A look at the Criminal Justice system, and

some reforms that could improve it.

● This is a proposal to introduce A Community Policing Model for Arizona.
● I'm going to show other places in the past that have used the same type of policing .
We can learn a lot from History. That is why I'm going to use many items I've
researched .
● As for the first look here : History
● Local policing
● MIDDLE AGES (400 A.D. - 1600 A.D.)
● Pledge System:
● PROGRESSIVE ERA (1900 A.D. - 1920 A.D.)
● GANGSTER ERA (1920 A.D. - 1950 A.D.)
● August Vollmer
 As for the first look here : History
● The first local modern police department established in the United States was the Boston Police Department in 1838 (In 1631 the Town of Boston
started its first "Night Watch" ), followed by the New York City Police Department in 1844 (.The New York City Police Department (NYPD), which was
established in 1844, is currently the largest police force in North America, with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation within the
five boroughs of New York City. The NYPD is considered to be one of the first "modern" style police departments in the United States along with the
Boston Police Department.) Early on, police were not respected by the community, as corruption was rampant. In the late 19th and early 20th century,
there were few specialized units in police departments.

● The advent of the police car, two-way radio, and telephone in the early 20th century transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on
responding to calls for service.[2] In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer, police began to professionalize, adopt new
technologies, and place emphasis on training.[3] With this transformation, police command and control became more centralized. O.W. Wilson, a student
of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department.[4] Strategies
employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-
partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive, recruiting drive with
higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers.[5] Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there
remained a lack of respect between police and minority communities. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated
on dealing with felonies and other serious crime

● Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, and enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring.
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol study in the 1970s found the reactive approach to policing to be ineffective.[7] In the 1990s, many law enforcement
agencies began to adopt community policing strategies, and others adopted problem-oriented policing. In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the
New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for
dealing with crime problems. CompStat, and other forms of information-led policing, have since been replicated in police departments across the United
States and around the world.

● In 1905, the Pennsylvania State Police became the first state police agency established, as recommended by Theodore Roosevelt's Anthracite Strike
Commission and Governor Samuel Pennypacker.[8]. See also Coal Strike of 1902.

● California municipalities were among the first to hire women as officers. The first female police officer was Alice Stebbins Wells, who was hired by the
Los Angeles Police Department in 1910. The LAPD also hired the first African-American police officer, Georgia Ann Robinson, in 1916. The first female
deputy sheriff, Margaret Q. Adams, was hired by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department in 1912

●
 Local policing
● Local policing is usually conducted by the police departments at the county, township or municipal (city or village) level and ranges in size
from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town marshal) to the 40,000 men and women of the New York City Police Department.
Many individual cities and towns will have their own police department, with larger communities typically having larger departments with
greater budgets, resources, and responsibilities. County sheriffs, county police, state police, and highway patrols enforce laws in their
particular jurisdictions and are usually the only police in unincorporated areas beyond the jurisdiction of the cities. They also assist local
police within their jurisdictions with investigations, can provide certain specialized services within their jurisdiction such as criminalistics

laboratories or a coroner, and may operate jails. Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, have
jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area typically coterminous with one or more cities or
counties. Metropolitan departments have usually have been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically several local police
departments and often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and
resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl, or in
neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as the Los Angeles
County Sheriff's Department, are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties. Special district police vary in

their levels of authority. In some states, they serve as little more than security police, but in states such as California, special district forces
are composed of fully-sworn peace officers with statewide authority. These include the Los Angeles School Police Department, which, with
a deployment of 525 sworn and non-sworn personnel, covers 708 square miles from five police divisions and the Minneapolis Park Police
Department, a much smaller unit with a deployment of 38 sworn police officers and 27 non-sworn Park Patrol agents.

● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policing_in_the_United_States

● Police History In the beginning, there was kin policing, with its penchant for blood feuding and traditions of tribal justice. Many pre-civilized villages or
communities are believed to have had a rudimentary form of law enforcement (morals enforcement) derived from the power and authority of kinship
systems, rule by elders, or perhaps some form of totemism or naturism. Under kin policing, the family of the offended individual was expected to assume
responsibility for justice by capturing, branding or mutilating the offender. To be sure, there were also theocratic institutions (religious temples, magic
rituals, grand viziers), but these were probably used as a system of appeals (sanctuary, refuge) and for purposes not associated with justice. Since war has
existed, the police function has been somewhat inseparable from the military function as ancient rulers almost always kept elite, select units
(bodyguards) close at hand to protect them from threats and assassination attempts, and although it was more theocratic than militaristic, the argument
could be made that the first known civilization (Egypt) was a police state.

●
 MIDDLE AGES (400 A.D. - 1600 A.D.)

● he middle ages either had no system of law enforcement or one of two systems, depending upon what part
of the world you were in. Where law enforcement existed, it was most likely a variety of the watch system
-- a system premised on the importance of voluntarily patrolling the streets and guarding cities from
sunset to sunrise ("2 A.M. and all's well"). The predominant function of policing became class control
(keeping watch on vagrants, vagabonds, immigrants, gypsies, tramps, thieves, and outsiders in general).
Despite some innovations during this time period (the Magna Carta of 1215 being a notable example),
most of this era was characterized by lawlessness and corruption. By the 1500s, there was no country in
the world with more robbers, thieves, and prostitutes than England. Other countries, too, experienced
lawlessness to such a degree that citizen groups, known as vigilantes, sprang up to combat crime.
 Pledge System:

● The gendarme system was created by Charlemagne and is associated with centralized policing found in French speaking
and Romantic language countries. The closest word in English to "gendarme" is "marshal", although "inspector" might
be a close second All gendarmes are considered agents of the crown, and can travel anywhere to bring anyone to justice.
Gendarmes charge fees based on performance. Gendarmes were feared and respected professionals.The pledge system
was created by Alfred the Great (England) and is associated with decentralized policing by constables or deputies. The
comes from the word frankpledge, a Norman version of the old Saxon tithing or hue and cry system. Each citizen is
pledged to perform some kind of police work unless excused by a "shire-reeve" who appoints "constables" from among
the watchmen. Constables were beloved amateurs.Prior to 1066 (the Norman Invasion), the little villages of England
operated under mutual assistance pacts known as the tithing system. All men over the age of 12 were required to be in a
tithing, which was responsible for the behavior of its membership. If the tithing failed to apprehend an errant member,
the entire tithing was required to pay restitution to any injured party. The chief tithingman was responsible for raising
the hue and cry, or call to arms, whenever someone needed to be apprehended.Under the frankpledge system (1066-
1300), ten tithings were organized into a "hundred", supervised by a constable whom the local nobility appointed. The
primary duty of the constablewas to quartermaster the equipment of the hundred and raise forces quickly. Ten hundreds
were further organized into a "shire", supervised by a "shire-reeve". Shire-reeves were considered the local
representatives of Norman royalty, and also had judicial powers along with judges who traveled the realm to hear cases
and also correctional powers along with town bailiffs. Over time, the position of constable also came to represent the
power of the crown, but it was a position that mixed Norman authority with Saxon tradition. When the English
countryside was eventually divided up into parishes with aldermans and wards, it was the constables who emerged as
the most important parish officials because the shire-reeves were mostly brutal, corrupt, and run out of town.
 PROGRESSIVE ERA (1900 A.D. - 1920 A.D.)
● The first couple of decades in the 20th Century saw a number of innovations, most notably the shift in policing from brawn to brain, and the
end of miscellaneous duties like dog catching, inspecting, and licensing. The spoils system was gradually replaced by a civil service system
with the first anti-corruption measure, the Pendleton Act, which focused on eliminating nepotism (the hiring of relatives) while increasing job
security (for others). Originally passed in 1883, it wasn't enforced until 1900, and generally marks the end of spoils.

● Professionalism took place at the top with formation of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1902. It's first president,
Richard Sylvester, chief of the Washington D.C. P.D., was widely regarded as the father of police professionalism. He advocated a citizen-
soldier model, and was responsible for development of the many paramilitary aspects of policing. August Vollmer, chief of the Berkeley
P.D., would become the patriarch of police professionalism by 1918. He advocated a scientific crime fighter model, and was responsible for
introducing America to crime labs, fingerprint repositories, and uniform crime reporting. Across America, bigger police stations were being
built as job titles changed (from town marshal to chief of police, commissioner if elected, superintendent if appointed). Professionalism took
place at the bottom with police unions. The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) were created in 1915, and followed soon by American Federation of State
County Municipal Employees (AFSCME), Teamsters, and the umbrella group, International Conference of Police Associations (ICPA). Police unions are
unique (some would say non-union) because they cannot strike. Citizen groups became involved in police reform. One group that served as a model for
the rest of the nation was the Chicago Crime Commission. Not an investigative commission, but a civilian oversight or review board, groups such as this
helped bring intellectual ideas about the causes of crime to policing. For the first time, policewomen were given a chance to do real police work, not just
work as juvenile matrons or undercover decoys. Interest developed in the idea of higher education being important for police officers as well as the idea
of enforcing the law in neutral fashion (the neutral function - to serve and protect).
 GANGSTER ERA (1920 A.D. - 1950 A.D.)
● This era started out with the Volstead Act (more commonly called the 18th Amendment or Prohibition) of 1919. A decade followed of trying to enforce
an unenforceable law, and then that decade was followed by one of widespread unemployment (the Great Depression). Both events produced "big-time"
gangsters, such as Al Capone, John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, Machine Gun Kelly, Bonnie and Clyde, who became heroes to the American people. It
was inevitable that crime fighting would become the main function of policing in this era as police struggled hard to become as effective as the criminals
seemed to be at becoming organized. Prohibition changed everything. The Volstead Act placed police officers in an adversverdana role for the first time.
Previously, they allowed public opinion to influence much of law enforcement policy, but now, they found themselves in the forefront of something
called - vice control. The public had no intention of giving up alcohol, and the police had to resort to brute force and dirty tricks. To make matters worse,
every time the police seemed to be successful at enforcing the alcohol ban, the power of organized crime increased. A lot of petty criminals (bootleggers)
became organized criminals (gangsters) during Prohibition. Police had their hands full. A whole bunch of new crimes were emerging: joyriding, drive-by
shooting, ransom kidnapping (Lindbergh baby), daylight bank robberies. There was a need for leaders who could restore a perception of police as
effective crime fighters. Two personalities emerged: J. Edgar Hoover and Elliot Ness. Hoover rose from the ranks of the FBI (the G-men) to become its
Director (the Boss) from 1924 to 1964. In 1929, Elliot Ness, who headed the Prohibition Bureau (later the ATF) also made a name for himself and his T-
men. Both men were masters of public relations, and the image they instilled would keep organized criminals wondering who was gonna get 'em - the G-
men or the T-men. Hoover denied the existence of organized crime on definitional grounds, and concentrated on depression-era folk heroes (and political
subversives). He personally arrested the last of the Ma Barker gang in 1959. Both Hoover and Ness regularly used wiretapping, spy techniques, and the
latest technology to ply their trade. They believed in their agents being above reproach (untouchable), and one of Hoover's most important contributions
turned out to be the FBI National Academy which largely became a citadel of expertise in law enforcement. Behind the scenes, there were other, perhaps
more significant, contributors to police effectiveness - people who were not particularly good image makers, but simply innovative municipal police
chiefs. They started movements, established legacies, and made real reforms. They included: August Vollmer (Chief - Berkeley); O.W. Wilson (Chief -
Wichita & Chicago); and William Parker (Chief - Los Angeles). Parker went on to become a consultant for the TV show Dragnet which he believed
accurately portrayed his ideal for policing - an impersonal, "Just the Facts, Ma'am" approach to professionalism. Let's look at two of these figures in
some detail:
 August Vollmer
● Vollmer was the police chief for Berkeley, California from 1905 to 1932. He is perhaps best known as the founder of the "college cop" movement and the author of the
Wickersham Commission Report of 1931. If Richard Sylvester is to be regarded as the "father of police professionalism", Vollmer is to be regarded as no less than the
"patriarch of police professionalism". He successfully implemented a vision of police as scientific crime fighters, and introduced America to such things as stop lights,
police car radios, crime laboratories, and lie detectors, just to name a few of his many contributions. Let's zero in on the "college cop" movement Vollmer started. The
idea was that every police officer should have at least a bachelor's degree. It was a short-lived movement, lasting from about 1921 to 1943, cut short by the demand of
returning World War II veterans to obtain hiring preferences, regardless of educational qualifications. Debates since then have focused on whether college education is a
bona fide occupational qualification. Vollmer was really more interested in "high IQ" and you have to remember that many police jobs across the country back then were
regularly filled by people who were rather dull and feebleminded (leatherheads). For example, on the IQ tests available at the time, policemen in the city of Detroit scored
an average of 55 while Vollmer's force scored an average of 147. Vollmer supported the policewoman movement precisely because he believed women had higher IQs
than men. He also hired the first black person to work in law enforcement. He promoted his people often and equally. Colleges and universities back then didn't offer the
kind of curriculum Vollmer thought "college cops" needed. What passed for criminology, for example, was either sociology or Lombrosian ideas about stigmata. Vollmer
had earlier established a police training academy on the campus of UC-Berkeley, and it was widely renowned for courses in bicycling, photography, law, biology, and
chemistry. It was only natural, then, for UC-Berkeley to house the first department of criminology in the nation, and Vollmer helped create it, eventually becoming Dean
of the School, supervising a curriculum based on public speaking, sociology, psychology, abnormal psychology, and statistics.At various speeches during IACP meetings,
Vollmer advocated a number of reforms, most related to the need for standardized training or modernization of law enforcement. One of the reforms he proposed was the
establishment of a Uniform Crime Reporting system (UCR). After all, part of the success Berkeley PD enjoyed in reducing the crime rate to zero (some say it was
displaced) was due to its exceptional record-keeping system (ID and MO files). J. Edgar Hoover, of course, ended up getting the credit for the idea of a national crime
reporting system (UCR). The Wickersham Report was written almost entirely by Vollmer. It represented the first set of baseline standards for comparison and reform of
police departments. Most of these eventually became CALEA standards for accreditation, but the Report contained a number of other recommendations needed and put
into effect, such as:

● Personnel standards -- removal of employees, even the chief, "for cause" *

● Communications & records -- modern systems based on Berkeley model

● Salary & benefits schedule -- fair schedules of pay and promotion by grade *

● Separate units -- for crimes involving juveniles and vice *

● State information bureaus -- crime data collection and analysis centers

 Arizona’s prison population has increased
greatly in the past 10 years.
● The prison population increased 52 percent over the last 10 years The Charts nelow are relecting 35,000 prisoners and incresing over the
past 10 years.The Charts below are reflecting 35,000 prisoners and increasing over the past 10 years. As I am reading through tons of information
researched from a wide range of sources. The lovely Hancock county library located in Findlay Ohio. Also various places here on the net,
and I will be listing them. Arizona prison system is over crowed . They even have this one prison that is nothing more than a bunch of tents
out in a remote location. As you can see the cost has gotten higher. But I feel things has gotten higher every where. I have seen charts on
how cost has risen just as high . Speaking of high cost and cutting back on things even if it means making the prisoners do with out and go
hungry. They even have this one prison that is nothing more than a bunch of tents out in a remote location of Arizona
http://www.cnn.com/US/9907/27/tough.sheriff/. They've cut back a lot. They cut out coffee and saved 150,000.00 and Switched to bologna sandwiches, that saved half
a million dollars a year. Even dogs eat $1.10 worth of food a day, the inmate 90 cents, the sheriff says He's very proud of that too. Also the temperatures
can top 100 degrees. No air condisioning for a tent.

● Some Prohibited items are cigarettes, adult magazines, hot lunches and television

● They have saved lots of money running a prison like this, but the law suits that have been filed and won, and outta cort settlements .

● The capacity of all state facilities

● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Prison_Complex_-_Phoenix

● Arizona State Prison Complex - Phoenix is one of 13 prison facilities operated by the Arizona Department of Corrections (ADC). ASPC-Phoenix is

● for resident workers. The other units are Aspelocated in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona

● Reception has a design capacity of 207; another 40 beds are in B-Ward, the Treatment Center; and there are 30 beds designated for resident workers. The
other units are Aspelocated in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona

● n DWI, a 200-bed facility which opened in 1983 for adult males incarcerated under the state Driving While Intoxicated (DWI)n DWI, a 200-bed facility
which opened in 1983 for adult males incarcerated under the state Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) law; Flamenco Mental Health Center, a licensed
105-bed psychiatric hospital for adult males which opened in 1985; and Flamenco Health Center for Women, a licensed 20-bed behavioral hospital for
adult females which opened in 1990.
● Two other units are separated geographically but considered part of the Phoenix Complex. One, the Arizona Center for Women at 32nd Street and East
Van Buren, has a designated capacity of 250; it opened in 1979, originally under a lease arrangement, and is now owned by the Department. The other is
ASP-Globe, a 150-bed prison for adult males which was originally Pinal Mountain Juvenile Institution; it was legislatively transferred to ADC on July 1,
1991.ASPC-Phoenix has an inmate capacity of approximately 1,042 in 7 housing units at security levels 2, 3, 4 and 5. The ADC uses a score classification
system to assess inmates appropriate custody and security level placement. The scores range from 1 to 5 with 5 being the highest risk or need. ASPC-
Phoenix is a modern, medium to high security prison.

● At midyear 2003 jails in Indian country supervised

● 1,908 persons

● * On June 30, 2003, Indian country facilities held

● 1,546 adults and 278 juveniles. In the 12 months

● ending June 30, 2003, the number of inmates in

● custody decreased 9%.

● * In a 1-month period, June 2003, facilities in

● Indian country admitted 12,243 inmates, a 4%

● increase from June 2002.

● 70 facilities were operating in Indian country,

● with the capacity to hold 2,222 persons on June

● 30, 2003

● * On June 30, 2003, jails in Indian country were

● operating at 82% of capacity. On an average day

● in June 2003, the jails were operating at 71% of capacity. On their peak day in June 2003, jails

● were operating at 13% over capacity.

 Privatization of Prisons
● Prison privatization is the transfer of prison functions from the government sector to the private sector. Contracting out services is the most common form

of prison privatization. 39 states currently hire private firms to provide medical and mental health treatment, drug treatment, education, etc. Private

correction centers have been limited to minimum security facilities like detention centers, juvenile homes, and holding places for illegal aliens. Although,

several states are interested in utilizing private operations for secure adult prisons. Below are some cases for and some cases against the privatization of

prisons:

● Pros Cons

● Private prisons are made safer than public Private prisons tend to have fewer guards with less experience, which

● facilities as a result of innovative design and operation. guards with less experience, which

● Proponents of privatization argue that private prisons results in an increased rate of violence behind bars.

● can lower the overall costs of incarceration. Overall, it’s pretty easy to construct new prison cells.

● Private prisons provide its prisoners with some his leads to an over-reliance by government on

● work experience that will help them when they incarceration. This is at the expense of developing more

● are released and need to find a job. preventive social programs.

● Many private companies are putting their prisoners to work and paying them for it. By doing this, they are reducing prison costs for the

government by withholding earnings for taxes, room and board, and victim’s compensation. In Florida, a group called the Prison

Rehabilitative Industries & Diversified Enterprises Inc. (PRIDE) manages all 53 Florida prison work programs as a for-profit organization.

When discussing the support of privatization of prisons, this group should come to mind. PRIDE employs inmates who want to work.

PRIDE pays 60 percent of the workers’ wages. They go directly to the state government to defray costs of imprisonment. PRIDE’S

products range from dental items to modular office systems which are sold to local and state government agencies.

● On the other hand, The American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) do not support privatization. They are a
union of people who share a commitment to public service. They accuse private prisons of making empty promises. One example is “the
providing of good, quality jobs”. The AFSCME disagrees and describes the private prison guards’ salaries as poor. This contributes to a
high turnover rate. They also feel that private prisons are structurally flawed. They are motivated by profit which changes the mission of
corrections from providing public safety to making money.

● Like with almost anything, there is always room for improvement. Giving guards more extensive training would definitely help improve this
program. With guards that are more properly prepared and equipped for incidents, the safer the prisons will be. Why not have these
private prisons house more maximum-security offenders? If these prisons are safe and secure enough, there should not be a reason why
they shouldn’t start taking on that responsibility. Besides, even an offender that is a minimum security risk could be capable of something more
serious. So, why not be prepared for it? Works Cited Austin, James, Ph.D., Garry Coventry, Ph.D. (2001, February) Emerging Issues on
_____Privatized Prisons. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from Bureau of Justice Assistance

● http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/bja/181249.pdf

● McFarland, Stephen, Chris McGowan, Tom O’Toole (2002 December) Prisons, _____Privatization, and Public Values. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from
Privatization and _____Devolution CRP 612 _____http://government.cce.cornell.edu/doc/html/PrisonsPrivatization.htm