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PAPER PRESENTATION
ON

ABSRACT:

The oil shocks of 1970s security has an


led to spiraling crude oil important bearing on
prices in the world achieving national
market which prompted economic development
planners to view energy goals and improving the
security as an issue of quality of life of the
national strategic people. World’s
importance. Energy dependence on crude oil
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will continue for most available as per the


part of the 21st century demand. Many of the
but the continued power generating plant
dependence on crude oil are using non-renewable
is loaded against it with sources as their primary
inherent price volatility source. But these may
linked to finite global become extinct at any
reserves. In addition, time and before facing
global warming, caused the situation we have to
largely by greenhouse choose an alternative to
gas emissions from avoid the power crisis.
fossil fuel energy One of the best
generating systems, is alternatives is choosing
also a major concern. Non-conventional
So, there is a need to sources like solar
develop alternate fuels energy, Wind Energy,
like non-conventional Tidal energy, Bio-mass
sources, considering the energy etc as the
aforesaid two concerns. primary sources for
This paper describes power generation in
about the solar energy, power stations. The
one of the non- power from these
conventional sources sources is several times
and different ways of greater than the one,
using it to convert to which we are using at
electric energy. the present. Out of these
Introduction: energy sources, the best
As the power demand is one which suits for our
going on increasing country is the solar
day-by-day, it is energy.
responsible for our The power from
engineers to make it the sun intercepted by
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the earth is Sun:


approximately 1.8*1011 As far back as
MW, which is many 5,000 years ago, people
thousands of times "worshipped" the Sun.,
larger than the present the sun-god, who was
consumption rate on the considered the first king
earth of all commercial of Egypt. In
energy sources. Thus if Mesopotamia, the sun-
we convert this to other god Shamash was a
forms of energy, it may major deity and was
be one of the most equated with justice. In
promising of the non- Greece there were two
conventional energy sun deities, Apollo and
resources. Helios. The influence of
As we know that the the sun also appears in
tropic of cancer passes other religions -
midway through the Zoroastrianism,
earth, our country is one Mithraism, Roman
of hottest country in the religion, Hinduism,
world after the continent Buddhism, the Druids
Africa. There are some of England, the Aztecs
places in the country of Mexico, the Incas of
where the mercury level Peru, and many Native
raises up to 500c during American tribes.
summer. So, if we use We know today, that the
this energy as the sun is simply our
primary source for nearest star. Without it,
generation almost every life would not exist on
house in our country our planet. We use the
can have power supply sun's energy every day
and is available at very in many different ways.
reasonable cost.
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When we hang laundry star because the


outside to dry in the uranium atoms used in
sun, we are using the nuclear energy were
sun's heat to do work -- created in the fury of a
drying our clothes. nova - a star exploding.
Plants use the sun's light Let's look at ways in
to make food. Animals which we can use the
eat plants for food. And sun's energy which is
decaying plants also called Solar
hundreds of millions of Energy.
years ago produced the
coal, oil and natural gas INTROD
that we use today. So, UCTION:
What is solar energy?
Solar energy can be
converted into other
forms of energy, such as
heat and electricity. In
the 1830s, the British
astronomer John
Herschel used a solar
thermal collector box (a
device that absorbs
fossil fuels is actually
sunlight to collect heat)
sunlight stored millions
to cook food during an
and millions of years
expedition to Africa.
ago.
Today, people use the
Indirectly, the sun or
sun's energy for lots of
other stars are
things.
responsible for ALL our
energy. Even nuclear
How is solar energy
energy comes from a
collected?
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Solar energy can be to those used to make


used to heat a fluid such computer chips.
as water in solar
collector panels. Simple Until recently these
types use flat collector cells were very costly to
panels mounted on a produce. However, they
south-facing roof or are still only about 10-
wall, each with 15 per cent efficient.
transparent cover to
admit sunlight. Water Energy Derivations
circulates through from Solar Energy:
channels or pipes inside Solar energy can be
each panel. The inside is converted to thermal (or
usually painted black, heat) energy and used
because black surfaces to:
readily absorb heat. The  Heat water – for
water is heated, and use in homes,
then the hot water is buildings, or
pumped to a heat swimming
exchanger that extracts pools.
the heat for use within  Heat spaces –
the house. inside
greenhouses,
Solar energy can also be homes, and other
used to generate buildings.
electricity in  Solar energy can
photovoltaic (PV) cells. be converted to
A PV cell may power electricity in two
your calculator. ways:
Photovoltaic cells are  Photovoltaic
made of (PV devices) or
semiconductors, similar “solar cells”
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 This change that is used to


sunlight directly power generator.
into electricity. Out of the 15
PV systems are known solar
often used in electric
remote locations generating units
that are not operating in the
connected to the United States at
electric grid. the end of 2006,
They are also 10 of these are in
used to power California and 5
watches, in Arizona. No
calculators, and statistics are
lighted road being collected
signs. on solar plants
Solar Power Plants that produce less
- than 1 megawatt
 In this sunlight of electricity, so
is converted to there may be
electricity smaller solar
indirectly. It is plants in a
first converted to number of other
mechanic energy states.
and later to  Let our
electric energy. discussion starts
When the heat in detail that
from solar how solar energy
thermal is converted to
collectors is electrical energy.
used to heat a
fluid which
produces steam
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Photovoltaic Cell: The first


Photovoltaic is the photovoltaic
direct conversion of module was
light into electricity at built by Bell
the atomic level. Some Laboratories
materials exhibit a in 1954. It
property known as the was billed
photoelectric effect that as a solar
causes them to absorb battery and
photons of light and was mostly
release electrons. When just a
these free electrons are curiosity as
captured, electric it was too
current results that can expensive to
be used as electricity. gain
The photoelectric effect widespread
was first noted by a use. In the
French physicist, 1960s, the
Edmund Becquerel, in space industry began to
1839, who found that make the first serious
certain materials would use of the technology to
produce small amounts provide power aboard
of electric current when spacecraft. Through the
exposed to light. In space programs, the
1905, Albert Einstein technology advanced,
described the nature of its reliability was
light and the established, and the cost
photoelectric effect on began to decline. During
which photovoltaic the energy crisis in the
technology is based, for 1970s, photovoltaic
which he later won a technology gained
Nobel Prize in physics. recognition as a source
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of power for non-space electrons naturally


applications. migrate to the surface.
Working Principle: When the electrons
Sunlight is composed of leave their position,
photons, or particles of holes are formed. When
solar energy. These many electrons, each
photons contain various carrying a negative
amounts of energy charge, travel toward
corresponding to the the front surface of the
different wavelengths of cell, the resulting
the solar spectrum. imbalance of charge
When photons strike a between the cell's front
photovoltaic cell, they and back surfaces
may be reflected, pass creates a voltage
right through, or be potential like the
absorbed. Only the negative and positive
absorbed photons terminals of a battery.
provide energy to When the two surfaces
generate electricity. are connected through
When enough sunlight an external load,
(energy) is absorbed by electricity flows.
the material (a
semiconductor),
electrons are dislodged
from the material's
atoms. Special
treatment of the material The performance of a
surface during photovoltaic array is
manufacturing makes dependent upon
the front surface of the sunlight. Climate
cell more receptive to conditions (e.g., clouds,
free electrons, so the fog) have a significant
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effect on the amount of systems power many of


solar energy received by the small calculators
a photovoltaic array and wrist watches used
and, in turn, its everyday. More
performance. Most complicated systems
current technology provide electricity to
photovoltaic modules pump water, power
are about 10 percent communications
efficient in converting equipment, and even
sunlight. Further provide electricity to
research is being our homes.
conducted to raise this Some advantages of
efficiency to 20 percent. photovoltaic systems
The photovoltaic cell are:
was discovered in 1954
by Bell Telephone Conversion from sunlight to
researchers examining electricity is direct, so that
the sensitivity of a bulky mechanical generator
properly prepared systems are unnecessary.
silicon wafer to
sunlight. Beginning in
the late 1950s,
photovoltaic cells were
used to power U.S.
space satellites (learn
more about the history 
of photovoltaic cells). PV arrays can be
The success of PV in installed quickly and
space generated in any size required
commercial applications or allowed.
for this technology. The  The environmental
simplest photovoltaic impact is minimal,
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requiring no water Solar Thermal Power


for system cooling Plant:
and generating no There are two types of
by-products. solar thermal power
Photovoltaic cells, like plants.
batteries, generate direct  Solar distributed
current (DC), which is collector power
generally used for small plants
loads (electronic  Solar central
equipment). When DC receiver power
from photovoltaic cells plants
is used for commercial  In this type of
applications or sold to power plants,
electric utilities using collectors are
the electric grid, it must used. A very
be converted to large area is
alternating current (AC) required. The
using inverters, solid- collectors may
state devices that be of following
convert DC power to types.
AC.  Parabolic
Historically, PV has through units
been used at remote with line focus.
sites to provide  Paraboloidal
electricity. In the future dishes with
PV arrays may be central focus.
located at sites that are
 Parabolic
also connected to the
through
electric grid enhancing
collectors are
the reliability of the
preferred
distribution system.
because of low

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cost of mechanical energy to


manufacture and the turbine is converted
simple single to electrical energy by
plane sun- the alternator. Steam is
tracking. Where condensed in the
as in condenser and feed
Paraboloidal water returns to the
collectors use boiler for re-use. The
double plane heat of the cooling
sun-tracking and water of the condenser
are expensive. may be utilized for
Basic structure: some other purposes.
Large parabolic There are two
collectors are employed major solar power
for collecting solar plants working on the
energy, which is used to above principle.
heat the fluid generally Solar distributed
water which is stored in collector power plants:
the storage tank. This Nevada Solar One is a
heat energy is let to the new solar thermal plant
boiler with a feedback, with a 64 MW
which is converted to generating capacity,
high-pressure steam located near Boulder
energy. This steam City, Nevada. Nevada
energy is sent to the Solar One uses
turbine chamber with parabolic troughs as
high speed leading to thermal solar
the rotation of prime- concentrators, heating
mover of the turbine. As tubes of liquid which act
turbine is internally as solar receivers. These
coupled with the solar receivers are
alternator, the incoming specially coated tubes
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made of glass and steel, There are several


and about 19,300 of solar power plants in the
these four meter long Mojave Desert which
tubes are used in the supply power to the
newly built power plant. electricity grid. Solar
Nevada Solar One also Energy Generating
uses a technology that Systems (SEGS) is the
collects extra heat by name given to nine solar
putting it into phase- power plants in the
changing molten salts. Mojave Desert, which
This energy can then be were
drawn at night. Solar
thermal power plants
designed for solar-only
generation are ideally
matched to summer
noon peak loads. Using
thermal energy storage
systems, solar thermal
operating periods can
even be extended to
meet base-load needs.

built in the 1980s. These


plants have a combined
capacity of 354
megawatts (MW)
making them the largest
solar power installation
Solar central receiving
in the world. There are
power plant:
also plans to build other
large solar plants in the
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Mojave Desert. The the


Mojave Solar Park will
deliver 553 MW of
solar thermal power
when fully operational
in 2011.
Isolation (solar
radiation) in the Mojave
Desert is among the best
available in the United central receiving tower,

States, and some which receives the

significant population reflected radiation from

centers are located in the heliostats around it.

the area. This makes the The tower is installed

Mojave Desert with a boiler inside it.

particularly suitable for Component 3 is the

solar power plants. power station, which is

These plants can coupled to the solar

generally be built in a collecting apparatus.

few years because solar The operation of the

plants are built almost plant is as follows.

entirely with modular,


readily available
materials.
The above shown is the The tower (boiler) is

photograph showing the mounted on the top of

components of the the tower located near

power plant in the center of the field of

California, Mojave large mirrors called

Desert. Component 2 is heliostats. The heliostats


reflect sunlight on to the
central tower. Sunrays
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after getting reflected technology. The tower


some heliostats are reaches up to a height of
focused on to the boiler. above 3000 feet.
Thus boiler generates
high temperature steam,
which is used to drive a
steam turbine, which is
coupled to an alternator.
From this alternator,
electricity is generated.
Solar tower:
The above shown figure
This is the other type of
is the height of the solar
conversion of solar to
power tower when
electrical energy with
compared to other
the help of a long tower.
wonders of the world
like Pyramids, Eiffel
Tower, Empire state
building etc.
The base part of the
tower is totally insulated
with a polythene layer
so as to avoid the loss of
any radiation during
cold and night
conditions. The working
of the plant is as
The above shown is follows.
called solar power tower The upper part of the
which is located in plant is equipped with
Spain built by Germans high sensitive
with German

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generated by the tower


reaches down the tower,
it tends to remain in
low-pressure region.
Therefore, it along with
the heat energy of the
bottom start moving
upwards with high
velocity which inurn
collectors, which collect rotates the prime-
sunlight directly. The movers of the turbine.
top part of the tower is
installed with a storage
tank. The collected
sunlight is used to heat
up the water in the
storage tank, which
leads to generation of
heat energy. This heat
energy is transferred to
The turbines are
the bottom of the tower
installed round the
without any
tower and all are rotated
transformational losses
due to this velocity. As
with the help of various
the turbines are
heliostats fitted inside
internally coupled with
the tower. On the other
the alternators,
hand the surface area
electricity is generated.
under the insulated area
Limitations of solar
gets exposed by the sun
energy:
and develops heat
Earth receives vast solar
energy. The steam
energy, which is
energy, which is
available for free of
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cost. Solar energy is Conclusion:


available in most parts In the capital city of
of the world but there India, Delhi, citizens
are some limitations of can face hours without
solar energy. electricity, but they are
 Low energy density the lucky ones. In some
0.1 to 1 KW/m2. parts of India it can be
 Large area is days. The basic
required to collect weakness of the electric
the solar energy. supply industry is non-

 Direction of rays viability of tariff. In

changes 2001-02, the cost of

continuously. supply was Rs.3.50 a

 Energy is not unit while the

uniform during realization was only

cloudy weather and Rs.2.40. Free or highly

not available during subsidized supply for

the nights. agriculture and

 Energy storage is subsidies to domestic

essential. consumers have resulted


in uneconomic charges
 High initial cost.
for industrial
 Low efficiency.
consumers. This policy
Advantages:
has driven many
This system of energy
industries to depend
conversion is noise less and
more and more on self-
cheap.
generation. A second
 Maintenance cost is
weakness of the Indian
low.
situation is under
 They have long life.
investment in
 Pollution free.
transmission and
 Highly reliable. distribution relative to
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generation. This is due 2. http://www.eia.d


to the lack of proper oe.gov/kids/ener
return in the investment gyfacts/sources/r
of the power stations. enewable/solar.h
This leads to the tml
increase in price/unit 3. http://www.ener
and making the cost gyquest.ca.gov/s
unreasonable for the tory/chapter15.ht
common man. ml
The use of solar energy 4. http://www.scien
for the production of ceonline.co.uk/e
electricity reduces the nergy/renewable
price/unit as low as 50 -
paisa. The only problem energy.html#sol
in this procedure is the ar
high installation 5. G.D.Rai, “Non-
charges. Conventional
So, if our engineers energy sources”,
work in such a way so Khanna
as to reduce that cost publications.
and in further
developments of the
equipment, we can
definitely meet the
power demand in the
future and this will be
an ENERGY
SOLUTION.
References:
1. www.wikipedia.
com

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