Decree of Minister of Man-power & immigration

No.211 for 2003 on Safety levels, precautions and terms to

prevent detrimental physical, chemical, biological and
mechanical hazards and securing the work environment

section One:
Definitions, precautions and general terms :

Chapter one : Definitions ;

Article (1) :

In applying the provisions of this Decree, the following terminologies

shall have the meaning ascribed to them ;

Explosives : are materials, substances or activities that might lead to

explosions under impact of heat, flame, pressure, shock or friction and
yield instant enormous pressure and high temperature gases.

Hazardous Material ; means any material or mixture of substances

constitute a danger by virtue of their toxic physical or chemical
properties, flammability or likelihood to explode either spontaneously
or in combination with other substances.

Permissible quantity or Threshold : is the quantity of hazardous

material which is approved by national laws and regulations under
specific conditions and which may enlist the establishment as
hazardous if ignored.

Major Hazards Establishment : means establishments which are

temporarily or permanently involved in production, preparation,
handling, use, storage or disposal of hazardous materials and
substances in quantities exceeding permissible limits.

Emergency plan : is a written plan includes measures and

procedures to combat potential risks and consequences of health
hazards on citizens, residents and the environment.
This plan involves providing and preparing for all necessary
arrangements to be implemented.

1
Risk : is a possible harm either on health, the environment and
property as a result of exposure to toxic, burning or explosive material.

Hazard Analysis and evaluation : is the process of determining the

level and type of potential hazards on establishments, finding out
reasons and ways behind those hazards, estimating their consequences
and determining methods of prevention and remedy to such hazards.

Hazards' Preliminary analysis : procedures take to determine the

hazards during the designing of a project and before its implementation
in order to include design amendments to prevent potential hazards and
mitigate its impacts.

Risk management : includes all administrative, technical and

engineering procedures taken in relevance with operation and safety
procedures of establishments.

Toxic materials : are materials or waste which could be fatal or

harmful to health ( causing acute or chronic illness ) if swallowed,
inhaled or in contact with the skin.

Hazardous chemicals : refer to chemicals causing toxic chemical or

physical harm and acting as a source of immediate or far reaching risk
on human health and safety and the environment or could cause fires
and explosions as a result of standard or non-standard transport,
handling or their emergency use in circumstances involving those
hazardous chemicals or their waste products.

Hazardous wastes: include all forms and types of remains of

industrial, agricultural, occupational and human activities involving
chemical or biological materials classified as hazardous materials
including containers, refills, hulls, general and personal preparations
and other products contaminated by those materials, in addition to
hazardous chemicals that have either expired, been disposed of or
excluded from occupational utilization.

2
Trade Name : is the name of the chemical product used by
manufacturer and advertised to distinguish this product from other
chemicals with the same active ingredient.

Pure agriculture : means jobs directly related to agriculture as

preparing the land for agriculture, corps cultivation, pesticides,
harvesting or similar activities in fields, gardens or orchards and this
definition exclude jobs not directly related to agriculture as
administrative or industrial works supplementing agriculture.

Chapter two
Workplaces and constructions

Article (1) : each establishment should take the following basic

precautions and conditions to secure occupational health and safety :

a) To select carefully the location of establishment and its

workplaces in complying with provisions of constructional
planning' law No. 3 for 1983 and its executive regulations and
local resolutions in this respect, provided that no previous
resolution was issued by any relevant body forbidding any
activities or certain types of activities on the selected site, besides
consideration of the environmental dimension according to the
environment law No.4 for 1994.
b) The establishment or a contractor who mandates a subcontractor
to implement any operation, should notify the competent
directorate of manpower and immigration at least one week
before the initiation of operation and provide a statement with
the following information :
• Name of establishment and original contractor
• Name of sub-contractor.
• Type of operation and time of implementation.
• Number of workers.
• Assigned location of operation

3
The establishment owner and whoever may contract to implement
construction works should comply with providing the precautions and
conditions of occupational health and safety and securing the
environment work as follows ;

a) To provide the conditions of occupational health and safety for

the workplace, equipments and operators.
b) It is imperative that the contract should compel the contractor to
provide equipments and conditions of occupational health and
safety for his workers. In case of non-compliance, the
establishment should deliver personal protection tools to workers
to ensure that no harm happen to them and no damage occur to
the original establishment.
c) The establishment should permanently keep licenses required by
mentioned laws in the preamble of this decree and in accordance
with the undertaken activity.
d) The establishment should avoid undertaking any amendments on
buildings, construction materials, instruments and machines
unless approval has been obtained from competent bodies.
e) walls, roofs, all parts of the establishment and their contents such
as instruments, vessels and appliance should be permanently kept
clean and in good condition while damages should be promptly
repaired and floors washed, cleaned and polished.
f) The establishment should keep the enforceable licenses of building
and administrative permits according to law No. 55 for 1977 and
its executive regulations on establishing and administering of
thermal machines and steam boilers.
g) Furnaces, fire kilns and chimneys should comply with conditions
of the decree of Minister of Housing No. 380 for 1975 and the
chimneys should be two meters higher than any building roof in
the center of a circular range with a diameter of 25 meters.
h) Drainage and disposal of different wastes should comply with the
conditions provided by the law No. 93 for 1962, its executive
regulations, the decree of Minister of Housing No. 380 for 1975
and law No. 48 for 1982 on discharging into waterways and law
No. 4 for 1994 on environmental protection and its executive
regulations and law No. 59 for 1960 on radiation prevention.
i) The establishment should secure public utilities ( water sources –
sanitary installations – drainage works – general and personal

4
 hygiene ) according to the Ministry of Housing decisions in this
respect.
j) The establishment should allocate a special area for changing
clothes with lockers for workers, particularly in the industries
and occupations which may pollute workers bodies or clothes as
well as provide facilities for showering, bathing and prevent them
from leaving the establishment with polluted work clothes.
k) To provide places distant from work areas for storing food,
beverages and smoking according to the volume and activity of
establishment.
l) The Workplaces at industrial and commercial premises as well as
other noisy, hazardous and harmful locations on health, including
casinos, public and tourist establishments should be furnished in
accordance with the general and specific conditions suitable for
each activity and with the provisions of the Decrees of Minister of
Housing, utilities, constructional communities and other
competent Ministries.
m) New establishments should take arrangements to facilitate traffic
and moving of disabled persons during work and to make
necessary amendments in existing establishments.

Chapter three
Prevention of fire hazards

Article ( 2 ) : The establishment should take necessary precautions

and conditions to prevent fire hazards according to the
recommendation of competent bodies ( Ministry of interior ), the type of
activities at workplaces, the chemical, physical natures of the different
used and in consideration of the following.

• Stationary and movable fire fighting instruments and equipments

should be consistent with Egyptian standard specifications and
law No. 58 for 1973 and its executive regulations on
manufacturing and refilling of fire fighting equipments.
• Installing the most updated fire prevention and extinguishing
equipments and providing necessary fire alarms, fire warning,

5
 early fire detection, preventive fire isolation and automatic fire
fighting and extinguishers whenever necessary.
• The establishment should avoid getting rid of flammable and
explosive trashes and hazardous materials on floors or corridors
disposed of them in a safe way in accordance with common safety
precautions.
• A substitute source of electric power should be provided to
operate fire fighting equipments and other appliances needed in
case of electric power failure.
• Emergency access and exit points should be provided on the
paths leading to workplaces, consistent with the number of
workers with appropriate illumination and signs posted in
accordance with the emergency plan of establishment.
• Water sources and fire hydrants, special fire hose connections and
reserve water tanks should be secured in the establishments
requiring such installations.
• An adequate number of qualified, trained and drilled staff should
be available and provided with suitable clothes and tools to
implement the special fire and civil defense plan of the
establishment when needed. If such a plan does not exist, the staff
should report to the fire and civil defense approved by the
competent authority, Legal procedures shall then be taken against
the establishment and the relevant body will be notified to take
necessary actions.
• It is necessary to keep a record of regular fire fighting, fire alarms
instruments and fire equipments maintenance.
• All parts of the establishment should be fire resistant or retardant
whenever possible and doors should easily open on both sides.
Safety signs and boards should be clearly posted in various parts
of establishment.
• Trash and garbage should be kept away from skylights and
disposed of promptly to avoid any fire hazards. A regular check
up of air conditions at skylights and other places should be
performed and fire sprinklers should be installed in the central
air conditioning system.
• Establishments which produce and utilize hazardous materials
should protect workers against any hazards they might be
exposed to during their duty in the establishment.

6
 Chapter four
Emergency plans

Article ( 3 ) : The establishment management and its subsidiaries

should undertake an analysis and evaluation of hazards, potential
natural and industrial catastrophes and prepare an emergency plan to
protect the establishment and workers in case of such disasters as
follows :

1)The process of hazard analysis and evaluation should be implemented

according to the documented and adopted national and international
criteria and standards in order to estimate the effectiveness and
efficiency of utilized instruments and equipments in the productive
operations and safety systems and hazards and pollutants control.

2) The process of hazard analysis and evaluation at establishment

should be implemented in the stage of design, preliminary testing,
instrumental operation and construction, based on the maximum
productive capacity, in order to identify potential problems and hazards
which may affect safety of appliances related to controlling, monitoring
and production operation or leading to infiltration of toxic, hazardous
materials or fires and explosions inside and outside the establishment.

3) The processes of hazard analysis, reviewing and evaluation should be

done regularly and orderly according to the nature of hazardous
materials used, handled and stored and the utilized technology in
productive process, in addition to potential risks and disasters aiming to
the following ;

• identifying the quality and quality of toxic, hazardous, explosive

and combustible materials which may leak by accident and
determining the impacts of health and the environment, human
and economic losses and the extent of leak outside the
establishment, possible consequences and necessary measures
should be taken.
• Identifying the potential malfunctions in systems, programs and
measures of safety and components, safety valves, pressure
mitigation, controlling, equilibrium, mechanical systems and

7
 pumps, power resources, pressure vessels, temperature control
and deviation from ordinary operation systems according to the
instrument design and malfunction, welding operations,
engineering inspection and monitoring, and the impacts of natural
factors and accidental external events.
• Identifying the effectiveness, efficiency of preventive and regular
maintenance programs, systems and the policy of replacement
and renovation of utilized equipments and constructions in the
production activities according to the criteria and standards set
the company and supplier and the degree of necessity for
developing such programs.
• Determining human, technical and organizational failures which
may cause potential accidents and disasters that considered as
indicator for workers inefficiency and their need to regular and
constant training and developing their organizational and
technical performance skills according to the special operation
instructions at the establishment.
• Determining failures in engineering and architectural design, non-
compliance with potential requirements and measures, safety
standards on selecting machines and equipments in the workplace
and its consistency with national standardized technical
specifications during preliminary stages of design, testing and
operation.
• Examining and evaluating the effectiveness of the compliance plan
for potential emergencies and disasters inside and outside the
establishment and determining various human resources,
financial, equipments and appliance needs required to implement
the plan and undertake its training
• Evaluating and analyzing the effectiveness and efficiency of
organizational procedures on occupational health and safety,
securing work environment in the establishment and the scope of
workers' need for training, education and awareness.

4) The establishment management should take administrative,

organizational and technical procedures to prepare a plan for
emergencies, industrial disasters and accidents inside and outside the
establishment and determining human resources, financial, equipments

8
and appliances needs to implement the plan taking into consideration
the following :

• recruiting technical leaders, cadres and personnel mandated to

administer and manage emergency and disasters, determine their
duties and responsibilities constantly and regularly train them on
practical tests and identifying the negative points on
implementing established plans to combat crisis and setting up the
appropriate recommendations to avoid defaults and raising
efficiencies, developing technical, organizational and practical
skills in dealing with industrial accidents and disasters.
• Providing the means, equipments of collective and individual
protection, rescue, aids, first aid, ambulances, transport means of
injured persons, alarm tools and medical appliances.
• Preparing plans of available resources in emergency, disaster and
crisis cases including the location of emergency management
center, distribution points of equipments, fire fighting tools,
rescue, prevention, medical aids, special appliances of debris
removal and safe evacuation places and shelters.
• Preparing and coordinating between executive bodies and
neighbor establishments relevant to providing services and
assistance in managing emergencies, crisis and disasters such as
rescue teams, fire and explosions fighting, leak of hazardous and
toxic materials and establishments of health care.
• The establishment management should submit the emergency
plan for potential disasters in the establishment to the competent
executive bodies after its preparation and examination and
informing those bodies of any changes in the establishment
structure and the quantity and stock of hazardous materials.
• The establishment management should provide those who
implement the emergency plan with information on chemicals,
hazardous wastes, radiant materials and its places, utilization,
handling and storing, further to a brief on its risks, means of
dealing with it in case of leak, fires and explosions, personal
protection tools and fire extinguishers that should be utilized in
those cases in addition to information on weather, meteorology
and prevailing climate in the region during the event.
• The establishment management should prepare a detailed report
to be submitted to competent executive bodies with an analysis

9
 and evaluation of reasons underlying big disasters and accidents,
social, economic and human loses, environmental and healthy
impacts and negatives, failures and defects in plan
implementation and to set up the appropriate recommendations
to avoid repetition of such accidents and disasters and mitigate
their consequences.

Chapter five
Occupational health and safety in Agriculture sector

Article ( 4 ) :

1)The minimum age of young people employed in agriculture should

never be less than the age specified by national and international laws in
order to protect juveniles and children from such agricultural activities
bearing possible health and safety hazards.

2) Occupational health and safety measures and precautions aimed at

securing work environment and special precautions in agricultural
establishments, projects and livestock production should be taken to
protect working women from biological, physical, chemical and
mechanical hazards, work injuries, occupational diseases and other
factors which may affect their reproductive health, pregnancy and
breast feeding in accordance with national laws and legislations.

3) Occupational health and safety measures and precautions should aim

at protecting workers, work environment in agricultural projects,
activities and livestock production against hazards of fertilizers,
veterinary, bio-chemical and chemical components which may harm on
workers' health and safety.
Documents of safety data and related labels used by the factory or
supplier should clearly mention the characteristics of those components,
materials and their safe utilization. Labels should also mention first aid
procedures in cases of poisoning or health hazards and appropriate fire
extinguishers in addition to safety specifications of storage and
transport information.

10
Such information should be written in plain Arabic and simple style and
language and should be kept in records to register chemicals and
hazardous pesticides.

4) The management of agricultural establishments and livestock

production facilities should guarantee biological safety to protect its
workers against potential infections and diseases caused by biological
pollutants in the work environment, such as ( viruses – fungi – bacteria
– parasites – carrier insects as well as reptile, scorpion, snake stings or
wild animals bites and injuries.
Workers should also be provided with personal protection tools, special
and general cleaning instruments and protection from biological
hazards through appropriate vaccination ( vaccines – serums )
according to the nature of biological pollution, pesticides, carrier
animals of infections and causing diseases in the work environment.
Workers awareness should be raised by briefing them on biological
hazards and procedures of bio-safety as well as to stay away from
reptiles, insects, animals and diseases carriers.

5) Workplaces at agricultural establishments should provide first aid

and medical care procedures consistent with the nature of potential
risks. Staff qualified and trained persons in respect of first aid methods,
particularly in dealing with ( scorpion and snake stings and injuries
caused by wild and stray animals ) should be available, along with
appropriate antidotes and sera.

6) Preventive procedures and conditions of occupational health and

safety at workplaces should be applied at agricultural activities and
livestock during spraying chemicals, insecticides, fertilizers, purification
and sterilization. appropriate protection tools, shower stalls, cleaning
tolls should be supplied to workers using agricultural chemicals,
insecticides, or involved in fixing, cleaning and maintenance of
fertilizing and spraying tools or soil purification and sterilization tools.

7) Workplaces at agricultural establishments should be provided with

health care services and include units of workers' medical and remedial
care, systems of regular medical examinations to prevent occupational
diseases and work injuries, combating accidents and emergencies in
cases of poisoning by dangerous and hazardous materials on health and

11
preparing special records to register and record work accidents and
injuries, ordinary and chronic occupational diseases.

8) Organizing education and awareness programs for workers in

agriculture and livestock production through readable, audiovisuals
and posters to guide workers on safe work methods, importance of
wearing personal protection tools, safety standards on utilizing and
handling agriculture chemicals, veterinary medicines, disinfectants,
sterilization materials and protection from chemical, mechanical,
physical and biological hazards at work environment in addition to the
importance of complying with instructions of occupational health and
safety.

9) Providing lodging and accommodation places furnished with utilities

of social, educational and medical care at establishments of agriculture
and livestock production's workers whom their work nature requires
temporary or permanent stay at workplace.

10) Hours of night work and rest periods concerning hard and
exhausting works that agriculture workers take vacation as a substitute
should be consistent with provisions at labour law No.12 for 2003 and
its executive regulations.

The second section

Securing work environment

Article ( 3 ):

The establishment and its subsidiaries adheres to provide methods of

occupational health and safety and securing work environment in order
to guarantee protection from various hazards, particularly negative,
chemical, biological, mechanical and physical hazards and other
different risks as follows :

First Chapter
Prevention of physical hazards

12
Establishment should take preventive measures from physical
hazards as follows :

One : ( Heat stress )

Article ( 5 )

• conditions and precautions should be taken to adapt work

atmosphere and complying with safe standards of temperatures
that may workers deal with, without any harms to them and
consistent with work nature and volume of exerted effort
according to the attached tables No ( 3 , 4 ) The methods of
exposure control of heat stress including the following :
• evaluating temperatures affect work environment and make
regular measurements by assessing of physical effort for each
work through measuring of temperature affects at work
environment by using appliances of heat stress measurement.
• Raising health awareness of workers and provide potable water
and increasing the rate of salt into meals to compensate lost water
and salt during working at very hot environment.
• Monitoring of environmental factors cause the effective heat
stress by following methods of possible engineering monitor in
the industrial operations and include :
• Isolating industrial operations generate high heat stress.
• Isolating the surfaces of furnaces, boilers, steam tubes and hot
materials by insulated materials.
• Screening the sources of thermal radiation by appropriate reverse
barriers.
• Providing the places of heat emission with suitable ventilators.
• Ventilating the workplace by increasing number of walls and
ceilings' slots and considering that breezing air should pass to
workers through slots beneath workplace, then to the hot surfaces
and to upper moving out slots according to the regulated
resolutions in this regard.
• Utilizing situated air conditions at places of workers' assembling
through breezing air shower around the workers and considering
different factors to keep thermal balance of workers.

13
 • Taking necessary precautions to minimize infiltration of water
vapor to work atmosphere and controlling at humidity rate inside
work environment.

Two : Cold Stress

Article ( 6 ) :

The following conditions to protect workers from effects of cold stress

should be considered ( Table No. 5 ) :-

• Providing workers with dry and isolating clothes at 4 degree

Celsius and controlling of air speed while old persons and whom
suffers from problems at circulation system should be provided
with more isolated clothes and minimizing their period of
exposure where those considered precautions depend mainly on
the health status of workers.
• Wet clothes should be promptly changed by other dry ones at 2
degree Celsius further to provide health care.
• Hands of workers who undertake delicate manual works should
be protected for 10 - 20 minutes at 16 degree Celsius or less by
pushing hot air or scorching source ( electric or fuel heater ) and
any metal parts should be covered by thermal insulator in case of
handling at 10 degree Celsius.
• In case of manual works that don't require delicateness or manual
dexterity, gloves should be worn when the temperature lower than
16 degree Celsius, particularly works which require seating fro
long time.
• Working at normal or hot temperature require emphasizing that
worker clothes is dry before entering cold places.
• Any part of the worker body is frost-bitten shouldn't be scratched
or rubbed but should be promptly warmed by hot air or any
thermal source.
• Skin's Continuous exposure without protection is not allowed at
cold degree equivalent to 32 degree Celsius with a necessity to
consider the exposure period.

14
 • Continuous work under cold atmosphere at cold stress equivalent
to 7 degree Celsius or lower, closely warm places should be
provided for workers.

Three : ( illumination )
Article ( 7 ) :

Enough and appropriate illumination either natural or artificial, should

be provided for work types that being undertaken and considering the
following points :

• Distribution of outlets, skylights and natural light loopholes

should allow of regular light distribution to workplaces and its
glass should be cleaned inside and outside permanently.
• Resources of natural and artificial lights should include identical
illumination and appropriate means should be taken to avoid
direct glow, reverse light and trembling illumination .
• Avoiding great disparity of light distribution at convergent places.
• The space of Natural light outlets which are opened at uncovered
places shouldn't be lower than tenth of floor space and those
outlets shouldn't be less than sixth of floor space in the areas
where its land lower than the level of neighboring land.
• It is not allowed to put furniture, equipments or partitions which
may minimize illumination.
• To be guided by safe illumination standards at clerical work and
industrial operations ( according to the attached Tables No. 6 –7 ).

Four : ( Noise )
Article ( 8 ) :

Precautions of reducing dangerous noise level on workers health should

be taken in order to avoid increasing the noise level and exposure period
than safe standards that clarified at Tables 1 - 2 and the following
points should be considered :-

15
 • selecting standardized instruments which shall be consistent with
permissible standards.
• Isolating the noise source and utilizing soundproof walls and
partitions.
• Fixing the machines on absorptive bases of sound and vibration.
• Replacing movable metal parts in the machines by other parts
such as ( plastic or Teflon ) to minimize scratching and noise
respectively.
• Controlling at machines' operation speed to be consistent with
specifications.
• Adopting an appropriate system of regular maintenance.
• Walls and ceilings must be lined with sound absorptive materials.
• Evaluating and measuring noise level and its equivalent level
constantly and regularly.
• Utilizing personal protection tools when engineering control is
difficult such as ( ear plugs and covers, helmets for heads and
ears ).

Five : ( vibrations )
Article ( 9 ) ;-

Precautions prevent or decrease workers' exposure to mechanical

vibrations should be taken as follows :

1)The establishment management adheres to put a plan of regular and

constant analyzing and measuring resulted vibrations from equipments,
machines and different work activities in order to identify vibrations
source and methods of controlling and mitigation, with the aim of
preventing hazardous impacts which conclude from vibrations at work
environment and identifying vibration standards and comparing it with
recommended safe and healthy conditions according to the attached
Table No. 10.

2) The establishment complies with taking technical, engineering

measures and procedures to decreasing vibrations by using modern
techniques of equipments, appliances, programs of preventive and
regular maintenance and engineering inspection according to the
factory specifications, designing, isolation and putting vibrations down,

16
disorders prevention, dynamic and mechanical balance which cause
vibrations.

3) The establishment management should provide personal protection

tools that consistent with quality specifications, provided that those tools
should isolate and mitigate vibrations on workers' body and don't cause
any disturbance for the workers during undertaking their work duties
and should be safe and consistent with the vibration nature and
concluded hazards.

4) The establishment management complies with setting up health care

system to prevent and control at healthy risks that resulted from
vibrations through making primary, regular and specific medical tests
in order to examine healthy disorders and illness and to detect potential
diseases at its first stages, particularly blood circulation, nervous and
dynamic systems and arthritis.

5) The establishment management complies with preparing and

organizing education and training programs of awareness with the aim
to encourage workers who exposed to vibrations to adopt safe work
practices to protect them from risks resulted from vibrations exposure.

Six : Work organization with ionizing Radiation

and protection from its risks

Article ( 10 ) :-

* The establishment complies with taking protection conditions and

procedures from ionizing radiation whether it was resulted from
radiant materials or any activities that may generate radiant activity
according to provisions of law No. 59 for 1960, its executive regulation
and resolutions on organizing work with ionizing radiation and
protection from its risks and the establishment should permanently
keep record and documents as putting into force the provisions of
above-mentioned law.

17
• Without prejudice to special provisions at laws, resolutions and
regulations concerning radiant materials and ionizing radiation
and protection from it And consider the following points :-
• Importing, exporting, manufacturing, possessing, handling,
transporting, storing or disposing from radiation appliances,
radiant materials or radiant wastes shall not be done without
getting a license from competent authority.
• Utilizing ionizing radiation for any different uses shouldn't be
done without getting a license from competent authority whether
it was for individuals or appropriate places and after
correspondent to required specifications and qualifications.
• The licensee shouldn't exceed the granted license provisions or
making any amendment to the appliances or materials that
licensed to use without approval from competent authority.
• The licensee who has been mandated of utilizing or keeping of
radiant materials and instruments should inform promptly the
competent authority in case of losing any of them or accident that
might expose any person to a group of over-permissible radiation
according to the legislations in this respect and clarifies the causes
and details of the accident.
• The licensee who utilizes or keep radiant materials and appliances
or allowing any person to work with ionizing radiation or
undertaking any other work that could exposes him to radiation
risks, should do so after examining him medically or making sure
of his technical medical fitness according to conditions and
situations that determined by competent authority.
• Persons who less than 18 years old shouldn't be employed at
works that might expose them to radiations and The licensee
should take necessary protecting precautions for workers and
citizens (neighbors and habitués ), environment protection
( work and outside environment ) from radiation risks according
to the determined instructions and conditions by competent
authority.
• providing guidance signs and warning posters from radiation risk
at ionizing radiation workplaces and the special procedures to
prevent non-workers to enter to work and operation places.
• Observing to undertake regular measurement of radiation doses
where workers expose to and at certain times determined by
competent authority and recording measurement results at

18
 prepared models and be kept to enable officials to be acquainted
with.
• The licensee, according to the license conditions, should employ or
contract with health physicist or qualified protection expert to
follow all radiant works as environmental measures, radiant
survey, radiant doses monitoring for individuals, records booking
of radiant materials, condition of radiant instruments, cases of
radiant pollution, radiant doses that registered by mean of
appropriate dose measure regularly , in addition to following up
emergency cases.
• Programs of workers' training, guidance, awareness, education on
ionizing radiation through study circles, technical bulletins,
training courses, seminars, audiovisual mass-media to guide them
of conditions, precautions relevant to basic safety criteria to be
protected from ionizing radiation and get acquainted with safe
methods and special procedures of workers and determine their
duties, responsibilities and controlling their compliance with
instructions and work system.
• Medical control system, regular medical examination and blood
examination should be undertaken every six months and making
special medical tests in cases of severe exposure as a result of
radiant accidents according to determined health specifications by
competent authority and prepare a special record of medical tests'
results and blood examination.
• Providing instruments that relevant to transporting and handling
radiant materials and personal protection tools that consistent
with work nature such as aprons, gloves, compact glasses, shoes
and special grasps that hold far-reaching radiant sources and
should be consistent with basic safety specifications to be
protected from ionizing radiation.
• Observing instructions and procedures on conditions and criteria
of basic safety and security for protection from radiant risks
during transporting, handling and storing radiant sources as
follows ;
• Storing of radiant sources should be in places of non-intensive
workers and it's forbidden for non-authorized persons and
considering that radiant sources shouldn't be stored at places that
include explosive or flammable components or near it.

19
• Observing the availability of all data on radiant sources at
storehouse, including date of source supplying, its resulted dose,
username, and all information shall register at special records on
storing and handling radiant sources and consideration should be
given to put warning and guidance signs concerning radiation
risks on the door that leads to store rooms of radiant sources.
• The process of regular and preventive maintenance, examination
and checking up should be undertaken on instruments that
include ionizing radiant sources to emphasize on safety of
controlling, monitoring, operation and preventive shields which
lined to the container of radiant source under the supervision and
responsibility of radiation protection expert at the establishment.
• Designing and planning of workplaces in ionizing radiation where
operating and utilizing of radiant sources and works are
undertaken by procedures and style that reducing the personal
exposure to the minimum level and preventing non-necessary
exposure.
• The establishment management should take an emergency plan to
combat radiant accidents during operating, utilizing, handling
and storing of radiant sources lead to expose workers and work
environment to enormous levels of radiant pollution, Meanwhile a
group of workers should be trained to implement the plan and
examine its different parts to determine the negative and positive
aspects during implementation process, while necessary tests,
plan and experiments to avoid failures should be implemented
under supervision and responsibility of radiation protection
expert in the establishment.

Seven : Protection from harmful effects of laser radiation

Article ( 11 ) :-

Necessary criteria and controls of utilizing laser appliances should

be undertaken as follows :-

• complying with permissible standards at Tables ( 8-9 ).

• Workers should be trained to protect themselves from laser risks.

20
 • Recruiting A responsible and high qualified and trained person to
secure and operate laser appliances and to determine specific
classification of different appliances, the potential risks of
appliances according to its types and operation places, protection
procedures and tools such as glasses, clothes, guiding signs and its
places.
• Written and adopted statement on procedures of ideal operation
and maintenance should be available.
• The minimum necessary power and strength should be
considered during work performance.
• Selected Staff should be trained and educated to undertake
operation and maintenance and raising their awareness on
standards and types of risks resulted from unsafe utilization of
laser.
• It is never allowed to non-licensee, trainers and experienced
persons to operate and preserve laser appliances, In the Meantime
operation switch should be removed in case of non-operating the
appliance.
• Observing that other persons should never be exposed to
radiation level over the permissible maximum, particularly
during the processes of appliances adjustment.
• It is necessary to utilize protection glasses during possible
exposure to laser radiation or its reverse.
• Primary and secondary radiation should be terminated at the end
of its tracks whenever possible.
• The track of laser radiation should be in a higher position than
the eye of sitting person or beneath the level of standing person's
eye whenever possible.

Eight : Non-ionizing Radiation and its fields

Article ( 12 ) :

21
* Static frequency electric field ( 30 kilohertz and less )

• Safe levels of exposing to static frequency electric field should be

observed according to Table ( 13 ) .
• Necessary precautions should be taken to make sure of
recommendations and utilizing insulate gloves.
• Personal protection tools should be used ( suits – Gloves …etc. ) in
all fields that over 15 kilovolt/meter.
• Persons who use appliances of heart pulse arranging shouldn't be
exposed to a field more than 1 kilovolt.

*Static frequency magnetic field :

• In case of exposing to infra-radio frequency magnetic field 30

kilohertz and less, permissible levels of magnetic intensity
according to Table (14) which clarify the acceptable level where
workers can be exposed for 8 hours without any effects on their
health and safety and those values shall be used as a guide on
controlling of magnetic field' exposure and considered as a
separate limit between risk and safety levels.

Nine : Exposing to Ultraviolet radiation

Article ( 13 ) :-

*In case of Exposing to ultraviolet radiation, permissible quantity or

threshold of ultraviolet radiation should be considered within spectrum
area between 180– 400 nanometer ( Table 11 ) and that area represents
circumstances where most of the workers can be exposed without
harmful effects on health, those values shall be applied at eye or skin
exposing to ultraviolet resulted from light-bow or florescent, steam or
gas vacuum tubes or any solar radiation or glowing sources and not
apply on the persons who suffer from light allergy or expose to factors
that cause light allergy.

22
• those value shall never be applied at exposure to ultraviolet
radiation with light mono-induction or individual exposure to the
factor of light induction.
• Values of permissible quantity or threshold of occupational
exposure to ultraviolet radiation that falls on the skin or eyes
when values and period of radiation is known should be as follows
:-
• In the area of ultraviolet radiation spectrum from 320 to 400
nanometer, the total volume of radiation on unprotected eyes
shouldn't be more than 1 Millie-watt / centimeter for periods
more than 10 seconds ( almost 16 Minutes ).

• Values of ultraviolet radiation which falls directly on unprotected

eyes or skin shouldn't be increased that registered values at Table
No. 12 during 8 hours.
* Effective radiation = total product of spectrum radiation values
and relative spectrum effectiveness and change average of waving
length. M ( eff ) = M E y S y y where : -
* E = effective radiation of monochrome source at 270
Nanometer/watt/Centimeter or joule /second/centimeter.
* S = relative spectrum effectiveness.
* = showing of spectrum punch by nanometer.
* at All sources of white light, estimation of spectrum radiation
which varied between 180 – 315 nanometer is enough to calculate
values of effective radiation.

• permissible values of exposure time to ultraviolet radiation can be

calculated by second for unprotected eyes or skin through
dividing 1,003 joule/centimeter on effective radiation by
watt/centimeter.
• All values of previous permissible levels of ultraviolet power apply
sources which make angel less than 80 degree but the sources
which make bigger angel should be measured only at angel more
than 80 degree.
• In case of utilizing preventive paintings against ultraviolet
radiation, a person can endure higher values than permissible
quantity or threshold values that shown at the table without skin
allergy but those values not enough to prevent skin cancer.

23
 • In case of diffusion of ozone gas if ultraviolet radiation sources
are utilized at waving length less than 250 nanometer, the tables
of chemicals permissible quantity or threshold should be followed.

The Second Chapter

Protection from Mechanic hazards

One : construction, excavation and demolition works :-

Article ( 14 ) :-

Works of construction, excavation and demolition should be approved

by competent authorities in accordance with technical and engineering
specifications and consideration should be given to provide the
following precautions and conditions of occupational health and safety :

Construction works :-
• Adequate precautions should be taken to guarantee safe
workplaces and free of harms on the workers' health and safety.
• Providing safe means to reach and come back from and to all
workplaces which should be maintained regularly and to put
guiding signs whenever necessary.
• Adequate precautions should be taken to protect persons into
construction area or close to it against all risks that might be at
this area.
• Providing enough illumination at workplace, outlets and other
necessary places that person might use .
• Workplace should be provided with adequate safety tools such as
protective head covers, rubber shoes and …etc.
• Any constructions, expansions, modifications on the buildings,
construction materials, equipments or machines should never be
implemented unless getting licensing and approval from
competent authorities and relevant local housing bodies.
• Roofs of workplaces should be enclosed if the work nature require
going up and the skylights which penetrate those roofs or cover
them in a way could prevent persons or things to be fallen.

24
 • Protective umbrellas with enough width and adequate higher
partitions to protect workers and person who passed under them
Should be provided to prevent falling things.

Two : scaffolds

Article ( 15 ) :-

1) Construction, dismantling or modification of any scaffold

should be undertaken under the supervision of relevant
executive engineer or operation contractor.
2) Scaffolds and passages should be wide enough to allow
workers to pass safely without falling down and be
surrounded by side fences if it is higher than 4 meters from
ground level and providing workers with protection tools
against falling down and to be sure that scaffolds and
passages are properly fastened.
3) All scaffolds, its related equipments and ladders should be
manufactured from materials free of failures and durable
for pressure and efforts and should be permanently
qualified to work and be tested and examined regularly by
the executive engineer or operation contractor and
registers date and conclusions of examination shall be kept
in an special record.
4) The Pillars and bases of scaffold should be fastened and the
following precautions shall be taken to guarantee the
pillars fixing :
• it should be fixed enough under the ground according to the soil
nature.
• It should be fixed to planks or at other bases to avoid slippery .
• Scaffold should be fixed only on the fastened parts of the building.
5) It is forbidden to throw any work tools or instruments on
the ground but should be brought down carefully.
6) To guarantee safety of the public and passing people
during Construction and restoration works inside the cities,

25
 scaffold should be covered by plastic or cloth curtains from
the overlooking side at main street to prevent falling the
materials down and prevent dust diffusion, and those
curtains should be put along the scaffold and its sides and
protected umbrellas should be utilized inside cities to
protect passing persons from resulted injuries from
materials falling down.

Three : suspended scaffolds

Article ( 16 ) :-

Extension arm should consider :

• To be enough durable and thicker to guarantee the scaffold's

strength and steadiness.
• To be put vertically on the building façade.
• Safety modulus of suspension wires or cables should be multiplied
at least by ten times as maximum weight of cables and the cables
should be long enough to leave two complete circles around each
column under the cornice.

Four : The cornices around work place

Article ( 17 ) :-

1) Each cornice higher than the ground by two meters shall be

provided with adjoining planks.
2) The cornice should be wide enough according to the work nature
and should have passage width never less than 60 Centimeter and
free of any equipments or barriers.
3) All work cornices where workers are subjected to fall down
should be provided with appropriate protected fence.
4) Cornices should be provided with durable cables, ropes and
chains that workers might be clung or carried, in case of slippery

26
 and should be built in a way where its parts should never be
bowed in an uncommon and inconsistent way.

Five : The Stairs

Article ( 18 ) :-

• high stairs and passages or similar places should be provided with

technical and scientific conditions and include safe precautions of
safety and protection and the stairs ground should be made of
anti-slippery material and the steps should be durable and wide
enough to allow passing safely and fenced from both sides if one of
the sides not adjacent to the wall.
• The outlets of stairs and ground should be surrounded by fence
from all sides except the stair's entrance, and that fence should be
made of narrow rods and if there are any gaps, it should be
covered by metal covers to prevent falling anything down that
may injure pedestrians.
• All walls, roofs, grounds, stairs and all other parts of the
establishment and contents should be permanently kept
undamaged and repaired and restored against damage.

Six : demolition works

Article ( 19 ) :-

• Demolition works should be examined by technical and scientific

means before starting of demolition and vast experienced
technical supervisor of demolition works should be provided.
• Walls and protrusive parts of the building might be fallen down
should be crucified.
• Demolition debris should never be thrown from high places and
should be removed by lifting equipments or through bending
tubes that surrounded by fences and all debris should be fenced as
well.
• required precautions should be taken to guarantee the safety of
pedestrians.

27
 • Appropriate means and precautions should be taken to get rid of
debris.
• Demolition works should start from higher floors.

Seven : Tunnels and Earthworks

Article ( 20 ) :-

excavation should be done in a steady way and consider the following :

1) Crucifying the excavation sides increase than 1,50 Meter by

pillars or any other mean to protect workers from soil friability,
falling down or water outflow.
2) Resulted debris from excavation should never be accumulated
beside excavation area and maybe put temporarily on a distance
equivalent to two times as the depth and should be removed
regularly and making an appropriate protective fence to bridge
the gap and have cross section not less than 30 centimeter and be
fixed at least on one meter high from the ground or cornice and
should be there until the gap is plugged and it should turned into
its first status as soon as ending excavation, Furthermore
phosphoric signs, it similar and warning barrens should be put
on excavation sides and put lights at nights.
3) Securing an appropriate ventilation at workplaces in order to
keep good respiration
4) Workers shouldn't be exposed to potential risks from ground
such as liquids movement, gas pockets, electric cables or gas
tubes.
5) All information on the contents under excavation passage
(drainpipes, water, gas, cables, telephones ) should be gathered.

Eight : Quarries and mines works

Article ( 21 ) :-

• Mines and Quarries works should be consistent with decree of

Minister of Man-Power and immigration No. 30 for 1992

28
 concerning rules and regulations of safety and security for
workers at mines and quarries, particularly observing
precautions of securing operation places, punching, explosion use,
cutting up and sawing of rocks, packing, loading, transport,
breaking into pieces, sieving, surface and underground water
discharging, illumination, ventilation, tunnel means and
underground ambulance and to construct required pillars.

Nine : working at higher levels including different roofs

Article ( 22 ) :-

• It is forbidden to employ any person on a roof which may subject

that person to fall down due to its sloping, roof nature or weather
status, unless required precautions are taken to prevent falling
down of people and equipments through protected walls or
fastened cornice where its width not less than 40 Centimeter or
strongly fastened stairs or climbing planks or providing workers
with safety belts and ropes to enable them to tie those belts or
ropes up to a fixed point in the building and if that was difficult a
certain person should be selected to hold the rope in an safe and
steady way.
• Working at water surface requires to take necessary procedures
and precautions to protect workers from falling into water and
Provide workers with protection means, tools and suitable rescue
procedures in consistency with work nature.

Ten :reinforced structure and Necessary concrete refills

Article ( 23 ) :-

It must be solid and in a system that permit workers to pass safely and
concrete refilling without any vibrations should be under the
supervision of direct Architect with full authority to increase pillars or
arms to fortify the structure and refills.

29
 Eleven : Diving works, working underwater and navigation

Article ( 24 ) :-

1) All diving tools and equipments should be carefully selected,

checked and undergo maintenance before each use to ensure
Their safety and compliance with technical specifications and
terms of health and safety during diving.
2) Information and Technical brochures on safe practices and safety
During diving should be provided to all divers. A copy of these
instructions shall be kept at the sites where divers prepare their
diving gear and should include notes on diving gear, safe diving,
duties and responsibilities of the supervisor and diving team,
checking diving equipments and instruments to secure for safety
and validity and procedures to be followed in emergency cases.
Mention should also be made about communication and seeking
assistance in emergencies. Clear mention should also be made of
dates of maintenance and testing of diving equipments,
instruments and oxygen cylinders to check for their safety and
validity according to the recommendations of the factory and
supplier.
3) The establishment management should hold regular and constant
training courses for workers on diving, diving under high
pressure, emergency procedures, crisis management, first aid and
primary medical by diving experts and specialists in order to
better organize underwater jobs according to the diving system in
the plan.
4) Diving workers should undergo Regular medical tests to assess
their medical condition and physical fitness under high deep
water pressure, these medical tests should be undertaken by
specialists and experts of deep sea medicine at medical units
specialized in this field .
5) The establishment management should provide workers with
diving instructions and check for the safety of diving equipments
and instruments under high pressure by careful regular
inspection, particularly of oxygen cylinders, valves and alarm
system prior to diving operations.
6) Workers should Observe safety criteria during underwater
welding jobs and relevant technical procedures. equipments and

30
 instruments should be checked to make sure that they are free of
explosive or flammable gases and that the welding machine and
other related electric cables should be fixed to solid ground at the
surface.
7) Safety instructions and conditions of transport, storing, handling
and testing of explosives should be respected after divers surface
from the water.
8) A substitute diver should be permanently available whenever
another diver is underwater, constantly monitoring him during
diving until the job is fully accomplished and shall intervene in
case of emergency.
9) A pressurized room should be available to gradually depressurize
divers to permissible levels close to the diving location. The room
should be provided with a barometer, individual respiratory
masks and double communication system to facilitate
communication between members of the diving team and the
technical and medical body which monitors the depressurization
process .
10) The diving location and areas where divers work under4
deep water pressure should be provided with tables of surface and
deep water pressures.
11) Special records of diving, number of persons involved, date,
time, location, type of diving gear, maximum depth and time
underwater should be kept for each diver. In case of Emergency
the quality of breathing gases and results of regular medical tests
should be recorded.

Article ( 25 ) :-

• Safety standards, precautions and conditions of workers on

board vessels are similar to those of workers in fixed
establishments. Vessel owners and shipmasters should comply
with the following :
1) Establishing a functional body of occupational health and safety
and securing work environment to apply the standards and
criteria of occupational health and safety according to national
and international legislations in all sections of the vessel.

31
2) Establishing a committee of occupational health and safety
according to the provisions of national laws and taking into
consideration the working circumstances at sea.
3) Providing all seafarers of the vessel with safety legislations,
criteria and instructions pertaining to their health and safety.
4) Providing first aid and medical care on board as well as
emergency medical services in case of accidents and injuries.
5) Accommodation and lodging on board should be consistent with
the provisions of national and international legislations. Places
for social services, sporting and recreational activities should also
be provided.
6) Necessary measures to protect workers against negative,
biological, chemical, mechanical and physical risks should be
taken, particularly when storing, handling, transporting and
dealing with toxic, carcinogenic and radioactive materials in
accordance with national legislations and international maritime
codes on handling hazardous goods.
7) Observing ergonomic and engineering terms of preventing and
mitigating accidents and risks that resulted from new technology
such as cranes and equipments that handle and transport goods
on board of the vessels and train workers on using, operating and
maintaining such equipments.
8) Providing fire fighting equipments and early detection of fires and
explosions, and training seafarers on extinguishing, rescue and
evacuation in emergency cases, according to the nature of the
goods on board and in consideration of national legislations and
regulations of the international maritime organizations.
9) Warning workers and seafarers on board that against any
unauthorized access to wards containing hazardous materials.
10) Providing personal protection tools and hazards prevention
equipments according to the nature of jobs in different vessel
sections.
11) Providing safety conditions to protect workers on scaffolds
and maritime platforms, assembling, dismantling or modification
of which should be undertaken under the supervision of trained
and responsible staff.

32
 Twelve : explosions use

Article (26 ) :-

The Establishment should observe and comply with terms and

regulations on chemicals used as explosives according to the provisions
of the Decree of the Minister of interior No. 7330 for 1994 and the
decree of Minister of Housing No. 392 for 1964 and its amendments, as
follows :

First : safety conditions on prevention of explosions in

construction operations :

1) The establishment management should take precautions and

procedures on safety relevant to storing, handling, using and
preparing explosives in accordance with factory
recommendations, safety criteria and precautions.
2) Explosives, related materials and instruments should be stored in
standardized warehouses according to the criteria of safety and
security of the decree of Minister of Housing No. 392 for 1964
and its amendments. Detonators and primers should be kept in a
separate warehouse.
3) Guiding, warning signs and safety instructions should be posted
on the doors of explosive warehouses.
4) Instruction and safety precautions should be strictly adhered
during the preparation of explosives and in accordance with
technical recommendations of the factory.
5) Electric detonators should never be used close to any source of
electric current or static electricity. A careful survey should be
done in the storage area of explosives to detect electric outlets.
6) Electric explosives in workplaces should be detonated by using
electric circuits according to the factory and supplier
recommendations.
7) When detonating with safety primers, consideration should be
given to the length and burning rate of primer to allow enough
time workers on explosives to reach a safe distance from the
location of explosion.
8) Warning signs should be posted at explosion sites and should be
understandable and written in clear Arabic language.

33
9) Safety precautions and criteria of underwater explosives should
be observed and should be avoided whenever divers are close to
the site of explosion.

Second : Safety precautions for preventing and mitigating

explosion hazards resulting from handling, storing and using
flammable and explosive materials or machines running by
natural gas and petroleum gases :

1) A grounding system and protection from lightning should be

established in the areas of using, handling and storing of
flammable and explosive chemicals and petroleum compounds
with regular and constant maintenance of these systems.
2) All electric installations in areas of using, handling and storing
flammable and explosive chemicals and petroleum compounds
should be fireproof or non-explosive.
3) Flammable and explosive gases and materials should be promptly
disposed through an integrated system of ventilation in furnaces,
areas and warehouses containing flammable and explosive
materials.
4) Necessary technical and engineering precautions should be taken
to avoid forming an explosive mixture that consists of flammable
or explosive air, gases and fumes in the gaps of furnaces of steam
boilers and firehouses at ovens which run by natural gas and
petroleum gases as a result of incomplete fire or burning inside
the furnaces.
5) The establishment management should organize, plan and set up
programs of regular preventive maintenance and engineering
inspection for warehouses, storerooms and equipments
containing flammable or explosive natural and petroleum gases .
safety instruments and equipments as well as alarms should be
installed and non-traditional checks should be done according
to the factory and supplier manual and specifications and
recorded in a special record .

34
Thirdly : safety conditions to prevent explosions in pressure
vessels and steam boilers :

1) The establishment management should comply with using

mechanical means to prevent explosions resulting from
pressure increases, by using safety valves and foils that
decrease pressure inside pressure vessels, steam boilers and
large capacity vessels.
2) The establishment management should avoid operating
steam boilers and pressure vessels before installing and
testing safety and protection instruments and equipment
and security valves as well as confirming their safety and
compliance with technical and engineering specifications
according to the manufacturer's instructions.
3) A regular and preventive maintenance system and
engineering inspection should be conducted, based on
maintenance programs consistent with vessels and
equipment design, service requirements, safety and control
instruments, user manual and manufacturer instructions.
4) Potential failures in safety systems should be identified and
adequate measures taken, such as installing security valves,
pressure reduction, balancing and control breakdowns at
pumps, mechanical systems and power sources.

Thirteen: Instrument and appliance hazards

Article ( 27 ):-

1) When using or installing appliances and instruments

in workplaces whether for industrial or any other
purpose, approved standardized criteria should be
respected. Workers should be provided with self-
protection tools, suitable for the nature and type of
job and warning signs should be placed near the
appliances and instruments stating safety instructions
against work hazards.

35
 2) Dynamic parts of motors, transmissions and
hazardous machine components, whether static or
dynamic, should be surrounded with appropriate
protection barriers, unless those appliances were
designed to ensure full protection of the workers.

Such barriers should be installed as follows:

• Barriers should provide enough protection from hazards that they
were meant to avoid.
• Barriers should prevent workers or any part of his/her body from
reaching the danger spot during their duties.
• Barriers should be appropriate for the job and avoid bothering
the worker during his/her duty.
• Barriers should be appropriate for operating the appliance and
instrument and never be a reason of production slowdown.
• Barriers should allow the lubrication, pressure adjustment, repair
and inspection of the machines.
• Barriers should require minimal maintenance.
• Barriers should resist any pressure, stress and collisions at work.
• Barriers should resist fire and rust.
• Barriers should be safe (no pointed parts, acute angles, rough
edges or induce an accident).
• No one should dismantle or install any protection barrier or
protection tools unless the machine has stopped and is reinstalled
in its original place before resuming operation.
• Necessary maintenance for machines, appliances and instruments
should be regularly undertaken by specialized trained technicians
in order to guarantee security and safety.
• Necessary precautions should be taken to protect workers from
the risks of splinters or violent objects according to appropriate
safety instructions.

36
 Fourteen: Transport, lifting and material handling

Article ( 28 ):-

Transport, lifting and material handling should comply with the

following:

• Appropriate space should be left around machines, appliances

and work equipment to allow workers to move freely and avoid
hindering performance, adjustments, machine repairs or handling
materials during work.
• Passages and corridors should be free of gas, unfastened
sanitation covers, vertical valves or any other construction that
might cause collision or expose anyone to the risk of slipping and
should be suitably sized and flat.
• Necessary precautions should be taken for workers protection
against falling or dropping objects.
• Raw materials, equipment, production materials and other
working tools should be handled in a safe, sound and suitable way
to avoid any potential risks on workers health and safety or work
environment.

Fifteen: Elevators & lifting and pulling apparatus

Article ( 29 ):-

Pulling and lifting machines and equipment should comply with the
following:
• All lifting equipment should comply with the provisions of Law
No. 78 for 1975 on electric elevators and its executive regulations.
• Lifting equipment, elevators and lifts should be carefully designed
and manufactured and undergo technical maintenance and
regular checks at the hands of a specialist according to the
scheduled maintenance instructions recommended by the
manufacturer and recorded in a special log book.
• Ascending and descending elevator wells should be surrounded by
a solid fence to prevent anyone from jumping over or

37
 approaching the elevator movable parts. Elevators should be
fitted with secure doors that open only when the elevator comes to
a complete stop.
• The maximum permissible crane load or weight should be posted
in a clear place on each crane or lifting equipment. Chains, ropes
and pulling wires required for crane operation should be
manufactured from top quality materials. The crane should
undergo full maintenance at regular intervals and should never
work beyond its capacity or hypothetical life time. Cranes should
be regularly checked according to the maintenance instructions of
the manufacturer and recorded in a special log book.
• Maximum safety precautions should be exercised for staff during
the checking and maintenance of cranes, elevators and cement
mixers.
• Any part of ascending or descending loads should be carefully
fastened to avoid any risks of accidents.
• When moving any part of the lifting equipment on a scaffold,
appropriate measures should be taken to prevent any collision
with staff on the scaffold.
• Weights in constant traffic should be securely kept in a fenced
space. If such precautions are not possible, necessary
arrangements should be taken to stop the traffic or reroute it
temporarily.
• Locations, where workers on duty or passersby might be
endangered by falling tools or objects from a height exceeding
three meters, should be adequately covered unless other effective
precautions are taken to prevent such falls.

Sixteen: Cranes and lifting equipment

Article ( 30 ):-

1) Crane components, connections, fasteners and pillars should be

quality manufactured from durable and rugged materials, free
from manufacturing defects and kept in a good condition.
Cranes should be closely checked before operation by a qualified
specialist.

38
2) Necessary precautions should be taken to guarantee that the
maximum weight of any lifting apparatus or crane is not
exceeded and that the lifting apparatus is provided with safety
appliances to prevent the possible fall of any hanging weight.
3) Crane operators below eighteen years old or unqualified to
operate cranes and lifting equipment cannot be authorized to do
so.
4) A specific person should be assigned to coordinate the operation
of the crane. If the crane operator has difficulty in monitoring
the weight from all its sides, a supervisor or a number of
supervisors or workers should stand in a suitable place to follow
the crane motion and give necessary signals to the operator when
needed.
5) Safe weight and different declination angles of crane arms
should be clearly displayed to all workers.
6) Engines, lifting apparatus, transmission, electric cables and other
dangerous parts of lifting apparatus should be provided with
protective instruments that will prevent removing them while
they are operating.
7) Crane cables shall be made of metal wires in order to increase
the safety level to six times the maximum permissible weight.
When calculating the dimensions of the ropes, the traction stress
of the rope shall be taken into consideration.
8) All cables and ropes used in the lifting apparatus should be long
enough to allow at least two windings around the cylinder during
any operation position.
9) Crane cylinders should be provided with sprockets to prevent
any rope slipping outside the cylinder.
10) The crane base should be built from solid and sturdy materials
appropriate to its height, position, dimensions and lifting power.
11) Each crane should be tightly fixed by heavy weights to guarantee
its instability.
12) If a crane balance requires adding weights to the winch, a chart
indicating the balance and size of weight should be put in the
operator's cabin.
13) Cranes should be regularly checked and certificates should be
issued at each check. Any unchecked crane has to be checked by
a specialist and a certificate should be issued indicating details of
the checking procedures and specify its safe weight, different
declination angles and its maximum angle. Crane checks must

39
 be conducted at regular intervals or after each important repairs
or changes in the crane.
14) The safe weight for each declination angle as defined in the most
recent certificate should not exceed 80% of the maximum weight
permissible for the crane.

Seventeen: warehouse handling and storing

Article ( 31 ):-

Storage jobs should consider the following:

1) Storing of raw materials, instruments, production components or

appliances should be in a safe way and special places that complied with
approved storing conditions by relevant authorities.

2)Guiding signs should be put in the storing places.

3) harmonization should be observed between stored materials in

crowds not more than three meters high and to be put on a wooden
bases and the height of crows shouldn't prevent ventilation and
illumination and passages between crowds shall be left to reach to it
easily and doesn't hinder the plans of fire fighting with a consideration
to the safety of storing containers.

4) flammable and explosive materials should be stored in separate

places and appropriate precautions to prevent its risks should be taken.

5) Necessary precautions to protect establishment and workers should

be stores in separate places during transporting, storing and handling of
hazardous chemicals and disposed its wastes without any negative
impacts on work and external environment.

6) width of subsidiary passages shouldn't be less than 1,5 meter in main

storehouses.

40
7) Emergency exit at storehouses and at the end of main corridors
normally should be provided.

8) Stored materials at Uncovered warehouses should be covered by

liquids and fireproof cloth and should be put on bases higher than the
ground by 15 Centimeter.

Eighteen : protection f4om Dynamic Electricity

Article ( 32 ) :-

• preventive precautions against the hazards of high voltage should

be taken in accordance with necessary engineering provisions
whether at power plants , electric converters or electric
conduction networks, and the technical specialists only have the
right of entering, maintenance and putting warnings of high
voltages.
• Electric current should be entirely disconnected from network
before starting at any installing, repairing and maintenance
works with continuation of its disconnection until informing the
persons who undertake installing, repairing and maintenance
accomplished their tasks.
• All electric machines, instruments and appliances should be
provided with safe, isolated and appropriate switches to the work
nature at its different locations and to be at clear places and easily
reachable in case of emergency.
• Appropriate current supplements should be utilized when it's
possible to assign mistakes at power networks, particularly
( pressure value, current value, current stabilization, direction of
capacity streaming, temperature increment ) and those boards of
supplements should be locked in a safe way ( by using a lock for
example ) and under responsibility of authorized specialists.
• Electric wires and cables should be suitable, high efficient and far
from any source of heat, humidity, risk of scratching its isolated
material and into isolated pipes.
• Persons who install, repair and maintain those electric
connections, machines and appliances should be high efficient
degree of skills and training and installations and repairing works

41
 shouldn't be implemented unless be connected with ground and
be sure of that there's no current.
• All electric instrument, appliance, wires, cables , switches or
connections should be from applicable types according to the local
approved standardized specifications and be consistent with
conditions and nature of workplaces and the activity is being
implemented and considering that switches shouldn't be in places
that might include risks of gases and dust and to be sparks
resistant.
• Isolated grounds that made from Dry wood, isolated rubber or
any other suitable isolated material should be utilized and put
behind and in front of electric distribution boards and should be
consistent with technical standardized specifications.
• Regular tests on all electric connections, wires and cables should
be observed to prevent any electric slipping and to avoid any
sudden risks such as fire or electric shock.
• Ground connection should be carefully used for imported
instruments and appliances and the local manufactured ones.
• Ensuring that the instrument or appliance is connected in a
sound, safe and consistent with technical specifications as follows :
• Type of electric current and if it's constant or changeable.
• It's connected at three sides or two or one side.
• Value of required oscillation.
• Securing the appropriate electric distributions without putting
any other additions or electric circle to the network with the
exception of authorized specialists.
• Equipments and instruments shouldn't be passed over electric
connections and cables.

Third Chapter
Protection from Biological hazards

Article ( 33 ) :-

* The establishment and its branches complies with taking all means of
workers' protection from parasites, fungi, viruses, bacteria and all

42
biological hazards whenever the work nature exposes workers to be
afflicted as follows :

1) Workers expose to be afflicted by the hazards of utilizing,

handling and storing hazardous biological or biochemical
materials or dealing with biotechnology , their establishment
should comply with making a classification of biological pollutants
according to its level of risk and occupational exposure and to
make a special record on the methods of protection against
biological pollution and infection at work environment.
2) Healthy and organizational procedures should be taken to prevent
pregnant workers and women in reproduction to be exposed to
any source of infection by hazardous biological pollutants at work
environment.
3) Essential healthy requirements on safety of food and beverages
should be applied at places of its preparing, making, storing and
handling at establishments that utilize and store hazardous
biological materials and smoking and food should be entirely
forbidden at those places.
4) Approved healthy specification should be adopted to vaccinate
workers exposed to biological hazards with vaccines and serums
against viral, bacterial and infectious diseases and those hazards
resulted from using, storing and handling biological components
and remains and wastes processing special places.
5) The establishment management should establish a special system
of sterilization, purification and processing of biological and
biochemical remains and wastes and dispose them entirely by
environmental safe way.
6) The establishment management should take necessary procedures
to combat carriers and bearers of diseases and infection ( insects
and rodents ) at workplaces where workers can be exposed to
biological components and materials and curing them and to
dispose from hazardous remains and wastes and it's considered
that used materials in combating operations to be consistent with
environmental and healthy specifications and to train workers on
safe utilization of those materials.
7) Utilities of Public cleaning, showering places and personal
cleaning tools ( towels, soap, detergents and ….etc ) should be

43
 provided and to be balanced with the establishment workers and
suitable to the nature of hazards and pollutants.

8) Appropriate Protection tools to the work nature and biological

and biochemical hazards at work environment should be taken by
The establishment and be consistent with specifications of the
supplier or manufacturer of those tools.

9) Medical care, rescue and first aid procedures should be

provided and consistent with potential hazards and accidents
during using, storing and handling biological and biochemical
materials and to train workers on using it according to the
approved medical specifications in reports of bio-safety and
health for each material.

10) Preparing and organizing health and awareness education

programs and information dissemination on hazards and
procedures of environmental, healthy and bio-safety regarding
using, storing and handling biological and bio-materials and
components, its processing means and wastes disposing through
training, study circles, technical bulletins and putting guiding and
identifying labels on biological and bio-safety.

11)The establishment in collaboration with the materials' supplier

and manufacturer comply with preparing a document on bio-
safety relevant to biological materials and it should include
hazards resulted from biological components, materials and
definitive compose for each biological material or component and
emergency procedures in cases of pollution, pouring, medical
care, first aid procedures, exposure to pollution, injuries and
wounds as a result of contaminating by bio-materials and systems
of storing and handling in addition to special guiding and
identifying signs on bio-safety, warning signs, vaccines and
serums and systems of processing hazardous remains and wastes.

12) preparing a plan to combat emergency, bio-accidents and

train group of workers to undertake and make constant regular
tests in order to avoid failures further to raise and develop the

44
 skills and efficiency of persons who implement this plan and to
provide necessary equipments and appliances.
13) Complying with Technical and engineering conditions on
designing of ventilation systems at work environment which
probably be polluted by biological and bio-materials and
components through providing the ventilation system with special
filters to prevent diffusion of polluted air with biological
components into neighboring workplaces and houses, further to
isolate the units that contain biological hazards than other units
and prevent workers to enter them unless organizational
procedures relevant to bio-safety are taken.

Fourth Chapter
Protection from Chemical Hazards
Article ( 34 ):-

The Establishment should provide protection from chemicals through

considering the following :

• Required precaution should be taken to protect workers from

exposure hazards to utilized chemicals or which infiltrate into
work atmosphere such as gases, fumes, dusts and what can be
found at work environment like liquids, acids and others provided
that it doesn't exceed the safe levels at attached tables.
• The establishment should comply with permissible quantity of
hazardous materials which make the establishment very
hazardous according to the attached table.
• Occupational health and safety terms should be provided on
storing chemicals and its resulted remains while storing
operations should consider chemical and physical characteristics,
harmony between chemicals, nature and safety of storing
containers, precautions of protection against fire explosions and
follows the sound means of containers stevedoring.
• Employers should put identifying labels, warning signs and
hazards codes on all utilized chemicals and should contain
chemical and commercial name, chemical classification, acute and
chronic resulted chemical hazards and first aid procedures.

45
 • The establishment management, employers, chemical suppliers
and manufacturers should provide and prepare safety reports of
chemicals and include the following information :-
• Chemicals identity, components, natural specifications,
accompanied hazards ( include toxicity, explosion, fire and etc..),
potential hazards, protection and relief procedures and measures
of unexpected diffusion materials.
• Appropriate materials of fire fighting, extinguishing, means of
transport, handling and storing, safe methods of wastes and
remains' disposing, environmental impact and date of preparing
such a document.
• Employers comply with making an evaluation for resulted
hazards of chemicals utilization at work, monitor and record
degrees of its concentration in the air, furthermore employers
should comply with workers protection from those hazards by
appropriate means as follows :-
a) selecting of chemicals that eradicate or mitigate hazard.
b) Selecting of technology that eradicate or mitigate hazard.
c) Utilizing of adequate means of engineering control and its
maintenance.
d) Adopting work methods and systems that eradicate or mitigate
hazard.
e) Adopting adequate measures of health protection.
f) Providing personal protection tools and clothes and making sound
maintenance.
g) Putting warning signs.
h) Adequate preparations for emergency cases.

Article ( 35 )

Inspectors of Ministry of Manpower & Immigration, its bodies of

occupational health & safety and securing of work environment, have
the full right to be acquainted with commercial, scientific names of
chemical raw and adjuvant materials and components that are used at
industrial operations in order to update safety levels of health harmful
and hazardous materials that are allowed to be at work environment
and they have full right to prohibit or restrict utilization of some
hazardous chemicals or to stipulate prerequisite notification or license

46
to utilize such materials and if it's justifiable due to reasons relevant to
occupational health & safety and securing work environment.

Article ( 36 )

It's necessary to inform workers ( through written or oral instructions

concluded from paper of chemical safety ) of hazards resulted from
chemicals utilization at their work, in addition to train them on
protection, combating and prevention means from those hazards,
including healthy ways of storing, transport and disposing from wastes
and remains, further to measures of first aid and emergency
procedures.

Article ( 37 )

Competent under-secretary or his/her delegate to decide taking some

other required precautions according to work nature at any industry,
operation or establishment.

Fifth Chapter
Negative Hazards

Article ( 38 )

a)Rescue Tools :-

The establishment and its branches comply with providing equipments

and instruments of rescue and relief to be used during emergency and
disasters as follows :-

• Self respiratory masks in cases of emergency, crisis and entering

to narrow places that polluted by high concentrated hazardous
and toxic materials.

47
 • Tools of illuminating and preparing the emergency exits,
corridors, stairs, fire escapes in cases of emergency, disasters and
crisis.
• Suits of protection from gases, thermal radiation resulted from
fires and explosions to be used to enter hazardous places that
expose to fire and undertaking extinguishing control or entering
to close and open safety, operating valves and those suits should
be furnished with respiratory tool.
• Fire resistant blankets to be used at emergency, disasters and
crisis cases that resulted from fire and explosion and it should be
consistent with the number of workers at establishment.
• Safety and rescue boats, descending tools, safety jackets and belts,
disasters and emergency ladders at maritime establishments and
vessels and should be specified to work under bad climate and
weather conditions and its numbers should be consistent with
workers of the establishment.
• Wireless communication, alarming and seeking assistance tools
that work under all weather conditions.

Article ( 39 ) :

b) Relief Tools :

The employer should provide medical relief tools at workplaces for

workers and should be consistent with work nature and number of
workers and those tools shall be kept into a box at safe, clear and
reachable place.

Article ( 40 ) :

c) Cleaning tools :-

The establishment complies with entirely cleaning of workplace,

particularly the grounds should be free from remains, obstacles and
sticky materials which cause slippery and all required sanitary utilities
should be provided for work use according to the provisions of licenses

48
law, furthermore workers who prepare and cook food stuffs should get
medical certificates that prove they are free from infectious and
epidemic diseases.

Article ( 41 ) :

d) organizing and arranging :

Departments, wards, instruments and productive operations should be

serial arranged to guarantee production operations without
contradiction that affect on work progress or causes work accidents.

Article ( 42 ) :

e) Personal protection tools :-

Required personal protection tools and instruments to hazards type

should be provided and to train workers how to use it while the
establishment should comply with making regular maintenance in order
to be constantly valid to work and should avoid to hinder him of work
performance and worker is obliged to use and preserve it.

Tables of Safety levels & standards at work environment

First : The Noise :-

Level of noise stress and permissible exposure period at work

environment :

Table No. ( 1 ) :-
Level of workers' exposure to the noise stress :

Level of sound pressure by Decibel 90 95 100 105 110 115

49
Permissible exposure period by hours 8 4 2 1 half quarter

• Constant exposure to noise for more than 115 Decibel is banned

• In case of exposure to different levels of noise more than 90
Decibel (a) for intervals during daily working hours, the next
equation shall be used to assess levels of exposure :

a1 + a2 + a3
b1 + b2 + b3

Where :
(a) refers to exposure period to a certain noise level.
(b) Refers to permissible exposure period at this level.
Level of Noise stress shall be considered as over-safe levels if the
equation result exceeds one and previous equation might be
substituted by calculating equivalent level of noise dose.
Table No. ( 2 ) :

Levels of sporadic noise stress that results from using heavy

Hammers.

Level of sound pressure by decibel (a) permissible number of knocks at shift

140 100
120 1000
120 10000

• Level of noise press that resulted from using of heavy hammers

140 Decibel as a maximum, It is forbidden to expose to more
than this level.
• Period between each knock and another is one second or more
and if this period is less than one second, It shall be considered as
constant noise and specified levels at table No. (1) shall be applied.

Second : Heat and coldness :

1) permissible levels of heat exposure at work environment.

50
 WBGT Heat Stress

Table No. ( 3 ) :-

Levels of permissible heat exposure by Centigrade.

work & rest system each hour Type of work Centigrade

Light work medium work hard work

constant work 30,00 26,70 25,00

75% work – 25% off 30,60 28,00 25,90
50% work – 50% off 31,40 29,40 27,90
25% work – 75% off 32,20 31,10 30,00

Effective temperatures shall be calculated by centigrade according to

Glob black thermometer, wet and dry thermometer to different
working conditions by using the following equations :-

Effective temperature ( ET) = 0,7 reading of wet thermometer + 0,2

reading of glob thermometer +0,1 reading of dry thermometer

b)working conditions at covered places or at shadow into uncovered

places shall be calculated as follows :-

effective temperature (ET) =0,7 reading of wet thermometer +0,3

reading of glob thermometer

1) Classification of Work burden :

Table No. ( 4 ) :

Type of work work classification

Light work undertaking manual light work at machines (stand or sit)

Medium work pulling, pushing or walking with light weight
Hard work excavation, loading works or ascending with weight

51
1) sporadic heat exposure that accompanied by rest periods shall be
calculated by average of heat exposure as follows :

Average of heat exposure

ET1 x ET2 + ET2 x time 2……ETH x time ( H )

Time 1 + time 2 ………….. + time ( H )

Where :
ET1 = effective temperature that calculated during working time (time1).
ET2 = effective temperature that calculated during rest periods ( time2 ).

• This process shall be repeated until time ( hour ) to each working

time and rest ( Time 1 & time ( H ) by minutes ).

*The average within an hour ( 60 Minutes ) shall be calculated

according to sporadic exposure periods for hours or during the whole
shift ( where Time1 / time2 ……time (H) = 60 Minutes ) and within two
hours ( 120 Minutes ) of sporadic exposure periods
( time1/time2….time(H) = 120 Minutes ) the average should avoid to
increase than shown levels at table No. ( 4 ).

2) Exposure levels to cold stress :

Exposure standards :

• Permissible exposure levels to cold stress have been drawn up to

protect all parts of the worker's body with special concentration
on hands, feet and head to avoid harms by cold and to stop
decreasing of inner heat of the body under 36 Centigrade.
• It's obvious that wind cooling and capacity of air cooling are the
critical factors of cold inductions, while it's known that the
average of air cooling is heat loss from body by watt for every
meter square which follows the air heat and wind speed on
exposed body, consequently equivalent cooling degree should be
used to assess the composed cold effects of wind and low heat on
skin, furthermore skin's constant exposure to equivalent cold
degree at 32 Centigrade should be banned.

52
 Instructions of Chemical safety
Permissible levels of pollutants and exposures at work environment

Permissible levels are concentration of materials at work atmosphere

that workers might expose to it day after day without healthy harms
and it's classified into three types :

1) Permissible levels ( concentration average within 8 hours daily ) :

The average of material concentration at work atmosphere for 7 – hours

( 40 Hours per week ) that a worker can be exposed during his working
life without healthy harms.

2) Permissible levels ( exposure level for short period ) :

The concentration where workers can be exposed for short period

without clear healthy harms if level of concentration average within 8
hours has not be exceeded and exposure period to that concentration is
15 Minutes constantly and to avoid repeating such exposure at least
more than four times a day and at least intervals between each exposure
and the following one not less than one hour.

3) Threshold:

Is the concentration that should not be exceeded for a moment.

X sign + skin

Some materials are assimilated through skin, mucous membrane and eyes if
they were fumes or through direct touching of material and such assimilation
is an effective factor of exposure increment and in those cases ( the skin )
shall be put into remarks table while warning should be made that material
measure in the air is insufficient and procedures to avoid assimilation
through skin should be taken.

Simple choking fumes and gases :

53
There are number of fumes and gases have no harmful physiological impacts
and non-permissible levels but they replace air and minimize oxygen rate in
the air that cause suffocation and the determined factor is the oxygen
quantity which should not less than 18 % of volume under normal air
pressure.
It is worthy mentioning that oxygen decrement in an atmosphere does not
give enough warning because most of the choking gases are odorless and
have explosive hazard.

Non-classified Particles :

That includes less than 1% of crystallized silica and free from asbestos and
its average of permissible levels within eight hours are 10 Milligram/M3 for
total dust and 3 Milligram for breathed dust.

Cancerous Materials :

Materials have been proportionally classified according to its capacity of

causing cancer as follows :

M1 = asserted cancerous materials for human.

M2 = semi cancerous materials for human
M3 = cancerous materials for animal.

• exposing for cancerous materials should be decreases to minimum.

• Banned Pesticides and its handling and utilization shall be according
to the decrees of Ministry of agriculture & land reclamation and its
import is banned according to the Decree of Minister of supply and
commerce No. 55 for 1996.

Calculation methods of mixtures threshold

Added effects :

The following formula shall be used in case of mixtures that compose of

materials with similar toxic impacts and not used with mixtures that
composed of materials with wide different impacts.

54
General case :

The air shall be analyzed by identifying the effect of each component

separately ( qualitative & quantitative analysis ) and mixture threshold shall
be as follows :

Ma Concentration + Mb concentration + Mc concentration + …..= 1

_______________ ______________ _______________
Ma threshold Mb threshold Mc threshold

When the result of equation more than one, mixture concentration at air
exceeds the maximum, then the mixture threshold shall be calculated by
dividing mixture concentration at equation result.

Special Case :

The liquid mixtures that rate of its components are known and is supposed to
be evaporated as the rates of its existence at mixture when percentages of the
composition are known ( by weight ) of liquid mixture, consequently the
threshold of components shall be recorded by milligram/M3 and mixture
threshold shall be as follows :

Ma Percentage Mb percentage Mc percentage Mn percentage

___________ + ____________ + ___________ + _____________
Ma threshold Mb threshold Mc threshold Mn Threshold

The previous concentrations can be changed into one part in a million by

following equation on fumes and gases :

Concentration by part in Million = threshold by Milligram/Meter 3x24,45

________________________________
Molecular weight of material by Gram

In case of threshold of metal dust , the following equation shall be used :

Ma Percentage Mb percentage Mc percentage Mn percentage

___________ + ____________ + ___________ + _____________

55
Ma threshold Mb threshold Mc threshold Mn Threshold

Workers are exposed to cancerous materials from Group M without

thresholds, all precautions should be taken to remove all exposures to
cancerous material to the utmost least level.

Cancerous materials, its threshold and M2 & M3 materials, the exposure

should be minimized to lower than thresholds as possible.

Materials with variable composition :

B1 = disengagement results of tetravalent Fluoro-ethilin material.

Heat Disengagement of fluorocarbon chain at air led to oxidized results that
contain Carbon, chlorine and oxygen and it can be quantitatively assigned at
air as fluoride and it has no threshold up till now but its concentration can be
minimized at air to the minimum and its commercial names are ( Gofloun –
floun – tyfloun – tetran ).

B2 = welding smokes – total particles ( that are not classified for another
reasons – threshold of eight hours average /M3

( welding smokes could not be classified simply where its composition and
quantity depends on the ingot which is being welded, on operation and
utilized electrodes while the total concentration of particles can be used in
case of absence toxic materials at welding stem or covering metal and when
such operation doesn't led to toxic gases ).

• sampling standards shall be according to the granules volume and to

cubature particles, while the determined threshold based on granules
volume are classified into three types as follows :

1) Threshold of mass of total particles which shall be assigned to

hazardous materials during its precipitation at any part of the
respiratory system.
2) Threshold of mass of pectoral particles which shall be assigned to
hazardous materials during its precipitation at any part of the trachea
and area of gases exchange.

56
3) Threshold of mass of breathed dust which shall be assigned to
hazardous materials at its precipitation in the area of gases exchange
and can be measured by 10 Milligram felon silicon and inhalation rate
1.7 Liter/Minute.

57