Tito Om\oni

Gu_rr[ Li\_r[l
1832-1833

Avvenimenti militari e politici dell'ultimo mezzo secolo del Portogallo

in Rivista Enciclopedica Italiana, Torino, UTET, 1855, III, pp. 215-250.
Pedro IV - Miguel I
 Liberal Wars
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Date 1828 to 1834

Location Portugal
Result Liberal victory, Treaty of Evoramonte:
• Constitutional Monarchy is restored
• Dom Miguel renounces all his claims to the throne and heads to exile

Liberals Miguelites
Commanders and leaders
Dom Pedro Dom Miguel
Duke of Terceira Viscount of Montalegre
Duke of Saldanha Viscount of Santa Marta

Peter I versus Miguel I

Peter IV of Portugal, Ist of Brazil - Miguel I of Portugal

The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers, or Miguelite War, was a
war between progressive constitutionalists and authoritarian absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted
from 1828 to 1834. Embroiled parties included the United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Portuguese rebels, the bishops of
the Catholic Church and Spain.
Roots of the conflict The death of King João VI in 1826 created a dispute over royal succession. The rightful heir to the
throne was his eldest son, Peter I, who was briefly made Pedro IV. Neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted a
unified monarchy; consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese Crown in favor of his daughter, Maria da Glória, a
child of seven, on the condition that when of age she marry his brother, Miguel. In April 1826, as part of the succession
settlement, Pedro revised the constitution granted in 1822, the first constitution of Portugal, and left the throne to Maria,
with his sister Isabella Maria as regent.
A new constitution In the Portuguese Constitutional Charter, Pedro attempted to reconcile absolutists and liberals by
allowing both factions a role in the Government. Unlike the Constitution of 1822, this new document established four
branches of the Government. The Legislature was divided into two chambers. The upper chamber, the Chamber of
Peers, was composed of life and hereditary peers and clergy appointed by the king. The lower chamber, the Chamber of
Deputies, was composed of 111 deputies elected to four-year terms by the indirect vote of local assemblies, which in
turn were elected by a limited suffrage of male tax-paying property owners. Judicial power was exercised by the courts;
executive power by the ministers of the Government; and moderative power by the King, who held an absolute veto
over all legislation.
Discontent The absolutist party of the landowners and the Church, however, were not satisfied with this compromise,
and they continued to regard Miguel as the legitimate successor to the throne on the grounds that according to the
Portuguese succession rules (approved by the Cortes after the 1640 Restoration), Pedro had lost the right to the
Portuguese Crown, and therefore to choose a successor, when he took possession of a foreign crown (Brazil). They
were alarmed by the liberal reforms that had been initiated in Spain by the detested Revolutionary French (reforms
which the Portuguese feudal aristocracy had been spared) and took heart at the recent restoration of the autocratic
Ferdinand VII in Spain (1823) who was eradicating all the Napoleonic innovations. In February 1828, Miguel returned
to Portugal, ostensibly to take the oath of allegiance to the Charter and assume the regency. He was immediately
proclaimed king by his supporters, who pressed him to return to absolutism. A month after his return, Miguel dissolved
the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Peers and, in May, summoned the traditional cortes of the three estates of
the realm to proclaim his accession to absolute power. The Cortes of 1828 assented to Miguel's wish, proclaiming him
king as Miguel I of Portugal and nullifying the Constitutional Charter.
Rebellion
This alleged usurpation did not go unchallenged by the liberals. On May 18, the garrison in Porto, the center of
Portuguese progressives, declared its loyalty to Pedro, to Maria da Glória, and the Constitutional Charter. The rebellion
against the absolutists spread to other cities. Miguel suppressed these rebellions, and many thousands of liberals were
either arrested or fled to Spain and Britain. There followed five years of repression. Meanwhile, in Brazil, relations
between Pedro and Brazil's agricultural magnates had become strained. In April 1831 Pedro abdicated in Brazil in favor
of his son, Pedro II, and sailed for Britain. He organized a military expedition there and then went to the Azores, which
were in the hands of the liberals, to set up a government in exile. In July 1832, with the backing of liberals in Spain and
England an expedition led by Dom Pedro as Pedro IV landed near Porto, which the Miguelites abandoned and where,
after military activities including the Battle of Ponte Ferreira, Pedro and his associates were besieged by Miguelite
forces for nearly a year. To protect British interests, a naval squadron under Commander William Glascock in HMS
Orestes was stationed in the Douro, where it came under fire from both sides. In June 1833, the liberals, still encircled
at Porto, sent to the Algarve a force commanded by the Duke of Terceira supported by a naval squadron commanded by
Charles Napier, using the alias 'Carlos de Ponza'. Terceira landed at Faro and marched north through the Alentejo to
capture Lisbon on July 24th. Meanwhile Napier's squadron encountered the absolutists' fleet near Cape Saint Vincent
(Cabo São Vincente) and decisively defeated it at the fourth Battle of Cape St. Vincent. The liberals were able to
occupy Lisbon, where Pedro moved from Porto and repulsed a Miguelite siege. A stalemate of nine months ensued.
Towards the end of 1833 Maria da Glória was proclaimed Queen, and Dom Pedro was made Regent. His first act was to
confiscate the property of all who had served under Dom Miguel. He also suppressed all religious houses and
confiscated their property, an act that suspended friendly relations with Rome for nearly eight years, until mid-1841.
The absolutists controlled the rural areas, where they were supported by the aristocracy, and by a peasantry that was
galvanized by the Church. The liberals occupied Portugal's major cities, Lisbon and Porto, where they commanded a
sizeable following among the middle classes. Operations against the Miguelites began again in earnest in early 1834.
Meanwhile, the liberal army had suffered a sound defeat at Alcácer do Sal, which proved that, despite the Duke of
Terceira's recent march from Faro to Lisbon, the South was still loyal to the Miguelites.
Peace The Battle of Asseiceira, fought on May 16th, 1834, was the last and decisive engagement of the Portuguese
Civil War. The Migueliste army was still formidable (about 18,000 men), but on May 24th, 1834, at Évora-Monte, a
peace was declared under a convention by which Dom Miguel formally renounced all claims to the throne of Portugal,
was guaranteed an annual pension, and was definitively exiled. Dom Pedro restored the Constitutional Charter, but he
died September 24th, 1834. Maria da Glória resumed her interrupted reign as Maria II of Portugal.
 Batalha da Praia da Vitória
Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

A batalha naval ao largo da Vila da Praia [da Vitória]

Data
Local baía da Praia da Vitória
Resultado Vitória dos liberais
D. Miguel, Absolutistas D. Maria II, Liberais
A batalha da Praia da Vitória foi um combate naval ferido no dia 11 de agosto de 1829, na baía da então Vila da
Praia, em que forças Miguelistas intentaram um desembarque naquele trecho do litoral da Ilha Terceira, nos Açores. A
derrota dos absolutistas neste recontro foi decisiva para a afirmação e posterior vitória das ideias liberais em Portugal. O
dia 11 de agosto apresentou-se com nevoeiro e tempo brusco, com pancadas de chuva e rajadas de vento. No mar,
apresentou-se uma esquadra composta por cerca de vinte embarcações, sob o comando do almirante Rosa Coelho,
integrada por:
• 1 nau
• 3 fragatas
• 2 corvetas
• 4 bergantins e
• 3 charruas
Transportava cerca de 4.000 homens e estava artilhada com um total de 340 peças, a que se acrescentavam seis barcas
canhoneiras, cada uma com uma peça. A força de desembarque era comandada pelo coronel Azevedo Lemos (que, em
agosto de 1828 conquistara a Madeira), transportada em:
• 2 escunas
• 2 iates e
• 2 patachos
Pelo lado de terra, um arco de uma dezena de pequenos fortes de marinha e baterias, leais a Maria II de Portugal,
defendiam aquele trecho de litoral com cerca de cinco quilômetros de extensão. A batalha iniciou-se com a clássica
abertura de pesado fogo da artilharia dos navios da esquadra sobre os fortes, tendo o bombardeamento se estendido por
quatro horas. Estima-se que foram disparados, pelos navios, cerca de 5.000 tiros, a que os fortes resistiram como
puderam. Com o vento Oeste impelindo os navios para Leste, os invasores intentaram um primeiro desembarque junto
ao Forte do Espírito Santo seguido por um segundo, mais para dentro do areal e próximo à Vila da Praia, a coberto da
artilharia embarcada. Ambas as tentativas foram, entretanto, repelidas pelos defensores em terra, os chamados
"Voluntários da Rainha", homens recém-incorporados, com pouco treino, sob o comando de militares liberais evadidos
de outras unidades do Exército Português e que haviam conseguido alcançar a ilha., Ao fim do dia de luta os
Miguelistas levantaram ferro, deixando nas mãos dos liberais algumas centenas de mortos e prisioneiros. A derrota
Miguelista é atribuída a erros de estratégia por parte de seus comandantes. A vitória liberal nesta batalha transformou a
percepção da Terceira, antes considerada como "a ratoeira", agora vista como "baluarte da liberdade". Após o fim do
conflito, a soberana concederia à vila o título de Praia da Vitória.
Ver também Combate do Pico do Seleiro Forte de Santa Catarina (Cabo da Praia)
 Battle of Ponte Ferreira
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Date 23 July 1832

Location Ponte Ferreira, near Valongo
Result Indecisive

Loyalists Miguelites
Duke of Terceira Viscount of Montalegre General Cardoso
[1]
6,000 15,000[2]
440 dead and wounded[3] 1,500 dead and wounded[4]
The Battle of Ponte Ferreira, fought on 22–23 July 1832, was the first major battle of the Portuguese Civil War
between the forces of Dom Pedro, ex-Emperor of Brazil and Regent for his daughter Maria da Gloria, and the army of
his brother Dom Miguel, who had usurped the throne of Portugal. Though technically a victory for Pedro's forces, it
gave him no lasting advantage because the enemy were not pursued and were able to return in full strength, as a result
of which he was besieged in Oporto for an entire year.
Background
Dom Pedro's expeditionary force from the Azores landed in Portugal on 7 July 1832 and on the 9th he occupied Oporto
as the city had been abandoned by the Miguelite army, which withdrew across the River Douro. Though this was a bold
stroke, Pedro and his advisers had been under the impression that the peasantry and Miguel's army would at once
declare allegiance to their rightful queen, and nothing of the sort happened. Though the Count of Vila Flor urged him to
take the offensive, their forces delayed for several days in Oporto resting and reorganizing. Meanwhile the Miguelite
army, commanded by General Cardoso and Count Montalegre, was reinforced and re-crossed the Douro some distance
east of Oporto. When this was known Dom Pedro sent Colonel Hodges with his British battalion on the 17th to
reconnoitre the enemy's movements. Learning that they had occupied Penafiel with a strong force, he was reinforced by
a volunteer regiment with orders to drive the Miguelites from Penafiel. Between the 19th and 21st this was
accomplished, and the force then returned to Oporto, but the Miguelites, who had been concentrating their full strength
at Amarante, followed them. Before daybreak on the 22nd the bulk of Dom Pedro's army marched out from Oporto
along the Valongo road to give battle. The army was something of a multinational force, consisting of exiled opponents
of Miguel's regime who had rallied to Pedro in the Azores (one battalion consisted entirely of officers), Portuguese
volunteers loyal to the Queen, two British contingents commanded by Colonels Shaw and Hodges, and a French
contingent commanded by Major Checar. Overall command was exercised by the Count of Vila Flor, with Colonels
Brito and Schwalbach leading the Portuguese infantry and some artillery in the charge of Colonel Fonseca.
Battle
22 July
Daybreak on the 22nd July found the Dom Pedro army on the heights of Valongo confronting the Miguelite army which
was in a strong position before the village of Ponte Ferreira. Although greatly outnumbered the Dom Pedro light troops
attacked with artillery support, but were repulsed and fell back, some guns being lost. They retreated towards Rio Tinto,
where Vila Flor had decided to concentrate his forces in order to make an all-out attack the following day. The
Miguelite army advanced, following the retreating Dom Pedro forces, and then prepared a defensive position behind the
River Sousa, their left protected by the high ground on the right bank of the Douro and their right by a sugar-loaf hill
where they placed artillery and a considerable force. Overall they outnumbered Pedro's army, which bivouacked for the
night, by at least two to one.
23 July
At 3 a.m. the Dom Pedro forces moved out of camp, with the light division under Schwalbach in the centre, Brito's
division on the right, and the officers' division, the artillery, the 3rd battalion of the Portuguese 18th Regiment and the
French and the British contingents on the left, under Hodges. Dom Pedro himself remained some distance in the rear
with a reserve. Hodges' forces were ordered to turn the Miguelite right, and succeeded - the sugar-loaf hill was
abandoned and the Portuguese battalion was able to ascend it unopposed. However the French contingent was caught in
the plain by the Miguelite cavalry and suffered heavy casualties, Major Checar being killed. The cavalry then attempted
to charge the British, who had taken position behind a wall, but were driven back. Meanwhile Brito's division had been
ordered to take the Miguelite left, but despite repeated orders did not advance. The Miguelites, supported by guerrillas,
re-took the hill, and Hodges requested reinforcements from Vila Flor, but these were held back by Dom Pedro for a
considerable time. Nevertheless when they came up they regained the hill from the Miguelites in a bayonet charge while
Hodges attacked the enemy line from the left. Having suffered heavy casualties the Miguelites withdrew, leaving the
field to Pedro's army. Vila Flor wished to follow up the victory and pursue the enemy, but Pedro countermanded this
and the army returned to Oporto on the afternoon of the 24th.
Aftermath
While the battle was in progress a second Miguelite army under General Póvoas had approached the Douro from the
south and taken possession of Vila Nova de Gaia directly across the river from Oporto. This caused panic among the
population, which the governor Mascarenhas could do nothing to prevent, and was increased by a false report that Dom
Pedro's treasure and baggage was being loaded on a ship, showing he was abandoning the city. Also the night after the
army's return the sleeping quarters of one of the regiments was destroyed by fire, blamed on arson by Capuchin monks.
Dom Pedro's hope that a military victory would suffice to rally Portugal to his cause was now proved illusory, and it
was decided to fortify Oporto, which was soon under siege from both sides of the river. Several of Dom Pedro's officers
and ministers now began to intrigue for the removal of Vila Flor, and he therefore tendered his resignation; but Dom
Pedro refused to accept it, confirmed him as general in chief, and at his request dismissed instead his chief of staff and
his quartermaster-general, who were replaced in both roles by Brigadier Valdez as Adjutant-General. Moscarehnos was
replaced as Governor of Oporto by Bernardo de Sá Nogueira.
Notes
1. ^ Bollaert, p.36
2. ^ Bollaert, p.36
3. ^ Bollaert, p.36
4. ^ Bollaert, p.36
Principal source for this entry is Admiral Charles Napier's narrative of the battle, its antecedents and aftermath in his An
Account of the War in Portugal between Don Pedro and Don Miguel (London: T & W Boone, 1836), pp. 36–52. Much
of this passage is marked as reproducing "Hodges' Narrative".
References William Bollaert, The Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain, from 1826 to 1840 (2010) ISBN
9781445554907

Cerco do Porto
Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Data Julho de 1832 a Agosto de 1833
Local cidade do Porto
Resultado Vitória dos liberais
D. Miguel, Absolutistas D. Pedro, Liberais
General Póvoa Visconde de Santa Marta Almirante Sartorius Carlos Napier General
General Gaspar Teixeira Marechal de Bourmont Saldanha General Torres
60.000 12.000
Guerra Civil Portuguesa
Cabo de S. Vicente – Praia da Vitória – Porto – Pernes – Asseiceira – Almoster
Dá-se o nome de Cerco do Porto ao período, que durou mais de um ano — de Julho de 1832 a Agosto de 1833 —, no
qual as tropas liberais de D. Pedro estiveram sitiadas pelas forças realistas fiéis a D. Miguel. A essa heróica resistência
da cidade do Porto e das tropas de D. Pedro se deveu a vitória da causa liberal em Portugal. Entre outros, combateram
no Cerco do Porto do lado dos liberais Almeida Garrett, Alexandre Herculano e Joaquim António de Aguiar.
Ocupação do Porto e primeiros recontros Entrando no Porto no dia imediato ao do desembarque do Mindelo, a 9 de
Julho de 1832, o exército libertador encontrou a cidade abandonada pelas tropas realistas, cujos chefes, ignorantes do
número exacto das forças liberais, tinham resolvido retirar. O general Manuel Gregório de Sousa Pereira de Sampaio,
1.º visconde de Santa Marta, comandante supremo da divisão realista que operava entre a Figueira da Foz e Vila do
Conde, resolveu estabelecer-se em Vila Nova de Gaia, ordenando que, no mesmo dia da entrada dos liberais na cidade,
se fizesse fogo contra os ocupantes, pelo que logo no dia 10 o almirante liberal inglês Rose George Sartorius mandou os
seus barcos entrar a barra do Rio Douro e ripostar ao fogo realista, ao mesmo tempo que, protegida pela esquadra, a
divisão do tenente-coronel João Schwalbach atravessou o rio e ocupou a Serra do Pilar, em Gaia, obrigando os realistas
a retirar em debandada até Oliveira de Azeméis. Entretanto João Schwalbach avançou com as suas forças até ao Alto da
Bandeira e postou guardas avançadas nos Carvalhos, ficando os dois exércitos em observação, sem qualquer deles ousar
uma acção de envergadura. No dia 18 de Julho deu-se o primeiro ataque violento dos realistas, sem êxito, e cinco dias
depois travou-se o combate de Penafiel, até onde havia seguido uma coluna liberal, que desbaratou os realistas e
regressou ao Porto, depois de ter praticado numerosas brutalidades, reforçando o mau conceito em que os tinham as
populações, criado pelo clero das aldeias.
Forças sitiadas Do lado absolutista, dá-se a junção das forças do general Álvaro Xavier Coutinho e Póvoas com as do
visconde de Santa Marta, dispondo depois os dois generais os seus exércitos de forma a rodear a cidade. D. Pedro
mandou uma coluna atacar Valongo, a qual caiu numa emboscada inimiga junto de Ponte de Ferreira, o que a fez recuar
até Rio Tinto, derrota que alarmou a cidade. Entretanto a Serra do Pilar era fortificada pelo major Sá Nogueira, e D.
Pedro, que via a impossibilidade de ocupar o Norte do País, como inicialmente supusera, procedeu à reorganização do
Exército, criando o Estado-Maior e despachando Pedro de Sousa Holstein, à época marquês de Palmela, para Londres,
com o encargo de obter apoio financeiro à causa e contratar oficiais e soldados. No dia 27 travou-se violento combate
ao sul de Grijó, onde Póvoas desbaratou as forças do conde de Vila Flor, que recuaram em debandada até ao Alto da
Bandeira. Entretanto, as tropas realistas, devido à rivalidade entre os generais Póvoas e Santa Marta, passaram a ser
superiormente comandadas pelo general Gaspar Teixeira, visconde de Peso da Régua, e iniciou-se o cerco à cidade, que
ficou envolvida por uma série de fortes redutos, que começavam na Quinta da China, junto ao Rio Douro, em
Campanhã, terminando nas proximidades da Senhora da Luz, à Foz do Douro, junto ao mar, toda esta linha situada ao
norte do rio. Ao sul começavam as linhas no Cabedelo, em Canidelo, frente à Foz do Douro, e iam acabar à Pedra
Salgada, fronteira ao monte do Seminário, postando nesse espaço quinze baterias.
Primeiras investidas do exército realista No dia 8 de Setembro de 1832 os realistas começaram os seus ataques em
força, assaltando a Serra do Pilar, valorosamente defendida pelos voluntários cognominados os polacos, iniciando-se no
dia seguinte o bombardeamento do Porto, baptismo de fogo da cidade, que muitos outros iria suportar durante o cerco.
No dia 16 os sitiados fizeram a sua primeira surtida, tendo então ocupado o Morro das Antas, na parte alta da cidade, o
que veio dar-lhes ânimo. No entanto, tentando pôr finalmente cobro à insólita situação de um punhado de 7.500 homens
persistir em resistir a um exército organizado de 80 mil, o general realista Gaspar Teixeira começou a preparar um
assalto em força escolhendo o dia 29 de Setembro, em que a Igreja celebra o arcanjo São Miguel, epónimo do rei, para o
fazer, tendo prometido aos seus soldados o saque da cidade. Efectivamente, no dia 29, a coberto dum nevoeiro cerrado,
os sitiantes avançaram pelos lados de Campanhã, chegando a entrar na Rua do Prado, onde foram recebidos pelos
resistentes, travando-se combate tão violento que daí recebeu a rua o nome actual de Rua do Heroísmo. Idênticos
assaltos violentos ocorreram noutros pontos das linhas, durante os quais o exército sitiado praticou actos da maior
bravura, de tal forma que, quando o general realista Gaspar Teixeira reconheceu a impossibilidade de esmagar a cidade
e ordenou a retirada, se encontrou com mais de 4 mil baixas, a que corresponderam escassas 650 por parte dos sitiados.
Esta derrota realista desmoralizou os sitiantes e o seu general, pelo que este resolveu pedir ao rei que viesse, com a sua
presença, levantar o moral caído das suas tropas. D. Miguel partiu, portanto, para o Norte, fazendo-se acompanhar de
um célebre e imponente canhão baptizado com o nome de «mata-malhados» e em que todos punham grandes
esperanças. Antes do rei chegar, deram os sitiantes novos e furiosos assaltos à Serra do Pilar, nos dias 13 e 14 de
Outubro, sendo, como até então, repelidos pelo heróico general Torres. No dia 1 de Novembro estabeleceu D. Miguel o
seu quartel-general em Braga, a cidade fiel, onde foi recebido apoteoticamente, fazendo imediatamente substituir
Gaspar Teixeira no comando pelo visconde de Santa Marta, que procurou apertar o cerco.
As duras condições do cerco No Porto declararam-se dois novos e inesperados inimigos, que iam dizimando os
sitiados que as bombas poupavam: a cólera e o tifo. Na cidade começava a faltar tudo, o que colocava os sitiados ante a
perspectiva de uma rendição pela fome. Por isso tentaram, ao longo do mês de Novembro, várias surtidas, todas sem
grande efeito. No dia 11, os realistas submeteram a cidade a um bombardeamento ininterrupto, que se prolongou até ao
cair da noite do dia 12, aniversário de D. Pedro. No entanto, estes ferozes bombardeamentos da cidade, em vez de
desmoralizar, contribuíram para solidificar nos portuenses a sua identificação com os liberais e a sua determinação em
resistir. No entanto, a penúria do Tesouro levou a dificuldades no pagamento às tropas mercenárias. O que, entre outros
casos lamentáveis, levou à saída do almirante Sartorius com os navios da esquadra e aos distúrbios constantes dos
mercenários ingleses que reclamavam os soldos atrasados. A 28 de Janeiro de 1833 chega ao Porto o general Saldanha,
acompanhado de um grupo de liberais extremistas, o que vinha aumentar a dissidência no campo liberal. Para atenuar as
desinteligências políticas dentro do burgo, D. Pedro e o seu governo resolveram promover Saldanha a marechal,
entregando-lhe o comando da 2.ª divisão. Em começos de Fevereiro de 1833 toma o comando dos realistas o conde de
S. Lourenço, continuando os ataques e os bombardeamentos à cidade. Tinham-se ali abatido todas as árvores para
substituir a lenha que faltava. A situação era tão desesperada que se chegou a pensar seriamente em capitular, ao que
Saldanha se opôs tenazmente. No dia 9 de Abril os sitiados, num golpe audacioso e depois de violento combate,
apoderaram-se do reduto do Covelo, o que desmoralizou os sitiantes, que começaram a desertar em quantidade.
A vitória final e o levantamento do cerco Entretanto, no dia 1 de Junho de 1833, Palmela, que em Londres procurara
por todos os meios salvar a causa liberal e conseguir dinheiro, com o qual comprara mais navios e contratara
voluntários, à cabeça dos quais o capitão da marinha de guerra Carlos Napier, que substituiu o insubmisso Sartorius,
entretanto exonerado, sendo Saldanha elevado a chefe do Estado-Maior. A conselho de Napier, deu-se corpo a um plano
já antigo de ataque de surpresa por mar contra Lisboa, que depois se substituiu pelo desembarque no Algarve, que iria
dar a triunfo à causa. Após a partida da esquadra, o exército realista, na crença de que a saída daquelas forças
enfraquecesse a defesa da cidade, deu um vigoroso assalto a 5 de Julho, repelido com numerosas baixas, tendo
Saldanha, em virtude deste triunfo, sido promovido a tenente-general. Entretanto, D. Miguel contratou o célebre
marechal de Bourmont para comandante supremo, tendo este ordenado outro ataque à cidade no dia 25, o mais violento
de todo o cerco. Foi nesse dia que Saldanha, à frente de 20 lanceiros apenas, comandou uma carga que o veio a tornar
famoso. Vendo o seu exército batido, D. Miguel, que seguia o combate do alto do Monte de S. Gens na Senhora da
Hora, atirou ao chão o óculo que empunhava, irritado com a derrota, quando contava com uma vitória estrondosa. No
dia imediato, D. Pedro partiu para Lisboa, ocupada já pelas tropas do duque da Terceira, com os navios de Napier
ancorados no Tejo, fincando a defesa do Porto entregue a Saldanha. No dia 9 de Agosto, D. Miguel e o seu Estado-
Maior retiraram para o Sul, ao encontro das forças do duque, ficando a comandar o exército sitiante do lado de Gaia o
francês conde de Almer, que, após a brilhante vitória de Saldanha no dia 18 de Agosto, obrigando os sitiantes a levantar
o cerco pelo norte e leste da cidade, resolveu também retirar, não sem antes mandar incendiar os armazéns de vinhos do
Porto em Gaia, em que se perderam 17.374 pipas de vinho e 533 pipas de aguardente. O prejuízo foi, na época, avaliado
em mais de 2.500 contos de réis. Saldanha regressou ao Porto em triunfo no dia 20 de Agosto de 1833, após a vitória
final. A cidade estava finalmente livre!
Bibliografia
• DÓRIA, António Álvaro. Movimentos Políticos do Porto no Século XIX
• MARTELO, David (2001). Cerco do Porto 1832-33 – A Cidade Invicta. Lisboa
• MARTINS, Oliveira (1881) Portugal Contemporâneo. Lisboa
• NAPIER, Almirante Carlos. Guerra da Sucessão em Portugal. 2 vols.
• OWEN, Hugh (1915). O Cerco do Porto contado por uma Testemunha - O Coronel Owen. Porto.
• SORIANO, Simão José da Luz (1889). História do Cerco do Porto. Lisboa

Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Date 5 July 1833

Location Near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal
Result Loyalist victory

Loyalists Miguelites
Charles Napier for Dom Pedro Admiral Manuel António Marreiros for Dom Miguel
10 ships:
6 ships:
3 ships of the line
3 frigates
1 frigate
1 corvette
1 xebec
1 brig
3 corvettes
1 schooner
2 brigs
between 200 and 300 killed or wounded
about 100 killed or wounded
6 ships captured
The fourth Battle of Cape St Vincent was fought on 5 July 1833 and was a decisive encounter in Portugal's Liberal
Wars. A naval squadron commanded by the British officer Charles Napier, on behalf of Dom Pedro IV, regent for the
rightful Queen Maria II, defeated the navy of the usurper Dom Miguel.
Background
While serving in the Azores, Napier had come to know members of the exiled Portuguese liberals, who had offered him
command of the small fleet serving Dom Pedro, which largely consisted of a few old men-o'-war and some East
Indiamen purchased from the British. In February 1833 Napier accepted their proposals, in succession to another British
officer, Captain George Rose Sartorius, who was already serving as Admiral of Pedro's navy. Using the name 'Carlos de
Ponza' in a transparent attempt to disguise his identity as a British officer to escape penalties under the Foreign
Enlistment Act, in June 1833 Napier joined his new command in the Douro River off Oporto. ('Carlos de Ponza' =
Charles of Ponza; one of Napier's most daring feats in the Napoleonic War had been the capture of the island of Ponza
in the Mediterranean in 1813). Dom Pedro, currently being besieged in Oporto by the forces of Dom Miguel, bestowed
on Napier his commission as Vice Admiral, Major General of the Portuguese Navy and Commander in Chief of the
fleet. An eccentric but indomitable character, Napier restored the situation in the fleet, which had been close to mutiny
because of lack of pay, and proposed a new strategy to break the siege. Flying his flag in the frigate Rainha de Portugal
46, commanded by Captain F.G. MacDonough and with his stepson Charles Elers Napier as Chief of Staff, on 20 June
he sailed from Oporto with his small fleet, transporting the Duke of Terceira and half the constitutional army to the
Algarve so that they could open a second front in the south of the country and march on Lisbon. After successfully
disembarking this force, on the return voyage he encountered the considerably superior fleet of Dom Miguel off Cape St
Vincent on 3 July 1833, and after two days of maneuvering in calm and very light winds he brought them to action.
The battle
Napier’s command was essentially a mere squadron of six ships: three frigates, a corvette, a brig and a schooner,
mounting a total of 176 guns. (He had some small steamers under his command which he hoped to use as tugs, but they
abandoned him while the two forces were becalmed on the 4th of July: thus the subsequent battle was perhaps the last
engagement of consequence between two fleets of sailing warships.) On 5 July the wind eventually got up and at 4.00
p.m. he attacked the Miguelite force of 3 ships of the line, a frigate, a xebec, 3 corvettes and 2 brigs, mounting
altogether 372 guns. Knowing he could not long sustain a cannonade from such a superior opponent, Napier closed
against enemy fire and boarded, so that the battle was decided in hand-to-hand fighting. In the event the Liberal forces
captured all three ships of the line, a frigate and a corvette, whose crews agreed to fight from now on for Maria II;
another ship came over the next day; the remnant of the Miguelite force fled to Lisbon or Madeira. Napier’s losses were
about 30 killed (including the captain of Rainha de Portugal and two other captains) and about 60 wounded (including
Charles Elers Napier), as against somewhere between 200 and 300 of the enemy, including the Miguelite commander,
Admiral Manuel António Marreiros. On 6 July, receiving news of the victory, Dom Pedro named Napier as Viscount
Cape St Vincent in the peerage of Portugal. Immediately afterwards his fleet was ravaged by cholera (which was raging
on mainland Portugal), with appalling loss of life, but he was able to bring it safe into Lisbon, which the Miguelistas
had precipitately abandoned after being defeated by Terceira’s army advancing from the south at the Battle of Almada.
Napier visited Rear-Admiral Sir William Parker of the British navy who was in the vicinity of the Tagus, and was
received according to his Portuguese rank as an Admiral. Though he was subsequently struck off the Navy List at the
insistence of the French, he was restored to his rank in the Royal Navy within two years and the Battle, largely won by
British officers and crews fighting for Maria II, was viewed in England as bringing honour to the British navy. The sea
victory, making possible the capture of Lisbon from the Miguelites, was the single most important event contributing to
Miguel's eventual defeat and overthrow in 1834.
Ships involved
Loyalist fleet (Charles Napier)
Rainha de Portugal 46 (flag, commodore Wilkinson, captain MacDonough)
Dona Maria 42 (Peake)
Dom Pedro 50 (Thomas Goble)
Vila Flor 18 (Ruxton)
Portuense 20 (Blackstone)
Faro 6
a few steam tugs and transports
Miguelite fleet (Manuel António Marreiros)
Nau Rainha 74 (Barradas) - Captured by Rainha de Portugal
Dom João 74 - Captured
Martinho de Freitas 50 - Captured
Duquesa da Bragança 56 - Captured by Donna Maria
Isabel Maria 22 (corvette) - Captured
Princesa Real 24 (corvette)
Tejo 20 (corvette)
Sybille 20 (corvette)
Audaz 18 (brig)
Activa (xebec)
several other brigs
Sources
Main source for this entry is Napier's own narrative of the battle in his An Account of the War in Portugal between Dom
Pedro and Dom Miguel (London, 1836
 "A Batalha de Ponte Ferreira"
Ter, Ago 31, 2010
Chegou ao fim mais uma edição do espectáculo “A Batalha da Ponte Ferreira”. Promovida pelo ENTREtanto Teatro e
pela Câmara Municipal de Valongo, a recriação in loco da luta entre ”miguelistas” e “liberais” voltou a ser um enorme
sucesso. Ao longo dos quatros dias de apresentação passaram pelo Largo da Ponte Ferreira centenas de pessoas que se
deliciaram com o espectáculo proporcionado por cerca de 60 actores, na sua grande maioria amadores. Utilizando o
cenário natural onde em 1832 as tropas de D. Miguel e D. Pedro se defrontaram em plena Guerra Civil, Júnior Sampaio,
director artístico do ENTREtanto Teatro, montou um espectáculo fabuloso em que dá a conhecer um dos mais
importantes momentos da história do país.
 Sábado, Julho 14, 2007

A festa de S. João e a batalha de Ponte Ferreira

Através do blogue Sobrado em Linha tive conhecimento da série de três trabalhos publicados pela Voz de
Ermesinde, acerca dos acontecimentos ocorridos nas terras que hoje integram o município de Valongo, aquando das
lutas entre liberais e miguelistas, em plena guerra civil (1832-1834). E dei-me conta de um facto relevante que se
expressa num número redondo: faz dentro de dias 175 anos que se deu a batalha de Ponte Ferreira, situada em S.
Martinho de Campo, mas muito perto do extremo sul de Sobrado. Pelo referido estudo, ficamos a saber que a freguesia
sobradense foi, por assim dizer, acampamento das tropas de D. Miguel. E isso faz vir à lembrança uma lenda sobre
esses tempos, de que alguns mais velhos de Sobrado ainda se lembrarão. Dizia-se, para provar como a festa de S.João é
tão antiga e está tão entranhada na população local, que, tendo a batalha de Ponte Ferreira coincidido com o dia da festa,
se ouviam no Passal os tiros dos canhões combatentes e que havia mesmo habitantes obrigados a abastecer em carros de
bois as tropas de D. Miguel. Mas nem por isso a festa deixou de se fazer como nos demais anos. Ora, se são certos os
dados constantes da comunicação referida, essa lenda assenta em factos não verdadeiros. E isto porque a batalha de
Ponte Ferreira não ocorreu em Junho, mas em Julho de 1832. Podia-se dizer que, sendo uma data próxima, seria
provável que por alturas do S. João desse ano já houvesse hostilidades. Mas isso é pouco provável, já que o
desembarque dos liberais em Pampelido só se verificou a 9 de Julho daquele ano. Mas alguma relação haverá, para que
o acontecimento tenha perdurado em associação com a memória desta festa.
 Tabs on the sleeve Lining and
Regiment Collar Cuffs
cuffs * Piping
Red Dark Blue (azul
1 Red (Encarnado) White
(Encarnado) ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
2 Crimson Crimson White
ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
3 White White White
ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
4 Sky Blue Sky Blue White
ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
5 Orange Orange White
ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
6 Yellow Yellow White
ferrete)
Red Dark Blue (azul
7 Red (Encarnado) White
(Encarnado) ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
8 Crimson Crimson White
ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
9 White White White
ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
10 Sky Blue Sky Blue White
ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
11 Orange Orange White
ferrete)
Dark Blue (azul
12 Yellow Yellow White
ferrete)
Tabs on the sleeve Lining and
Light Infantry Regiment Collar Cuffs
cuffs * Piping
Red
1 Black Red (Encarnado) Black
(Encarnado)
2 Black Red (Encarnado) Black Black
3 Black Black Black Black
4 Sky Blue Black Sky Blue Black
Tabs on the sleeve Lining and
Lancer Regiment Collar Cuff
cuffs * Piping
Red Red
1 Red (Encarnado) N/A
(Encarnado) (Encarnado)
2 Crimson Crimson N/A Crimson
Light Cavalry (Caçadores a Tabs on the sleeve Lining and
Collar Cuff
Cavalo) Regiment cuffs * Piping
3 White White N/A White
4 Sky Blue Sky Blue N/A Sky Blue
5 Orange Orange N/A Orange
6 Yellow Yellow N/A Yellow
http://balagan.org.uk/war/liberal-wars/painting_guide.htm