters max.).

4. Longitude: Entries in decimal degrees (e.g. 106.4550). West is negative. (decimal

10.4)

5. Latitude: Entries in decimal degrees (e.g. –2.3050). South is negative (decimal

10.4)

6. Occurrence: Nature of sample: float, outcrop or drill hole (16 characters max.).

7. Rock_Type: Lithological description (50 characters max.).

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8. Evolution: Crude filter on chemical composition of igneous rocks (20 characters

max.) into:

Basic < 52 wt.% SiO2

Intermediate 52–63 wt.% SiO2
Evolved > 63 wt.% SiO2

9. Level: Crustal level of emplacement (20 characters max.):

Plutonic deep intrusive

Hypabyssal shallow intrusive/sub-volcanic
Volcanic extrusive

10. Key: Combination of fields Evolution and Level used for generating MapInfo
Legend (30 characters max.).

11. Chemistry: Petrogenetic classification based on geochemical discrimination using

element contents and isotopic means. In many cases this identification cannot be
made due to the lack of supporting data (12 characters max):

MORB Mid ocean ridge basalt

BABB Back-arc basin basalt
IAT Island arc tholeiite
CAK Calcalkaline
CALoK Low potassium calcalkaline
CAHiK High potassium calcalkaline
SH Shoshonite
AK Alkali basalt
UK Ultra-potassic basalt
BON Boninite

12. Method: Method used to radiometrically date sample (18 characters max).:

K–Ar Potassium–Argon
Ar–Ar Argon–Argon
Rb–Sr Rubidium–Strontium
Sm–Nd Samarium–Neodymium
U–Pb Uranium–Lead
U–Th Uranium–Thorium
FT Fission Track
C14 Carbon 14

13. Material: Type of material dated. This will usually be either the name of a
mineral separate or ‘whole rock’ (24 characters max).

14. Age: Radiometric age in millions of years reliable to one decimal place unless
more decimal places are quoted in original source (decimal 8.2).

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15. Error: Analytical precision of radiometric age in millions of years reliable to one
decimal place unless more decimal places are quoted in original source (decimal
8.2).

16. Quality: (0–5). This is a subjective grading of the quality of the data which
depends on accuracy and precision that is, in turn, mostly dependent on the
material used, correlation with stratigraphic ages and precision of the technique
(small integer).

As a general guideline:
0 = No error provided (normally date only), unknown material or error >/= age.
1 = Unknown material dated with K–Ar error > 10% of age.
2 = Known material but K–Ar error > 10% of age.
3 = K–Ar error 5–10% of age.
4 = K–Ar error < 5% of age, Ar–Ar or Rb–Sr age.
5 = K–Ar error <1% of age, well documented material, correlated with other
dating methods, and assessment of the significance of the date provided.

17. Source: Reference(s) for age (166 characters max.).

18. Comment: Significance of age and any other relevant information (80 character
max.).

19. Loc_Note: Subjective assessment of the quality of location (80 characters max.).

General guidelines:
Estimated = Location is estimated using various descriptive geographical
information.
Very Poor = Location is scanned from 1:1M or greater scale maps.
Poor = Location is scanned from 1:250K–1:1M maps. Error <10km.
Moderate = Location is scanned from 1:250K or better maps. Error 1–10km.
Well = Latitude or longitude provided or location scanned from detailed maps.
Error < 1km.

20. Atlas_Code: Small integer for use in Atlas reconstructions.

21. Entry Date: Date on which sample was entered into database. Date format.

Note: field names have to be no longer than 10 characters and contain no spaces in
order to allow smooth export to other databases.

Workspace display of age data in MapInfo

The SE Asia database currently contains almost 3000 entries. There is a large amount
of information associated with each entry and the data could be classified in many
different ways. Rather than try and represent all this information graphically it was
decided that a simple division would be employed for display using the MapInfo
workspace files.

Two parameters were chosen for plotting igneous rocks. The first is a division based
on chemical composition. Igneous rocks can be described as basic, intermediate or

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evolved based on their silica content. The classification of rocks into these three
classes is based on measured silica content or, where a direct measurement was not
available, the silica content inferred from the petrologic name (e.g. basalt and gabbro
= basic, rhyolite and granite = evolved). This division is listed as field ‘Evolution’ for
each entry. Graphically this division is represented by the colour of the symbol:
Basic Blue
Intermediate Green
Evolved Red
Where a composition could not be inferred a yellow symbol is plotted.

The second classification that is used for plotting purposes is the emplacement level.
Emplacement level is relevant to both the interpretation and quality of radiometric age
determinations (see Data Quality section above). Lava flows and pyroclastic deposits,
such as tuffs and ignimbrites, are classified as volcanic. Dykes, sills, stocks and other
sub-volcanic or shallow level intrusives are listed as hypabyssal while deeper level,
usually coarser grained, intrusives are classified as plutonic. This division is listed as
field ‘Level’ for each entry. Graphical representation of these classes is through the
shape of the symbol:
Volcanic Triangle
Hypabyssal Circle
Plutonic Square
Metamorphic rocks are plotted as purple crosses.

Comments on the databases

One of the aims in producing the database was to examine the distribution of igneous
activity in the context of the plate tectonic history of the region. As a first approach to
doing this we have included fields in the database that can be used when exporting
files suitable for use in the ATLAS palaeogeographic reconstruction program.

Another aim of the database was to assess the quality and distribution of ages in the
region. Examination of all the ages in the literature and unpublished shows that many
must be considered of dubious quality. The samples are not described, many are
poorly located geographically and stratigraphically, and for many there are no errors
or even the method of dating is given. Putting aside these deficiencies in the database,
there are many other reasons to question the quality of age dates from the whole
region. Some reservations may be identified using a simple tabulation of aspects of
the data. Almost all the data are K–Ar dates and for many it is difficult or impossible
to assess argon loss or gain in altered samples. For the entire region there are only
about 120 Ar–Ar ages, and many of these are whole rock samples. The are even fewer
age determinations by other methods.

Future work

Future goals include the extension of the database into the continental part of SE Asia.
We have so far no data from peninsular Malaysia, although eastern Malaysian data are
compiled with Borneo. The SE Asia age database is useful but does not give a
complete picture of igneous activity in many areas, since relatively small numbers of
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isotopic ages have been determined and in many parts of the region igneous rocks are
known but not dated by isotopic methods. It would be helpful to have a database of
volcanic rocks which are dated stratigraphically but not by isotopic methods.

Sources

The publications and reports used in compiling the databases are listed below.

References for data included in the age databases

Abbott, M. J. & Chamalaun, F. H. 1978. New K/Ar age data for Banda Arc volcanics. Institute for Australasian
Geodynamics (Flinders University) Publication, 78 (5).
Abbott, M. J. & Chamalaun, F. H. 1981. Geochronology of some Banda Arc volcanics. In: Barber, A.J.,
Wiryosujono, S. (Eds.), The Geology and Tectonics of Eastern Indonesia. Geological Research and
Development Centre, Bandung, Special Publication, 2, 253–268.
Abdullah, C. I., Rampnoux, J.-P., Bellon, H., Maury, R. C. & Soeria-Atmadja, R. 2000. The evolution of Sumba
Island (Indonesia) revisited in the light of new data on the geochronology and geochemistry of the
magmatic rocks. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 18 (5), 533–546.
Aldiss, D. T., Whandoyo, R., Sjaefudien, A. G. & Kusjono 1983. The geology of the Sidikalang and part of
Sinabang Quadrangles, Sumatra (Quadrangles 0518 and 0618) 1:250,000. Geological Survey of Indonesia,
Directorate of Mineral Resources, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, 41pp.
Alves, S., Schiano, P. & Allegre, C. J. 1999. Rhenium–osmium isotopic investigation of Java subduction zone
lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 168, 65–77.
Aspden, J. A., Kartawa, W., Aldiss, D. T., Djunuddin, A. & Whanodo, R. 1980. Geology of the Sibolga and
Padangsidempuan Quadrangle. IGS / DMR North Sumatra Project Report, 123, 46 pp.
Baker, S. & Malaihollo, J. A. F. 1996. Dating of Neogene igneous rocks in the Halmahera region: arc initiation
and development. In: Hall, R., Blundell, D.J. (Eds.), Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia. Geological Society of
London Special Publication, 499–509.
Baker, S. J. 1997. Isotopic dating and island arc development in the Halmahera Region, Eastern Indonesia,. Ph.D.
Thesis, University of London, 331 pp.
Ballantyne, P. D. 1990. The Petrology of the Ophiolitic Rocks of Eastern Halmahera, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of London, 269 pp.
Barberi, F., Bigioggero, B., Boriani, A., Cattaneo, M., Cavallin, A., Cioni, R., Gelmini, R., Giorgetti, F., Iaccarino,
S., Innocenti, F., Marinelli, G., Slejko, D. & Sudradjat, A. 1987. The island of Sumbawa: a major
structural discontinuity in the Indonesian Arc. Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiano, 106, 547–620.
Beckinsale, R. D. & Nakapadungrat, S. 1979. A late Miocene K–Ar age for the lavas of Pulau Kelang, Seram,
Indonesia. In: Uyeda, S., Murphy, R.W., Kobayashi, K. (Eds.), Geodynamics of the Western Pacific.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Geodynamics of the Western Pacific–Indonesian Region.
Supplement Issue of Journal of Physics of the Earth, Advances in Earth and Planetary Sciences, 6, 199–
202.
Bellon, H. & Rangin, C. 1991. Geochemistry and Isotopic dating of the Cenozoic volcanic arc sequences around
the Celebes and Sulu seas. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results. Silver, E.A.,
Rangin, C., von Breymann, M., et al., (Eds..), 124, 321–338.
Bellon, H., Soeria-Atmadja, R., Maury, R. C., Suparka, E. & Yuwono, Y. S. 1989. Chronology and petrology of
back-arc volcanism in Java. Proceedings Regional Conference on Geology, Mineral and Hydrocarbon
Resources of SE Asia, 6, 245–257.

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Ben-Avraham, Z. & Emery, K. O. 1973. Structural framework of Sunda Shelf. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, 57 (12), 2323–2366.
Bennett, J. D., Bridge, D. M., Cameron, N. R., Djunuddin, A., Ghazali, S. A., Jeffery, D. H., Kartawa, W., Keats,
W., Rock, N. M. S., Thompson, S. J. & Whandoyo, R. 1981. The Geology of the Banda Aceh Quadrangle,
Sumatra (Quadrangle 0421 and 0521) 1:250,000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of Mineral
Resources, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, 19 pp.
Bergman, S. C., Coffield, D. Q., Talbot, J. P. & Garrard, R. J. 1996. Tertiary tectonic and magmatic evolution of
western Sulawesi and the Makassar Strait, Indonesia: evidence for a Miocene continent–continent
collision. In: Hall, R., Blundell, D. J. (Eds.) Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia. Geological Society of London
Special Publication, 106, 391–430.
Bergman, S. C., Hutchison, C. S., Swauger, D. A. & Graves, J. E. 2000. K–Ar ages and geochemistry of the Sabah
Cenozoic volcanic rocks. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia.
Berry, R. F. & Grady, A. E. 1981. Deformation and metamorphism of the Aileu Formation, north coast, East
Timor and its tectonic significance. Journal of Structural Geology, 2, 143–167.
Berry, R. F. & McDougall, I. 1986. Interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar and K/ Ar dating evidence from the Aileu
Formation, East Timor, Indonesia. Chemical Geology, 59 (1), 43–58.
Billedo, E. B. 1994. Geologie de la Sierra Madre septentrionale et de l'archipel de Polillo (ceinture mobile est
Philippine). Ph.D Thesis, Universite Nice Sophia Antipolis, 244 pp.
Bowin, C., Purdy, G. M., Johnston, C., Shor, G., Lawver, L., Hartono, H. M. S. & Jezek, P. 1980. Arc–continent
collision in the Banda Sea region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 64 (6), 868–
918.
Brown, M. & Earle, M. M. 1983. Cordierite-bearing schists and gneisses from Timor, eastern Indonesia: P–T
implications of metamorphism and tectonic implications. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1, 183–203.
Burollet, P. F. & Salle, C. 1981. A contribution to the geological study of Sumba (Indonesia). Indonesian
Petroleum Association, Proceedings 10th Annual Convention, 331–344.
Chesner, C. A. & Rose, W. I. 1992. Stratigraphy of the Toba Tuffs and the evolution of the Toba caldera complex,
Sumatra, Indonesia. Bulletin of Volcanology, 53 (5), 343–356.
Chesner, C. A., Rose, W. I., Deino, A., Drake, R. & Westgate, J. A. 1991. Eruptive history of Earth's largest
Quaternary caldera (Toba, Indonesia) clarified. Geology, 19 (3), 200–203.
Clarke, M. C. G., Kartawa, W., Djunuddin, A., Suganda, E. & Bagdja, M. 1982. The geology of the Pakanbaru
Quadrangle, Sumatra (Quadrangle 0816) 1:250,000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of
Mineral Resources, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, 30 pp.
Cosca, M. A., Arculus, R. J., Pearce, J. A. & Mitchell, J. G. 1998. Ar40/Ar39 and K–Ar geochronological age
constraints for the inception and early evolution of the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc system. Island Arc, 7 (3),
579–595.
Crowhurst, P. V. 1999. The tectonic history of northern Papua New Guinea. Ph.D. Thesis, La Trobe University
Melbourne, 414 pp.
de Keyser, F. & Rustandi, E. 1993. Geology of the Ketapang Sheet area, Kalimantan. 1:250,000. Geological
Research and Development Centre, Bandung.
Diehl, J. F., Onstoff, T. C., Chesner, C. A. & Knight, M. D. 1987. No short reversals of Brunhes age recorded in
the Toba Tuffs, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 14 (7), 753–756.
Dirk, M. H. J. 1997. Penelitian batuan Granitik Batang Alai–Barabai–Hulu Sungai Tengah, Kalsel. Laporan
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Dept. Pertambangan dan Energi, Bandung., 1.

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Earle, M. M. 1980. A study of Boi and Molo, two metamorphic massifs on Timor, Eastern Indonesia. Ph.D.
Thesis, University of London, 240 pp.
Elburg, M. & Foden, J. 1998. Temporal changes in arc magma geochemistry, northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 163 (1–4), 381–398.
Elburg, M. & Foden, J. 1999. Sources for magmatism in Central Sulawesi: geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic
constraints. Chemical Geology, 156 (1–4), 67–93.
Elburg, M. A. 1999. Geochemical response to varying tectonic settings: an example from southern Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 1155–1172.
Encarnacion, J. & Mukasa, S. B. 1997. Age and geochemistry of an "anorogenic" crustal melt and implications for
I–type granite petrogenesis. Lithos, 42 (1–2), 1–13.
Encarnacion, J., Mukasa, S. B. & Evans, C. A. 1999. Subduction components and the generation of arc-like melts
in the Zambales Ophiolite, Philippines, Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic constraints. Chemical Geology, 156 (1–4),
343–357.
Encarnacion, J. P., Essene, E. J., Mukasa, S. B. & Hall, C. H. 1995. High-pressure and temperature subophiolitic
kyanite–garnet amphibolites generated during initiation of mid-Tertiary subduction, Palawan, Philippines.
Journal of Petrology, 36 (6), 1481–1503.
Eubank, R. T. & Makki, A. C. 1981. Structural geology of the Central Sumatra back-arc basin. Indonesian
Petroleum Association, Proceedings 10th Annual Convention, 153–196.
Gafoer, S. & Purbo-Hadiwidjoyo, M. M. 1986. The geology of southern Sumatra and its bearing on the occurrence
of mineral deposits. Bulletin Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, 12, 15–30.
Graves, J. E., Hutchison, C. S., Bergman, S. C. & Swauger, D. A. 2000. Age and MORB geochemistry of the
Sabah ophiolite basement. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia.
GRDC 1996. Laporan Tahunan Proyek Kajian dan Informasi Geologi Tematik Tahun Anggaran 1995/1996.
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11 April 2002 SE Asia Radiometric Ages: GIS Database

Unidentified

These are cited in Wikarno et al. (1993) but have not been identified.

Sumatra
Beckinsale (1980), Graha (1990), Hutchison (1978), Katili (1962)?, Obradovisch
(1973), Saefudin (1980), Saefudin et al. (1991), Wikarno (1975) and Zen (1975).

Borneo
Amiruddin and Trail (1993), Williams, Heryanto, Harahap and Abidin (1986).

Sulawesi & Maluku

Sukamto (1990)

16