Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Ello Benchmarking
Forssa, 15.08.2010
Francesca Skolc
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 21
Green Values in Europe
1 INTRODUCTION
There is currently a worldwide concern about the health of the environment; ranging from everyday
worries like noise, air, and water pollution to questions surrounding the ozone layer. Recent years have
seen a steady increase in transportation of all kinds. Transportation as we know it—whether it involves
persons or goods—contributes immensely to local air pollution, solid waste, and segmentation of
landscapes. Various solutions are needed if C02 emissions level must be sliced.
Logistics services industry needs to develop more environmentally friendly solutions. This—in turn—is
expected to increase environmental awareness among consumers.
Ello is a European Regional Development Fund financed project, which aims to develop the Southern
Finnish transport corridor for competitiveness. The competitiveness of the transport corridor in Southern
Finland is essential to developing models with emphasis on green values and environmental-
friendliness. Transport corridor that serves enterprises and logistics centres in the future will be able to
offer competitive transport routes, ecological services, end customer awareness capable of influencing
customers‘ purchasing decisions, and lastly- companies will have a growing need to ensure the offer of
supply chain efficiency alongside a ―green‖ image.
Ello project has a subproject called EcoHub. Subproject in this research and development attends to the
question: In what ways can ecology be applied to enhance a logistics company‟s competitive edge
within Southern Finland?
The Ello (EcoHub) project team was assigned to gather (comparable) information on performance
metrics using benchmarking.
In Ello (EcoHub) benchmarking case, benchmark activities were in the area of international logistics
concepts. The project was based on:
- Specific process, such as new technologies, maintenance, training and IT support
- Specific group, such as an airport, housing districts
- Functions, such as the purchasing department, warehouse
To boost the reader‘s ability to digest this report, its content is arranged by using ―headings‖. Firstly,
Ello (EcoHub) investigated the logistics area of environmental concerns, using mainly geothermal, wind
and solar energy. As many European countries already are adapting to climate change, Ello (EcoHub)
decided to get a few information on climate change in Finland in order to use such information in supply
chain and logistics‘ environmentally—friendly future performance.
It was also very important for Ello (EcoHub) to find out how ecological other European countries are,
how much renewable energy is used in practice, and what kind of projects they are running on green
logistics.
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Green Values in Europe
Climate change can no longer be fully prevented. Energy production in the world still relies mainly on
burning fossil fuels, causing CO2 emissions being the biggest contributor to climate change.
At first, climate change may appear advantageous to Europe‘s northern most richest: the demand for
heating energy will decline and crop yields and forest growth may boost. It is estimated that the
temperature in Finland will rise faster than the global average. Finland‘s annual mean temperature is
expected to rise by 2– 6 °C by the end of the century. Temperatures will rise more in winter compared to
the summer, and more in the northern than in the southern regions.
Annual rainfall will rise by some 10% and, in this respect too, the change will be more pronounced in
winter. With regard to rainfall, the occurrence of both extremes, long dry spells and heavy rains, will
increase. However, in terms of winds and storms the changes will be less dramatic. If emissions are
high, winter temperatures may rise by up to 6–9 °C from the present day; this all is expected by year
2100.
In Finland‘s inland waters, floods and their timing and the volume of water resources will change. By
the end of the century, the mean temperature in Lapland will rise to the level currently measured in
southern Finland.
The present high share of renewable energy in Finland (27.4% in 2008) is mainly due to the wood based
energy production in the context of pulp and paper industry. In order to increase the share of renewable
energy to 38% by 2020 (the Finnish target within the EU burden sharing) wood plays the most
important role in Finland. Improvements of energy technologies and use of renewable energy sources
are the most important actions in order to reduce GHGs (Greenhouse Gas) in energy production.
Improvements of energy technologies and use of renewable energy sources are the most important actions in
order to reduce GHGs (Greenhouse Gas) in energy production. This is why adaptation to the expected
consequences of the permanent climate change has become a crucial element of climate policy, alongside
climate change improvement.
Germany and other European countries have motivated construction plans for more off-shore wind
farms and therefore the international coordination of the national grids is of strategic importance. The
new grid, spread across half the continent and under the sea, will connect the European off shore wind
farms and solar thermal power plants and manage the oscillations of electricity supply from renewable
sources which is highly dependent on weather conditions. Also linked to the grid, that is capable of
storing electricity generated during peak periods, will be hydroelectric power stations, mostly in the
Scandinavian countries.
The key issue is to prepare for extreme weather events, especially floods, storms and heavy rainfall. Tra-
ditionally, flood protection has mainly been carried out for the sake of agriculture, but the built environ-
ment is now more frequently at risk of flooding.
Climate change will have a large effect on the hydrology and water resources of Finland
In principle, flood risk avoidance is quite simple: buildings must be placed high enough in relation to the
shoreline so that water does not pose a threat to them. On the other hand, shoreline construction is
tempting because lake and river views are valued, and this may cause conflicts. New buildings and other
urban development, in particular, should be redirected to safer areas through land use planning and
building regulations. These include compliance with the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
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Green Values in Europe
Malmö, Sweden is an "ekostaden" Stockholm proved best in clear and effective measures towards reducing
(eco-city), several neighbourhoods noise pollution and protection plan setting new standards for cleaner water
have already been transformed with reduction of fossil fuels.
using innovative design and are
planning to become more socially,
environmentally, and economically
Green facts:
approachable. -1 000 parks
-Seven nature reserves within city boundaries
Copenhagen, Denmark has a big (and more than 200 in the surrounding area), 1
offshore wind farm. cultural reserve and1 city national park
London, England will switch 25 -95 kg of recycled refuse annually per citizen
percent of its power to more- -12 000 trees in the city centre
efficient sources. The city has also -24 official beaches
set stiff taxes on personal
transportation to limit overcrowd- -World‘s largest district cooling network,
ing in the central city, hitting “100% of household waste is
SUVs heavily and letting electric -Set to become fossil-fuel free by 2050 converted into heating and elec-
vehicles and hybrids off scot-free.
- -The city hosts 2 700 clean-tech companies tricity”
Barcelona, Spain is promoting -Transport emissions are relatively low, all trains and inner city buses run
solar energy and modern parking on renewable fuels.
strategies.
The City of Hamburg plans to launch a ―train of ideas‖ New Eco City plan for Hamburg, Germany
whereby interested cities within the European Green Capital
Award network ‗own‘ a wagon and promote their respective green ideas, achievements and future plans.
The train will then travel around Europe spreading experience and best practice in an innovative way.
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were built with two rooms per dwelling and the remaining units are divided into three-or four-room
apartments. The beautiful integration into the hillside, and the possibility to apply for increased housing
subsidies, made the project more attractive. After completion in May 2009 was the key to the new
residents to be transferred
Environment Park was built on the initiative of Regione Piemonte, City of Turin, Italy. It represents
today an original experience among the European Technology and Science Parks thanks to the ability to
combine technological innovation and eco-efficiency, hosting several companies and Research Institutes
operating both in the Environmental Protection field and the ICT field.
The green roof: because of the good winter, summer isolation and
overall the total consumption of energy, the wide use of ecological
covering enables to reduce the cost of realization of buildings and that of administration of the complex.
However, the other environmental
advantages are evident: the
improvement of microclimate, the
filtration of polluting dusts of the
air and of the rain water and the
reduction of urban sound
pollution (the lawn is a no
reflecting surface).
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The two results are apparently opposing: a wide improvement of internal comfort and a wide control of
the energetic consumptions.
The interactive front uses the glasses completely transparent (an external double glass and an internal
window) which allows to have the maxim natural illumination in the internal rooms. When it is
necessary it monitors solar rays directly, follows down automatically in the cavity between the two
windows. The empty space is constantly aired by the air extracted from the rooms which absorbs the
solar heat accumulated by the fins of the trend.
The mechanism offers on that way notable environmental increments: (a) an improved acoustic isolation
from the outside, (b) an energy saving both for the air-conditioning (the solar heat doesn‘t come in) and
for the artificial illumination; (c) a better internal comfort. The glass and the walls remain near to the
room temperature. The ceiling of panel‘s water heating operated in the same direction, assuring a high
environmental comfort and a high energetic saving of functioning.
The wood chips: about the 85% of the heating power of the Environment Park is produced by wood
chips boiler (wastes product of the pruning the tree-lined roads), energetic sustainable resource for
excellence and moreover wide disposable in Turin. The adoption of an absorbing machine allows using
the energy of the wood chip boiler to refresh the Environment Park consuming almost only the vegetal
waste of the gardens and of the tree-lined roads in Turin. The saving is evident: both economic (for the
cost of the fuel) and ecological (for the consistent reduction of the waste mass that have to be disposed
in the tips).
The building material: in the choose of the building material the productions and manufactures that
don‘t imply polluting activities and procedures in the production, in the placing, in the disposal, or that
could be recyclable and reusable at the end of the life cycle of the buildings had the priority.
The basin of phytodepuration: in the system of water games of the green valley two basins of
immobile waters are installed for the purification by solar raids of the rain waters and of the grey waters
with a low content of B.O.D.
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6 SUSTAINABLE WAREHOUSES
Designing the perfect warehouse is an area where even angels can fear to walk. The sources of warehouse
energy could be: national grid, wind turbine, solar, photovoltaic, geothermal, bio fuels and kinetic. As the
benefits of sustainability are being recognized across the globe, developers are building facilities that reduce
environmental impact and increase efficiency.
The average warehouse today has CO2 emissions of 236 kWh per m2. Heating is responsible for
169 kWh/m² of that figure. And it is divided to nearly 115 kWh/m²per good practice.
Nike Logistics in Laakdal (a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp) is the textbook
example that proves that it does
make sense and is financially re-
warding to invest in green ware-
housing.
At the end of the 1990s, lighting accounted for 30% of Nike‘s total energy consumption. To reduce its
energy needs, the lighting plan was completely redrawn. Energy efficiency and comfort were to go hand in
hand. The existing lights were
Lighting: in 1998, accounted for 30% of total energy consumption. Complete redesign
replaced with energy efficient
of the lighting plan paid for itself in four years. T5 lights with electronic bal-
last.
Self-generated power: 20 gigawatt hours annually; own consumption: 18 gigawatt
hours.
These are TL tubes with a tube
Thickness of insulation materials: 16 cm. diameter of only 16 mm, offer-
ing better illumination than
E-level Nike Strategy 3: E60.
traditional T8 lights. The lights
were only placed where they
were needed. In addition, a study of every location was carried out to determine the light intensity that was
necessary to increase light-comfort for the staff: a step that paid for itself in four years and had a positive
influence on working conditions.
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Green Values in Europe
The changes to the lighting, optimization of the air-conditioning plant and other energy-efficient investments
resulted in significant reductions in energy consumption by the end of the 1990s, but were not enough to
achieve the objectives the company had set itself. In 2001, therefore, Nike de-
cided to build its own wind park. Because such massive turbines have a signifi-
The large wind turbines, cant impact on the surroundings, Nike consulted with its neighbours‘ right from
conspicuous along the the start. Its open approach resulted in a very positive response to Nike‘s envi-
motorway, are the most
outstanding aspect of
ronmental efforts from those in the immediate vicinity, and a high level of accep-
Nike´s programme. tance of the tall turbines. Partly in response to their neighbour‘s wishes, Nike
decided not to install the traditional monolithic (full) masts, but used lattice masts
with a light metal skeleton. As a result, taller masts were possible and less steel
was needed for the superstructure and less
concrete for the foundations.
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6.1.5 Insulation
Having installed twice more insulation as required by regulations, Nike will continue to be in compliance
with the insulation standards that should be changed in the future.
6.1.6 Flexibility
Flexibility is an essential requirement for a good logistics building. If the user moves out within a couple of
years, the building has to be usable by another company. Height is an important consideration. That is why
all of warehouses have a standard minimum height of 10.8 m. This means that they can quickly be put to
other users.
The warehouse was built by a service provider company called McLaren who has proved that building a
warehouse can participate in the ―safety‖ of the Earth. Warehouses aren't usually associated with
cutting-edge construction, but the Blue Planet distribution centre in Chatterley Valley is using state-of-
the-art technology to achieve optimal sustainability.
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needs in the warehouse. Warehouse also has floors that can produce heat energy (floor heating system)
which operates through a generator that uses biomass (animal compost) as a fuel.
The roof lights complement the south side of the building which is a complete solar wall while the
building contains one of the largest under floor heating systems in the country. The heating system is
powered by a biomass generator creating enough extra energy for local
homes. The reason to
Building specifications:
change to biomass
was the oil price of
Site area: 23.9 acres bio fuel generators
Floor Loading: 50kN/m2 that has shot up dur-
Car Parking: 235 spaces ing the planning. A
HGV Parking: 105 spaces
Level access doors: 2 lot of steel was
Dock levellers: 38 needed in the main
Clear storage height: 15m structure as the heat-
ing pipes run all the
way around the
building underground. Because the building is tall, a
lot of heat is usually wasted when it radiates down
from above, so energy – saving technique was being
installed as kinetic plates which converts the motion
of articulated vehicle into power. The plates are
installed in the warehouse draw near roads which
generate the power when trucks roll over them.
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This is the UK‘s first carbon positive BREEAM Industrial ‗Outstanding‘ rated logistics building (less
than 2008 design rating). The whole 100% of energy and heat is supplied from renewable energy.
Building lighting and power savings of 49% from normal, building heating and energy savings of 68%
and water savings of 60%. Total energy and water cost in use savings are up to £300,000 per annual
(39% cost in use saving per annual).
Everybody claims to be „sustainable‟ these days and the whole concept is reduced to eye-catching projects, such as wind turbines or solar
panels. Having solar panels does not, on its own, make a warehouse green. Far too often, there is no integrated approach, which means
that many opportunities to build the most sustainable warehouse possible are not taken advantage of. There is no single solution, but
dozens, for designing a sustainable warehouse.
How could we locate inventory as close to the end buyer in order to save shipping costs and reducing
products shipping carbon footprint?
Even in the best of times, successful warehouse management is a balancing work between competing
objectives like space utilization versus organizational flexibility, picking speed versus accuracy, and
increased throughput versus decreased labour costs. Recent economic conditions have strengthened the
challenge with increased study of capital expenditures and more demanding requirements on return on
investment (ROI).
Improving warehouse operations to achieve corporate goals requires a combination of strategic actions,
organizational capabilities and enabling technologies. For example, companies must examine whether
current warehouse systems provide the visibility and ease of integration needed to support future
improvements. Additionally, companies must measure and track warehouse performance metrics to
understand cost drivers and provide a solid basis for evaluating the potential benefits of efficiency-improving
technologies.
For example, in the latest OPM (Object Process Methodology) generation, several load handling devices are
grouped together to create one transport unit on the conveyor. This significantly reduces the length of time
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that the conveyor elements are switched on and lowers the plant's energy consumption by up to 30%. Thanks
to this measure, 40% fewer drives are needed in an OPM system.
Effective software functionalities, such as in the area of volume costing, order combining or the use of pick-
and-pack functionalities at the picking workstations can also be seen by the client in its CO2 balance sheet.
Considerable savings potential is exploited if the plant runs in so-called economy mode. In low-throughput
phases of plant areas, the stacker cranes deliberately accelerate more slowly and only to a lower speed while
the paths are further optimized. This reduces not only energy consumption, but also wear and tear to the
vehicles.
Energy-optimized lifting and travel gear axles on the vehicles make it possible to raise the lifting mechanism
during the decelerating phase of the drive unit and lower it during the accelerating phase. This technology
has been in use for 10 years and has increased vehicle efficiency by up to 30%. By combining several
controllers and vehicles to create one entity, this enables excess energy generated when decelerating a
vehicle to be used directly for the acceleration of another vehicle. The effect is particularly appealing to
clients in instances where energy cannot be fed back to the grid or the energy recovery is not compensated
by the energy supplier.
Most people assume that automated warehouses consume more energy than manual warehouses, but this
question has to be looked at case by case. There are a number of ways in which automated solutions reduce
energy consumption and save costs. Firstly, by optimizing the material flows, automation reduces the overall
number of goods movements. Use of dynamic slotting based on ERP data – such as fast movers at the front
and heavy goods on lower levels – is much simpler in automated solutions and reduces energy consumption
considerably.
Companies implementing Green Supply Chain programs in their warehouse processes should before
anything happens ask themselves the following questions on the warehouse´s role in carbon reduction:
Should we be making strategic decisions based upon carbon or financial economics?
What is the ideal balance between the number of warehouses and transport?
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Should more emphasis be given to full vehicle loads and increasing stockholding?
Should we be sharing warehouses more?
How can warehouse operations be improved to reduce the impact of transport?
How can warehouse operations be improved to reduce the impact of retail sites?
Schiphol, (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) was voted as best European Eco Airport. The airport has been
working to reduce its emissions for several years and has the ambition to become fully CO2-neutral by
2012. Schiphol is an Airport City and like a city, it is a place where air and train passengers, visitors
and working people come together. It´s a business location for companies, a dynamic environment with
shops, catering facilities and it´s a hub from where to travel onward.
On the Schiphol ground there are small wind turbines. Small wind turbine at Schiphol
For the safety concern, the air-port is unable to install
large wind turbines. The small turbines still allow gaining experience in generating wind energy. Much
of the lighting in departure and arrival halls 1, 2, 3/4, the lounges and gates is part of an interconnected
system. The corridor leading to the Gate G is illuminated
on the basis of daylight and the lighting on Gate H is
operated by means of presence detection. The lighting at
the gates will also be presence – detection operated in the
years ahead. The time lighting remains on at the passenger
bridges and after use has been reduced from 15 min to 10
minutes.
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Grass – sedum vegetated roofs can be found on the roofs of Schiphol Plaza, a portion of the Terminal
building, the Schiphol Group headquarters and the TransPort office building. Vegetated roofs are a
natural means of insulation and they collect precipitation, slowing the rate at which the rainfall reaches
the ground and thus lowering the risk of flooding.
Roof cladding is being tested on the Transview of-
fice building. The effectiveness of a special roof
cladding will show if there could be any breaking
down of hazardous substances such as NOx. Schiphol
is the first company in the Netherlands to apply this
innovative method.
and use less fuel. Maintaining the current quality of the surface water and encouraging the efficient use
of water remains a challenge. The quality of the surface water on and around the airport is influenced
during icy or snowy conditions in the winter by substances used to deice airplanes, taxiways, runways
and aprons that seep into the surface water.
These sub-stances remove oxygen from the
water and this can kill off fish.
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The Sanitation Plan was formed in consultation with the Rijnland Polder Board and it describes the
measures for justifying the harmful effects on water life caused by substances for de – icing and dealing
with snow and slipperiness.
Airport also has 13 monitoring posts where they measure the water quality. The further seven
monitoring posts will be added in 2010. These posts are connected to the electricity grid, and there is
investigation going on if monitoring posts could be supplied from solar energy or not. A large portion of
the snow was stored in separate locations at the airport for the first time in the 2009/2010 winter season.
The snow is swept from the runways and aprons by the airport´s fleet of snow ploughs. At the special
locations, the melt water is collected and drained away so that it cannot mix with the ground and surface
water.
Schiphol airport uses waste separation policy. There are separate waste bins in the terminal for paper,
plastic and refuse. The 100 million tissues that are discarded each year are processed as paper waste
instead of refuse. The plastic bottles and pots collected at the Customs entryway are collected and
recycled too. This yields a total of 6 tonnes of plastic. Waste from aircraft is separated for processing.
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As waste volumes continue to grow, more and more stringent demands are being made of waste
handling with regard to hygiene and the environment. The Envac vacuum system for waste handling in
residential areas is a long-term investment offering both financial and environmental benefits, as well as
other added value.
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keeps the area tidier and results in less waste being left lying around.
Waste collected in the most hygienic manner and transported quietly by a single truck to recycling
plants, incinerators or landfills, without affecting the residents of the locality. Envac, with origins in
Sweden, is recognized as the undisputed
global market leader for underground-
automated waste collection systems. It has
over 40 years experience in the development
and adaptation of its technology to local
standards in more than 30 countries.
Envac uses intelligent systems that allow the emptying of the waste collected only when required but at
the same time the waste does not sit for long hours. There is both time based and volume based
automated emptying that lets the waste flow to collection points at regular intervals.
In principle, the system consists of a number of collection points, linked together by piping that
transports the waste to a central collection station. When a refuse bag is deposited into an inlet, it is
temporarily stored in a chute on top of a discharge valve. All the full inlets connected to the collection
station are automatically emptied at regular intervals. The control system switches on the fans and a
vacuum is created in the network of pipes. An air inlet valve is opened to allow transport air to enter the
system.
When the containers are full, normal trucks collect them Containers are sealed letting no air in
for emptying for further transportation to incineration
facilities, composting plants or landfills. One truck goes to one location and picks up 20 to 25 cubic
meters of waste and drives off.
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Whereas open garbage systems are prone to pest infestations as well as creating disease causing germs,
the Envac system is sealed and odourless. In addition the working environment is very good indeed for
the workers who deal with the garbage because they never come into direct contact with it. They do not
do any lifting or pulling heavy bins and are at no risk of infection or cuts when operating the Envac
system.
It is ideal for separating waste for recycling, in which case there is an additional inlet and container for
each category of refuse.
The control system directs
a diverter valve to convey
each category of sorted
waste into the correct con-
tainer. At all stages of it,
the system does not lose
sight of the importance of
conserving the environment
and the hygiene of users.
Less noise, reduced exhaust
and carbon emissions due
Mobile vacuum system to reduced transport needs,
stops, and loading/unloading ensures good care of the environment.
There is no unnecessary use of energy in any of the stages of this waste collection process. It is also cost
effective because the whole process requires only one operator to keep the system running. Such a
highly automated advanced system is a capital investment and costs much initially but it pays back as
the years pass, as its operating costs are significantly low. In the conventional system, costs continue to
grow.
Huge amounts of waste are produced in kitchens, mostly in the form of bulky packaging or heavy
organic waste food. Handling this waste poses both a hygiene risk and a working environment problem.
Restaurants also have to meet current environmental requirements as regards sorting waste at source, for
example.
Large catering kitchens at airports are operational more or less round the clock. They have to deal with
enormous amounts of waste from incoming aircraft, food preparation kitchens and staff canteens.
Compared with traditional manual refuse collection methods, an automated kitchen waste system is
safer, more efficient, more hygienic – and cheaper in the long run.
These problems are get rid of by installation of an automated kitchen waste system. The trays being
returned by incoming aircraft are taken off the plane on a conveyor belt, and all the waste remaining
after sorting is automatically sucked out by means of a suction hood. The inlets are located conveniently
throughout the entire kitchen and differ in appearance depending on the type of waste. Some inlets are
equipped with waste disposal units in order to reduce the volume of bulky waste.
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Large amounts of waste are generated at airports – onboard aircraft, in catering kitchens, at the
restaurants, in the shops and in the administrative offices. Manual waste handling at airports is heavy,
dirty work that causes all kinds of problems. Waste sacks have to be taken past customs and security
staff, and waste collection trucks have to drive around on the already very busy runway. Compared with
traditional, manual handling, this system is safer, more efficient, more hygienic – and more economical.
As soon as an aircraft has taxied in and is standing at its gate, cleaning staff board the plane to get it
ready for its next flight. But instead of carrying the sacks of waste off every aircraft to a waste collection
truck waiting on the runway, as is the case now, or simply transporting them through customs and on to
a waste room for temporary storage, staff can now throw them straight into a waste chute located in the
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bridge at the same level as the entry doors. If the plane has no contact with the bridge, there are other
spillways on the runway which can be used. This keeps traffic on the runway and going through customs
to a minimum.
An underground waste handling system provides a better working environment on the runway and for
cleaning staff aboard aircraft. There are no waste collections trucks, the staff have less to lift and drag,
and there is no risk of them spreading infection or cutting themselves as there is almost no physical
contact with the waste.
When manual waste handling is taken out of the equation, both passengers and staff has a cleaner, more
attractive airport to enjoy. Spillways from the aircraft will not need to be transported manually through
customs and other critical areas, nor will it have to be carried around in full view of passengers in the
departure and arrivals halls, or at the gates.
10 FINAL WORDS
The need for more sustainable transport systems is becoming obvious all over the world. Therefore it is
meaningful to investigate a blend of all options in order to attain a more sustainable transport system
and to analyse how far new technologies can be introduced as complementary mechanism.
Emissions from freight transport largely depend on type of fuel used. Nowadays various alternative
fuels exist; however the main fuel used by goods vehicles continues to be diesel whilst petrol –engine
vans are used for relatively small amounts of freight moved. In most countries, relatively small amounts
of freight are moved in electrically powered road vehicles or freight trains. Diesel engines emit more
CO2 per unit of energy, but because they are more energy efficient, the overall impact of diesel engines
on CO2 emissions is less than that of an equivalent sized petrol engine.
Road traffic is the main cause of environmental noise at the local level. Currently, around 30 per cent of
the EU‘s population is exposed to road traffic noise and 10 per cent to rail noise levels above 55dB.
Trucks generate road noise from three sources: (1) propulsion noise, which dominates at low speeds
(engine sources), (2) tyre/road – contact (noise at speeds above 50km/h) and (3) aerodynamic noise,
which increases as the vehicle accelerates. To minimize or prevent such, Europe set some standard rules
on vehicle noise. Nevertheless, overall noise levels have not improved, as the growth and spread of
traffic in space and time has largely offset both technological improvements and other abatement
measures.
The main focus of a green supply chain is reducing energy consumption, emissions and waste, and
increasing recycling and reuse. To help deal with it, supply chain should be extended. This means new
set of potential strategic and operational considerations:
- The number and location of facilities for product/packaging and re-use
- The effects of traditional supply chain on environmental performance
- Environmental supply chain optimization
But even though that the direct environmental impact can be assessed in terms of emissions, it is the root
that causes these emissions and they need to be addressed. Exactly what action needs to be taken is
determined by an appropriate analysis of the supply chain as a whole. Some researchers have noted that
an improved environmental impact sometimes chase a supply chain redesign exercise based on
traditional performance measures such as cost or customer service.
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REFERENCES
Climate change in Finland
www.environment.fi
http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/esitteet/5mM2RRBrs/Adapting_to_climate_change
_in_Finland_FINAL_lowres.pdf
Sustainable warehouses
http://www.gparkblueplanet.com/
www.cushmanwakefield.com
http://www.cushwake.com/cwglobal/docviewer/Green%20Warehousing%20Report%20Bel-
gi-
um%20Jul08.pdf?id=c22200086p&repositoryKey=CoreRepository&itemDesc=document&cid=c190
00018p&crep=Core&cdesc=binaryPromoBoxContent&Country=900095&Language=EN
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APPENDICES
Cavity wall construction – a double wall consisting of two vertical layers of masonry separated
by an air space and joined together by metal ties
GREENSCORE – a "green" practice and product scoring or rating system. You can discover
your impact on the environment, while learning to identify true "green" products.
BREEAM – The Environmental assessment method for buildings around the world