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Conducted by
Silliman University
Dumaguete City
Nov. 2007 - March, 2008

With support from

HP Calumpong
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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F igure 2.1.1. M ap of the Northern northern part of Negros Island. Source: www. F licker.com
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 T*!*-*# Tenani
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13 kilometers km away from the Poblacion
of Paranas and 37 kilometers km from
Catbalogan City, the Provincial capital of
Samar.

Adjacent barangays are Brgy. Cantato in

the north;, Brgy.. Bagacay of Hinabangan in
the south;, Brgy. San Isidro in the east; and
Brgy. Lokilokon in the west.

Tenani is made up of seven puroks with

three large sitios of Kaughayanan, Pi!utan
and Campo-uno covering a total of 2,992
hectares.
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GPS points for the flora inventory of the Paranas RSA in Barangays Tenani and San Isidro, Paranas, Samar (in red Figure 1.2.
Transect points). (Source: www.googleearth.com; Encarta, 2007).

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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Figure 2.1.1. Map of Eastern Samar highlighting the
Guiuan-Salcedo Coastal Area.
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 !#*'!6G6:8?@'&6:H
National Research Partner : BIOCON

Team Leader/Flora Team : Hilconida P. Calumpong, Ph.D.

Fauna Team : Renee B. Paalan, M.S..
Socio-cultural Team : Enrique G. Oracion. Ph.D.

Team Members
Flora: Peter Adrian B. Canlas
Dev Luke O. Montenegro
Sonia Lumayag

Fauna: Leonardo T. Averia

Michael Alcala
Jocelyn Elise P. Basa
Robert Guinoo
Arthur Louis C. Ong
Irish M. Sequihod

Socio-cultural Team: Carlos Teodoro Florendo

Bonna Mae Tuason
Julie Ann Chavez
Malcolm Hiponia
Elvie Salvoro

Office Research Assistant (Socio): Jocelyn R. Macias

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 !#*'()'-aT'!6G6:8?@'&6:H
National Research Partner : BIOCON
Community Partners
Team Members
Flora: Dennis Ausan (BIOCON)
Flora: Peter Adrian B. Canlas
Dev Luke O. Montenegro : Estelito Unlayao (PESCP)
:
Fauna: Leonardo T. Averia Fauna: Ramon Manalo
Jocelyn Elise P. Basa : Arnold Demegillo (MENRO, Pandan)
Arthur Louis C. Ong
Irish M. Sequihod Socio-cultural : Rodolfo Dalisay
: Andres Ureta
Socio-cultural Team: Carlos Teodoro Florendo : Virginia R. Jontilano
Bonna Mae Tuason (Project Manager, BIOCON
Julie Ann Chavez : Rhodel Lababit
Office Research Assistant (Socio): Jocelyn R. Macias
 !#*'()'---T'!6G6:8?@'&6:H
National Research Partner : MUAD (Multi-Sectoral Alliance Community Partners
for Development-Negros)
Flora: Rodrigo D. Martin
Team Leader/Flora Team : Hilconida P. Calumpong, Ph.D. : Arnulfo H. Santillan

Fauna Team : Renee B. Paalan, M.S.. Fauna: Morlito I. Isidro

Socio-cultural Team : Enrique G. Oracion. Ph.D. Socio-cultural : Xinnia L. Golez !

Consultant, Patag Development
Team Members Program
Flora : Peter Adrian B. Canlas
Dev Luke O. Montenegro

Fauna: Leonardo T. Averia

Jocelyn Elise P. Basa
Michael R. Alcala
Irish M. Sequihod

Socio-cultural Team: Carlos Teodoro Florendo

Malcolm C. Hiponia
Elvie Salboro

Office Research Assistant (Socio): Jocelyn R. Macias

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 !#*'()'>&&%'!6G6:8?@'&6:H
National Research Partner : POs (PENAMANAKE)
Community Partners
Team Members
Flora : Peter Adrian B. Canlas Flora: FELIX BOLADOLA
Dev Luke O. Montenegro ADONG OLASIMAN
Sonia P. Lumayag
Victor Futalan Fauna: Sixto Yayong
Fermin Batal
Fauna: Leonardo T. Averia
Jocelyn Elise P. Basa Socio-economic
Michael R. Alcala :Rene Vendiola
Robert S. Guino-o II, MS :Billy B. Salvoro
:Peregrina V. Bregondot
Socio-cultural Team: Carlos Teodoro Florendo
Malcolm C. Hiponia
Elvie Salvoro

Office Research Assistant (Socio): Jocelyn R. Macias

 !#*'()'T:8:E:G'
>:8?@'BD'. Y<A'BCCD'!6G6:8?@'&6:H
National Research Partner : KAPPAS (Katatapuran nga Community Partners
Pederasyon han Parag-
uma ha Samar, Inc.)
Abraham Abalos (Tenani)
Ricardo P. Bulfa (Tenani)
Eugene Igdalino (Tenani)
Jenna T. Igdalino (Tenani)
Jimmy Bueno (San Isidro)
Rosita B. Lim-it (San Isidro)
Danilo Miralles (San Isidro)
 !#*'()'+9M9:E':EQ'#:P?6Q('/(:GI:P'. >:8ME6'*86:'
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National Research Partner :Guiuan Development

Foundation, Inc.
Team Leader/Flora Team :Hilconida P. Calumpong, Ph.D. Community Partners
Fauna Team :Rio A. Naguit, Ph.D.
Fisheries Team Brian Stockwell. M.S.
Coral Team/Marine Flora (Seagrass) :Bobby Baldo
Sanctuaries :Clarissa Reboton, M.S. Mangroves) Victor Duran
Socio-cultural Team :Enrique G. Oracion. Ph.D. Coral and Fish :Leo Lacaba
Fisheries: Bienvenido Adesna
Team Members Plankton/Coliform : Cornelio Ogsimer
Flora (Seagrass) : Jacinta R. Lucañas/Amida Hydrography :Rodulfo Oliverio
Diwata Macansantos, Socio-cultural :Concesa Abuda
(Mangroves) : Pablina L. Cadiz, M.S. :Crescencio Catayong
Fauna/Coliform Rio A. Naguit, Ph.D. :Carolina Maligmat
Avifauna :Renee B. Paalan, M.S.
Coral Reef Fauna :Analie Candido
Fisheries : Francis Albert Argente, M.S.
Plankton/Coliform : Adonis S. Floren, M.S.
Hydrography :Edna R. Sabater, M.S.
Socio-cultural Team :Adrian H. Sablan, M.S.
Rainier Roque N. Muñoz
:Rafael L. Canque, Jr.
Office Research
Assistant (Socio): Jocelyn R. Macias

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 0*+c*-+'#*%*>*&
2 Provincial, Municipal and Barangay
LGUs
2 Our NGO and PO partners
2 Respondents
2 The DENR
2 BFAR
2 PNOC
2 Others who participated in this survey
 /1-&"-&#
Preface ---------------------------- v
Acknowledgments ---------------------------- vi
Executive summary ---------------------------- vii
Acronyms ---------------------------- xvii
List of Tables, Figures, Appendices and Annexes ---------------------------- xviii
1. INTRODUCTION ---------------------------- 1
1.1. Historical Background of Project Site ---------------------------- 1
1.2. Conservation Importance ----------------------------
1.2.1. Biographic Setting ---------------------------- 1
1.2.2. National, Regional and Local Development Context ---------------------------- 1
1.2.3. Conservation Status and Interventions ---------------------------- 1
1.2.3.1. Past Conservation Initiatives ---------------------------- 1
1.2.3.2. Project Interventions by the Foundation for the ---------------------------- 3
Philippine Environment

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
/1-&"-&#
1.3. Rapid Site Assessment 2008 ---------------------------- 3
1.3.1. Rationale ---------------------------- 3
1.3.2. Objectives ---------------------------- 3
1.3.3. Approach, Scope and Limitations ---------------------------- 3
1.3.3.1. Scope ---------------------------- 3
1.3.3.2. Expected Outputs ---------------------------- 4
1.3.3.3. Expected RSA Outcomes ---------------------------- 4
1.3.4. Method of Data Collection ---------------------------- 4
1.3.5. Analysis Framework ---------------------------- 5

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /1-&"-&#
2. PROJECT SITE PROFILE ---------------------------- 12
2.1. Biophysical Characteristics ---------------------------- 12
2.1.1. Location and Administrative Coverage ---------------------------- 12
2.1.2. Topography ---------------------------- 13
2.1.3. Climatic Conditions ---------------------------- 13
2.1.4. Soil Types and Land Capability ---------------------------- 13
2.1.5. Hydrology ---------------------------- 18
2.1.6. Geology and Mineral Resources ---------------------------- 18
2.1.7. Geo-Hazards ---------------------------- 20
2.1.8. Natural Features and Attractions ---------------------------- 20
2.1.9. Ecological Services ---------------------------- 20
2.1.9.1. Air Quality ---------------------------- 20
2.1.9.2. Water Quality ---------------------------- 20

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
/1-&"-&#
2.1.10. Biological Resources ---------------------------- 24

2.1.10.1. Ecosystems and Habitats ---------------------------- 24

2.1.10.2. Flora ---------------------------- 24

2.1.10.3. Fauna ---------------------------- 36

2.1.10.3.1. Birds ---------------------------- 36

2.1.10.3.2. Herpetofauna ---------------------------- 38

2.1.10.3.3. Mammals ---------------------------- 40

2.1.10.3.4. Fishes and other biological resources ---------------------------- 41

2.1.10.4. Threats to the Biological Resources ---------------------------- 41

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /1-&"-&#

2.2 Socio-Cultural and Economic Situation ----------------------------- 44

2.2.1. Demographics ----------------------------- 44

2.2.1.1. Population and Settlement ----------------------------- 44
2.2.1.2. Household Characteristics ----------------------------- 45
2.2.1.3. Housing ----------------------------- 49
2.2.1.4. Health ----------------------------- 52
2.2.1.5. Stakeholder Mapping ----------------------------- 52
2.2.1.6. Other factors ----------------------------- 54
2.2.2. Social Institutions and Services ----------------------------- 56
2.2.3. Gender Issues ----------------------------- 59
2.2.4. Ethnic Groups ----------------------------- 61

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /1-&"-&#

2.2.5. Resource Use Practices ----------------------------- 62

2.2.6. Livelihood Activities ----------------------------- 66

2.2.6.1. Income and Poverty Levels ----------------------------- 66

2.2.6.2. Enterprises ----------------------------- 66

2.2.7. Development Interventions ----------------------------- 67

2.2.7.1. Development Projects/Investments ----------------------------- 67

2.2.7.2. Infrastructure ----------------------------- 67

2.2.7.3. Ecotourism Potentials ----------------------------- 68

2.2.7.4. Macro Trends ----------------------------- 69

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /1-&"-&#
2.3. Geopolitical Condition ----------------------------- 70

2.3.1. Land Classification ----------------------------- 70

2.3.2. Land Cover and Land Use ----------------------------- 70

2.3.3. Tenurial Arrangements and Land Ownership ----------------------------- 71

2.3.4. Institutional and Management Arrangements ----------------------------- 73

2.3.4.1. Stakeholder Profiles ----------------------------- 73

2.3.4.2. Governance ----------------------------- 73

2.3.4.3. Policies and Legislation ----------------------------- 75

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /1-&"-&#
3. SITUATION ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ----------------------------- 76
3.1. Timeline and Trends Analysis ----------------------------- 76
3.2. Management Challenges and Possible ----------------------------- 76
Interventions

4. RECOMMENDATIONS ----------------------------- 78

References ----------------------------- 79

Appendices ----------------------------- 81

Annexes ----------------------------- 110

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 &dT"#'15'"/1#d#&">#'ME'T:8:E:GA''
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2 Primary Forest
2 Secondary Forest
2 Agricultural areas
2 Grassland
2 Caves
2 Lakes
2 Riverine

Photo: H.P. CALUMPONG

 &dT"#'15'"/1#d#&">#'ME'T:8:E:GA''---TA'>&&%':EQ'-aT

2 Primary Forest
2 Secondary Forest
2 Scrubland
2 Grassland
2 Caves
2 Lakes
2 Riverine

Photo:
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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2 Open Water
2 Coral Reefs
2 Seagrass and Algal Beds
2 Mangrove Forests

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 1K6E'a:I68
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GUIUAN

Sulangan 0.5695 0.3524

Suluan 0.1199 0.3531
Manicani 0.0771 0.0769
Buro-buro Pt. 0.0248 0.0869
SALCEDO

Butig 0.0693 0.1077

Camanga 0.1030 0.0831
Maliwaliw 0.0501 0.1613
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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opposite to surface flow (bold lines). Lifted from Han et al. (2009).
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Camanga Maliwaliw
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Manicani Ngolos
Ngolos Sulangan
Sulangan Suluan
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SITES

Figure 2.1.18.1.1.2. TSS (mg/L) values in different nearshore and offshore sites.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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NEARSHORE OFFSHORE MEAN

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STATIONS SD STATIONS TSS (mg/L) SD
TSS (mg/L)

GUIUAN GUIUAN

Sulangan NS 20.667 7.095 Sulangan OS 23.667 1.528

Ngolos NS 18.000 2.646 Ngolos OS 19.667 3.215
Suluan NS 23.000 1.000 Suluan OS 23 0
Manicani NS 22.333 2.082 Manicani OS 23.333 0.57
SALCEDO
SALCEDO Butig OS 38.667 22.143
Butig NS 25.333 2.082 Camanga OS 23.333 2.309
Camanga NS 21.667 0.577 Maliwaliw OS 24.333 0.577
Maliwaliw NS 23.667 1.528

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 E. coli Other coliform
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Guiuan 6 0 1 0
Butig 1 0 0 0
Camanga 12 5 0 0
Maliwaliw 0 0 0 -

Class SA Class SB Class SC Class SD

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H:8ME6'K:8XG':EQ'?(8:P'866)'K:8XGS Fecal
/P:GG'#3N'!6?86:IM(E:P'a:I68'/P:GG','. *86:G'86F9P:8P;'9G6Q')(8'K97PM?' Coliform Nil 200 > 200 ----
7:I@MEFA'GJMHHMEF'GXME'QMLMEFA'6I?S'5MG@68;'a:I68'/P:GG','. GK:JEMEF':86:G' (MPN/100ml)
)(8'/@:E(G'?@:E(G \3:EF9GV':EQ'GMHMP:8'GK6?M6GS
/P:GG'#/N'!6?86:IM(E:P'a:I68'/P:GG',,'. 3(:IMEFA'6I?S'a:I68',,'. /(HH68?M:P'
:EQ'G9GI6E:E?6')MG@MEFS'>:8G@;':EQ'g(8'H:EF8(L6':86:G'Q6?P:86Q':G')MG@':EQ' Total Coliform
JMPQPM)6'G:E?I9:8M6GS 70 1000 5000 > 5000
(MPN/100ml)
/P:GG'#0N',EQ9GI8M:P'J:I68'G9KKP;'?P:GG',,'. /((PMEFA'6I?S'1I@68'?(:GI:P':EQ'
H:8ME6'J:I68GA'7;'I@6M8'R9:PMI;A'76P(EF'I('I@MG'?P:GGM)M?:IM(ES
a:I68 R9:PMI; ?8MI68M: )(8 I(I:P :EQ )6?:P ?(PM)(8H )(8 ?(:GI:P :EQ H:8ME6
J:I68G \0"-! *QHMEMGI8:IML6 (8Q68 -(S Y`A G68M6G () <OOCVS >T- f >(GI
T8(7:7P6 -9H768

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
,S''1K6E'a:I68
/S'3M(P(FM?:P'!6G(98?6GN.T%*-2&1- #T"/,"#'/1>T1#,&,1-N''+('I('
K2").(*O0"#')A*="#)'0."*X4(.3'# *KK6EQM^'BS<S<

. #K6?M6G'!M?@E6GG
GUIUAN SALCEDO
SPECIES SULANGAN NGOLOS SULUAN BUTIG MALIWALIW

Phyto-
plankton 4.49 4.79 2.78 1.68 4.03

Dino- 2.53 6.82 5.67 3.59 5.86

flagellates

Zoo- 2.9 4.35 1.51 2.78 2.95

plankton
!TP:EXI(E')8(H'I@6')ML6'GMI6G'?(HK(G6Q'() =B'F6E68:'()'K@;I(KP:EXI(EA'<CW'GK6?M6G'()'
QME()P:F6PP:I6G'\(E6'9EMQ6EIM)M6QVA':EQ'<Y'F8(9KG'()'[((KP:EXI(ES'

T@;I(KP:EXI(E'?(HH9EMI;'J:G'Q(HME:I6Q'H:MEP;'7;'I@6'QM:I(H'!@M[(G(P6EM: :EQ'
QME()P:F6PP:I6'/68:IM9H')98?:S'*H(EF'[((KP:EXI(EA'?(K6K(Q'E:9KPMMA'8:QM(P:8M:EGA'
IMEIMEEMQG':EQ'?MPPM:I6G'J686'I@6'H(GI'?(HH(E'ME':PP'I@6'GMI6GS

-F(P(G'@:Q'I@6'@MF@6GI'GK6?M6G'8M?@E6GG')(8'K@;I(KP:EXI(E'\`SbOV':EQ'[((KP:EXI(E'
\`SY=V'
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 01>,-*-&'T%*-2&1-'#T"/,"#
PHYTOPLANKTON

a. Ceratium furca

c. Rhisozolenia
sp.

b. Ceratium
sp.
e. Coscinodiscus
sp.
d. Pyrocystis sp.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 01>,-*-&'T%*-2&1-'#T"/,"#
ZOOPLANKTON
g. Calanoid

f. Copepod

h. Foraminiferans

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 3S''3M(P(FM?:P'!6G(98?6GN.T%*-2&1-
,EQ6^ () Q(HME:E?6 :EQ GK6?M6G QML68GMI;
STATION VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
Index of Species Index of Species
Dominance Diversity Dominance Diversity

GUIUAN
Sulangan 1.078537904 5.140522215 0.806024452 5.520472112
Ngolos 0.556148272 6.5584378 0.521226603 7.673505653
Suluan 0.181818182 5.776621391 0.310787206 6.123199319

SALCEDO
Butig 1.264123164 4.073624887 1.28648173 4.091257306
Maliwaliw 0.659794107 6.034335532 0.667635859 6.238432058

!4"0"( %,2 $%' %.4%'($ (E'H.'( (E'H.'( 2.1'#(.$- 5"# I"$% 1'#$.H,0 >Z8BBD ,)2 %"#.[")$,0 >F8ZFD $"&(8 J%.( .)2.H,$'( $%,$ $%'
&,$'# 3,(( "55 !4"0"( .( ($.00 , 3.\$/#' "5 $%' +,H.5.H ,)2 $%' .)$'#),0 (',( "5 L'-$'A &.$% ',H% I"2- "5 &,$'# H")$,.).)4
2.($.)H$ H"3E"(.$.") "5 E0,)P$")8 Q) H")$#,($A ]/$.4 %,2 $%' 0"&'($ (E'H.'( #.H%)'(( >C8Z7D I/$ .$ %,2 $%' %.4%'($ )/3I'# "5
2.)"50,4'00,$'( 4')'#, >BCD ,)2 2')(.$- >1'#$.H,0 $"& ? ;Z@A:@F "#4,).(3( 3M9^ %"#.[")$,0 $"& ? ;79AB67 "#4,).(3( 3M9DA
[""E0,)P$") 2')(.$- >C9:A6:F "#4,).(3( 3M9 3,.)0- H"E'E"2( ,)2 H"E'E"2 ),/E0..D ,)2 , %.4% .)2'\ "5 2"3.),)H' >C867ZD
2/' $" , 0,#4' )/3I'# "5 =8 5/#H,8 J%.( 2"3.),)H' H"/02 I' 2/' $" $%' .)H#',(' "5 )/$#.')$ "/$E/$ 5#"3 $%' )',#I-
3,)4#"1' 5"#'($ ,)2 I- $%' 0.3.$'2 &,$'# H.#H/0,$.") .) $%' H%,))'08

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 3S''3M(P(FM?:P'!6G(98?6GN.T%*-2&1-
06EGMI; 9GMEF L68IM?:P I(J

1000000
Density (organism m-3)

900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
NGOLOS SULANGAN MALIWALIW SULUAN BUTIG
Stations

Phytoplankton Dinoflagellates Zooplankton

S/0/,)*Q8A*&%.H%*5,H'(*$%'*+,H.5.H*XH',)A*%,2*$%'*0"&'($*2')(.$-*>1'#$.H,0*$"&*?*@AF6;*E%-$"E0,)P$")*
"#4,).(3(*3M9^*%"#.[")$,0*$"&*?*CA:@;*E%-$"E0,)P$")*"#4,).(3(*3M9D*,)2*.)2'\*"5*2"3.),)H'*>1'#$.H,0*
$"&*?*:8C7C7^*%"#.[")$,0*$"&*?*:89C:D*.)2.H,$.)4*$%,$*E0,)P$")*H"3E"(.$.")*.(*0'((*0.P'0-*.)50/')H'2*I-*
.)$'#),0*(',(*"5*L'-$'8*

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 3S''3M(P(FM?:P'!6G(98?6GN.T%*-2&1-
06EGMI; 9GMEF @(8M[(EI:P I(J

1000000
900000
Density (Organism m-3)

800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
NGOLOS SULANGAN MALIWALIW SULUAN BUTIG
Stations

Phytoplankton Dinoflagellates Zooplankton

N'0,$.)"/(*[""E0,)P$")A*(/H%*,(*(,0E(*,)2*(.E%")"E%"#'(A*&'#'*,0("*,I/)2,)$*.)*G,0.&,0.&*
,)2*$%'*)',#I-*=,3,)4,A*&%.H%*3,-*'\E0,.)*$%'*E#'(')H'*"5*(',*$/#$0'(*.)*$%'*,#',*&%.H%*
5''2*")*$%'38*

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 >6I@(Q'()'0:I:'/(PP6?IM(E . T%*-2&1-

!"#$%&'$()#*+",)(-,.,(/'"",/&,0(1.'*(&2,(,",3,$(
)#*+"4$5()4&,)(6)4$5(#(.4$5($,&(-4&2(#(*,)2()47,('1(89(
*4/.'$(0.#-$(#&(:;(*(0,,+<(=#*+",)(-,.,(+.,),.3,0(
4$(8>(?611,.,0(1'.*#"4$(#$0(?.'652&(&'(@AB=(1'.(
#$#"C)4)<

D$(#"4E6'&('1(:(*"()6?()#*+",(-#)(0.#-$(1.'*(&2,(
*#4$()#*+",(1'.(*4/.')/'+4/(#$#"C)4)F(6)4$5(#(
/'*+'6$0(*4/.')/'+,<(
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
,,S''>*-+!1Z"# "h&"-&
+,I0.),*L8*=,2.[A*V.H$"#*_/#,)* Sites Extent in ha
,)2*`,3'(*`"%)*a,#1'- GUIUAN
1Sulangan no mangroves
2Ngolos 8
3Suluan I. 1
4Manicani I. 23
5Bagongbanua 2.8
6Pagnamitan-Bungtod 68
7Candulom 1.9
SALCEDO

1Butig I. 250
&@6'H:EF8(L6')(86GIG'ME'+9M9:E':EQ' 2Camanga 60
#:P?6Q('(??9KM6Q':'I(I:P':86:'()':7(9I'
DCDSY'@6?I:86GS 3Maliwaliw 195
&@6'H:EF8(L6'L6F6I:IM(EG'J686'H(GIP;' 4Kagaut 198.6
?(EIMF9(9G'JMI@'I@6'G6:F8:GG'76QG':EQ'
E:I98:PP;'Q(HME:I6Q'7;'!@M[(K@(8: GKKS TOTAL 808.3

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 "h&"-&
SALCEDO
.39IMFA :7(9I B=C @:

125.650025 E 125.683358 E
11.116669 N 11.116669 N

Buabua

Coliform and Plankton

Butig sampling site

Mangroves
250 ha.

Seagrass
139 ha.

Pangdan, Butig Island Bobon Point

Coral Reef Area
16.21 ha.

Coral Reef Area

5.14 ha. Coliform sampling site

125.650025 E
11.083336 N

Landward species of mangroves: L. littorea

 "h&"-&
.#9P:EF:E :7(9I D @:U
/:HQ9P(HA :7(9I <SO @:

Hinatraban
125.841692 E
Coral Reef Area Ngolos 10.960775 N
41 ha.

Plankton
Mangroves 8 ha. sampling site

Coliform
sampling
site
Sulangan
Seagrass
38 ha. Mangroves 1.9 ha. R. stylosa in Sulangan

Candulom
Coliform
sampling site

Plankton
sampling site

125.793721 E 125.842859 E
10.917526 N 10.917610 N
 "h&"-&
.`SY @: U
DSB @:
125.761261" E Mangroves 125.821287" E
10.999112" N 10.999783" N
4.3 ha.

Calicoan
Island
Coliform sampling
site

Ngolos
Coliform sampling
site
Seagrasses
134 ha.

Hinatraban

Coral Reef
41 ha.

125.760715" E
10.947402" N
Mangroves
8.2 ha.
 "h&"-&
.39EFI(Q WY@: U T:E:FHMI:E <SW @:

GUIUAN
125.758883 E
11.042994 N

Calicoan
Passage

Coliform sampling
site

Coliform sampling Mangroves 6 ha.

site Panagna-
mitan

Seagrasses 134 ha.

Coliform sampling
site
Bungtod Point

Mangroves 63 ha.

125.708618 E 125.760918 E
11.006180 N 11.006940 N

Pagnamitan-Bungtod
 "h&"-&
.>:EM?:EM B`@:

125.657642 E
11.016923 N
Seagrass
140 ha.

Mangrove
4 ha.

Mangrove
20 ha.

Coral Reef
151 ha. Manicani

125.605404 E
10.970783 N
125.660127 E
10.969608 N
Plankton
sampling site

Manicani
 "h&"-&
SALCEDO
./:H:EF: WW @:
125.591672 E
11.123161 N

Camanga

Mangrove Area
66 ha.

Seagrass Area
68 ha.

Coliform
sampling site
Coral Reef Area
32 ha.

Xylocarpus granantum

Plankton
sampling site

Coral Reef Area

11.8 ha.

125.591879 E
11.107749 N

125.612485 E
11.108004 N

Mixed species of Rhizophora

 "h&"-&
.>:PMJ:PMJ Y=O @: SALCEDO

Mangroves
199 ha.
125.542695° E
11.116699° N

Coliform and
Plankton sampling
site

Maliwaliw
Coliform sampling site
Mangroves
196 ha. Seagrass
21 ha.

Coral Reef Area

9 ha.

Coral Reef Area

8 ha.
125.543636° E
11.080366° N
125.601491° E
11.07937° N

Plankton sampling site

 ,EQ6^'()'0(HME:E?6'\?V':EQ'
#K6?M6G'/(HK(GMIM(EN'' 45678#+9#:;<7=>;*?#@A)B
+('I('*KK6EQM^'BS<SBS<S<.BS<SBS<SB.>:EF8(L6G'GK6?M6G'i'Q7@

Sites c #$
GUIUAN
Sulangan 0.28 1.46
Ngolos 0.50 0.46
Suluan I. * *
Manicani I. 0.41 1.10
Bagongbanua 0.49 0.99
Pagnamitan- 0.26 1.45
Bungtod
Candulom 0.71 0.46
=='GK6?M6GA'BC'H:EF8(L6G':EQ'Y='
H:EF8(L6.:GG(?M:I6G''ME'Bb'):HMPM6G SALCEDO
Butig I. 0.21 1.75
!@M[(K@(8: GI;P(G:':EQ !S':KM?9P:I:
:EQ'#(EE68:IM:?6:6'\#(EE68:IM:':P7: Camanga 0.29 1.38
J686'K86G6EI'ME':PH(GI'()'I@6'GI9Q;' Maliwaliw 0.21 1.70
GMI6G
Kagaut 0.51 0.69

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
,EQ6^'()'0(HME:E?6

GUIUAN SALCEDO
Species SUL NGO MAN BAG PAP CAN BUT CAM MAL KAG
1B. cylindrica 0.016
2A. marina 0.156 0.031 0.131
3R. mucronata 0.001 0.006 0.010 0.101 0.001
4S. Alba 0.091 0.408 0.010 0.036 0.021 0.030 0.181
5R. apiculata 0.002 0.003 0.017 0.002 0.038
6R. stylosa 0.011 0.093 0.357 0.033 0.681 0.005 0.106 0.200
7B. gGymnnorhiza 0.006 0.060 0.038 0.305
8L. racemosa 0.057 0.005
9L. littorea 0.005 0.002
10X. granatum 0.042
11C. philippinensis 0.0001 0.007
12B. sexangula 0.022
13O. octodonta
14A. floridum 0.443 0.007
15A. lanata 0.004
16P. pinnata 0.031

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 R. stylosa%

B. gymnorrhiza%
A. floridum fruit%

A. marina%
R. apiculata%
 35 mangrove associates

Pandanus sp&.

Scaveola frutescens&
Myrmecodia tuberose&
Ardisia crispa&
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 7000 /(HH9EMI;'#I89?I986N''#66QPMEFG
AM-A. marina
AF-A. floridum
6500 RM-R. mucronata
RS-R. stylosa
6000 BS-B. sexangula
BG-B. gymnnorhiza
5500 SA-S. alba
-I

BC-B. cylindrica
Density per ha

5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500 BUT PAP
0
AM AF RM RS BS BG RS AM BG RS SA RS BG BC AF RM AM RS

SUL BAG MAL MAN CAM BOI PAG CAN

SITES
Average density (stem per ha-1) of seedlings in Guiuan and Salcedo. Legend: SUL=Sulangan; BAG=Bagongbanua; MAL=Maliwaliw;
MAN=Manicani; CAM=Camanga; BUT=Butig Is.I.; PAP=Pagnamitan!Bungtod; CAN=Candulom.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 FS SCL
VCS
VFS 1% 1% FS SCL
27% VCS
40% 4% 2%
#97GI8:I6 ?(HK(GMIM(E
16%
VFS FS SCL
VCS
29% VFS 1% 1%
27%

ME H:EF8(L6 G:HKPMEF CS 40%

MS
16% CS
15%

GMI6GS
MS 27%
22% CS
MS
16%
15%

%6F6EQN
Z5# f L68; )ME6 G:EQ VFS
FS
3%
SCL
1%
VCS
37%
MS 8%
14%

5# f )ME6 G:EQ CS
37%
SCL
VCS

># f H6QM9H G:EQ FS 4%

29%
32%
SCL VCS
8% 19%

/# f ?(:8G6 G:EQ VFS

2%
MS
14%
CS
19% FS
42%
MS CS
VFS
21%

Z/# f L68; ?(:8G6

1% 9%

FS SCL VCS

G:EQ VFS
22%
3% 1% 26%
SCL
VFS FS VCS
1%
25% 1% 19%

MS
#/% f GMPIg?P:; 17% CS
31%
MS CS
27% 27%

FS SCL
4% VCS
VFS 1% 37% SCL
34% FS VCS
1% 22%
VFS 2%
33%
MS CS
4% 20%

MS CS
8% 34%
 350 /(HH9EMI;'#I89?I986N''#:KPMEFG

300

Density per ha-1 250

200

150

100
BUT PAP

50
Sites

0
SUL BAG MAL MAN CAM BUI PAG
Sites
Figure 2.1.9.2.1.43. Average density of saplings. Legend: SUL=Sulangan; BAG=Bagongbanua; MAL=Maliwaliw;
MAN=Manicani; CAM=Camanga; BUT=Butig Is.I.; PAP=Pagnamitan!Bungtod.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
&@86:IGgc9H:E',HK:?IgT8(I6?IM(E

CD5E=+<7#>*D56>#FG=++*76#HDF>76#I?#*J7#H+KK7H*;+5#+9#LI;KD5EM#;5#
>:PMJ:PMJS

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Mangrove cutting in Kaga-ut river
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 T8(I6?IM(E
!6@:7MPMI:IM(E'
6))(8IGA'OY'@:'()'
H:EF8(L6G'J686'
KP:EI6Q'ME'>:PMJ:PMJ'
ME'<OO=A'I@8(9F@'I@6'
K8(F8:H'()'
/(HH9EMI;.3:G6Q'
5(86GI'>:E:F6H6EI'
*F866H6EI'()'5T"S'
/:H:EF:'@:Q'I@6'
G:H6'MEMIM:IML6G'
H:MEP;')(8'I@6'
K8(I6?IM(E':F:MEGI'
GI8(EF'J:L6':?IM(EA'
79I'G@(J6Q'E('
86?(8QG'()'
86)(86GI:IM(ES

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
>6I@(QG

Boatman: Cornelio Alyas

'()*+,-./*)/0)12/)-03/
*+2/456,1278

Community Partner: Mapper: James John Harvey

Victor Duran

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
,,,S'' BOBBY
BALDO!
#"*+!*##'NIDA Community JACINTA LUCANAS-
Seagrass/Algae
CALUMPONG Partner
3"0# !Flora

Boatmen

RIO NAGUIT-
Macrofauna

CHLOE
HUNT-
Mapper

AMIDA DIWATA
MACANSANTOS-
JASMA3
Documentor

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
,,,S''#"*+!*##'3"0#
#6:F8:GG'76QG'J686')(9EQ')8MEFMEF'I@6'H:MEP:EQ'G@:PP(J':86:G'
:EQ'MGP:EQGS''"^I6EI'()'I@6'76QG'ME'GMI6G'G98L6;6Q'J:G'`=BS=WY'
@6?I:86G "h&"-&

Seagrass Longitude Latuitude

Extent (ha)
Stations
GUIUAN
1Sulangan 38 $%&4#)5*#%678&69( $:4#&9*#$$7:;9;(
2Ngolos 25 $%&4#);*#%87569( $:4#&;*#%:7$&6(
3Suluan 139.5 $%&4#&9*#))785:)( $:4#)9*#:7599(
4Manicani 6.633 $%&4#8;*#%97:66%( $$4#::*#8)7&&%;(
5Buro-buro, 14.13 $%&4#)&*##8;76( $$4#$*#&)7:);(
6Pagnamitan
7Calicoan/Pagnamitan 26.4 $%&4#)&*#897859( $$4#$*#%67$5(
SALCEDO
1Butig 139 $%&4#%:*#&78::( $$4#&*#8%79$);(
2Camanga 43 $%&4#89*#$878)( $$4#6*#$&79&:)(
3Maliwaliw 20.9 $%&4#8)*#&;7)$( $$4#&*#&&75)9)(
TOTAL 452.563
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Enhalus acoroides "h&"-&
SALCEDO
.39IMFA :7(9I B=C @:

125.650025 E 125.683358 E
11.116669 N 11.116669 N

Buabua

#:8F:GG9H'76Q
Coliform and Plankton
Butig sampling site

Mangroves
250 ha.

Seagrass
139 ha.

Bobon Point
Coral Reef Area
16.21 ha.

Coral Reef Area

5.14 ha. Coliform sampling site

125.650025 E
11.083336 N

Thalassia hemprichii
 "h&"-&
.#9P:EF:E :7(9I YD @: U /:EQ9P(HA :7(9I <SO @:

125.841692 E
Coral Reef Area Ngolos 10.960775 N
41 ha.

Plankton sampling
Mangroves 8 ha. site

Coliform
sampling site

Sulangan
Seagrass bed covered with Caulerpa, Valonia Seagrass
38 ha. Mangroves 1.9 ha.

Candulom
Coliform sampling
site

Plankton sampling
site

125.793721 E 125.842859 E
10.917526 N 10.917610 N
-F(P(G
"h&"-& 125.761261° E
10.999112° N
Mangroves 125.821287° E
10.999783° N
B= 4.3 ha.

Calicoan
Island
Coliform sampling site

Ngolos
Coliform sampling site

Seagrasses
25 ha.

Coral Reef
41 ha.

125.760715° E
10.947402° N
Mangroves
8.2 ha.
Mixed Bed of Enhalus,
Thalassia, Syringodium
 "h&"-&
.398(.798( <`S<Y @:

Buro-buro 125.768810° E

GUIUAN 11.040636° N

Calicoan Passage

Mangroves
4.8 ha.

Mangroves
Coliform sampling site 1.6 ha.

Panagmitan

Seagrasses
14.13 ha.

Bungtod Point

Calicoan, Mangroves
Pagnamitan 63 ha.

125.732769° E
11.009042° N 125.769664° E
11.008681° N
Buro-buro
Mixed Bed of Enhalus, Thalassia, Cymodocea
rotundata, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila ovalis

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
]bYXM]bYX*$ +,2.),*I'2

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
]bYXM]bYX*$ S,#4,((/3*I'2
SARGASSUM BED

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 "h&"-&
.>:EM?:EM WSW @:
125.657642 E
11.016923 N
Seagrass
6.6 ha.

Mangrove
4 ha.

Mangrove
20 ha.

Manicani Coral Reef

151 ha. Manicani

125.605404 E
10.970783 N
125.660127 E
10.969608 N
Plankton
sampling site
 "h&"-&
SALCEDO
./:H:EF: `Y @:
125.591672 E
11.123161 N

Camanga

Mangrove Area
66 ha.

Seagrass Area
43 ha.

Coliform
sampling site
Coral Reef Area
32 ha.

Plankton
sampling site

Coral Reef Area

11.8 ha.
#;8MEF(QM9H'MG(6IM)(PM9H'
125.591879 E Jg'&@:P:GGM:
11.107749 N

125.612485 E
11.108004 N
&@:P:GGM:'@6HK8M?@MM
 125.816767 E
10.941675 N

Suluan

Thalassia bed w/ Halimeda.

macroloba
Coral Reef Coliform sampling
site
256.2 ha.

Seagrass
139.5 ha.

Coliform sampling
Plankton site
sampling site

125.816767 E 125.833434 E
10.933342 N 10.933342 N
 "h&"-&
.>:PMJ:PMJ BCSO @: SALCEDO

Mangroves
199 ha.
125.542695° E
11.116699° N

Coliform and
Plankton sampling
site

Maliwaliw
Coliform sampling site
Mangroves
196 ha. Seagrass
20.9 ha.

Coral Reef Area

9 ha.

Coral Reef Area

8 ha.
125.543636° E
11.080366° N
125.601491° E
11.07937° N

Plankton sampling site

QUADRAT ! COVER, DENSITY, BIOMASS
TRANSECT-QUADRAT METHOD
TRANSECT LAID AT THE START OF SEAGRASS BED TO THE END, PERPENDICULAR TO THE
SHORE
3 MEASURES WIDTH OF THE BED, ZONES
 SPECIES COMPOSITION p
Go to Appendix 2.1.3.1.1.

GUIUAN SALCEDO
SPECIES Total Total Total Total
NG PA
SUL O SLU MAN B CAL BUT CAM MAL
Orders Families Genera Species

SEAGRASSES 8 8 7 9 8 8 3 9 9 1 2 6 9
ALGAE 93 83 99 71 58 74 46 75 64 19 34 76 138
Class 1 5 4 3 7 7 0 4 2 2 3 10 13
CYANOPHYCEAE
Class 38 27 40 21 22 21 18 29 22 8 14 31 53
RHODOPHYCEAE
Class 15 15 15 12 12 10 9 14 9 4 5 11 21
PHAEOPHYCEAE
Class 39 36 40 35 17 36 19 28 31 5 12 24 51
CHLOROPHYCEAE

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 A B
/(HH(E' /(HH9EMI;'#I89?I986N''#:KPMEFG
!6Q
*PF:6

C D

E F

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /(HH(E'38(JE'*PF:6
A B

C
D

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /(HH(E'+866E'*PF:6
A E

D I

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
#T"/,"#'0,Z"!#,&d'*-0'01>,-*-/"
:+N;5D5H7#@HB#D56#:;<7=>;*?#@A)B#;56;H7>#9+=#>7DE=D>>#D56#DKED7O#P7E756Q#$RSFKD5ED5.#
Bf-F(P(GU'Yf#9P9:EU'`f>:EM?:EMU'=f398(.798('36:?@A'T:FE:HMI:EU'Wf39EFI(QA'
T:FE:HMI:EU'bf39IMF',SU'Df/:H:EF:U'Of>:PMJ:PMJS

INDE X ST A T I O NS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DO MINANC E
(C)
Seagrass-% 0.223 0.216 0.412 0.278 0.456 0.580 0.522 0.354 0.272
Seagrass-# 0.253 0.372 0.354 0.208 0.381 0.556 0.812 0.329 0.340
Seagrass-g 0.349 0.361 0.390 0.318 0.697 0.563 0.718 0.399 0.446
Algae-% 0.162 0.285 0.095 0.161 0.263 0.554 0.387 0.223 0.637
Algae-g 0.477 0.798 0.247 0.377 0.563 0.757 0.433 1.0 0.637
All Veg-% 0.148 0.127 0.253 0.219 0.187 0.301 0.245 0.321 0.261
All Veg-g 0.205 0.386 0.187 0.198 0.331 0.381 0.283 0.373 0.434
9:;<=>:?@/A#$B
Seagrass-% 1.625 1.628 1.209 1.448 0.945 0.729 0.671 1.397 1.459
Seagrass-# 1.454 1.210 1.187 1.688 1.022 0.727 0.336 1.311 1.208
Seagrass-g 1.213 1.137 1.181 1.372 0.634 0.910 0.456 1.132 0.936
Algae-% 2.178 1.596 2.515 1.963 1.593 4.082 1.226 1.848 0.670
Algae-g 0.911 0.511 1.739 1.218 0.910 0.529 1.241 0.00 0.670
All Veg-% 2.242 2.254 2.031 1.872 1.938 6.157 1.582 1.615 1.542
All Veg-g 1.758 1.370 2.052 1.909 1.436 1.234 1.556 1.243 1.006
 #"*+!*##/1Z"!',-'T"!'/"-&

Per cent cover of seagrasses per species in sites studied.

Legend: BUT=Butig; PAB=BuroburoBuro-buro, Pagnamitan; CAM=Camanga; MAL=Maliwaliw; MAN= Manicani I.sland; NGO=Ngolos;
SUL=Sulangan; SLU=Suluan Is.I.; PAP=Bungtod, Pagnamitan. CR = Cymodocea rotundata; CS = Cymodocea serrulata; EA = Enhalus
acoroides; HO = Halophila ovalis; HU = Halodule uninervis; TH = Thalassia hemprichii; SI = Syringodium isoetifolium; HP = Halodule
pinifolia.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 #"*+!*##'0"-#,&d

. Density (in number of shoots m-2) of seagrasses per species in sites studied. Legend: BUT=Butig; PAB=BuroburoBuro-buro,
Pagnamitan; CAM=Camanga; MAL=Maliwaliw; MAN= Manicani I.sland; NGO=Ngolos; SUL=Sulangan; SLU=Suluan Is.I.;
PAP=Bungtod, Pagnamitan. CR = Cymodocea rotundata; CS = Cymodocea serrulata; EA = Enhalus acoroides; HU = Halodule
uninervis; TH = Thalassia hemprichii; SI = Syringodium isoetifolium; HP = Halodule pinifolia

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 #"*+!*##'3,1>*##

Figure 2.1.9.3.1.3. Biomass (in grams dry weight m-2) of seagrasses per species in sites studied. Legend: BUT=Butig;
PAB=BuroburoBuro-buro, Pagnamitan; CAM=Camanga; MAL=Maliwaliw; MAN= Manicani I.sland; NGO=Ngolos; SUL=Sulangan;
SLU=Suluan Is.I.; PAP=Bungtod, Pagnamitan. CR = Cymodocea rotundata; CS = Cymodocea serrulata; EA = Enhalus acoroides; HO =
Halophila ovalis; HU = Halodule uninervis; TH = Thalassia hemprichii; SI = Syringodium isoetifolium; HP = Halodule pinifolia

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 #"*+!*##'5*$-*
!M('-:F9MI

<B'F8(9KG

Figure 2.1.9.3.2.12.1.3.6. Percent composition of major taxa in each site. Legend: Opis=Opisthobranchia;
Pros=Prosobranchia; Biv=Bivalvia; Crust=Crustacea; Polych=Polychaeta; Holo=Holothuria; Echi=Echinodermata;
Aster=Asteroidea; Ophi=Ophiuroidea; Scyp=Scyphozoa; Anth=Anthozoa; Por=Porifera. BUT=Butig; SUL=Sulangan;
MAL=Maliwaliw; CAM=Camanga; NGO=Ngolos; MAN=Manicani; SLU=Suluan; PAB=BuroburoBuro-buro, Pagnamitan;
CAL=Calicoan.
 #"*+!*##'5*$-*'
T"!'/"-&'/1>T1#,&,1-'3d'>*]1!'+!1$T#
Major Taxa GUIUAN SALCEDO
SUL NGO SLU MAN PAB CAL BUT CAM MAL
Porifera 53.58 9.85 77.71 4.82 7.84 20.88 6.24 34.01 17.84
Anthozoa 0.14 3.88 3.05 3.61 1.08 2.01 0.24
Scyphozoa 36.75 0.80
Ophiuroidea 0.70 6.87 2.96 0.80 25.36 0.51 1.10
Asteroidea 7.16 1.52 3.21 1.09 1.20 0.56 2.93 10.95
Echinoidea 0.56 3.28 3.55 11.24 26.89 65.31 21.12 16.93
Holothuroidea 0.98 19.76 11.65 2.01 2.51 3.87 3.60
Polycheata 0.11 0.78
Crustacea 0.14 0.30 4.30 0.61
Bivalvia 2.95 29.25 22.49 10.01 8.59 7.97 41.62
Prosobranchia 3.79 15.82 9.69 41.37 21.23 73.90 15.37 30.10 7.19
Opisthobranchia 0.42 3.88 1.02 1.07 0.03
i. Mespilia globulus common in
Camanga
 #"*+!*##'5*$-*'
,-0"h'15'0,Z"!#,&d'*-0'01>,-*-/"

GUIUAN SALCEDO
S
L
SUL NGO U MAN PAB CAL BUT CAM MAL
403. 93.2 105.8 62.2 176. 62.2 624. 116. 106.
N 25 5 2 5 75 5 67 5 5
No.of Species 27 31 24 21 42 10 45 39 34
species richness (s-1/
log N) 4.33 6.61 4.93 4.84 8.12 2.18 6.84 7.99 7.07
0.36 0.11 0.09 0.21 0.49 0.43 0.11 0.08
Dominance, c 4 0 0.237 2 8 9 0 8 0
Species Diversity
(Shannon) 1.44 2.68 1.95 2.66 2.19 1.09 1.65 2.68 2.12

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
GKLQWKLQW*$ G,H#"5,/),

Hippocampus comes Tridacna crocea

Dolabella auricularia
 SbLK!NK!*$ G,H#"5,/),

f.Upside down jellyfish, Cassiopeia sp. common in Sulangan

!NXLXS*$ G,H#"5,/),

j2.1.3.5. Holothuria hilla dominant in Ngolos

]bYX]bYX*$ G,H#"5,/),**
]bYX]bYX*$ G,H#"5,/),**

g. Echinometra mathaei in Buro-buro

 e.Trachycardium flavum from Butig

a. Actinopyga sp. highly valued in

Camanga

b. Slipper lobster, Thenus orientalis most targeted

by fisherman in Maliwaliw

c. Mantis shrimp, Gonodactylus viridis from Butig

d.Barbatia foliata harvested for local

consumption in Butig

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 THREATS TO SEAGRASS BEDS
-Destructive fishing
methods such as dredges
(sudsod) used to catch
gastropods (Cyprea -
buskay, Columbella 3
saka-saka) observed only
in Ngolos

-Intensive and semi-

permanent fish cages and
fish pens

-Settlements

-Siltation
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Deforestation in the upland caused by mining operation.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Z,S'/1!*%#A'!""5'
>*/!1,-Z"!&#'*-0'!""5'
5,#c
/P:8MGG:'!67(I(E'\?(8:PGVA'*E:PM6'/:EQMQ('
\H:?8(MEL68IGVA'38M:E'#I(?XJ6PP'\866)')MG@VS'
&(HH;'#?@9PI['\H:KKMEFV':EQ'%6('%:?:7:'
\?(HH9EMI;'K:8IE68V

&(I:P'?(8:P'866)':86:'ME'+9M9:E':EQ'
"h&"-&
#:P?6Q('f'W<OSW='@6?I:86GS

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 "h&"-&
.cME:I8:7:EA -F(P(G `< @:

125.841692 E
Coral Reef Area Ngolos 10.960775 N
41 ha.

Plankton sampling
Mangroves 8 ha. site

Coliform
sampling site

Sulangan
Seagrass
38 ha. Mangroves 1.9 ha.

Candulom
Coliform sampling
site

Plankton sampling
site

125.793721 E 125.842859 E
10.917526 N 10.917610 N
 "h&"-&
.-F(P(G DOSY @:

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 "h&"-&
.#9P9:E B=WSB
@:
125.816767 E
10.941675 N

Suluan

Coral Reef Coliform sampling

site
256.2 ha.
Seagrass
140 ha.

Coliform sampling
Plankton site
sampling site

125.816767 E 125.833434 E
10.933342 N 10.933342 N

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 "h&"-&
.>:EM?:EM <=<@:

125.657642 E
11.016923 N
Seagrass
140 ha.

Mangrove
4 ha.

Mangrove
20 ha.

Coral Reef
151 ha. Manicani

125.605404 E
10.970783 N
125.660127 E
10.969608 N
Plankton
sampling site
"h&"-& SALCEDO
.39IMFA'<WSB< @:
.19IGMQ6'GI:IM(E'=S<`'@:
125.650025 E 125.683358 E
11.116669 N 11.116669 N

Buabua

Coliform and Plankton

Butig sampling site

Mangroves
250 ha.

Seagrass
139 ha.

Bobon Point
Coral Reef Area
16.21 ha.

Coral Reef Area

5.14 ha. Coliform sampling site

125.650025 E
11.083336 N
"h&"-&
./:H:EF:'YB'@:
SALCEDO
.19IGMQ6'GI:IM(E'<<SD@:
125.591672 E
11.123161 N

Camanga

Mangrove Area
66 ha.

Seagrass Area
68 ha.

Coliform
sampling site
Coral Reef Area
32 ha.

Plankton
sampling site

Coral Reef Area

11.8 ha.

125.591879 E
11.107749 N

125.612485 E
11.108004 N
"h&"-&
.>:PMJ:PMJ'O'@:
SALCEDO
.19IGMQ6'GI:IM(E'\T:FQ9Q;::E'!66)V'D'@:

Mangroves
199 ha.
125.542695° E
11.116699° N

Coliform and
Plankton sampling
site

Maliwaliw
Coliform sampling site
Mangroves
196 ha. Seagrass
21 ha.

Coral Reef Area

9 ha.

Coral Reef Area

8 ha.
125.543636° E
11.080366° N
125.601491° E
11.07937° N

Plankton sampling site

 /1!*%#

#K6?M6G'/(HK(GMIM(EN''
+('I('*KK6EQM^'BS<S`S<S<.?(8:P'GK6?M6G

!YC<'@:8Q'?(8:P'GK6?M6G'MQ6EIM)M6Q'\BO`'GI(E;'?(8:PG'1S'
#?P68:?IMEM:'ME'<='):HMPM6G':EQ'b'E(E.G?P68:?IMEM:E'ME'Y'):HMPM6G'
j7P96'?(8:P'c6PM(K(8:A')M86'?(8:P'>MPP6K(8: :EQ'(8F:E'KMK6'?(8:P'
&97MK(8:kV'

!b'I:^:'()'G()I'?(8:PG'

!+9M9:EA'#:H:8'MG'I@6'I;K6'P(?:PMI;'()'>(EIMK(8:'G:H:86EGMG
MQ6EIM)M6Q'7;'-6H6E[('ME'<OWb'\86?(8Q6Q'ME'#9P:EF:EA'-F(P(GA'
#9P9:E':EQ'>:EM?:EMV

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
S;NG>+5)>#45678#+9#:+N;5D5H7#@HB#D56#SJD55+5.T7;57=#:;<7=>;*?#45678#@A)B

Stations Shallow Deep O verall

The high diversity in Manicani
sanctuary as a whole (3.32)
c H$ c H$ c H$
and among deep stations
GUIUAN (3.02) coincided with its
Sulangan 0.3793 1.5628 0.1130 2.7657 0.1534 2.6683 highest number of hard coral
Ngolos 0.2125 2.1232 0.1229 2.7588 0.1141 2.7705 species (137). Conversely,
Suluan 0.1829 1.9894 0.1033 2.6590 0.0853 2.8855 this obtained the lowest in
Manicani- dominance (0.06 and 0.08,
MS 0.1374 2.5671 0.0793 3.0181 0.0575 3.3231 respectively).
Manicani-
Out 0.4224 1.1447
SA L C E D O The station outside the
Butig 0.0625 3.1923 sanctuary in Cambasingan
Outside
obtained the lowest number of
Butig 0.1794 2.4888 hard coral species with only 50
Camanga- for the whole site and the
MS 0.4630 1.1840 0.1222 2.3709 0.1695 2.1966 lowest diversity among deep
Camanga- stations (1.14). Conversely,
Out 0.1926 2.0140 dominance was highest (0.42).
Maliwaliw- Distinctly dominant was
MS 0.1801 1.9990 0.1630 2.1370 0.1370 2.3399 branching Porites cylindrica.
Maliwaliw-
Out 0.2196 1.9711

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
T68'/6EI'/(L68':EQ'!66)'/(EQMIM(E
Mean cover (%) of benthic categories in 7 stations

)!

(! C D9

'! E9
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

*9
&!
FG
%! HC
$! I
I9 J
#!
*
"!
*4
!

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6
3*

3*

3*
* 8- 841.2

Of the seven stations (shallow and deep transects), 57% fall under the fair category (Suluan
and Manicani, Guiuan and Camanga and Maliwaliw, Salcedo) and 43% under the good
category (Sulangan and Ngolos, Guiuan and Butig, Salcedo)

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Mean cover (%) of benthic categories in 7 stations

Piliw, Sulangan, Guiuan, E. Samar. )!

Good =
(! C D9

*shoal, reef flats, gradual slopes '! E9

3<-.=5 1><?=@A B
*9

59.42+6.27% &!

%!
FG
HC
$! I

Mean cover (%) of benthic categories - shallow stations Good cover in the shallow #!
I9 J
*
"!
)! *4
!
(!

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6
C D9

3*

3*

3*
'! E9 H
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! *9
FG * 8- 841.2
%!
HC
$! I
#! I9 J
Acropora muricata, also abundant
*
"!
*4 in the shallow
!
7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-4;-,4;6
6"!
3*

3*

3*
Extensive stands of Montipora
* 8- 841.2 aequituberculata in the shallow

Good = 69.67+8.63%

3< - .=5 1>< ?=@AB=1K=L< .8M45 =5 - 8< / 1?4< 2=6=N< < O=28- 841.2 Montipora hispida in shallow
)!

(!

'! LHC
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

Acropora cytherea and other table

&! DCA
SC
%!
OT corals abound in the deep
$! AL
#! R
RCK
"!
S
! Si
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

F +82 4N<
0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6

3-,4;-,4;6
7 +84/

6"!
F +8

F +8

F +8
3*

3*

3*

Black-band
* 8- 841.2 disease

Fair = 49.17+4.11%

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Mean cover (%) of benthic categories in 7 stations

Dinahik nga Dako, Ngolos, Guiuan, E. )!

Samar. (!

'!
C D9
E9

3<-.=5 1><?=@A B
*9

*Ngolos: patchy reefs and

&!

%!
FG
HC
Good =
shoals surrounded by very $!

#!
I
I9 J
67.92+5.68%
*
extensive seagrass beds of "!

!
*4 (highest)
more than 10 km from shore

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6
3*

3*

3*
* 8- 841.2

Extensive stands of Acropora parilis

in the shallow
Excellent = 75+1.45%
Mean cover (%) of benthic categories - shallow stations
(highest shallow)
)!
(!
C D9
'! E9 H Acropora longicyathus also
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

common
&! *9
FG
%!
HC
$! I
#! I9 J

"!
* Acropora
*4
! abrotanoides
7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-4;-,4;6

6"!
Columns of Porites
3*

3*

3*

* 8- 841.2 rus

Good =
3< - .=5 1>< ?=@AB=1K=L< .8M45 =5 - 8< / 1?4< 2=6=N< < O=28- 841.2

)!

(!

'!
60.83+10.45%
LHC

Acropora clathrata
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! DCA

%!
SC Acropora plumosa
OT
$! AL
#! R
RCK
"!
S
! Si
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

F +82 4N<
0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6

3-,4;-,4;6
7 +84/

6"!
F +8

F +8

F +8
3*

3*

3*

* 8- 841.2

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Mean cover (%) of benthic categories in 7 stations

Suluan MS (42ha), Guiuan, E. Samar. )!

(!

'!
C D9
E9
Fair =
31.42+6.98%

3<-.=5 1><?=@A B
*9
*Patchy coral area interspersed w/ SG, Udotea/ &!

%!
FG
HC
Halimeda beds; mainly sandy & Udotea/Halimeda $! I
I9 J

beyond 13 m deep
#!
*
"!
Halimeda/Udotea bed after the reef !
*4

area

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6
Seagrass bed

3*

3*

3*
surrounding the reef
* 8- 841.2

Extensive stands of Acropora muricata and

some Montipora aequituberculata in the
shallow

Mean cover (%) of benthic categories - shallow stations

)!
(!
C D9
Fair =
'! E9 H
38.83+13.6%
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! *9
FG
%!
HC
$! I
#! I9 J
*
"!
*4
!
7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-4;-,4;6

6"!
Common soft corals
3*

3*

3*

* 8- 841.2

3< - .=5 1>< ?=@AB=1K=L< .8M45 =5 - 8< / 1?4< 2=6=N< < O=28- 841.2 Slope community
)! Poor =
(!

24+2.02%
'! LHC
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! DCA
SC
%!
OT
$! AL
#! R
RCK
"!
S
! Si
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

F +82 4N<
0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6

3-,4;-,4;6
7 +84/

6"!
F +8

F +8

F +8
3*

3*

3*

* 8- 841.2

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Mean cover (%) of benthic categories in 7 stations
Manicani, Guiuan, E. Samar. )!
Fair =
(! C D9
E9
25.92+4.99%
*41.4 ha MS in Puno Pt., Jamor-awon '!

(lowest)

3<-.=5 1><?=@A B
*9
&!
FG
classified as submerged hill reef; silty; %! HC
I
rarely coral growth beyond 13 m deep
$!
I9 J
#!
*
(sand/silt) "!
*4
!
Porites attenuata in the

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6
Mean cover (%) of benthic categories - shallow stations

3*

3*

3*
sanctuary
)!
* 8- 841.2
(!

'!
C D9
E9 H
Poor =
20.08+7.54%
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! *9
FG
%!
HC
$! I
I9 J
Thickets of Acropora muricata and A. grandis in the sandy
#!

"!
* sanctuary shallow
*4
!
Black urchin Diadema
7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-4;-,4;6

6"!
3*

setosum abound in the

3*

3*

* 8- 841.2 sanctuary shallow

3< - .=5 1>< ?=@AB=1K=L< .8M45 =5 - 8< / 1?4< 2=6=N< < O=28- 841.2

)!

(!

'! LHC
Branching Porites dominant in
Fair (MS) =
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! DCA

%!
SC Cambasingan
OT
$!

#!
AL
R
31.75+5.83%
RCK
"!
S
! Si

Good
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

F +82 4N<
0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6

3-,4;-,4;6
7 +84/

6"!
F +8

F +8

F +8
3*

3*

3*

(Cambasinngan) Blasted portion of the reef in

Cambasingan Island * 8- 841.2 Cambasingan
= 58.67+10.94

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Mean cover (%) of benthic categories in 7 stations
Butig, Salcedo, E. Samar. Good =
)!

(! C D9 54+5.2%
Butig Island *narrow reef with coral '! E9

3<-.=5 1><?=@A B
*9

growth only down to 2 m &!

%!
FG
HC
deep; silty; beyond mainly $! I
I9 J
sand/silt #!
*
"!
*4
!
Some corals in Butig:

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6
Massive Porites lutea in

3*

3*

3*
silty Butig reef
* 8- 841.2

Pavona decussata Massive faviids

Sandalolitha robusta

Rock reef outside Butig Some commons outside Butig:

Acropora brueggemanni
*outside Butig: beyond 10 m deep mainly sandy

Good = 74.83+6.66%
Field of Pavona cactus outside Butig
3< - .=5 1>< ?=@AB=1K=L< .8M45 =5 - 8< / 1?4< 2=6=N< < O=28- 841.2

)!

(!

'! LHC
Montipora florida
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! DCA
SC
%!
OT
$! AL
#! R
RCK
"!
S
! Si
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

F +82 4N<
0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6

3-,4;-,4;6
7 +84/

6"!
F +8

F +8

F +8
3*

3*

3*

* 8- 841.2

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Mean cover (%) of benthic categories in 7 stations
Camanga, Guiuan, E. Samar. )!

(! C D9 Fair =
*Minombonan Sanctuary (11.8 ha GPS); sandy '! E9

43.75+6.42%

3<-.=5 1><?=@A B
*9
&!

shallow %!
FG
HC
$! I

Mean cover (%) of benthic categories - shallow stations I9 J

#!
*
"!
)! *4
!
(!

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6
C D9

3-,4;-,4;6
'!

3*
E9 H

3*

3*
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! *9
FG
%! * 8- 841.2
HC
$! I
#! I9 J
*
"!
*4 Pachyseris foliosa in Minombonan
!
7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-4;-,4;6
6"!
3*

3*

3*
* 8- 841.2 Common corals in Minombonan reef:
Porites rus
Fair = 30.67+4.38%

Massive Porites
3< - .=5 1>< ?=@AB=1K=L< .8M45 =5 - 8< / 1?4< 2=6=N< < O=28- 841.2

)!

(!

'! LHC
Good (MS) =
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! DCA
SC Blasted corals in outside station
%!
OT 56.83+4.01% Porites attenuata common outside
$! AL the sanctuary
#! R
RCK
"!

!
S
Si
Fair
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

F +82 4N<
0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

9 -:-./ -6

(outside MS)=
3-,4;-,4;6

3-,4;-,4;6
7 +84/

6"!
F +8

F +8

F +8
3*

3*

3*

* 8- 841.2
35.92+11.99

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Maliwaliw, Guiuan, E. Samar.
Mean cover (%) of benthic categories in 7 stations
*Binabasalan
)!

(! C D9
Sanctuary
Mean cover (%) of benthic categories - shallow stations
'! E9

3<-.=5 1><?=@A B
)! *9

(!
C D9
&!

%!
FG Fair =
HC
'! E9 H
$! I 32+1.79%
3<-.=5 1><?=@A B

&! *9
I9 J
FG #!
%! *
HC
"!
$! I *4

I9 J !
#!

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6
*
"!

3*

3*

3*
*4
!

7 +84/
* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

3-4;-,4;6
6"! * 8- 841.2
3*

3*

3*
* 8- 841.2
3< - .=5 1>< ?=@AB=1K=L< .8M45 =5 - 8< / 1?4< 2=6=N< < O=28- 841.2
Fair (MS) =
Porites cylindrica and massive
Fair = 28.33+0.67% Porites
)!
35.67+1.45%
(!
Common corals in the '! LHC

sanctuary: Porites attenuata

3<-.=5 1><?=@A B
DCA
&!

%!
SC Excellent
OT
$! AL
R
(Pagdudyaan outside
#!

"!
RCK
S
MS)= 76.33+2.31%
! Si
(highest deep)

* +,+-.
* +,-./ -.

F +82 4N<
0/ 1,12

3-.45 -.46

3-.45 -.46

9 -:-./ -6

9 -:-./ -6

3-,4;-,4;6

3-,4;-,4;6
7 +84/
6"!

F +8

F +8

F +8
3*

3*

3*
* 8- 841.2

Porites species abundant in Extensive stands of Anacropora

outside station puertogalerae

Porites rus

Some corals in the

sanctuary:

Echinopora mammiformis Anacropora forbesi

Plerogyra simplex

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 >"&c10N'T68'/6EI'/(L68'()'36EI@M?'/:I6F(8M6G

Line-intercept method (English, et al. 1997)

!Three 20-m transects laid parallel to the shore in shallow (3

m deep) and deep (10 m deep) coral stations

Status of coral reefs in four categories (Gomez, 1991)

H ard coral cover Status

(%)
0-24.9 Poor
25-49.9 Fair
50-74.9 Good
75-100 Excellent
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
*##"##>"-&',-0,/"#'\&:7P6'BS<SOS`S<SBV

/(EQMIM(E',EQ6^'\MEQM?:I6G'I@6'?(EQMIM(E'()'?(8:P'866)':GG6H7P:F6DN'L68;'F((Q

06L6P(KH6EI',EQ6^'\MEQM?:I6G'I@6'Q6F866'()'?(8:P'866)':GG6H7P:F6'Q6L6P(KH6EID
#9))M?M6EI':L:MP:7P6':86:'
N'L68;'F((Q'\(9IGMQ6'39IMFA'(9IGMQ6'>:PMJ:PMJ'>#V )(8')98I@68'?(8:P'
E=+U*JV67<)*#UV#K+U#
N'F((Q'\#9P:EF:EA'-F(P(GA'(9IGMQ6'>:EM?:EMV ?(L68'()':7M(IM?G'6GKS'
G:EQ':EQ'8977P6

N'):M8'\39IMFA'/:H:EF:'>#V

N'K((8'\#9P9:EA'>:EM?:EM'>#A'(9IGMQ6'/:H:EF:'>#A'>:PMJ:PMJ'>#V'f'@MF@'
H+<7=#+9#>D56#+=#=FIIK7#;5J;I;*>#H+=DK#E=+U*J#D56#67<)*

#9??6GGM(E',EQ6^')(8'*PF:6'\#,',V'\MEQM?:I6G'I@6'P6L6P'()'G9??6GGM(E'7;':PF:6VN'):M8

#9??6GGM(E',EQ6^')(8'1I@68'5:9E:'\#,',,Vf'MEQM?:I6G'I@6'P6L6P'()'G9??6GGM(E'7;'(I@68'
):9E:N'L68;'K((8'\>:EM?:EM'>#A'(9IGMQ6'39IMFA'/:H:EF:'>#A'(9IGMQ6'>:PMJ:PMJV

>(8I:PMI;',EQ6^N'P(J

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 >"&c10N'#6HM.R9:PMI:IML6'G?:P6')(8':E':GG6GGH6EI'()'
MEQ6^'R9:PMI;'\>:EI@:?@MI8:A'<OO`V

Q uality Index scale

Very Poor < -0.602
Poor -0.602 to -0.176
F air -0.175 to 0.176
Good 0.177 to 0.602
Very > 0.602
Good

Mortality index (MI) = dead coral cover

live + dead coral cover

*the closer the value index to 1, the higher would be the theoretical mortality

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
$#"#'*-0'$#"!#

!Fishing ground (bet. Sulangan at the tip of Candulom and Suluan, Ngolos,
Suluan, Butig, Camanga, Maliwaliw

!Scientific researches by USC and GDFI (Piliw, Sulangan; Suluan; Puno Pt. in
Manicani) and Haribon Foundation, Kuhlmann and CMAI (Camanga)

!Diving and snorkeling sites of tourists (Usukan Reef in Sulangan; between

Dinahik nga Dako and Usukan Reef in Sulangan; Suluan; Maliwaliw )

!Surfing area in Officers Country facing the pacific side of Ngolos

provided income to dive and surf shops and boat operators (e.g. Surf Camp and
GDFI).

!Aquarium fish collection (Piliw and Usukan reef in Sulangan; Kandakil in

Manicani)

!Collection of sea cucumbers and mantis shrimps (Suluan) and shells

(Cambasingan; Butig)

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
&c!"*&#

!Aquarium fish collection (Sulangan; Maliwaliw)

!Illegal fishing methods: Cyanide, compressor and dynamite fishing (Sulangan;

Ngolos; Suluan; Manicani; Camanga; Maliwaliw); Dynamited portion of the reef in Ngolos
kayakas (Camanga) Broken tips of Porites attenuata in the
sanctuary shallow due to Kayakas

Crown-of-thorns starfish in Maliwaliw

sanctuary
!Improper boat anchoring (Sulangan

!Outbreaks of COT (Sulangan; Manicani; Maliwaliw)

!Typhoons (Suluan

!Sedimentation (linked to previous nickel mining operations in Manicani

!Abalone collection and fishing inside Puno Pt. MS

 Z,SB'!""5'5,#c
#K6?M6G'/(HK(GMIM(EN''
+('I('*KK6EQM^'BS<S`SBS<.)MG@'GK6?M6G

Total number of reef fish species recorded per site.

GUIUAN
Sulangan Ngolos Suluan Manicani Manicani
Shoal Shoal Reserve Shoal Reserve
127 103 160 84 99
SA L C E D O
Butig Butig Camanga Minom- Maliwaliw Maliwaliw O verall
Nearshore Offshore Control bonan Control Reserve Total
322 (44
34 52 47 80 42 95 families)

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Rank in terms of diversity of the ten most specious fish families
encountered in Guiuan and Salcedo.
rank Family # of taxa % composition
1st Pomacentridae (Damselfish) 58 18.0

2nd Labridae (Wrasses) 48 14.9

3rd 30 9.3
Chaetodontidae (Butterflyfish)
4th Acanthuridae (Surgeonfish) 20 6.2

5th Gobiidae (Gobies) 18 5.6

6th Scaridae (Parrotfish) 17 5.3

7th Apogonidae (Cardinalfish) 15 4.6

8th Lutjanidae (Snappers) 11 3.4

9th Serranidae (Groupers) 10 3.1

10th Pomacanthidae (Angelfish) 9 2.8

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 P/A Samar
Resemblance: S8 Sorensen

2D Stress: 0.03 Exposure

Sheltered
Exposed
Similarity
Camanga Control 40
Sulangan Shoal
Maliwaliw Control

Suluan Reserve
Manicani Shoal
Maliwaliw Reserve

Minombonan

Butig Offshore
Ngolos Shoal

Manicani Reserve

Guiuan and Salcedo reef fish assemblages from ten reef

sites. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) ordination
based on Sorensen similarities from presence/absence
transformed data. Clusters denote 40% similarity.

*MDS ordination based on species

assemblages shows a wide separation of
exposed and sheltered reefs Map depicting the clusters
defined the MDS analysis.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
!66)'5MG@'*79EQ:E?6N''
Percent composition in terms of total counts of the eight most abundant fish
families recorded for Guiuan and Salcedo
others, 4.4%
Chaetodontidae,
2.2%
Acanthuridae, 3.5%

Caesionidae, 4.9%

Ptereleotridae,
5.1%

Labridae, 7.6% Pomacentridae,

46.2%

Scaridae, 8.0%

Apogonidae, 18.2%

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Total abundance of selected reef fish families for sheltered and exposed reefs
surveyed in Guiuan and Salcedo, Eastern Samar

1800
1600 sheltered
1400 exposed
1200
mean count

!Sheltered reefs as defined by

1000
the MDS analysis were dominated
800
by Pomacentrids and Apogonids
600
400
! Exposed reefs tended to have
200
lower densities in general with
0
more scarids (parrotfish) and
Pomacentridae

Apogonidae

Scaridae

Labridae

Ptereleotridae

Caesionidae

Acanthuridae

Chaetodontidae

Pholidichthysidae

Pomacanthidae
acanthurids (surgeonfish)

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
!66)'5MG@'06EGMI;N''
Mean total fish densities for the ten reefs surveyed in Guiuan and Salcedo,
Eastern Samar
1400
Total Fish Density
1195
1200

963
1000
812
fish / 500m2

800 717

589
600

400 304 288 272 259

198
200

0
Maliw aliw Maliw aliw Minombonan Manicani Manicani Sulangan Suluan Butig Camanga Ngolos
Control Reserve Reserve Shoal Shoal Reserve Offshore Control Shoal

* The reefs with the highest were sheltered reefs as indicated by the abundance
data. This was due to the higher numbers of damselfish and cardinalfish found at
these sites.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Mean target and top predatory fish densities for the ten reefs surveyed in
Guiuan and Salcedo, Eastern Samar.
The fusilier Caesio teres,
a target reef species
200 190 Target Fish
176
180 Top Predatory Fish
160
140 125
fish / 500m2

120
102
100 85
80 69 66
60 45 44
40
20 11
2 1 4 3 0 1 2 1 4 1
0
Minombonan Sulangan Suluan Manicani Ngolos Maliw aliw Maliw aliw Manicani Camanga Butig
Shoal Reserve Shoal Shoal Reserve Control Reserve Control Offshore

!Greatest densities of target fish (those with commercial value) at the Minombonan Marine Reserve, Camanga
and in Sulangan shoal due to schools of fusiliers (Pterocaesio digramma and Caesio teres)
!Top predatory fish densities = extremely low for all sites
=some of the most highly prized and therefore heavily targeted, thus are usually
the first to disappear from a reef
= slowest to recover from heavy fishing pressure due to their slow rates of growth
and reproduction
Thus, the low densities encountered are signs of severe overfishing.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
!66)'5MG@'3M(H:GGN''
Mean total, target and top predatory fish biomass for the ten reefs
surveyed in Guiuan and Salcedo, Eastern Samar.
30 total
Reef Fish Biomass
25.9 target
predator
25
22.6
21.6
19.6
20
16.9
kg / 500m2

15.7
14.7
15
12.1
11.1
10
7.6 7.3
6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8
5.2 4.8
5 4.0
3.0
1.9 1.8
0.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2
0.0
0
Suluan Reserve

Sulangan Shoal

Minombonan

Manicani Shoal

Maliwaliw

Maliwaliw

Manicani

Camanga

Ngolos Shoal

Butig Offshore
Reserve
Reserve

Control

Control
!Suluan Marine Reserve and the shoal at Sulangan = greatest total and target fish biomass but did not have
the highest densities suggesting that the fish biomass is made up of fewer but larger fish
=parrotfish densities were high

!Top predatory fish biomass was also extremely low for all sites, further indicating severe overfishing.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
/(HK:8MG(EG':EQ'T(I6EIM:PGN''

Mean target fish biomass (tons/km2) for selected marine reserves in the
central Philippines (white bars = Bohol, grey bars = Dauin, Negros Oriental)
and the ten survey sites (black bars) in Guiuan and Salcedo, Eastern Samar.

200 187 184

180 168
155 152
160
140
tons / km2

120
100
80
60 45
34 29
40 24
20 13 10 10 8 6 4
0
Balicasag Island

Pamilacan Island

Masaplod Sur

Masaplod Norte

Dauin, Poblacion

Suluan Reserve

Sulangan Shoal

Minombonan

Manicani Shoal

Maliwaliw Reserve

Camanga Control

Ngolos Shoal

Manicani Reserve

Butig Offshore

Maliwaliw Control
*Compared with the nearby marine reserves of Bohol (white bars) and Negros Oriental (grey
bars) the reefs of Guiuan and Salcedo are but a small fraction in comparison but these should
also show the potential of a reef once it has been properly protected.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 >"&c10N'5MG@'ZMG9:P'/6EG9G

!Surveys conducted at the reef slope (10-12 m deep), reef flat (3-5 m deep)
or both, depending on the topography of the reef

!Three to six 50 x 10 m transects (covering 1,500 to 3,000 m2 of reef)

parallel to the coastline
!estimated species richness, density and biomass (standing stock) of
reef fishes

!fork length estimates used to calculate the weight of the individual

using the equation W = a x Lb (constants a and b are species specific
provided by FishBase 96)

!Reef fish categorized as target fish (those with commercial value) and top
predators (piscivores belonging to the families Serranidae, Carangidae,
Lutjanidae, and Lethrinidae)

!Multiple dimension scaling (MDS) plots generated from site species list that
had been reduced to presence/absence (1/0). A resemblance matrix using
<'=1,>1,*>#?1!>/=1#@!>#=!,#.,#ABCDEB7

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Z,SY'!""5'>*/!1,-Z"!&"3!*&"#
#K6?M6G'/(HK(GMIM(E':EQ'06EGMI;N''
+('I('*KK6EQM^'BS<S`S`S<.H:?8(MEL68IG'GK6?M6G

!Camanga MS - highest number of macroinvert spp. (24) dominated by the black

lip oyster Pinctada margaritifera and Phyllidia varicosa

!Shallow: 14 spp.; 137 organisms 100 m-2.

!Deep: 21 spp.; 113 organisms 100 m-2

!Outside Camanga MS (deep): 19 spp.; 125 organisms 100 m-2 dominated by

Diadema savignyi and Phyllidia varicosa

!Maliwaliw MS- 22 spp.

!Shallow: 16 spp.; highest density of 237 organisms 100 m-2;

dominated by long-spined black sea urchin, Diadema setosum
!Deep: 14 spp.; 61 organisms 100 m-2; dominated by
featherstar, Comanthus parvicirrus
Diadema setosum
!Pagdudyaan Reef (deep): 24 spp.; 95 organisms 100 m-2 dominated by
Ophiomastix sp. and Comanthus multifidus
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
!Puno Pt. MS, Manicani - 21 spp.

!Shallow: 15 spp.; 40 organisms 100 m-2

!Deep: 16 spp.; 96 organisms 100 m-2

!Cambasingan (deep): 11 spp.; high density of 112 organisms 100 m-2

Diadema savigny
Highest densities: Sea urchin Diadema savignyi and the
bivalve Malleus malleus

!Butig I. - 17 spp.; 116 organisms 100 m-2 dominated by bivalve Malleus malleus and
nudibranch Phyllidia varicosa

!Rock reef A'Pavona 522C7B- 16 spp.; 117 organisms 100 m-2 dominated by worm snail
Dendropoma maxima and Malleus malleus

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
!Piliw Reef, Sulangan - 14 spp.

!Shallow: 7 spp.; 5 organisms 100 m -2 dominated by gastropods, Tectus

fenestratus and Trochus spp.

!Deep station: 12 spp.; 7 organisms 100 m -2 dominated by the sea urchins,

Diadema setosum and Echinotrix calamaris
Phyllospongia lamellosa

!Suluan I. - 13 spp.

!Shallow: 7 spp.; 39 organisms 100 m-2

!Deep: 11 spp.; 38 organisms 100 m-2

The sponge, Phyllospongia lamellosa dominant species in

both stations.

!Ngolos (Shallow): 7 spp.; 9 organisms 100 m-2 dominated by the featherstar and the
sponge Axinyssa sp.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 >"&c10N'06EGMI;

!Belt-transect along the fish and coral transect (three replicate 50-m
transects) in both shallow and deep stations

!Macroinvertebrates within 1 m on either side of the 50-m transect

line were identified and counted

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Z,,S'>*!,-"'T!1&"/&"0'*!"*#g!"#"!Z"#

!In November 10, 1978, Proclamation No. 1801 identified Guiuan, Eastern Samar as
one of the sites to be declared as tourist zone and marine reserve under the
administration and control of the Philippines Tourism Authority.

!In 1992-1995, the Foundation for the Philippine Environment through the GDFI
established a CBCRM program in Eastern Samar which includes delineation and
development of marine reserve and replenishment areas as one of the interventions
(Bersales, 2007; http://wwww.fpe.ph).

>22/?D402/EFGFHFIFI/J,1*/)C/KLM$1

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Values of MPAs

!Awareness of local communities on the importance of the MPAs as a means of

restoring and regenerating the marine resources, and that this management strategy is
aimed at protecting and conserving these resources.

Effects and Benefits of MPAs

!increased fish catch and increased fish sizes based on interview

!reduction of illegal fishing

!increase of guest scientists and representatives of local and international agencies

!heightened awareness of the environment and increased fish catch (Camanga) (Haribon
Foundation, 2005).

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Issues and Problems

!Rampant use of dynamite and cyanide for fishing

!Difficulty of fishers in arresting dynamite fishers

!On March 1998, a bantay dagat chairman was already killed during one patrolling
and apprehension operation in Guiuan (Lacaba, pers. comm.)

!Encroachment of commercial fishing vessels into the municipal waters aggravates

overfishing in nearshore areas (Muñoz, http://www.capri.cgiar.org)

!Lack of security on the part of the bantay dagat due to occasional unavailability of
police assistance during encroachment. Therefore, the barangay captains in Guiuan
have suggested that the bantay dagats should be equipped with firearms in order to
protect themselves since the violators are also armed (Lacaba, pers. comm.).

!Unending operation of a network of buyers and sellers of fish caught by dynamite

even beyond Tacloban (Bersales, 2007).

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
!Destruction of mangrove trees In Maliwaliw due to collection of worms as baits

!Occasional fishing and gathering of organisms inside the sanctuaries (e.g. kayakas in
Camanga; use of fish trap and abalone collection in Manicani)

!A fisherman interviewed in Sulangan said they were unaware of the existence of a

marine reserve in the area.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 Z,S''5,#c"!,"#
58:E?MG'*8F6EI6':EQ 3M6EL6EMQ('
*Q6GE:

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Go to Appendix 2.1.4.3.1. Commercially important species
caught by various fishing gears used in Guiuan and Salcedo

! FC (E'H.'( "5 5.)5.(%'(

!9 H#/($,H',)(
!C 'H%.)"2'#3
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!#''5M,(("H.,$'2 >ZZD
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! (',4#,(( I'2( >9D8 TUNA AND MACKEREL the most
valuable finfish species harvested in
Eastern Samar, sold in Guiuan Public
market.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
H'E%,0"E"2(*5#"3*
S/0,)4,)A*S/0/,)*,)2*]/$.4

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
4,($#"E"2(*5#"3*!4"0"(*,)2*
Camanga fishers showing their gill net,
the most used and efficient fishing gear
=,3,)4,8
in all the study sites.

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
H#/($,H',)(*&'#'*%,#1'($'2*5#"3*G,).H,).A*]/$.4A*=,3,)4,*
,)2*G,0.&,0.&

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 *KK6EQM^'BS<S`SYS<S /(HH68?M:PP;'MHK(8I:EI'GK6?M6G'?:9F@I'7;'L:8M(9G')MG@MEF'
F6:8G'9G6Q'ME'+9M9:E':EQ'#:P?6Q(
No. of Size range Average size Common size
Species *Source
samples (cm) (cm) (cm)*
Acanthuridae
Naso literatus 9 12-17 15.27 20-40 Rau and Rau (1980)
Caesionidae
Pterocaesio diagramma 15 15-22 19.34 10-15 Rau and Rau (1980)
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon trifasciatus 4 9-11 9.90 13 Rau and Rau (1980)
Carangidae
Atule mate 3 18-21 19.73 20-26 Rau and Rau (1980)
Decapterus maruadsi 5 29-31 29.66 25 Rau and Rau (1980)
Elagatis bipinnulatus 4 35-42 39.20 60 Rau and Rau (1980)
Belonidae
Tylosurus crocodilus 3 60-63 61.67 Up to 100 Rau and Rau (1980)
Gerreidae
Gerres abbreviatus 6 12-14 12.93 12-16 Rau and Rau (1980)
Hemiramphidae
Hemiramphus far 6 30-35 31.55 20 Rau and Rau (1980)
Labridae
Cheilio inermis 5 20-31 23.38 25-50 Rau and Rau (1980)
Choerodon anchorago 8 12-19 16.16 15-25 Rau and Rau (1980)
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus harak 6 16-26 21.87 15-40 Rau and Rau (1980)

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 No. of Size range Average size Common size
Species *Source
samples (cm) (cm) (cm)*
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus ehrenbergii 5 17-24 22.04 20 Allen (1985)
Mullidae
Mulloidichthys vanicolensis 10 14-29 20.85 20-25 Fischer and Whitehead (1974)
Muraenesocidae
Muraenesox cinereus 4 65-95 76.25 80-120 Rau and Rau (1980)
Scaridae
Scarus ghobban 5 16-23 18.64 20-35 Rau and Rau (1980)
Scombridae
Katsuwonus pelamis 11 37-43 39.44 40-80 Rau and Rau (1980)
Rastrelliger brachysoma 4 19-20 19.25 15-20 Rau and Rau (1980)
Thunnus albacares 13 37-48 43.41 50-150 Rau and Rau (1980)
Serranidae
Plectropomus leopardus 6 15-19 17.40 80 Rau and Rau (1980)
Siganidae
Siganus argenteus 17 13-31 21.55 15-20 Rau and Rau (1980)
Siganus canaliculatus 30 10-17 11.63 10-15 Rau and Rau (1980)
Siganus corallinus 6 11-23 16.20 15-20 Rau and Rau (1980)
Siganus virgatus 10 8-24 12.75 15-20 Rau and Rau (1980)
Siganus guttatus 4 11-17 13.45 15-35 Rau and Rau (1980)
Siganus unimaculatus 6 9-16 12.52 22 (max.) Carpenter and Niem (2001)
Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena barracuda 6 27-31 28.92 40-100 Rau and Rau (1980)
Zanclidae
Zanclus cornutus 4 11-14 12.73 12-20 Rau and Rau (1980)
Fishing Sites

Among sites, Butig (38) and Camanga (36) had the most number of finsfish
species harvested while Ngolos had the least (18).

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
O.(%.)4*4',#(
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
4.00*)'$*&%.H%*%,2*978@:*P4*,1'#,4'*H,$H%*E'#*$#.E*H,/4%$*$%'*
3"($*)/3I'#*"5*(E'H.'(*,3")4*,00*4',#$-E'(*&.$%*B6*(E'H.'(*"5*
5.(%*,)2*(e/.28 About 40-50 fishers
from the barangays
of Botig, Bobon,
Bua-bua and San
Roque fish in the
area

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Catch 3 2 K/HAUL; 10-15 HAULS/DAY;
at P40/K;

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
O.(%.)4*4',#(

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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
Selective Gears.

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Crab pot in Maliwaliw

Crab potfor
in
Scylla serrata, Maliwaliw
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
a. Fishpens : Ngolos
Butig

Manicani

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /:I?@'K68'$EMI''"))(8I'g+6:8
Fishing Gear Guiuan

Sulangan Ngolos Suluan Manicani

CPU CPU
CB IPUE CB CPUE IPUE CB IPUE CB CPUE IPUE
E E
Hand Instruments:
Abalone hook
Dredges 12.00 2.00 33.34
Hookah 2.00 0.40 40.00
Spear Gun 7.25 1.45 65.25 9.50 1.90 85.50 24.15 2.42 108.66 4.25 0.27 11.95
Barriers and Traps:
Crab pots
Fish corral 2.60 0.11 4.33 4.00 0.08 5.00
13.8
Fish pots 5.75 0.06 0.60 8.00 0.17 5.28 0.10 0.94
0
Lines: 11.0
19.50 2.43 144.51 0.46 16.04
Longlines 0
Multiple handlines 65.50 4.09 244.32 101.00 11.22 529.35 2.65 0.33 23.18 4.65 0.29 20.34
Octopus jiggers 3.67 0.73 51.38
Squid jiggers 3.00 0.60 54.00
Troll lines 70.00 3.33 150.00 43.50 1.67 77.46 16.00 1.00 45.00
Nets:
Crab gill net
29.6
Gill net 69.50 2.90 81.08 43.75 2.73 95.21 70.65 1.76 62.60 1.23 34.56
2
Ring net 109.00 1.04 36.33 3,100.00 6.46 129.17
Trammel net 12.00 0.24 8.40 50.00 1.00 35.00 130.00 3.61 108.33

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
 /:I?@'K68'$EMI''"))(8I'g+6:8

Salcedo
Fishing Gear Butig Camanga Maliwaliw
CB CPUE IPUE CB CPUE IPUE CB CPUE IPUE
Hand Instruments:
0.75 0.19 42.50
Abalone hook
Dredges
Hookah 0.50 0.10 10.00
Spear Gun 32.50 2.03 152.34 2.72 0.68 30.60 1.55 0.31 13.95
Barriers and Traps:
1.00 0.07 10.71 2.00 0.08 16.67
Crab pots
Fish corral 4.70 0.09 4.70 1.20 0.05 3.00
Fish pots 2.90 0.03 6.04 1.00 0.02 0.21
Lines:
6.00 0.33 13.33
Longlines
Multiple handlines 21.00 1.31 131.25 2.00 0.67 66.67 1.75 0.44 39.38
Octopus jiggers
Squid jiggers
Troll lines
Nets:
4.00 0.14 15.00 0.60 0.20 16.67 3.30 0.30 16.00
Crab gill net
Gill net 24.88 1.04 44.92 6.00 1.50 56.25 24.40 3.05 135.73
Ring net
Trammel net

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City
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SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City