AFGHANISTAN DESIGN STANDARDS

Standard design of masonry or concrete soil retaining

0.5 m wall with slanting back face and footing depth

H = Retained height
b = Bottom width
z = Footing depth
H
Calculation Table
H b z Masonry Masonry
Volume Cost
z (m) (m) (m) (m3/m1) (Afs)
0.50 0.50 0.38 0.44
0.60 0.50 0.47 0.53
0.80 0.50 0.62 0.71 0.68
b 1.00 0.55 0.76 0.94
1.20 0.66 0.89 1.28
Note: 1.40 0.77 1.00 1.66
A special design with all the active and passive 1.60 0.88 1.10 2.08
earth forces shall be needed for retained heights 1.80 0.99 1.20 2.53
H > 4.0 m 2.00 1.10 1.28 3.01
2.20 1.21 1.36 3.52
2.40 1.32 1.43 4.07
2.60 1.43 1.50 4.65
2.80 1.54 1.56 5.26 0.590062
3.00 1.65 1.62 5.90
3.20 1.76 1.69 6.59
3.40 1.87 1.75 7.31
3.60 1.98 1.82 8.07
3.80 2.09 1.90 8.88
4.00 2.20 1.98 9.75
Values for b and z may be rounded off to 0.05 units

W 0.5 m Standard design of a pair of masonry or concrete soil

retaining walls with slanting back face and footing depth

H = Retained height
b = Bottom width
H z = Footing depth

t Calculation Table for the Walls only

H b z Masonry Masonry
z Volume Cost
(m) (m) (m) (m3/m1) (Afs)
0.70 0.50 0.39 1.09
0.80 0.50 0.47 1.27
b 1.00 0.50 0.61 1.61
1.20 0.60 0.74 2.21
Notes: 1.40 0.70 0.86 2.89
1. Retained heights H > 3.2 m are not practicable 1.60 0.80 0.98 3.65
2. The floor width W may vary from 0.4 to 2.0 m 1.80 0.90 1.09 4.47
3. The floor thickness t = 0.3 m for W<1.0 m 2.00 1.00 1.18 5.37
t= 0.35 m for 1.0<W<1.5, and t=0.40 m for 1.5<W<2.0, and 2.20 1.10 1.27 6.32
t=.45 m for W=2.0 m 2.60 1.30 1.43 8.39
4. The volume for the floor is not shown in the table 3.00 1.50 1.55 10.64
and must be calculated 3.20 1.60 1.59 11.82
Values for b and z may be rounded off to 0.05 units
 INDONESIAN DESIGN STANDARDS

0.65 Profiles of Lamminga:

0.3

Structure height H = 2.5 m

0.3
Base width b = 1.063 m
Top width = 0.65 m

H= Masonry volume = 2.138 m3/m1

b=
1.06

PAKISTAN DESIGN STANDARDS

0.3 m
h= 2 m 0.15 m PCC (1:2:4)
→b= 0.97 m

1
h
3

b
0.3 m
PCC (1:2:4)
 STABILITY CALCULATION OF SOIL AND WATER RETAINING WALLS
(Includes design for soil retaining walls higher than 4.0 m by Coulomb's wedge theory)
Dimensions and conditions (all to be filled in):
Shape variables: a= 2.50 m c = 1.00
b= 0.00 m Notes: if d and e = 0 and c≥ 0.4 then structure may be of masonry.
c= 1.00 m if e>0 than base should be at least of (reinforced) concrete. 1.35
Heel slab d = 0.15 m i<φ or <angle of repose i
Toe slab e= 0.15 m If structure acts as water dam then fill in 0 for the soil densities
f= 1.60 m If structure is a cantilever wall (L-wall): h=0 and B is 2/5 - ⅔ (a+b) b = 0.00 φw Pa1
g= 0.70 m
h= 0.00 m Notes:
Soil density (ghumid) = 17.0 kN/m 3 When hw1 > 0 then φw = 0 under the groundwater table
Soil density (gsaturated) = 19.0 kN/m 3 If d>0 then φw is reduced depending on length d and angle α (giving line from heel of Groundwater table
Density of wall material (gwall) = 22.5 kN/m 3
base to sloping back face of wall indicating onto where sliding planes may take place) a = 2.50 β
Density of base material (gfooting) = 22.0 kN/m3 30.0 (º) = α, then the reduced contact length of sliding planes with inclined wall Pa

Internal friction angle (φ) = 30 º is calculated by sinus-rule: 0.10 Then, φw reduced = 0.0 (º)
Friction angle with sloping wall face (φw) = 0 º hw1 =
Angle of sloping backfill/soil surcharge (i) = 0 º Open water surface φw 2.00
Traffic surcharge (q); only when i ≤ 5o = 0.0 kN/m2
Traffic surcharge does also act on the top no (yes or no)
Height of groundwater behind wall (hw1) = 2.00 m Note: OK ⅓a
Height of open water in front of wall (hw2) = 2.50 m h = 0.00 m
Friction factor against sliding (μ) = 0.55 Note: OK hw2 Pp g ⅓ hw1
Bridge abutment design: point load on top = 0 kN/m' Note: take dead load + minimum live load for stability against sliding f e d
Longitudinal force at top (horiz. force) = 0 kN/m'
Allowable bearing pressure = 500.00 kN/m2 Results : - Factor of safety against sliding = 2.01
Maximum allowable compressive stress: - Factor of safety against overturning = 1.51 B= 2.00 m
- of wall material 1.4 N/mm2 - Bearing pressure below the toe = 106.43 kN/m2 (base width accepted)
- of base material 20.0 N/mm2 - Compressive stress in material of the toe = 0.11 N/mm2
Assumption: - Bearing pressure below the heel = 1.30 kN/m2 Section of Structure with Shape Variables to design a
Backfill is non-cohesive and homogeneous Gravity, Semi-Gravity, T or L-wall to retain water or soil

Automatic calculation of active and passive forces Pa and Pp, weights, uplift, and stability calculation: Notes:
Sometimes one uses ⅔ φ, or μ = ⅔ tan(φ) on granular material
Angle of Coeff. Level Pressure developed Force acting Traffic Lever arm Moments about φw ≤ φ. A very smooth wall face will have φw = 0
sloping of active differ- in each different section Δh in each different Surcharge Force about the toe the toe of the
wall face soil force ences Inclined Horizont. Vertical section Δh of the base base Some soil mechanical parameters are given below:
b Ka or Δh pa pa, hor. pa, vert. Pa, hor. Pa, vert. SFa, hor. SFa, vert. Vertic. Horiz. Stabiliz. Destabil.
A. Soil Forces (º) la (m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (m) (m) (kNm) (kNm) Friction factor Friction
Against head of wall (b>0): against sliding angle with
- above groundwater: 0.3333 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 sloping face
- in groundwater (φw=0) : 0.3333 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 μ φw
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (º)
Against sloping back face: Cement concrete on:
- above groundwater: 0.00 0.3333 2.10 11.90 11.90 0.00 12.50 0.00 2.70 0.00 0.00 33.74 - on masonry 0.65 33
- in groundwater (φw=0) : 0.00 0.3333 0.40 1.20 1.20 0.00 5.00 0.00 1.80 0.00 0.00 8.98 - concrete 0.60 31
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - clay 0.20
Against right side of footing : - medium clay 0.3 - 0.35
- above groundwater: 0.3333 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - gravel/sand, no silt/clay 0.55 29
- in groundwater (φw=0) : 0.3333 1.60 4.80 4.80 0.00 24.80 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 18.82 - gravel/sand + silt 0.45 24
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - silt - fine sand 0.35 - 0.45
Against left side of footing : lp Δh pp, hor. Pp, hor. Pp, vert. - loose clean or silty sand 13
- above groundwater (φw=0) : 3.0000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - stone, coarse surf. 0.6 - 0.7
- in groundwater (φw=0) : 3.0000 1.60 43.20 0.00 34.56 0.53 18.43 - bare rock, rough 0.80
Note: If soil will not erode away, copy red figures in cells J54 and J55.
B. Water Forces Stone masonry on:
Water force Pw1 = 2.00 20.00 0.67 13.33 - stone masonry 0.6-.075 31-37
Water force Pw2 = 2.50 31.25 0.83 26.04 - concrete 0.65 33
- good solid rock 0.75 37
C. Weight of Retaining Wall - coarse stone/gravel 0.60 31
(- above groundwater :) 146.34 0.00 0.65 1.08 158.48 - gravel 0.50 26.6
(- hydraulic uplift in groundwater :) (footing) 1.60 32.00 1.00 32.00 - sand 0.4 22
(sloping wall) 0.90 14.17 2.46 34.83 - loose clean sand 13
(head) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - medium to dense clean sand 17 - 20
- loose silty sand 13
D. Weight of Retained Earth Atotal Aabove G.W. Asubm. Ws - medium to dense silty sand 15 - 17
- no groundwater : 1. behind sloping wall : 0.38 0.32 5.36 1.93 10.31 - clay 0.50
2. behind head of wall : 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - moist clay 0.31 17
3. sloping backfill : 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - dry clay
4. Surcharge force on heel slab 0.00 1.93 0.00
0.60 20
- with groundwater : 1. groundwater behind sloping wall : 0.06 0.54 1.93 1.04 Brick masonry on:
2. groundwater behind head of wall : 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - sand
3. groundwater in sloping backfill : 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E. Bridge Abutment
- Point load by live load and dead load of bridge 0.00 1.35 0.00
- Longitudinal force due to breaking and temperature 0.00 4.10 0.00
Allowable
F. Weight of Water Δhwater Sloping Behind Sloping Horizontal lever arms Bearing
on base Wall Head backfill Sloping wall Head Slop. Backf. Soil type Pressure
- with groundwater, but no open water : 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 (kN/m2)
- with open water, but no groundwater: 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Clays and silts (saturated):
- when hw1>hw2 : 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - Soft (N = 6) 23
- when hw2>hw1 (e.g. when sudden rise in open water) : 0.50 1.66 0.05 0.09 - Medium (N = 5 - 10) 46
0.000 0.000 0.400 0.000 0.000 - Stiff (N = 11 - 20) 91
G. Uplift below Base hw1 hw2 Δhwater Pu, vert. - Hard (N > 20) 137
2.00 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - Firm sandy clays 100
Note: if no uplift by pore pressure under base, copy figure to the cell below and delete figure in cell F89 - Stiff sandy clays 200
H. Safety Factors Stabilizing Horizontal Forces Safety - Very stiff boulder clays 350
Vertical Forces Stabilizing De-stabilizing Factors Silt < 50
- Against Sliding : 107.73 125.06 62.30 2.01 Gravel and sand layers alternated, partly with
silt contents 210
- Against Overturning : 1.51 214.39 141.70 Loose well graded sands and gravel/sand mixt. 100
Compact well graded sands and gravel/sand mixt. 200
Loose coarse sand 200
I. Bearing Pressure (BP) and Safety against Crushing Fine to medium sand, saturated, loose to
- Location of the resultant force R from the toe of the base (x) : 0.67 m. The middle third of the base starts 0.67 m from the toe of the base, therefore unequal com- medium dense compacted 160
- pressive stresses causing a bending moment at the base will not develop over some length from the toe. Medium dense sand 100 - 300
- Excentricity (e) = 0.33 m. Medium dense sand and gravel (N = 10 -29) 270
- Maximum bearing pressure below the toe of the base = 106.43 kN/m2 The allowable bearing pressure is : 500.00 kN/m2 so that the maximum bearing Dense sand and gravel (N = 40 - 49) 320
pressure under the toe is OK. The compressive stress in the toe of the base is: 0.11 N/mm2. The maximum allowable compressive stress is Very dense sand and gravel (N>50) 360
1.00 N/mm2, so that the base material will not crack or crush due to the tension in the material. Moderately dense gravel or sand and gravel mixt. 200
- The minimum bearing pressure under the heel of the base = 1.30 kN/m2. Under normal stability requirement such as for L-walls, this value should be slightly positive Medium dense gravel or sand and gravel mixture 600
so that the entire base provides pressure to the (soil) foundation (and moments in the base slab remain positive). Compact gravel 550 - 800
River boulders and coarse gravel, loose to
medium dense compacted 350
Loose uniform sands < 100
Compact uniform sands 150
Medium dense cohesionless sands 100
Dense cohesionless sands 200
1.1116
Coulomb Theory of Retaining Walls with Possible Sliding Wedges

Cohesionless soil, vertical wall back face

Pa = ½ γ H2 cotg q * tg (q - f)/(cos fw + sin fw * tg (q-f ))

Internal Wall Coeff. of Active W

Soil Wall Angle of friction friction active soil
density height slip plane angle angle soil force force
g H q φ φw la Pa fw f
(kN/m3) (m) (º) (º) (º) (kN) Pa q
16 2 50 30 10 0.29142 9.33 F
16 2 52.5 30 10 0.30077 9.62
16 2 55 30 10 0.30636 9.80
16 2 57.5 30 10 0.30844 9.87
16 2 60 30 10 0.30720 9.83

Calculations for sheet 'Coulomb equation':

Trial θ Δλa
Iterator 0.3333
0.10 ### 0.20 30 0 ###

0.10 ### 0.20 30 0 ###

Coulomb equation calculating maximum Pa for sloping wall face and sloping, dry backfill
Angle of Internal Wall Angle of Coeff. of When surcharge q acts
Soil Wall wall face friction friction back- active soil (i = 0o)
density height at top angle angle fill soil force force
g H b φ φw i la Pa
(kN/m3) (m) (º) (º) (º) (º) (kN) (kN/m2)
18 4 0 25 20 0 0.357 51.46 10.8

b= 0.4 m Pa hor. = 62.87 kN

gconcr. = 23.0 kN/m3 Pa vert. = 22.88 kN
W= 36.80 kN
Sliding resistance = (W+Pa vert) . tan(φw) : 21.72 kN
Safety against sliding = Sliding res./Pa hor.): 0.35
x= 0.200 m
Safety against overturning =W.x/(Pa .⅓ H)= 0.1
 Control against tensile stresses ;

Assuming fw=0 one stays on the safe side (saturation in backfill, smooth wall)
 b

When surcharge q acts on a horizontal backfill: i

soil Total
force soil force Pa
la Pa Pa b
(kN) (kN) H φw
0.357 15.44 66.90

⅓H

B= 0.40 m
( Busual = 2.20 m)
 SAFETY AGAINST HYDRAULIC UPLIFT OF STRUCTUR

CASE A: RAFT STRUCTURE

The foundation raft or trough type structure is observed to take up pressures and stresses with monolithic RCC.

Dimensions

Width of flume 15.80 m

Thickness of top of wall 0.20 m
Thickness at base of wall 0.31 m
Length of heel slab 0.31 m Groundwater table at
Thickness of floor (element if contr. jointed) 0.60 m from floor level
Height of the wall = 3.07 m
Depth of water in flume 0.50 m
Depth of groundwater from base (hw2) 1.60 m
Soil density (ghumid) = 18.0 kN/m3
Soil density (gsaturated) = 20.0 kN/m3
Density of wall material (gwall) = 24.0 kN/m3 hw2 =

Individual elements are considered separated by expansion joints. The safety

factor against uplift for the above filled floor element Fs = 0.8
Weepholes should come at 1.00 m from the floor level. 0.60

Automatic calculation of safety against uplift for Case A (raft structure):

Minimum required safety against uplift Fs = 1.1
Water Weight of the Soil Weight Total Hydraulic Safety
Depth concrete structure Weight of water down- Uplift against
relative Above Below on heels in ward uplift
to base subm. subm. structure force
hw1 level level Pstructure Pu Fs
m kN kN kN kN kN kN
1.100 30.35 147.35 32.42 79.00 289.13 266.08 1.087

CASE B: EXPANSION JOINTS IN FLOOR

C UPLIFT OF STRUCTURAL FLUME SECTIONS

th monolithic RCC.

Width of flume
15.80
0.20

1.00

weephole

3.07

1.60 ?

0.31
0.50 hw1

0.31
17.04 m
Coulomb Theory of Retaining Walls with Possible Sliding Wedges

Cohesionless soil, vertical wall back face

Pa = ½ γ H2 cotg q * tg (q - f )/(cos fw + sin fw * tg (q-f ))

Internal Wall Coeff. of Active W

Soil Wall Angle of friction friction active soil
density height slip plane angle angle soil force force
g H q φ φw la Pa fw f
(kN/m3) (m) (º) (º) (º) (kN) Pa q
18 2 50 30 20 0.28699 10.33 F
16 2 52.5 30 20 0.29392 9.41
16 2 56 30 20 0.29731 9.51
16 2 57.5 30 20 0.29670 9.49
16 2 60 30 20 0.29313 9.38

Calculations for sheet 'Coulomb equation':

Trial θ Δλa If i>0 than not applicable!
0.33333
0.1 ### 0.2 33 10 ### 61.5

0.1 ### 0.2 33 10 ###

Coulomb equation calculating maximum Pa for sloping wall face and sloping, dry backfill
Angle of Internal Wall Angle of Coeff. of When surcharge q acts
Soil Wall wall face friction friction back- active soil (i = 0o)
density height at top angle angle fill soil force force
g H b φ φw i la Pa
(kN/m3) (m) (º) (º) (º) (º) (kN) (kN/m2)
18 4 0 25 20 0 0.357 51.46 10.8

b= 0.4 m Pa hor. = 62.87 kN

gconcr. = 23.0 kN/m3 Pa vert. = 22.88 kN
W= 36.80 kN
Sliding resistance = (W+Pa vert) . tan(φw) : 21.72 kN
Safety against sliding = Sliding res./Pa hor.): 0.35
x= 0.200 m
Safety against overturning =W.x/(Pa .⅓ H)= 0.1
 Control against tensile stresses ;

Assuming fw=0 one stays on the safe side (saturation in backfill, smooth wall)
 b

When surcharge q acts on a horizontal backfill: i

soil Total
force soil force Pa
la Pa Pa b
(kN) (kN) H φw
0.357 15.44 66.90

⅓H

B= 0.40 m
( Busual = 2.20 m)