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EXERCISE 1
SPATIAL MODELLING
IN DETERMINING SUITABLE LOCATION
FOR WASTE DISPOSAL AREA
by :
IQBAL PUTUT ASH SHIDIQ
10/309435/PMU/6813
MASTER PROGRAM
YOGYAKARTA
2010
PROBLEM STATEMENTS
There are two problems within this paper, which are:
1. Where is the suitable location for the waste disposal area?
2. Where is best site location, base on the selected area?
METHODOLOGY
• Data
There are three kinds of data input that used in this paper, which are:
a. Road network.
b. Information of existing land use.
c. Information of slope that can be obtained from elevation data.
• Spatial Modelling
The spatial modeling is used to achieve the purposes of this assignment. There are
several aspects that used to determine the suitable location for waste disposal area.
These aspects are geographical features and treated as variables which will be adapted
to make any kinds of application. These variables can be transformed or combined into
new variables by way of specified function. This method refers to Tomlin’s (1991)
statement, that cartographic modelling is a geographical data processing methodology
that purports to address diverse applications in a clear consistent manner, by
decomposing data sets that can be recombined with relative ease and great flexibility.
Since it is use geographical data, and to answer a locational problem, then we can
assume it is a Spatial Modelling.
• Weighted Overlay
Weighted Overlay is a technique for applying a common measurement scale of
values to diverse and dissimilar inputs to create an integrated analysis (ESRI, 2010).
Geographic problems often require the analysis of many different factors. For instance,
in this paper we need choose the suitable location for waste disposal area which means
assessing such things as land use, road network, and slope. This information exists in
different value scales. So we need to give a different treatment to each of them by
considering their contribution. In other word, we need to give weight for each of them.
The score will indicate the level of contribution of variables to the problem.
• Cost Distance
The Cost functions are similar to Euclidean functions, but instead of calculating the
actual distance from one point to another, the Cost functions determine the shortest
weighted distance (or accumulated travel cost) from each cell to the nearest cell in the
set of source cells (ESRI, 2010).
• Zonal Statistic
Zonal statistic is used to summarize the values of a raster within the zones of
another dataset (either raster or vector) and reports the results to a table (Murayama,
2009).
RESULTS
• Using Spatial Model to Determine the Suitable Location for Waste Disposal Area
There are three variables that used to determine the suitable location for waste
disposal area, such as road networks, slope degree, and land use feature. Beside the
variable, we also need to consider the criteria or requirements, in order to make a
proper place of waste disposal area. Then the variables should meet the criteria.
The criteria for suitable waste disposal area are:
1) Cannot be sited nearby the road network, by at least 300 meters.
2) Must be located on gentle slope area, with the slope range between 2 and 5
degrees.
3) Located on existing agricultural land use.
4) Must be covers a large enough area, i.e. area greater than 15 hectares.
Data treatment
Both of variables and criteria are adapted in the model. Since most of this input data
are in the vector format, then the conversion to raster data format is needed, in order to
accelerate the overlay process. The road network data are transformed into raster data
format by “Euclidean distance” process. This process results area type of road feature,
which directly be classified into two class, i.e. 0 – 300 meters, and above. Similar steps
are applied for land use data. This data are converted into raster data format by
“Feature to raster” process.
A different treatment applied for slope data. The slope data are generated from
elevation data. Using “Slope” process in ArcGIS, elevation can be transformed to
generate the slope. After the slope data are created, then we need to classify it into
three class, i.e. 0 – 2 degree, 2 – 5 degree, and above.
Weighting
The variables are different in their scale of value and level of influence. Different
weight also gave to each of them. This paper is using Weighted Overlay provided by
ArcGIS 9.3.
Table 1. Weighting Process.
As can be seen in Table 1, each variable and its value are being weighted separately.
The weighting process is based on the criteria that have been mentioned above. Scale
value of “one (1)” means that the value of studied variable is suitable to the criteria. In
the other hand, “restricted” scale value means that it is not the suitable value for the
waste disposal area. Another thing that should be considered is the percentage of
influence. In this case, we assume that each variable are same in their contribution.
Then we put the same percentage in each of them.
The Model
The explanation of the model can be simply presented by diagram below. This model
created by the help of Model Builder in ArcGIS 9.3.
Figure 1. Model of Suitable Location for Waste Disposal Area (Source: Data Processing).
Suitable Area
There are five areas that might be suitable for waste disposal area. Those areas are
mostly located in the center to north east side of the study area (see Map). The attribute
of each area can be viewed in Table 1. These are the area which meet the requirement
or criteria that have been mentioned above.
Table 2. Attribute of Waste Disposal Area.
Name Area (Ha)
Poly A 56.628
Poly C 51.074
Poly B 55.097
Poly D 34.580
Poly E 23.409
Source: Data Processing, 2010.
• Using Cost Distance and Zonal Statistic to Determine The Best Location for Waste
Disposal Area
After finding the suitable location for waste disposal area, then we need to choose
the best location from the selected area. The selection of the best location based on
land use feature. In this assignment, we consider the susceptible area and people’s
perceptual distance of a waste disposal area within its relation with the land use feature.
The relationship can be represented by table below.
Table 3. Additional Criteria for Determining The Best Location of Waste Disposal Area.
Landuse Susceptible Perceptual Friction Value
Residential Susceptible Low
Industrial Not Susceptible High
Agriculture Not Susceptible Low
Park Not Susceptible Low
School Susceptible Low
Commerce Not Susceptible Low
Source: Kamal (2010) by Modified.
The explanation above can be simply viewed as Figure 3.
Figure 2. Model to Determine The Best Location Based On The Selected Area
(Source: Data Processing, 2010).
The best location
The best location of the waste disposal area must have the minimum cost distance.
The minimum cost distance indicates the shortest weighted distance or the accumulated
travel cost, which will be paid for a certain location. From the map (see Map), we can
assume that Poly B is the best location best it has the minimum value of cost distance.
Since its close by the road network and the settlement area, Poly B also near by the
Industrial area which has the high friction on people’s perception.
Different situation occur with Poly C. Although this area is near by the settlement
and the road network, but it is not best one. Because it is located on or near by the land
use, which has less value of friction based on people’s thought. That is the reason why
this area has higher value of cost distance compared to Poly B.
CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions of this paper will try to answer the problem statements.
1. There are five areas which suitable for waste disposal area, which located in the
center to the north east part of the studied area. These areas are determined by
three variables, i.e. road network, slope degree, and land use feature.
2. Poly B is the best location for waste disposal area, because it has the minimum value
of cost distance. The cost distance is measured by consider the people’s perception
about land use susceptibility and friction.
REFERENCES
ESRI. (2009). Cost Distance Algorithm. Retrieved on 21:20 WIB, October 28th, 2010, from
http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Cost%20Distance
%20algorithm.
ESRI. (2010). How Weighted Overlay Works. Retrieved on 16:10 WIB, October 29th, 2010
from http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgiSDEsktop/9.3/index.
Kamal, Muhammad. (2010). GIS Exercise 1: Spatial Modelling. GIS Exercise Individual. Gadjah
Mada University, Jogjakarta.
Murayama, Yuji. (2009). Use of Zonal Statistic Function. SIS Tutorial Series. University of
Tsukuba. Japan.
Tomlin, C. D. (1991). Cartographic Modelling. In: D. Maguire et al. (eds), GIS Principles and
Applications, Longman Scientific and Technical, New York.