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EIGHTH
SEMIANNUAL
REPORT
To
CONGRESS
-_ _; _, THROUGH DEC_MBE_I_ 196,
I
i(_
_vO_ NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. _ _
For Imle by tho Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Wudl_, D.C., _ - _ $1.25
Tm_ WHn'B HousE, Devembev 5, 1965.
III
OCTOBER 25, 196_.
The PRESIDENT,
The White House.
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT : The Eighth Semiannual Report of the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration--July 1 through December 31, 1962--is sub-
mitted for transmittal to the Congress in accordance with Section 206(a) of the
National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958.
The report is in two parts. The first summarizes progress in NASA programs.
The second discusses NASA activities in detail.
This report covers the period during which the fruits of the accelerated pro-
gram President Kennedy recommended and you so consistently supported, and
which was approved by the Congress in 1961, became evident. It was the period
during which the fundamental decisions and plans were made, and the driving
effort undertaken, to move the national space program to our present position
of accomplishment and strength. Given a sustained effort, this will place
preeminence in space within the nation's grasp. Moreover, the progress already
made has enabled us to negotiate space matters with the Soviet Union from a
position of strength.
The following elements stand out during the period :
a. NASA moved rapidly to develop the basic structure for future space
power. This included substantial progress on the mighty Saturn boosters
required for the manned lunar mission and for other national needs. Prior
to the first attempt to explore the moon, these boosters and the Gemini and
Apollo spacecraft for which they are intended, will have given U.S. astro-
nauts about 2,000 hours of experience in orbit about the earth--operational
experience of incalculable value for civilian space missions as well as those
which may be required for our national defense. Meanwhile, NASA initiated
work on the extensive ground facilities to fabricate, assemble, test, launch,
and control launch vehicles and spacecraft, which will serve the Nation's
needs for generations to come.
b. The space agency worked out the details of the manned lunar program
as to the method of reaching the moon. In addition, the hard study of this
program validated the assumption that the major elements of the manned
lunar landing are required as the base for the Nation's entire space effort.
c. NASA expanded its scientific program during the report period with a
variety of experiments, the most notable of which--and typical of those to
come---was the invaluable Mariner II "flyby" of Venus, discussed later.
d. Through a contract with the Denver Research Institute, University of
Denver, preliminary findings of which were available during the report
period, NASA has validated the fact that "spinoff" from aeronautics and
space technology to nonspace industry is "broader and more complex" than
is generally realized. This survey of 3,507 commercial firms has revealed
that the total contribution of aeronautics and space technology to the
economy "is probably more significant th_n is frequently envisioned."
Among major decisions taken during the report period was that of Lunar
Orbital Rendezvous. After exhaustive analysis, NASA determined that LOR
Iv
ADMINISTRATOR'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL V
offers the quickest, safest, and least expensive method of reaching the moon with
astronauts.
By the end of the period, NASA had let or was negotiating the major contracts
for the boosters and spacecraft that will serve in Projects Gemini and Apollo,
the second and third phases of the United States manned space flight program.
Moreover. the agency was vigorously building, on the ground, a great complex of
spaceyards, spaceports, and other facilities needed to fabricate, test, and launch
the large rocket vehicles that will be going into service over the next few years.
These facilities are certain to have lasting value, beyond the space program as it
is now conceived. They will constitute a permanent, multipurpose foundation
for whatever new missions may be required in the National interest as the effort
to master space exploration and utilization evolves.
Late in the period, NASA conducted from Cape Canaveral a third--and prac-
tically perfect--flight-test of the Saturn C-1 first stage. Developing 1.3 million
pounds of thrust, the C-1 will, later in 1963, boost into space a payload equal to
seven Project Mercury capsules. Work progressed on the upper stages of this
giant launch vehicle and on the Saturn C-5 which will be able to orbit 100 tons
around the earth. The Saturn C-5, scheduled to be used for the manned expedi-
tion to the moon, will be able to send a 45-ton payload into lunar orbit. Work
also went forward on the Centaur rocket, with its liquid-hydrogen upper stage,
and on other large or specialized propulsion systems.
In mid-December occurred the climax of the flight of NASA's Mariner II
to the near-vicinity of Venus, when the deep-space probe came within 22,000 miles
of the cloud-wrapped surface of our sister planet after a 109-day voyage of 182
million miles. The Mariner II electronic scanning of Venus, lasting some 40
minutes, revealed that the planet, apparently revolving only about once in a
year, is 800 ° F. hot at the surface, possesses no detectable magnetic field, and
has a den_ atmosphere extending much higher above the surface than does our
own terrestrial atmosphere. The atmosphere of Venus is largely of hydro-
carbons similar to the make-up of smog in industrial areas but much thicker.
These facts seem to remove any hope that some form of life, similar to that
on earth, might exist on Venus.
In short, Mariner II information has settled several uncertainties about Venus
which scientists have been unable to resolve in hundreds of years of earth-based
telescopic examination. Leaders of the world scientific community have termed
the Mariner II flight "the outstanding scientific achievement" of the Space Age
to date.
Progress was also made during the period in feeding back innovations arising
from the space program to the Nation's industrial community. NASA's Office of
Technology Utilization initiated a program of gathering information on new
knowledge resulting from space-oriented research and development, and dis-
seminating the information to industry for the benefit of the civilian economy.
This is being done so that industry can translate such innovations into new
products, processes, techniques, devices and materials for the improvement of
the Nation's economic life. Several nonprofit research institutes, one commer-
cial research organization, and one university are participating in the evalua-
tion and cataloguing of such innovations.
The foregoing are but a few of the accomplishments which the Eighth NASA
Semiannual Report sets forth. Taken together, they clearly demonstrate that
the agency is carrying out the spirit and the letter of the Aeronautics and Space
Act of 1958. The Act charged NASA--in cooperation with the Department of
Defense and other Federal organizations--with such responsibilities as the ex-
VI ADMINISTRATOR'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
ploration of space within and beyond the atmosphere for "the expansion of
human knowledge," "the preservation of the role of the United States as a leader
in aeronautical and space science and technology," with "making available to
agencies directly concerned with National defense discoveries that have military
value and significance," and with cooperation with other nations in peaceful
space programs "for the benefit of all mankind."
Since the close of the period, many significant events have taken place in the
National Space Program while NASA activities in general have broadened in
scope and accelerated. The forthcoming Ninth NASA Semiannual Report will
give accounts of such 1963 milestones as the 22-orbit flight of Astronaut Leroy
Gordon Cooper which successfully terminated Project Mercury, first stage in
the Nation's drive to achieve manned space flight, and the orbiting of an ad-
vanced Tiros, seventh in a series of satellite hurricane hunters whose hundreds
of thousands of televised cloud-pattern photos have brought the day of accurate,
long-range, weather prediction over the entire globe closer to a routine service.
The United States has come from a position well behind that of the Soviet
Union and has made up much lost, or neglected, ground. We have made signifi-
cant progress in the scientific and practical areas of space, and I am certain that
we wlli move on to clear preeminence in manned and unmanned space flight
before the decade is out.
Americans can take pride and confidence from what has been achieved in the
5 years since the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
•The record of 1963 will strengthen our National purpose and our will to lead the
way to fulfillment of the promises inherent in space, the new limitless dimension
which human ingenuity has opened to mankind.
Respectfully yours,
JAMES E. WERS, Administrator.
Contents
_age
0@@00
Page
CHAPTER 2---MANNED SPACE FLIGHT ......................... 47
Manned Spacecraft Development ....................... 47
Project Mercury .................................. 47
The One-Day Mission ............................. 48
Project Gemini ................................... 49
Project Apollo ................................... 53
Flight Mission Planning ....................... 53
Command Module and Service Module Develop-
ment ...................................... 55
Guidance and Navigation System for the Lunar
Mission ................................... 58
Lunar Excursion Module ...................... 59
Astronaut Selection and Training ................... 59
Manned Space Flight Support .......................... 59
Integration and Checkout ......................... 59
Systems Studies and Systems Engineering ........... 60
Space Medicine .................................. 60
CHAPTER 3--SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE .......... 63
Studies in Geophysics and Astronomy ................... 63
Explorer XIV .................................... 65
Explorer XV ..................................... 66
Explorer XVI .................................... 66
Sounding Rockets ............ _................... 68
Project High Water ............................... 68
Lunar and Planetary Programs ......................... 69
Ranger .......................................... 69
Surveyor Lander ................................. 69
Surveyor Orbiter ................................. 69
Pioneer and Mariner .............................. 70
Voyager ......................................... 72
Bioscience Programs .................................. 72
Ultraviolet Radiation and Infrared Studies .......... 73
Upper Atmosphere Microbes ....................... 73
Investigations of Extraterrestrial Life ............... 73
Space Environmental Biology ...................... 75
Effects of Magnetic Fields .................... 75
Water for Planetary Life Forms ................ 76
Manmade Atmospheres for Spacecraft .......... 76
Bioengineering for Space Exploration ............... 76
Synthetic Diets .............................. 77
Advanced Instrumentation .................... 77
Behavioral Biology ............................... 77
CHAPTER 4--APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS ........................ 79
Meteorological Systems ............................... 79
TIROS ......................................... 79
Nimbus ......................................... 81
Advanced Satellite Studies ......................... 81
Sounding Rockets ................................ 83
Large Meteorological Sounding Rockets ......... 83
Small Meteorological Sounding Rockets ......... 83
CONTENTS IX
Industrial Applications................................ 89
Future Applications Satellites .......................... 89
Navigation ...................................... 89
Data Collection by Satellites ....................... 90
CHAPTER 5---ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ..... 91
Space Power Technology .............................. 91
Solar Ceils ....................................... 91
Thermionic Power Converters ...................... 92
Multikilowatt Solar Power System .................. 92
Batteries for Space Applications .................... 93
Advanced Fuel Cells_ __ ........................... 93
Internal Reciprocating Engine ..................... 93
Complete Power Systems .......................... 93
Space Vehicle Systems ................................ 94
Enwlronmental Effects ............................ 94
High-Energy Radiation Effects and Shielding .... 94
The Meteoroid Hazard ........................ 95
Fluid Behavior Under Zero Gravity ............. 95
High-Vacuum Technology ..................... 96
Thermal Radiation and Temperature Control .... 96
Effects of the Space Environment on Spacecraft
Engines ................................... 97
Aerothermodynamics and Related Problems ......... 97
Heat Load Experienced by a Reentry Body ...... 97
Stability of Spacecraft Entering Planetary Atmos-
pheres ..................................... 98
Horizontal-Landing Spacecraft ................. 99
Space Vehicle Advanced Concepts .................. 100
Spacecraft Electronics and Control ..................... 101
Communications and Tracking ..................... 101
Studies of Spacecraft Attitude Control .............. 102
Interplanetary Trajectory Studies .................. 102
Instrumentation .................................. 103
Data Processing .................................. 103
Aeronautical Research ................................ 104
Aircraft Aerodynamics ............................ 104
Aircraft Structures ............. : .................. 104
Supersonic Commercial Air Transport ............... 105
Hypersonic Vehicles .............................. 106
X-15 Research Airplane Program ................... 107
V/STOL Aircraft ................................. 107
Biotechnology and Human Research .................... 108
X
APPENDIXES
A--Memberships of Congressional Committees on Aeronautics and
Space .................................................... 171
B--Membership of the National Aeronautics and Space Council ...... 172
C---Membership of the NASA-DOD Aeronautics and Astronautics
Coordinating Board and Vice Chairmen of Panels to Board ..... 173
D--Membership of NASA's Inventions and Contributions Board ...... 175
E--_Membership of NASA's Space Sciences Steering Committee and
Subcommittees ............................................ 176
F--Membership of NASA's Industrial Applications Advisory Com-
mittee .................................................... 180
Cr--Patentable Inventions of NASA Employees Recognized by the
Agency's Inventions and Contributions Board ................. 181
H--Major NASA Contractors ..................................... 182
I--Research Grants and Contracts Initiated From July I Through
December 31, 1962 ......................................... 183
ILLUSTRATIONS
Apollo launch vehicles .............................................. 19
Test launch of Saturn I (Block I) November 16,. 1962 .................. 21
Assembly of S-I stage of fifth Saturn I ............................... 22
Delivery of S-IV stage by barge ..................................... 23
Artist's conception of Saturn V ...................................... 25
Cutaway of SIC stage of Saturn V .................................. 26
Cutaway of S-II stage .............................................. 27
Cutaway of the S-IVB stage ........................................ 28
Artist's conception of hydrostatic test facility, Marshal/ Space Flight
Center ......................................................... 28
Saturn V first stage test facility at Marshall Space Flight Center ........ 29
Artist's conception of Michoud (Louisiana) plant ..................... 30
Artist's conception of bulkhead fabrication facility, Seal Beach, Calif ..... 31
S-II static text facility, Santa Susana, Callf .......................... 32
CONTENTS XIII
Page
RL--10
A-3engine
................................................. 33
H-1 engine ....................................................... 35
F-1 engine ........................................................ 35
J-2 engine ........................... _"............................ 37
M-1 engine ....................................................... 38
Scout launch vehicle ............................................... 40
Delta launch vehicle ............................................... 42
Atias-Agena launch of Mariner II ................................... 43
Atlas-Centaur ..................................................... 45
Astronaut Schirra being assisted into Sigma 7_ ........................ 48
Gemini spacecraft ................................................. 52
Titan II, Gemini launch vehicle ..................................... 52
Apollo spacecraft showing three modules ............................. 53
Sequence of events for the lunar mission .............................. 54
Flotation testing of a command module .............................. 56
Command module undergoing land impact tests ....................... 56
Detailed mockup of command module ................. =.............. 57
Little Joe II launch vehicle ......................................... 58
Canadian-built geophysical satellite Alouette .......................... 63
Alouette measures electron density 200 miles above the earth ........... 64
Artist's sketch of Explorer XI_ r..................................... 65
Checking out solar cells of Explorer XV_ ............................. 67
Orbiting Explorer XV penetrates manmade radiation belt .............. 68
Model of Surveyor Lander .......................................... 70
Mariner II Venus fly-by ............................................ 71
Infrared spectrophotometer ......................................... 72
Telescope combined with infrared spectrophotometer ................... 74
Stratosphere air sampler ............................................ 75
Advanced model of radioisotope biochemical probe ..................... 76
TIROS VI meteorological satellite ................................... 80
Environmental tests of major subsystems of Nimbus model ............. 82
Telstar I communications satellite ................................... 85
Relay communications satellite ...................................... 86
Syncom synchronous communications satellite ......................... 87
Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif .............................. 99
Twin gyro control system, Ames Research Center ..................... 102
Supersonic transport model ......................................... 106
Model of a VTOL aircraft, Langley Research Center ................... 108
Biotechnology and human research program .......................... 109
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif ........................... 113
Advanced systems--energy conversion concepts ....................... 118
Electric thrust chamber program .................................... 119
Three-kw. ion engine module ......................................... 121
Organization of nuclear activities .................................... 123
Major steps in nuclear rocket program ............................... 124
NERVA mockup_ ................................................. 125
KIWI-B-IB reactor ............................................... 126
KIWI-B4-A reactor ............................................... 127
RIFT stage ....................................................... 128
Typical FPS-16 antenna for manned space flight stations ............... 132
XIV CONTENTS
Page
Telemetry ship Rose Knot ........................................... 133
Deep Space Network Station, Woomera, Australia ..................... 134
Canadian scientists study Alouette S-27 model ........................ 143
Official inspects a Japanese experiment prior to launch ................. 145
Spacemobile audience .............................................. 150
Spacemobile demonstration ......................................... 151
Exhibit at Seattle World's Fair ...................................... 155
Organization chart, November 23, 1962 ........................ (faces p. 162)
TABLES
A Summary
SUMMARY
NASA continued its efforts to maintain leadership in overall space
research and to accomplish the space missions recommended by the
President and approved by the Nation through the Congress. These
efforts were sucr_essful in numerous areas of space activity, as evi-
denced by the following specific accomplishments:
Saturn I (live first stage, dummy second stage) launch vehicle
successfully tested for the third time November 16;
Mercury-Atlas VIII, manned six-orbit Project Mercury flight
of Astronaut Walter Sehirra, was successfully completed
October 3;
Marine_ II was launched Au_a_ 2,7 toward the planet Venus
and completed a fly-by of the planet on December 14;
Alouette_ the Canadian-built satellite_ was launched on Septem-
ber 28;
Explorers XIV_ XV_ and XVI were launched on October 2_
October 27, and December 16_ respectively;
Telsta,_, th_ communications satellite designed and financed by
A.T. & T, was successfully launched July 10;
TIROS VI, a meteorological satellite, was launched on
September 18;
Relay_ a NASA communications satellite_ was launched on
December 13.
The following sections present a concise review of NASA_s accom-
plishments between July i and December 31_ 1962.
u. z*l_rHLer ±I, the parually successful launch of Ranger 5, and the un-
successful attempt to launch Mariner I. The Thor-Agena vehicle was
used for the successful launch of the Canadian-built Alouette. Build-
ing on experience with the Agena, the Air Force and NASA agreed
on the development of an advanced version, the Agena D.
Centaur, planned for use with the Atlas booster, failed in its first
development launching. Even so, investigation indicated that it could
be developed with additional contractor and NASA effort; con-
sequently, project management was shifted to the Lewis Research
Center, which was already experienced in liquid hydrogen work. Ad-
ditional ground tests were incorporated into the development program.
The Atlas-Centaur is expected to launch test Surveyors in 1964 and
soft-landing Surveyors to the moon by 1965.
Titan II was being modified under Air Force direction for the
Gemini project. The changes are expected to increase reliability and
astronaut safety.
6 NASA EIGHT_ SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
APPLICATIONS PROGRAM
To provide tracking and data acquisition support for its space re-
search, NASA maintains the Manned Space Flight Network, the
Deep Space Network, and the Satellite Network.
The Manned Space Flight Network--14 land-based stations,
ships, and a central data processing center--supported the 6-orbit
flight of Astronaut Schirra during the entire flight. Ships in the
recovery area provided additional telemetry, radar, and spacecraft
communications during reenCry.
To augment the network for Project Gemini, "NASA made plans
to add pulse code modulation (PCM) telemetry systems at 10 selected
sites. Also, it proceeded with plans to install television cameras on
board the spacecraft so that pictures can be transmitted to receivers at
Cape Canaveral, Fla. ; Corpus Christi, Tex. ; Grand Canary Island,
and the telemetry and communications ship in the Pacific.
The Deep Space Network three permanent and two mobile sta-
tions--supported the Mariner II and Ranger V missions. During the
Mariner flight to the vicinity of Venus, the network provided 24-hour,
7-day-a-week coverage. For Ranger V, the network obtained infor-
mation on spacecraft performance during early and post launch pe-
riods, tracked it to the vicinity of the moon, and determined that it
missed the target by 518 miles.
NASA modified the network to meet programed spacecraft require-
ments. These included installing digital instrumentation systems at
the permanent stations, adding L-band frequency synthesizers and
s_Y 13
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
Telstar I, July 10. Launched by Delta ............. AMR... Demtmstrsted the feasibility of using
NASA for A.T. & T. To test a low-altitude active repeater satel-
broadband miczowave commu- lite as a communications device. Ex-
nications in space. Also, to tensively employed for transatlantic
transmit data on radiation TV and radio broadc_te, telephone
effects. calls, and fats/talk demonstrations.
Telemetenui information on radia.
tion effects.
Mariner II, Aug. 27. To fly by Atlas-Age_a B .... On Dec. 14 flew by Venus at a dktanco
Venus to gather data on the AMR.;. of 21,600 miles. Recorded and tra_-
planet and on interplanetary mittod to Earth data on the planet
space. and on solar wind and cosmic dust.
TIROS VI, Sept. 18. To obtain Delta ............. AMR... Transmitted over 1_6,000 meteorologi-
photographic data on earth's cally usable pictures. Observed and
cloud cover. t_ackad 10 hurricanes and 21 ty-
phoon.
See footnote at end of tabl_
16 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Alouette I, Sept. 28. Canadian Thor-Agena B .... PMR_-. Transmitted valuable data on condi-
orbits.
Ranger V, Oct. 18. To hard land Atlas-Agena B .... AMR_.- Midceurse guidance correction not per-
on lunar surface. To obtain formed because of spacecraft power
flectivity data.
Explorer XV, Oct. 27. To study Delta ............. AMR.-. All experiments functioned well.
artificial radiation belt created Data were undergoing analysis.
The Details
CHAPTER 1
POLL NCH
250'
i
SATURN v 200'
i
150*
inn*
706-017 0-63-3 19
20 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Saturn I
The Saturn I, largest rocket ever flown by the free world, is a two-
stage vehicle being developed to place a 22,000-pound payload in low
earth orbit. It will be the first vehicle to boost the manned Apollo
spacecraft into earth orbit. Three totally successful test launches have
demonstrated in actual flight the structural integrity of the vehicle
design, the feasibility of clustering engines and propellant tanks, and
the adequacy of large vehicle control concepts. (A fourth flight_ also
successful, was conducted after the close of reporting period.)
The Saturn I development program is divided into two phases,
represented by two types of vehicles: Block I vehicles which have
live first stages (S-I) with dummy upper stages and Block II vehicles
which will have live first and second stages (S-I and S-IV).
The third consecutive successful test of a Saturn I Block I vehicle
was recorded on November 16, 1962 (fig. 1-2). For this flight the
booster carried a full propellant load of 750,000 pounds. At a maxi-
mum altitude of 104 miles, 95 tons of water in the dummy upper
stage were released in the ionosphere in continuation of the Project
High Water experiment. The test launch had several important flight
objectives, all of which were fully achieved, and the flight was termed
a complete success.
The _-I (First) Stage.--During the fall of 1"962, S-I stages for
the SA-3 and SA-4 flights completed two successful static test firings;
the cluster of eight H-1 engines, comprising the S-I stage, developed
1.3 million pounds of thrust during these tests. In addition_ a special
S-I, Block II test Stage was fired during the above period. This event
marked the first firing of a stage developing 1.5 million pounds of
thrust, which is the full thrust level of the Block II configuration with
eight uprated H-1 engines. This test helped lay the groundwork for
entering into the Block II phase of the program.
The S-I stage for the fourth Saturn flight (SA-4) was being readied
for shipment to the Atlantic Missile Range in early 1963.
Assembly of the S-I stage of the fifth Saturn vehicle_ which will
be the first to carry a live second stage, was completed ; the stage was
being readied for static firing (fig. 1-3).
-
Assembly of the first stage ($1) for the sixth Saturn vehicle
(SA-6) was nearing completion. This will be the first vehicle to
carry Apollo spacecraft boilerplate configuration.
The first S-I stages (SA-8 and SA-10) to be contractor produced
at the Michoud plant in New Orleans, La., were in the subassembly
phase and progressing satisfactorily.
The S-IV (Second) Stage.-The first successful hot firing demon-
stration of the six R L l O engine cluster on the s-IV battleship stage
took place on August 17; the stage produced its full rated thrust of
90,000 pounds for 10 seconds. A full duration hot firing of 7 minutes
occurred on October 4.
Delivery of the fipst flight type S-IV stage (the dynamic test stage)
mas made to NASA during November (fig. 14). This stage will be
used for dynamic tests of the Block I1configuration.
L Y test stage with heavy-weight tankage used for engine flringa, propellant loadlng and
other testa requiring a margin of safety beyond that available with flight-weight tankage.
Tbia stage is primarily used for propulsion system tests.
LAUNCH VEEXICLEB AND PROPULSION 23
Saturn I-B
After selecting the lunar orbit rendezvous mode to achieve the first
manned lunar landing with Apollo, NASA initiated development of
the lunar excursion module for Apollo.
To perform essential rendezvous and reentry tests of the entire
Apollo system (including the lunar excursion module) NASA ini-
tiated development of a modified Saturn vehicle with a payload capa-
bility of 50 percent more than the current Saturn I. This vehicle:
the Saturn I-By is a two-stage vehicle capable of placing the Apollo
spacecraft (command modul% service modul% and lunar excursion
module) in low earth orbit for systems testing and for rendezvous
testing.
The I-B vehicle is comprised of two stages already under develop-
ment in the Saturn I and Saturn V projects: the S-I (first stage)
and the S-IVB (second stage). Necessary modifications will be made
to these stages to meet the particular missions of the I-B.
The Saturn I-B development program calls for four developmen-
tal flight tests (designated as SA-201 through SA-204) beginning
in 1965. Each of the developmental flights will be made with live
first and second stages.
NASA completed design criteria and early preliminary designs
"for the two Saturn I-B stages. Also_ the agency began design and
procurement of long lead tooling for the S-IVB stage and made plans
for definitive contract negotiations.
S-I Stage.--The S-I stage will have a cluster of eight H-1 engines
(using liquid oxygen and kerosene) developing 1_500,000 pounds of
thrust. The proven functional hardware for this stage will be iden-
tical with that of the first stage of the Saturn I vehicle.
S-IVB Stage.--The S-IVB stage, being developed and produced
under contract, will have a single J-2 engine (using liquid hydrogen
and liquid oxygen) and will develop 200_000 pounds thrust. Only
functional changes and new interstage structures will be provided for
the S-IVB stage to accommodate the Saturn I-B vehicle mission
requirements.
Facilities.--Site preparation began on the new Beta complex at the
Sacramento Field Station:-- Construction work started in December_
and the first test stand should be available for testing of the S-IVB
stage in 1964.
LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION 25
Saturn V
The Saturn V (fig. 1-5) is the largest launch vehicle under devel-
opment in the free world. The vehicle will be approximately 280 feet
in height and when fully fueled will weigh 3,000 tons; it will have a
launch capability of 240,000 pounds. With the Apollo spacecraft it
will &and apprexirr?Etely 350 feet high. It is thc only -vehic!e now
being developed for a manned lunar landing mission.
evaluation of nine flight test stages and one ground test stage (sys-
tems checkout). The stage is to be manufactured and assembled at
the Michoud plant.
Second Stage (S-II).-During the period, NASA signed a defini-
tive contract for the design, development, fabrication, test, and evalu-
ation of nine flight stages, one dummy flight stage, six ground test
stages, and associated ground handling and support equipment for
the $11 (second stage). This stage (fig. 1-7) is powered by five 5-2
engines, each producing 200,000 pounds of thrust, for a total of
1,000,000 pounds. Acceptance tests of flight stages will be conducted
at the Mississippi Test Facility.
NASA placed major emphasis on completion of preliminary and
detailed designs; facility planning; procurement of special tooling
and test equipment to support the assembly operatiofis ; procurement
of components to support the test program for design verification and
qualification ; and procurement of hardware and initiation of fabri-
LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION 27
UIAMCICK- -_...
L I W . am.
LENGTH- 59ft.
-
WEIGHT (unloaded) 21,000 Ibs.
PROPELLANTS -
Liquid hydrogenI- Liquid oxygen
ENGINE- 5-2
THRUST- 200,000 Ibs
figum 1-9. Artist's conception of hydrostatic tort facility, Marshall Spaco Right Center.
LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION 29
Figure 1-10. Saturn V flnt stage test fmcility at Marshall Space Flight Center.
Also, NASA was acting to procure tooling and special test equipment
for the fabrication, assembly, and testing of instrumentatiop unit
components and systems.
FaciZities.-The hydrostatic test facility at MSFC was under con-
struction; NASA expects it to be completed by mid-1963, in time to
start assembly and test of the first Saturn V ground test vehicles (see
fig. 1-9).
Construction work was also proceeding on the west area test com-
plex, which includes the static test stand; NASA expects the com-
plex to be completed early in 1964 (see fig. 1-10).
30 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Advanced Vehicles
NASA's advanced large launch vehicle (or post-Saturn) efforts in-
clude: Nova and Advanced Nova launch vehicle system studies, reus-
able and/or recoverable launch vehicle studies, and launch vehicle
supporting technology work.
LAUNCH VEXICLES AND PROPULSION 31
* h s = . . - - u v -"u--
--
Figure 1-12. Artist's conception of bulkhead fubrication facility, Seal Beach, Calif.
ENGINE DEVELOPMENT
NASA continued developing the engines needed for its large launch
vehicles. These include the H-1, the F-1, the R L 1 0 , the 5-2, and
the M-1, all of which use liquid fuels and liquid oxygen. The H-1
and F-1 burn kerosene fuel; the other three burn liquid hydrogen.
The first four provide the power for various stages of the Saturn-class
vehicles. The M-1 will be used in the larger Nova-class vehicles. I n
addition to these, NASA supported efforts related to the solid propel-
lant motor program.
,-
e
See p. 22.
LAUNCH VE.HICLES AND PROPULSION 35
M-1 Engine
NASA's program for the 1.2-million-pound-thrust M-l liquid
hydrogen engine was initiated in April 1962. The M-l (fig. 1-18)
was conceived to take advantage of the current state-of-the-art, and
to be developed quickly for incorporation in the upper stages of Nova-
.,.*--,
due to a delayed third stage ignition. The other three launches were
orbit attempts and were completely successful.
In the reentry experiment from Wallops Island, the uprated first
stage motor was successfully flown for the first time. A secondary
experiment--recording boundary layer aerodynamic noise levels of the
structures of the first two stages as they were exposed to the atmos-
In the other launch from Wallops Island, the vehicle placed the
S-55B, Explorer XVI, micrometeoroid satellite into orbit. An aero-
dynamic noise level experiment was successfully completed on this
launch.
The other two launches were of DOD spacecraft from PMR which
achieved the desired orbits.
During this period a horizontal type launcher installation, similar
to that at PMR, was initiated at Wallops Island. This will meet the
training requirements of a NASA-Italian Memorandum of Under-
standing. In addition, it will provide the facilities for the increased
launch requirements resulting from the Air Force-NASA decision to
limit launch sites for Scout to Wallops Island and PMR. And it will
also provide the capability for the AEC launch requirements for five
reentry type experiments.
Thor-Delta
During the reporting period, Delta (fig. 1-20), continuing its role
as one of the Nation's most reliable launch vehicles, placed five more
satellites in earth orbits: On July 10, Telstar I; on September 18,
TIROS VI; on October 2, Explorer XIV; on October 27, Explorer
XV; and on December 13, Relay I. The record of consecutive Delta
launch successes was extended to 14, with the initial Delta launch in
May 1960 the only failure to date.
The overall reliability of the Delta vehicle and the completely suc-
cessful launching of the improved version during this period have
assured a continuing role for it in the NASA space programs.
Agena
The Thor- and Atlas-Agena program had the following activity and
progress during thisreporting period:
Additional Lunar Launvh.--Aflas-Agena Ranger V was launched
from the Atlantic Missile Range on October 18_ 1962. Subsequent
launches are planned in this lunar exploration program, after the
completion of an intensive investigation aimed at increasing space-
craft and launch vehicle performance reliability. (See chap. 3,
"Scientific Investigations in Space.")
42 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT M CONGRESS
I
I
Atlas-Centaur
Payload
Project Mercury
The third manned orbital flight of Project Mercury occurred on
October 3, 1962, with Astronaut Walter Schirra in spacecraft Sigma
7 (fig. 2-1). The major objective of the flight was to evaluate the
performance of the man-spacecraft system in a six-orbit mission.
The mission was successful in every respect. Lift-off occurred at
approximately 7:15 a.m., e.s.t. Both the launch and the insertion
into orbit, by the Atlas-D boo._t_r w_re p_rf_._; apogee and p__rigee of
orbit were 174.6 and 99..36 miles, respectively. The flight accomplished
nearly six full orbits, and landed in the planned recovery area near
Midway Island in the Pacific Ocean at 4:28 p.m., e.s.t.
During the flight, Schirra experienced a weightless condition for
about 8½ hours and found that it had no noticeable effect on his
performance. He carried out extended periods of drifting flight,
checked out the spacecraft control system periodically, took photo-
graphs of terrestrial features, performed visual yaw-alinement ex-
periments, and ate and drank during the mission. Throughout the
flight, Astronaut Schirra adhered very closely to the flight plan, and
his performance greatly increased confidence in the feasibility of
future long-duration manned missions.
Retrofire occurred on time, and computed data indicated that the
spacecraft would land within the predicted recovery area. The pilot
actuated his drogue parachute near the 40 thousand feet level as
planned. Recovery forces had been tracking the spacecraft by radar
and had the unique experience of actually watching the Sigma 7
47
48 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
descend and splash in the water. The spacecraft landed about 4 miles
from the aircraft carrier, Kearsarge. The carrier picked up the
spacecraft, with the pilot still in it, 40 minutes after landing.
Despite certain minor problems encountered during the flight
(overheated suit circuit during the first 1%orbits; reduction in qual-
ity of air-to-ground voice transmission), this was the most successful
Mercury mission to date. It provided the added experience needed
for the next in the series-the “One-Day Mission.”
The One-Day Mission
The “One-Day Mission” will provide the opportunity to acquire es-
sential data on human reaction to an extended period of weightless-
ness. It will also serve to better evaluate spacecraft systems and the
Mercury range network. The knowledge gained will be directly ap-
plicable to Gemini and Apollo.
The “One-Day Mission” will employ a modified Mercury spacecraft.
The modifications consist of increasing the quantity of life-supporting
consumables (oxygen, food and water) and changing certain equip-
ment as indicated by Mercury experience. The flight plan for the
One-Day Mission provides for considerable periods of drifting flight
to cunserve attitude control fuel and electrical power.
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT 49
Project Gemini
Project Gemini will employ a two-man spacecraft to study the
effects of weightlessness in long-duration space flights, and to develop
the orbital rendezvous technique. The project will consist of a series
of long-duration missions, followed by a series of rendezvous missions
in earth orbit. For the long-duration missions_ the Gemini spacecraft
willbe put into an earth orbit for periods of 1 week or more and return
to a land recovery site within the continental United States. The
rendezvous missions will be 2-day flights for the Gemini spacecraft.
For the rendezvous missions, the target vehicle (a specially modi-
fied Agena-D) will be put into orbit first; its orbital pattern will be
accurately determined by ground tracking radar stations. Then the
Gemini spacecraft will be launched to perform rendezvous. Rendez-
vous of the spacecraft and target vehicle can be accomplished by
commanding orbital changes of either. Final docking (joining) of
50 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
the two vehicles will be under the manual control of the astronauts;
there will be no transfer of men or materials from spacecraft to target.
Twelve flight missions were scheduled for the Gemini Project. The
first launch in the first quarter of 1964 will be an unmanned flight.
Its mission will be to obtain data on the heat protection system of the
reentry vehicle, and also to obtain launch vehicle and spacecraft
structural and system data. The first manned orbital flight is sched-
uled for 1964. The first rendezvous mission is scheduled for 1965.
In later missions, the reentry trajectory of Gemini spacecraft will
be controlled by the astronaut. A paraglider (triangular shaped
wing mounted on inflatable booms) will be used for the actual landing
of the spacecraft. The spacecraft will be suspended beneath the para-
glider by cables which the pilot can mechanically control to maneuver
and land at a preselected site.
The two-man Gemini spacecraft is based largely on Mercury tech-
nology. However, new subsystems must be developed for the ex-
tended flights and for the necessary maneuvering in space.
Many problems experienced in Project Mercury were avoided in the
design of the Gemini spacecraft. For example, Gemini was designed
to allow quick access to subsystems, permitting checkout_ repair_ and
replacement of these subsystems quickly and easily. The spacecraft
has aircraft-type ejection seats and an inertial guidance system with a
radar unit. This guidance system provides the information neces-
sary for carrying out the rendezvous maneuver; it provides informa-
tion for controlling the spacecraft to a predetermined recovery site;
and it serves as backup in the event of failure of the Gemini launch
vehicle guidance system during launch. Another new feature in
the spacecraft is a fuel cell which will serve as a primary electrical
power source during orbital flight.
The Project Gemini contract calls for the development and pro-
duction of 12 spacecraft_ of which 3 will be refurbished for reuse.
During this period_ the contractor's effort was directed toward de-
signing, developing and constructing the spacecraft, its subsystems,
and the paraglider; and toward the associated tests.
In August, a full-scale mockup of the spacecraft was completed.
Other milestones reached during this period included successful tests
of the dual ejection seats and flight tests of the one-half scale para-
glider. Design drawings of the spacecraft were released in October
and assembly of the first spacecraft was begun.
The Gemini launch vehicle_ a Titan II, was being modified to
increase reliability and astronaut safety. These modifications include
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT 51
t
1
L-- I_._ ~.
-_ I-I_ --
z I
Space Medicine
Space medicine programs provide operational medical support for
flight crews, conduct studies, and develop and test life support and
_'_'ED SPACE FLm_ 61
The aeromedleal analysis of this flight is on pp. 23-26 of the "Results of the Third
I_nlted States Manne@ Orbital Space Flight, October 3, 1962," Manned Spacecraft Center,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Superlnten_en_ of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Illus., 120 pp., price 70 cents.
62 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Rgum 3-2. Aloueito moosums 01sc)ron donshy 200 milos abovs L o ooA.
Explorer XV
Explorer XVI
706-017 0-63---6
68 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
10,360
MILES
C----lO,OOO MILES+
Figure 3-5. Orbiting Explorer XV penetrates manmade radiation belt.
Sounding Rockets
NASA also launched 40 sounding rockets during this report period
to gather basic data about the near-earth environment and to test in-
struments for future earth satellites, space probes, and manned flights.
Other sounding rockets, carrying grenades and sodium vapor for
experiments, were used in studies of wind velocities, temperatures,
and physical properties of the atmosphere.
Surveyor Lander
]_Ieanwhile, the agency moved forward in developing a spacecraft
able to soft-land on the moon, as it began fabricating a proof-test
model of Surveyor Lander (fig. 3-6).
Surveyor Lander, in addition to serving as a lunar research labora-
tory, will determine suitable landing sites for Project Apollo astro-
nauts and gage the damage that meteoroids could cause to their space
suit_s and the outer skin of the spacecraft.
First of the 17 flight missions of this craft--a vehicle of 2,100
pounds gross weight to be launched by Centaur--is tentatively sched-
uled for early 1965.
Surveyor Orbiter
A derivative of Surveyor Lander, using many of its components
and subsystems, is Surveyor Orbiter, which is under consideration as
the country's first lunar satellite.
70 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
During the report period studies were made of possible shapes for
the spacecraft, and its performance in relation to gross weight was
analyzed.
Placed into close orbit about the moon, Surveyor Orbiter would
serve as a lunar reconnaissance system and a long-lifetime environ-
mental monitor. Its stereo TV cameras could provide broad-area
surveys of the moon’s surface. Combined with Surveyor Lander
in an operational team, Orbiter could help in selecting landing sites
for unmanned and manned spacecraft.
8
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE 71
EARTH
DEC. 14
OV. !
/ / MARINER II PASSES _ _%
/ NOV.
OCT. 1
OCT. 1
SEPT. I
--'ARTH AT
BIOSCIENCE PROGRAMS
A major objective of NASA’s bioscience programs is to develop
instruments to be flown on Mariner, Surveyor, and similar spacecraft
in search of extraterrestrial life forms on the Moon, Mars, Venus, and
other planets.
I- A /-.
,/// %,
r
NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Behavioral Biology
Investigating ways in which man and other life forms adjust to arti-
ficial and extraterrestrial environments, NASA, in September_ broad-
ened its bioscience programs to include the biological science of be-
havior. The new program will concern itself with such biobehavioral
prablems as information storage and retrieval in living _y_ems,
biocommunications, and sensory, pel_eptual, and motor processes.
CHAPTER 4
Applications Programs
METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEMS
TIROS
On Q^_*^_'_-_
_'_t' ......... 18 ,h
_.e q_Tp_
...... VI _...cteoro.._.cal
1_; _tellite
(fig. 4-1) was launched into orbit from Cape Canaveral by a Thor-
Delta vehicle. This was the sixth launch, without a failure_ of this
series_ which had its first launch on April 1, 1960. (Since then,
TIROS satellites have been launched as follows: TIROS II, Nov. 23_
1960; TIROS III_ July 12_ 1961; TIROS IV, Feb. 8, 1962; and
TIROS V_ June 19, 1962.) Since the initial launch, a TIROS satel-
lite has been in orbit transmitting usable and valuable meteorological
data almost continuously--except for one period of 5 months and
another of about 2 months.
TIROS V and VI were still transmitting valuable meteorological
data at the end of the report period. The average useful lifetime of
the first four TIROS satellites was a little over 5 months. TIROS V
exceeded this lifetime during the report period, and TIROS VI was
approaching it at the end of the period. Having the same operating
equipment as TIROS V and supplying the same coverage, TIROS VI
79
80 NASA EIGETH SEMIANNUAL REPORT To CONGRESS
Nimbus
NASA -"_;_v.._._.u_,A_;_°_,,,._°_"'i;
.... v.. the ..........._o;_,;1;_3.
of _° s3,nchronous (24-
hour orbit) meteorological satellite. The objective: Observations of
weather systems such as tornadoes, thunderstorms, and squall lines
which have lives too brief to assure viewing by the Nimbus-type satel-
lite. A synchronous satellite, for example, might have a camera that
is directable on command so that it could be used to follow and keep
under essentially constant observation any meteorological system.
Research work continued to be performed on advanced systems to
assure constant and improved worldwide coverage of atmospheric con-
ditions that influence meteorological patterns. One result of such
work is the Automatic Picture Transmission Subsystem (&PT). Al-
though originally designed for Nimbus, APT may receive its first
flight test on a TIROS satellite during 1963. When operational, the
APT subsystem will enable meteorologists at properly equipped
weather stations to obtain some high-quality local cloud pattern photo-
graphs when the satellite is within a 1,700-mile range of a receiving
station.
82 NASA E I G H T H SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Sounding Rockets
706-017 0----63-------7
84 NASAEIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
NASA continued its work toward the development of active com-
munications Satellites---those that carry a power supply, receive a
signal from a ground transmitting station, amplify it, and retransmit
it to a ground receiving station. As part of the program to examine
alternative systems proposed for communications satellites, NASA
also continued its studies of passive satellites--those which reflect a
signal from a ground transmitting station to a ground receiving
station.
In addition, NASA has been assigned responsibilities under the Com-
munications Satellite Act of 1962.
k__
APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS 85
of the report period. (After the period had ended, repairs from the
ground made Relay operational, and it accomplished its first trans-
atlantic television and telephone exchanges.)
fipOont.-Work progressed on Syncom (fig. 4-5), NASA's syn-
chronous altitude active communications satellite, which was sched-
uled to be launched during the first quarter of 1963. Operating at an
APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS 87
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Navigatien
To study the need for better navigation of nonmilitary ships and
aircraft, NASA initiated a project that involves the following:
(1) Establishing the navigation requirements of various classes
of craft, such as merchant shipschydrographic and oceanographic
survey vessels, fishing vessels, and commercial aircraft.
90 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Proposals have been made that earth satellites be used to collect data
from remote locations and, i_ some cases, to locate the positions of
the sensors. Examples are oceanographic data from floating buoys,
meteorological data from balloons or automatic weather stations,
cosmic ray data from high levels of the atmosphere, and tsunami warn-
ing information (on tidal waves resulting from seismic disturbances
of the oce_._ floor).
NASA planned a study to identify potential users of data collected
in this manner and to determine the magnitude of the collection job.
This investigation will be followed by a feasibility and design study
preparatory to development of the satellite system, if justified.
CHAPTER 5
NASA -----
tS_bl-l'l_tJL
_ UIJ:
..........
_b GOllll)l't_ll_ll_l
'.... :....
Y
_uv=._d
_...... research -- -' "--'-
_I, IJLU
_ll-
Solar Cells
NASA exImaded its research on the thin film solar cell to develop
materials which will reduce the cost of solar power systems, improve
the mechanical properties of solar cells, and make practical solar-
cell power systems of kilowatt sizes.
The agency continued its studies of damage (particularly electron
dam_tge) to solar cells from changes in the space radiation environ-
mont. NASA researchers demonstrated that, with proper design,
solar cells will operate for years in the radiation belts.
During the report period NASA shifted the emphasis from accu-
mulating engineering data on damage rates and shielding to develop-
ing improved cells. An example is the so-called drift-field solar call.
Analytical studies showed that, under radiation damage, this device
could have a lifetime 10 times greater than that of the best present
devices. Ex_periments confirmed the basic concept. It now seems
possible that solar cells can be developed which will be more resistant
91
92 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Environmental Effects
spinning. There are also indications that the heat transport process
within the liquid may be similar to subcooled nualeate boiling.
NASA conducted flight experiments to further investigate these
phenomena. Data were obtained from several Aerobee flights and
from pods mounted on Atlas vehicles.
Lewis Research Center studied the behavior of rocket engine propel-
lants in tanks under zero-gravity conditions, for example, in coasting
periods. Part of this work included the effort to determine fuel
(liquid and vapor) location and motion in tanks. Control of such fuel
behavior is important for effective venting or pumping. Using a
drop:tower facility which allows a few seconds of simulated zero-
gravity conditions with a scaled down model, Lewis researchers de-
veloped a promising method of internal tank baffling to locate the fuel
in a predictable area of the tank.
High-Vacuum Technology.--To obtain information on the effects
of high-vacuum conditions necessary to design vehicle structures and
components, the Lewis Research Center developed two new vacuum-
test chambers. The walls of these chambers are cooled by a gaseous
and liquid helium refrigerant; the gas molecules are condensed on
the very cold surface and thus removed. This technique is called
cryogenic pumping. These chambers are also used for studies of
scaling (density and temperature) relationships.
Thermal Radiation and Temperature ControL--Spacecraft com-
ponents which must operate within narrow temperature limits present
a problem which grows in complexity as spacecraft become larger and
more complex and begin to operate in more distant environments of
space.
In the near void of space, heat is conducted to or carried away from
a _pacecraft solely by radiative processes. In some instances the
thermal radiative properties of spacecraft surfaces cari be controlled
through the applications of coatings or coating strips with known
characteristics. This passive control method has been only partially
successful, and NASA continued the search for satisfactory coatings.
NASA basic research resulted in the development of a plastic paint
coating backed by a mirror surface. This composite coating absorbs
solar and thermal radiations when opaque and reflects these radiations
when transparent. Government patent applications were initiated for
this coating, which may solve numerous industrial thermal control
problems.
Ames Research Center conducted an experiment which indicated
that coatings do not degrade in space as they do in a simulated
environment. Such experiments, utilizing the OSO series of satellites,
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 97
Instrumentation
Data Processing
During the report period the design of the first NASA automatic
ground data processing system with many modern features was largely
completed. This entire Jet Propulsion Laboratory complex--known
as the Space Flight Operations Facility--will incorporate provisions
104 NASA EIGHTH SElVIIAN_UAL REPORT _0 CONGRESS
for real-time trajectory, scientific, and video data analysis and control
functions at each of a number of operating sites within JPL.
One of two magnetic disk files was delivered. These files will be
used as the large-scale memory system needed to retain up to tens of
millions of pieces of rapidly accessible information for weeks or
months. This information is required in deep-space missions. The
system is expected to be operating in 1963.
Marshall Space Flight Center continued to introduce computer
countdown and checkout of the Saturn series of vehicles. By the time
SA-10 is launched, most of the operation will be computer controlled.
Goddard Space Flight Center began operating a developmental sys-
tem capable of checking out 128 channels of information on the Orbit-
ing Geophysical Observatory (OGO). One channel of OGO is
capable of transmitting 50 percent more data than the entire output
from Explorer XII, one of NASA's most successful scientific satellites
to date.
AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH
Aircraft Aerodynamics
Aircraft Structures
V/STOL Aircraft
B O D Y SYSTEMS
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
BIO-MED-SELECTION
SYSTEM A N A L Y S I S
H U M A N FACTORS
Figurn 5-5.
Rgum 5-6.
110 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
706-017 _9
CHAPTER 6
_O0°F
NUCLEAR
REACTOR
REACTOR ]
PUMP BOILER FUEL /COLLECTOR
ELEMENT
_TURBINE
950°F
J
::ii
1400°F T I I
CONDENSER ._ _
e.-,-- _ _ GENERATOR
t IT It L i CES,0M, \ANODE
pUMp I'
SEGMENTED
RADIATOR
THERMIONIC DIRECT
TURBOELECTRIC CONVERSION
MAJOR PROBLEMS
DISSOCIATION
LOSSES
ARC JET ELECTRODE
lsp=700-1.500 SECS
EROSION
GENERAL
SM UNDERSTAND
lsp:700-10 000 SECS
and less) for spacecraft attitude and orbital control. The program
is composed of three separate projects: Large ion engines (30 kw.
to 30 row.), large arc jet engines (30 kw. or greater), and small ion
and arc engines (3 kw. or less). Studies were also underway on scal-
ing the smaller engines to the megawatt sizes necessary for the prime
propulsion of interplanetary spacecraft.
In addition, NASA sponsored studies to determine the feasibility
of various plasma generation and acceleration techniques and their
potential for space propulsion application.
Each of the three engine categories--electrostatic (ion), electro-
thermal (arc), and electromagnetic (MHD or plasma)---offers su-
perior performance in a different range of specific impulse, or thrust,
for different potential mission applications.
Work progressed on the contact ion engine and the electron bom-
bardment ion engine.
The contact ion engine shows promise of yielding highest .overall
engine efficiency for values of specific impulse above 7,000 seconds.
This engine type is therefore the most likely choice for the ultimate
engine to be used with lightweight electric power-generating systems
on interplanetary missions.
The bombardment ion engine offers the highest efficiency in the in-
termediate range of specific impulse from 4,000 seconds up to 7,000
seconds. This engine type is the most likely choice for use on early
interplanetary missions with fairly heavy electric power-generating
systems.
Laboratory and flight models of contact and electron bombardment
engines were developed. These engines are small modules that pro-
duce 0.002 pound of thrust and are scheduled for flight testing in
early 1963 to determine whether ion engines can operate in the space
environment.
Development work on a surface contact ion engine continued. The
primary objective: To scale the 0.002-lb. thrust module into a 0.01-lb.
thrust (3-kw.) engine unit. Eventually this 3-kw. engine will be
clustered to attain the next power level plateau (30 kw.) in the large
engine development program (30 kw. to 30 mw.).
A linear strip cesium contact unit engine module (3 kw.) was built
and successfully tested (fig. 6-3). It produced a thrust of approxi-
mately 0.01 lb. in an overall size of 4 by 5 inches outside dimensions.
This engine may form the basic module for larger engines.
NASA awarded a contract for the development of a 3-kw. electron
bombardment ion engine that will also produce 0.01-lb. thrust. Eventu-
NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND POWER GENERATION 121
ally, this unit engine module will be flight tested and then clustered
to form a 30-kw. engine.
Large Arc Jet Engines
Development work continued on two different 30-kw. arc jet engine
concepts. I n addition, laboratory models of a 30-kw. d.c. and a 30-kw.
3-phase &.e. radiation-cooled engine, both designed to use ammonia
propellant, were built and successfully tested. Both engine versions
were demonstrated for several hundred hours, using hydrogen pro-
122 NASA EIGHTH SEM/ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
* ORGANIZATION-NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES
=!!
124 NASA EIGHTH SEMUNNUAL REPORT TO CONGREElS
-
'K I
L
-
RIFT STAGE nEu,mcE
STAGEDIA on
The
!
Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS)
Work continued at the NRDS, Nevada, on three major test facility
complexes necessary for static testing of reactors, engines, and vehicles
associated with the nuclear space program conducted by NASA and
AEC.
The two test cells and associated facilities making up the reactor test
facility complex were completed except for final outfitting and check-
out of test cell C. Proposals were solicited for the conceptual design
of a new test stand within the reactor facilities complex. The new
test stand (designated test cell E), to be capable of testing reactors
with power levels up to 20,000 mw., will be used in the development of
reactors for a second-generation nuclear rocket engine.
Subcontracts were awarded for the construction of an engine main-
tenance and disassembly building, part of the NERVA engine facili-
ties complex, and for supplies and services necessary for the
fabrication and installation of equipment. A contractor was also
selected to design, procure, and install the instrumentation and control
systcms for cn_ne test stand No. 1, also part of this complex. Work
on various other miscellaneous projects was initiated and is currently
in progress at NRDS, including construction of tower camera stations
and hot-storage and contamination facilities, and modifications to
existing facilities.
Proposals were solicited for the selection of a support services con-
tractor at NRDS. When selected, the contractor will be responsible
for providing many services, from routine administrative-housekeep-
ing functions to highly technical operations. This contractor will also
support the work of development contractors and assist the SNPO in
NRDS activities.
CHAPTER 7
- -
_u uu_d the fit_ system to _ue loca_ea at Goldston% Calif. (The con-
tractor was selected after the end of the report period.)
During this period, the Deep Space. Network supported the Mariner
I, the Mariner II, and the Ranger V missions. Mariner II, as reported
in chapter 3, was launched on August 27; it successfully completed
its mission on December 14, 1962, when the spacecraft passed within
21,100 miles of Venus, gathering 42 minutes of invaluable scientific
data. During the flight to Venus, the Deep Space Network provided
complete 24-hour, 7-day-a-week coverage of the spacecraft. The telem-
etry, tracking, command, and communication systems of the network
performed well throughout the flight mission.
Ranger V, launched on October 18, was also fully supported by
the Deep Space Network. The Ranger V mission was considered only
a parti,al success because of power failure onboard the spacecraft after
injection into Lne
..... Junar _ransier plane. However, the network ob-
tained valuable information on the spacecraft performance during
early and post launch periods. From information obtained in track-
ing the spacecraft, it was calculated that Ranger V passed within ap-
proximately 518 miles of the moon. (Subsequently, it went into orbit
around the sun.)
SATELLITE NETWORK
Symposia
of doing much more to help advance the national space effort. NASA,
therefore, looked for additional ways of increasing cooperation be-
tween it and the university community and took steps to achieve this
objective. The result was the establishment of the Sustaining Univer-
sity Program.
RESEARCH PROGRAMS
NASA also receives original ideas for basic research through the
medium of unsolicited research proposals submitted by scientific_ edu-
cational, and industrial organizations. They are vital to the advance-
ment of space related sciences and technology because they often
suggest research which may produce new basic knowledge or new
applications of present knowledge. These are another responsibility
of the Office of Grants and Research Contracts which receives, coordi-
nates the evaluation of, and insures the proper handling of all un-
solicited proposals submitted to NASA headquarters.
International Programs
Australia
Attempts by NASA to launch an Australian-prepared experiment
in very low frequency (VLF) emissions during this reporting period
were unsuccessful due to malfunction in the Aerobee 150A sounding
rocket. (Another launch is expected to take place early in 1963.)
In July, arrangements were made with the Australian Government
for survey teams to explore locations for three proposed tracking
stations. The stations required are a deep space facility to support
the lunar and planetary programs; a tracking and data acquisition
station to support the EGO and OAO satellite and the Gemini and
Apollo programs; and a small transportable facility to be used with
the EGO satellite.
Brazil
Canada
On September 28, NASA successfully launched Alouette, the Cana-
dian Topside Sounder Satellite (S-27) (fig. 9-1); the launch took
place from the Pacific Missile Range at 11 p.m. Pacific time (Septem-
ber 29 at 2 a.m., e.s.t.). As pointed out in chapter 3, Alouette was the
first satellite completely designed and built by a nation other than the
United States and the U.S.S.R. The launching was NASA's first
from the Pacific coast and the agency's first use of the Thor-Agena B
vehicle.
In other actions, Canada and the United States concluded an agree-
ment to place a Nimbus command and data acquisition station in
Newfoundland; this took place in December, shortly before the end
of the reporting period. And with the cooperation of the Canadian
Government, NASA conducted a series of high-altitude balloon
launches with live animals. These launches were made from a site
in Labrador; their purpose was to measure the effect of cosmic
radiation.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 143
India
NASA and India’s Department of Atomic Energy defined a pro-
pram for the conduct of two cooperative scientific projects by means
of sounding rockets; the rockets are to be launched from a site in
India near the geomagnetic equator. The first experiments, sodium
vapor studies of upper atmosphere winds, were scheduled to begin in
144 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
1963. Plans were also made for the second experiments to be con-
ducted in 1963; these will permit study of the equatorial electrojet by
means of sounding rockets carrying magnetometer instrumentation.
The agreement further provides for the continuation and expansion
of a current program for the acquisition of telemetry data from U.S.
satellites.
Italy
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and Italian Foreign Minister
Attilio Piccioni exchanged notes in Rome to confirm establishment of
the joint NASA-Italian Space Committee Project San Marco. This
three-phase scientific venture is expected to culminate in the launching
of an Italian satellite into equatorial orbit from a towable platform in
the Indian Ocean. San Marco's principal objective is to determine the
local density of the upper atmosphere in the equatorial planes.
Italian engineers began training related to the project and took
operational assignments at NASA field centers. The first sounding
rocket tests of satellite components should" take place at jWallops
Island in the spring of 1963.
In another action, the United States and Italian Governments in
November confirmed an agreement between NASA and Telespazio
concerning cooperation between the two countries in testing experi-
mental communications satellites.
Japan
NASA and the Japanese Ministry of Post and Communications
arranged to extend the recent series of cooperative sounding rocket
experiments (fig. 9-2) to cover a launching scheduled for Wallops
Island in February 1963. This experiment will attempt to evaluate
Japanese and United States techniques for measuring electron tem-
perature and density at altitudes above 135 km.
In another agreement between these same agencies, concluded on
November 6 and confirmed by their respective governments, the t_vo
made plans providing for cooperation in future NASA communica-
tion satellite experiments.
In December, with the approval of the Government of Japan, a
NASA survey team explored sites in the course of a general investiga-
tion of the Far Eastern area for a suitable location for a new track-
ing and data acquisition station. This statiop will be used to support
the EGO, the OAO, and the POGO projects.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 145
Malagasy
A further site survey was arranged in November with the Malagasy
Republic in connection with a station to be used to support the Nim-
bus, POGO, and topside sounder programs.
Nigeria
Negotiations were concluded in December permitting NASA to
place a shipborne station, the Kingsport, in Lagos Harbor to support
Project Syncom.
Noway
With NASA technical assistance and Danish cooperation, Norway
launched three ionospheric sounding rocket experiments from the
Andoya, Norway, range. These launchings took place on August 18,
December 11,and December 14.
Six additional launches were planned, two from Wallops Island
early in 1963 and four from Andoya in midsummer. Data from these
flights will be compared in an effort to verify theories of the forma-
tion of the D region of the ionosphere.
146 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Philippines
South Africa
Soviet Union
The agreement of the United States and the Soviet Union to co-
ordinate launchings of weather and geomagnetic satellites, to ex-
change resulting data, and to experiment with the passive communi-
cations satellite Echo II, was announced at the United Nations on
December 5. The agreement had been achieved in June by Dr. Hugh
L. Dryden and Soviet Academician A. A. Blagonravov. Working
group meetings to implement the agreement are scheduled for March
1963.
Sweden
United Kingdom
I
1
!
i
I1
Figun 10-1 A. SpacemoMIo audience.
Educational Publications
From July 1 through December 31, NASA issued a number of
educational publications. Among these were “Results of Experi-
ments in Space”, a booklet presenting a lecture by Dr. Robert Jastrow,
Director, Institute for Space Studies, Goddard Space Flight Center,
on the occasion of the 25th Wright Brothers Lecture for the Institute
of Aerospace Sciences; and the “The Six Orbits of Sigma 7”, an
illustrated brochure describing the Mercury flight of Walter M.
Schirra, Jr.2
a Single copies of these publications are available upon request from the 05ce of Educa-
tional Programs and Services, Educational Publications Branch, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Washington 26, D.C.
152 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
NASA Facts? Five new fact sheets in this series were published.
These 21- by 32-inch sheets---adaptable to either wall display or in-
sertion in looseleaf notebooks--were:
Motion Pictures s
6 Except for "The Mastery of Space" and "Friendship 7," NASA's films are available
to the public without charge other than. return mailing and insurance costs_ _Requests
should be addressed to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of
Educational Programs and Services, E@ucattonal Audio-Visual Branch, Washington 25, D.C.
"The Mastery of Splice" should be ordered from Associated Films, Inc., 347 Madison
Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. ; "Friendship 7" from United World Films, Inc., 1445 Park
Avenue, New York 29, N.Y.
154 NASA EIG_TI_I SEI_IANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Historical Program
During the report period NASA's historical staff published
monthly segments of its space chronology--"Aerospace Science and
Technology, a Chronology for 1962" two historical reports, "Chroni-
cle of Major NASA Launchings, 1958--62" and "Historical Origins of
NASA (revised)", and five historical notes.
Work was begun on three specialized chronologies covering
weather satellites, communications satellites, and the X-15 program.
The first NASA history, "An Administrative History of NASA,
1958-62", was started by the University of Minnesota under NASA
contract.
Additions to the agency's archives included an indexed collection
of all congressional publications pertaining to NASA, the second
increment of the papers of Captain John Ide, and the official files of
Project Vanguard.
Reports in Microform
Photographic reproductions of complete technical reports in th_
form of 5- by 8-inch transparencies (microforms) (see the Seventh
Semiannual Report, p. 130) have become widely accepted.
These microforms are-now distributed to NASA centers and th_
agency's prime contractors shortly before their listing in Technica
Publications Announcements.
SERVICES_ MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, AND SUPPORT 157
Technical Publications
During the last 6 months of 1962, 222 technical notes, 17 technical
reports, and 9 publications were published and disseminated.
These publications are also sold by either the U.S. Government
Printing Office or the Office of Technical Services, Department of
Commerce. Microform copies are distributed to NASA's centers and
to its contractors, as well as to regional offices of the Armed Services
Technical Information Agency, and to the 12 Federal Regional Tech-
nical Report Centers.
Complete reference collections of formal NASA reports were sent
to 41 public 1._. •
..... rms, and deposited in 1_
1,4 college_ university, and
other libraries.
PERSONNEL
NASA added 1,079 scientists and engineers to its staff during the
last 6 months of 1962. The agency continued to use many recruiting
techniques to find and hire specialists possessing the unique skills
demanded by the accelerating space programs.
158 NASA EIGI-rrI:i SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Employee-Management Cooperation
Carrying out Presidential directives to further employee-manage-
ment cooperation in the Federal service, agency officials met with
union leaders, industrial management, and representatives of NASA
employees. The officials outlined a proposed program to implement
the President's orders as they relate to procedures and policy on ad-
verse personnel actions such as dismissals and suspensions.
SERVICES_ MANAGEIVIENT_ PROCUREMENIr_ AND SUPPORT 159
Contributions Awards
Under section 306 of the Space Act of 1958, the agency's Inventions
and Contributions Board received 1,635 communications and evaluated
867 contributions. Five awards were made totaling $10,800. (See
app. D.)
Under the Incentive Awards Act of 1954, the Board awarded NASA
employees amounts ranging from $50 to $1,000 for patentable
inventions.
ORGANIZATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS
OFFICE OF PROGRAMS
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[In thousands]
Appropriations
Obltga- D_burse-
y_tent81
Research, development, and operation : t_o,ts
Manned spacecraft systems ........................ 288, 461 185, 097
Launch vehicle and propulsion systems ..... _ ....... 291, 586 234,650
Total, research, development and operation ........ 1, 197, 698 932, 599
Construction of facilities .............................. 217, 115 80, 590
1 This column lists all disbursements d_rtng this reporting perio_ including fund_ pre-
viously obligated.
SERVICES_
MANAGEMENT_
PROCUREMENrI_
ANDSUPPORT
163
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
During the past 6 months NASA completely mechanized its methods
of accumulating and reporting financial data, and began to use com-
patible processes at all its installations. This mechanization--de-
signed to facilitate fiscal operations--was accompanied by a revised
agencywide coding structure to more clearly classify and identify
all NASA activities for planning, programing, budgeting, account-
ing, and reporting purposes.
Also for increased efficiency, an automated payroll system was
developed at headquarters.
706-017 _12
SERVICES_ MANAGEMENT_ PROCUREMENt, AND SUPPORT 165
DEAN RUSK
_vcretary of State
ROBERT S. MCNAMARA
Secretary of Defense
Exevutive Secretary
EDWARD C. WEI.SH
172
Appendix C
Cochalrmen
Members at Large
Dr. ROBERT C. SEAMANS, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA
Mr. WILLZA_r A. FLE_ZNG, Director of Technical Programs, NASA (alternate to
Dr. Seamans)
Mr. JOHN H. RUBEL, Assistant Secretary of Defense (Deputy Director of
D.R. & E.)
Dr. FzNN J. LAlmEN, Assistant Secretary of the Army (R. & D.), USA
Board member and Ohai_mo_: Brig. Gen. PAUL T. COOpE_, USAF, Assistant Di-
rector of Defense Research and Engineering (Ranges and Space Ground
Support)
trice Chapman: Mr. EnMoND C. BUCKLEY, Director of Tracking and Data Acquisi-
tion, NASA
SupportingSpace Researchand Technology Panel
Board member and _: Dr. R. L. BZSPLINOHOFF, Director, Ofltce of Ad-
vanced Research and Technology, NASA
Vice _ha_rma_: Mr. JoHx B. MAOAULgr, Assistant to the Director of Defense
Research and Engineering
173
174 NASA EIGHTH SEM_NUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Aeronautics Panel
Board member wn_ Chairman: Vice Adm. W. F. RABORN, USN, Deputy Chief
of Naval Operations (Development)
Vice Chairman: Mr. C. H. ZIMMERMAN, Director of Aeronautical Research, NASA
Secretariat
(December 31,196_)
Chairman
Members
175
Appendix E
(Dceember 31,1965)
Members
SUBCOMMITTEES1
Astronomy
176
APPENDIX E 177
Blosc|ence$
RICHARD E. BELLEV.'T.LE
Planetary Atmospheres
706-017 O----63------13
Appendix F
(December 31,196_ )
Chairman
EARL P. STEVENSON, former president and chairman of the board, Arthur D. Little,
Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
Members
180
Appendix G
I_ve_tion Inventor (s )
Ablation rate meter ..................... Emedio M. Bracalente
Ferdinand C. Woolson
Vehicle paraehate and equipment jettison Andre J. Meyer, Jr.
system.
Emergency ejection device ............... Maxime A. Faget
Andre J. Meyer, Jr.
Survival couch .......................... Maxime A. Paget
William M. Bland, Jr.
Jack C. Heberlig
Space capsule ........................... Maxime A. Faget
181
Appendix H
Chrysler Corp.
North American Aviation, Inc.
Highland Park, Mich.
El Segundo, Calif.
Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc.
Santa Monica, Calif. Packard Bell Computer Corp.
Los Angeles, Calif.
General Dynamics Corp.
New York, N.Y. Radio Corporation of America
New York, N.Y.
General Electric
New York, N.Y. Republic Aviation Corp.
i Contracts have prefix NAS; grants have prefix NsG; transfer of funds to Government agencies have
prefix R. Earlier grants and contracts are listedin appendices of previous NASA Semiannual Reports to
Congress.
183
184 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
California--Con.
NeG-317 ......... University of California (San Diego), G. ARRHENIUS .................... 83,018
Conduct study of the composition and structure of meteorites, in-
cluding the use and refinement of X-ray microspectrometric and micro-
diffraction techniques.
NsG-318 ......... University of California (San Diego), L. E. PETERSON .................. 85, 000
Experimental research on X- and gamma-r_liation at high altitudes,
including design and use of balloon-borne instrumentation.
NsG--319. ........ University of California (San Diego), G. G. GOLES ...................... 55,158
Geochemistry of trace elements in meteorites.
NsG-32_ ......... University of California (San Diego), H. E. SUR_ ...................... 66, 242
tract number /
California--Con. [
Convair (Division of General Dynamics), R. H. RARING ................ 61,350
"Onset of Creep" stress measurement of metallic materials.
Corbin-Farnsworth, Inc., TOM CORmN ............................. I 47,
Study and development of remote blood pressure measuring system. [
[
NASw-495 ...... Hughes Research Laboratories, SAMUEL G. LUTz ........................ [ 68, 046
Connecticut Quiet
Initiate
Sun studies
Year. of solar cosmic ray emission events, by ionospheric []I
District of Colum-
bia
NsG--87 .......... Smithsonian Institution, FRED L. WHIPPLE ............................. 3,250,000
Optical satellite tracking program.
NAG-201 ........ Smithsonian Institution, F. L. Wm_PLE ................................ 239,500
Systematic in-flight photography and subsequent recovery of me-
teorites.
NASr-10 ........ Resources Research Inc., GILBERT V. LEVIN ............................ 87, 556
Research on radfoisotopic methods for detecting the presence and
monitoring the metabolic radioisotoplc activity of micro-organisms on
an extraterrestrial body, and design and build a prototype of the detec-
tion and monitoring apparatus.
NASr-132 ....... American Institute of Biological Sciences, FEAN_ FREMONT-SmTH ...... 34, 872
Conduct symposium on the minimmn ecological systems for n_m.
NASr-142 ....... National Science Teachers' Association, R. H. CARLTON ................ 21,275
Develop and publish a series of 6 paperback books which will be ar-
ranged to help the elementary schoolteachers enrich the science pro-
gram.
R-24 ............ U.S. Navy--Naval Medical Research Laboratory, KARL E. SCHAEFER._ 40, 000
Research on the diurnal periodicity of physiological functions and of
performance level; including studies of the effects of removing, or of
changing the period or the phase of, environmental time indicators.
11-30 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards ..................................... 147,000
Conduct research on the electron content, distribution and temporal
variation in the ionosphere by means of scintillations and Faraday
rotation of satellite.
R-45 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards ..................................... 425,000
Conduct research on the physical properties of hydrogen; techniques
for determining engineering data on cryogenic fields; materials and
design principles for cryogenic systems; and compilation of low tem-
perature data from the literature.
R-48 ............ U.S. Navy--Office of Naval Research, WAMSLEY ........................ 50,000
Reimbursement for balloons, launching services and related expenses
in connection with high-altitude balloon measurements of the electron
low-energy proton, and alpha-particle spectrum of primary cosmic
radiation. (Cont. of R-23.)
R--66 ............ U.S. Department of the Interior (Geological Survey), F. E. SENFTLE .... 556, 200
Conduct studies of the lunar surface, including lunar geologic map-
ping; cratering and crater impact" mechanisms; chemical, physical and
petrographic properties of material of possible lunar origin; and ranger
and surveyer data reduction and interpretation.
R-70 ............ U.S. Navy--Naval Research Laboratory ................................ 60, 000
Conduct solar research from a sclar-pointed Aerobee Rocket by the
Atmosphere and Astrophysics Division.
R-72 ............ U.S. Navy--Office of Naval Research ................................... 2,000
Provide helium in conjunction with balloon flights to be conducted
by General Mills under NASA Contract NASr-81.
R-73 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, R. P. MADDEN ..................... 100, 000
Investigate the physical properties of light sources and detectors in
the far ultraviolet and soft-X-ray regions of the spectrum, and develop
radiometric standards in the same spectral regions.
Florida
NsG-14_ ........ Florida State University, D. R. KENSHALO ............................. 45,294
Peripheral mechanisms of human temperature sensitivity.
NASr-126 ....... University of South Florida, CHARLES HELVEY ......................... 5,500
Conduct development of specific space-related teaching material,
designed to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
APPENDIX
I 187
I
State, grant or con- Amount
tract number Organization, investigator, and purpose I
Georgia
NsO-304 .........
Georgia Institute of Technology, HOWARD D. EDWARDS ................
k
{ 93,550
Conduct theoretical and laboratory experimental research on chemi-
cal releases at high altitudes. !
Hawaii
NsG--328 ......... University of Hawaii, PONG AND WATANABE ........................... 95, 000
Theoretical and experimental investigation of electron emission, con-
_uctivity and luminesc_noe of _elected solids under vacuum ultra-
violet excitation.
Imno_
NsO-_ .......... University of Illinois, G.W. SWRNSON, Jr ................................ 109, 991
Investigation of the ionesphere using signals from earth satellites.
NsO--96 .......... University of Chicago, E. N. PARKER .................................. 39, 496
Theoretieal investigation of further consequences of solar wind.
NsG-280 ......... University of Illinois, J. H. BAR__,ETT ................................... 48, 916
Theoretical research on the periodic motion and stability of a small
mass under the gravitational attraction of 2 heavy bodies.
NsG-333 ......... University of Chicago, T. FurrrA ....................................... 55, 059
Meteorological interpretation of satellite radiation data.
NsG-(F)-3 ...... University of Chicago, JOHN SIUPSON ................................... 1,775, 060
Space science research facilities.
NASr-65(01) ..... Armour Research Foundation, WILLIAM O. DAVIES ..................... 63, 589
Conduct a theoretical and experhnental study of the radiative prop-
erties of simulated Martian and Venusian atmospheres, and at the
aerodynamic heating of space vehicles entering these atmospheres.
NASr-65(02) ..... Armour Research Foundation, WEIL, SELIG AND VEY ................... { 51, 578
data ana|ysis,
Iowa
NsG-(F)-4 ...... State University of lowa, JAHES A. VAN ALLEN .........................
Physics and astronomy researoh facilities.
Kansas
NsO-292 ......... Kansas State University, ANTHONY GAWIENOWSKI .....................
Gas chromatography techniques for the determination of dilute
constituents of biological material, including cousideration of material
relevant to the ecology of astronauts.
NsO-2g8 ......... University of Kansas, JOHN S. MCNOWN ................................ 100, 0C0
Interdisciplinary studies in space science and technology.
NASr-124 ....... University of Kansas, CLAY HOBSON .................................... 1,650
Development of specific space related teaching material, designed
to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
NASw-461 ...... The Boeing Co., J. PARKINSON .......................................... 71, 836
Jet exhaust wake degradation investigation.
Maine
NsG-338 ......... University of Maine, T. H. CURRY ..................................... 61, 250
Interdisciplinary studies in space-related science and technology.
NASr-133 ....... Hebron Academy, GERALD TWITCHELL ................................. 4, (_0
Conduct development of space-related materials designed to serve
as guides and supplements to classroom instructions.
NASr-134 ....... Gorham State Teachers College, Momaxs WmT'rEN ..................... 2, 750
Conduct development of specific space-related teaching materials,
designed to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
188 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Maryland
NsG-189 ......... University of Maryland, 3". D. FINDLEY ................................. 100, 000
Conduct behavioral research and experimental analysis of complex
behavioral repertoires under full environmental control.
NsG-283 ......... University of Maryland, T. D. WIL_rERSON ............................. 18,179
Techniques for extraterrestrial measurement of low-energy charged
particle fluxes in the interplanetary plasma.
NASw-545 ...... ACF Industries, Inc., J. P. MULLIN .................................... 73,135
To investigate, under controlled conditions, the comparative sensitiv-
ity of several commonly employed performance measures to the effects
of strong motivating factors.
R-71 ............ U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory ....................................... 63, 943
Conduct a drag and static and dynamic stability investigation of
models of the Mariner B shape A-I and JPL configuration V-1 at flight
velocities from 13,OO0 feet per second to 18,000 feet per second, ere.
Massachusetts
Ns G-2ffl ........ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, C. S. DRAPER .................. loo, ooo
Analytical and laboratory investigations to determine information
on possible guidance, navigation, control system and instrumentation
concepts and configurations for spacecraft having long-term earth orbit
lunar and planetary missions.
NsG-262 ........ Harvard University, SWEET AND PRESTON .............................. 195,540
Interdisciplinary studies of the effects of high energy protons on biologic
systems, including participation in the nationwide cooperative study
on shielding materials as related to the Apollo mission.
NsG-264 ........ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, BARRETT, GRAHAM, RAFUSE__. 131,300
An experimental investigation of the terrestrial atmosphere utilizing
balloon-borne millimeter radiometers.
NsO-282 ........ Harvard University, CLIFFORD FRONDEL ............................... 65,865
Research on mineral constituents of meteorites.
NsO-310 ........ Northeastern University, H. D. GREYBER .............................. 34, 956
Studies in magnetohydrodynamics to explain the structure of spiral
galaxies.
NsG-(F)-6 ...... Harvard University, WILLZAM H. SWEET ............................... 182, 685
Biomedical research facilities.
NASr-41 ........ National Research Corp., W. H. KELLER ............................... 82, 440
Research on the effectsof simulated space environments on the vi-
ability of micro-organisms.
NASr-58 ......... Bolt, Beranek & Newman, Inc .......................................... 40, OO0
Conduct research directed toward the establishment of criteriafor
evaluating the subjective noisiness of aircraftsounds.
NASw-37 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, W. L. KRAUSHAAR ............. 5O, OO0
Designing, constructing and testing a high-energy gamma ray de-
tector capable of being carried in a satellite.
NASw-389 ...... AVCO Corp ............................................................ 42, 300
Study of the use of fungal luminescence as a physiological index.
NASw-441 ...... Sylvania Electronics Systems ........................................... 61,961
Study of the application and instrumentation of visual perception
for space exploration.
NASw-535 ...... Anied Research Associates, Inc., W. D. GREEH ......................... 69,227
Study of biologicalmechanisms in instrumentation development.
NASw-549__..__ Parametries, Inc., E. H. CARNEVALR ................................... 39, 479
Experimental determination of transport properties of high tempera-
ture gases.
NASw-500 ...... Geophysics Corp. of America, LESLIE O. SMITH ......................... 281,794
Proposed rocket measurements in the ionosphere during a solar
eclipse.
W-II,054-B ..... USAF Cambridge Research Center, L. HOGARTH ....................... 46,500
Experiment for orbiting solar observatory S-16a.
APP_nrx I 189
I !
State, grant or con- [
Michigan [ I
University of Michigan, F. T. HADIX_J_ ................................. [ 133, 770
Conduct research on space-probe techniques for po_ible measure- [
NAG-181 ........
ments of electromagnetic phenomena. [
N.&Sr-.__(O!) .... ITniv_rsity of Michigan, L. H. BRACE ................................ =-- I 3_, !_5
Conduct research on the temperature, pressure, and density of the
earth's atmosphere by rocket probe techniques, including: a. Analysis
of data from 9 IGY rocket flights, b. Collection and analysis of pits-
static pressure data from approximately 6 rocket probe flights at alti-
tudes between 40 and 144) kilometers, c. Collection and analysis of
data from pressure gages and an electron temperature probe, etc.
NASw-138 ...... University of Michigan, L. M. JONZS ................................... 180, 000
The development of rocket instrumentation commenced under con-
tract NASw-4 for the measurement of atmospheric pressure, density,
temperature and composition in the altitude region 100-204} kilometers.
Test instrumentatian and synoptic version of system in rocket fired at
Wallops Island.
NASw--490 ...... Conductran Corp., K. M. SmOBL. ...................................... 48,550
A theoretical investigation of the use of radar in the stttdy of the moan
and planets.
Minnesota
NsG-79 ......... Univermty of Minnesota, H. M. TSUCH_'A .............................. 215, 280
Closed ecological system studies. (Cont. of NASw-70.)
NAG-281 ........ University of Minnesota, }'. R. WINCKLZR AND E. P. NZY .............. 800, 000
Analytic and experimental research in space physics, including bal-
loon and rocket flight experiments.
University of Minnesota, ALFRED O. (_. NIER ........................... ] 223,990
Experimental research on mass spectrometric techniques fur the [
NsG-286 ........
study of planetary and upper atmosphere composition. [
Mayo Association, E. H. WOOD ......................................... [ 153,156
Cine roentgenographic study of the heart and lungs of man during [
NsG--327 ........
exposure to forward acceleration. I
University of Minnesota, SHORT ANY ROSHOLT .......................... I 8,394
NASr-148 ....... I An administrative history of NASA, including documentation of I
chang_ in agency stractura_ and ,_la'cod problems of operational dc-
centra,ization and program integration.
Missouri
NsG--185 ........ Washington University (St. Louis), M. W. FRIEDLANDER ..............
A determination of some charecteristies of high altitude primary cos-
mic radiation at low and/or southern latitudes.
NASr-63(02) .... Midwest Research Institute, J. C. GBOSS_rRI_UTZ .......................
(a) Conduct studies on the influence of surface coatings on axe-
electron emission during fatigue, (b) conduct studies on the physical
configuration and electrical characteristics of test samples with asso-
ciated equipment, (e) monitoring fatigue damage by the solid.tats
electron collection device.
NASr-63(04) .... Midwest Research Institute, M. H. THORNTON ......................... 25,000
Develop and apply a methodology for measuring the short- and long-
term effects of increased participation in space technology on the
economy of the States of Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas,
Iowa, and Nebraska; and analyze the technical capabilities of these
States in determining the optimum direction of future economic effort.
New J'ersey
NAG-69 ......... Princeton University, M. SCHWARZSCmLD .............................. 500,000
The use of television techniques with telescopes above the atmos-
phere.
NsG-306 ......... Prinoston University, JAHN, KUNNEN AND BBRNSTgIN ................. 55, 926
Theoretical and experimental studies of the formation and stability
of the magnetogasdynamie front in a pinch discharge.
NASw-449 ...... Thiokol Chemical Carp ................................................. 200, 000
Investigation of an advanced high anergy, space storable propellant
system.
190 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
New Mexico
NASr-115 ....... The Loveface Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. 243, 920
RANDOLPH LOVELACE II.
Prepare a compilation of definitive current information in all areas of
life science bearing on the biomedical aspects of manned spacecraft
operations.
New York
NAG-162 ........ University of Rochester, M. F. KAPLON ................................ 15,000
Conduct investigation of the abundance of helium isotopes and other
selected nuclei in low-energy primary cosmic radiation.
NAG-165 ........ Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, MANLIO ARELE ..................... 22, 300
Conduct theoretical study of the forces acting on bodies in rarefied
ionized environments.
NsG-177 ........ City College of New York, R. MIRMAN ................................. 1,500
Conduct theoretical study of the interaction of 2 colliding plasmas
with applications to astrophysics.
NsG-197 ........ City College of New York, HENRY SEMAT .............................. 20,324
Theoretical investigations of particle orbits and radiation modifica-
tion in gravitational fields, and high-density plasma oscillations.
Ns G-229 ........ Columbia University, ARTHUR N. STRAHLER ........................... 34,531
.Conduct a summer institute for space science, including the selection
and support of 50 outstanding undergraduate science-student at-
tendees.
NAG-290 ........ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, CORELLI AND HUNTINGTON ........... 151,030
Studies of radiation damage to semi-conductors and thin metallic
films by high-energy electron, proton, and neutron-gamma radiation.
NAG-294 ........ .Columbia University, EUGENE S. MACHLIN ..........................__ 100, 000
Conduct materials research investigations using the fieldion emis-
sion microscope.
NAG-302 ........ Columbia University, ROBERT A. GROSS ............................... 35, 000
Theoretical research investigations in plasma physics and magneto-
gasdynamic.
NAG-307 ........ Columbia University, DAVID S. SMITH .................................. 36, 380
An interdisciplinarystudy of problems related to the space program.
NAG-308 ........ University of Rochester, PHII_P W. BAUMEISTER ....................... 16, 817
Investigation of new methods of designing muitflaye r filtershaving
specified transmission or reflectanceas a function of wavelength.
NsG-(F)-I ...... Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, STEPHEN E. WIBERLEY ............... 1,500, 000
Materials research facilities.
NASr-104 ....... Orumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., RICHARD OMAN ................. 55, 000
Conduct theoretical and experimental investigation of high-energy
molecular reflectionfrom solidsurfaces in the range of incident-particle
energy.
NASr-ll9 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., A. HERTZBERG .................. 119, 996
Conduct a research program to determine the nonequilibrium flow
fieldand the optical radiation around vehicles traveling at high alti-
tudes and superorbital speeds.
NASr-121 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., RICHARD TAYLOR ............... 84,973
Conduct a research study to establish requirements for spaceborne
detection, tracking, and navigation systems suitable for use in future
manned spacecraft having rendezvous and lunar landing missions.
NASr-130 ....... Institute of the Aerospace Sciences, J. J. GLENNON ...................... 222, 895
Expansion of IAS to enable the Institute to provide a comprehensive
coverage of worldwide published literaturein the aerospace sciences.
NASr-31 ........ Wilmot Castle Co ........................................................ 13, 617
Perform research on sterilizationof space-probe components by dry
heat, irridiation,or other techniques.
APPE_rDIXI 191
Oklahoma
NsG-300. ........ Oklahoma City University .............................................. 141,450
Interdisciplinary studies of the effects of the space environment on
biological systems.
NASr-4 ......... Oklahoma State University, HARRINO_ON AND COOPER ................. 2, 424
Development of a transistorized miniature 15-channel pulse-time
telemeter transmitting set having performance characteristics com-
parable to the AN/DKT-7 telemeter equipment and compatibility
with the AN/FKR-1 receiving equipment.
NASr-7 ......... Oklahoma State University, F. C. TODD ................................ 56,208
An analytical and limited experimental study of the mechanisms of
impact, penetration and light emission for micrometeorites on an
aluminum-coated photomuitiplier.
Oregon
NASw-458 ....... Field Emission Corp., F. M. CHARBO_IER ............................ 108, 901
Theoretical and experimental studies of the basic processes which
contribute to voltage breakdown under the general environmental
conditions pertinent to ion propulsion systems.
pennsylvania
NsG-84 .......... Temple University, ]'. LLOYD BOHN .................................... 37,814
The production of hyper velocity particles of small size and to increase
the sensitivity of micromcteorite detection techniques.
NsG-287 ......... Haverford College, Louis C. GREEN .................................... 11,184
Research on wave functions and transition probabilities for light
atoms and highly ionized ions.
NsG-316 ......... University of Pennsylvania, M. AI,T_AN ................................ 250,000
Research in the conversion of various forms of energy by unconven-
tional techniques.
NsG-324 ......... Pennsylvania State University, E. C. POLLARD ......................... 74, 969
Cellular biophysics: a study of the structure and function of living
cells.
NsO-325 ......... University of Pennsylvania, ]'. O'M. BocKms ............................ 99,2,50
Studies of the fundamental chemistry, properties, and behavior of
fuel cells.
NASr-145 ....... The Franklin Institute, K. U. SNOWD,_N ................................ 73,500
An investigation of the effect of nucleation of slip at the surface on the
flow and fracture of beryllium.
NASw-470 ...... General Electric Co., B. W. ROSEN ..................................... 137, 550
Study of relationship of properties of composite materials to proper-
ties of their constituents.
NASw-492 ...... SKF Industries, Inc .................................................... 144, 937
Study of bearing lubricant endurance characteristics.
NASw-511 ...... General Electric Co., JOHN J. KONrKOFF ................................ 256,196
Research study of bioelectrogenesis as an approach to waste manage-
ment.
Texas
NsG-263 ......... University of Texas, MATSEN A_D SCH'_RR .............................. 30, 040
Quantum mechanical calculations and studies on atomic systems of
astrophysical interest.
N'ASw-439 ...... Bell Helicopter Co., W. G. MATHENY ................................... 82, 480
Research on utilization of part-t_sk spatial orientation information
in dynamic simulator.
NASw--444 ...... Chance Vought Corp., J. E. MARTIN .................................... 47, 430
Elevated teJnperature material fatigue test program.
Virginia _'
NASw-543 ...... Exotech, Inc., WILLIAM C. COOLEY ..................................... 19, 402
Investigation of precession control and orbit maintenance systems
for rotating space stations.
J_ePZ_m i 193
tract number,_ I
Wisconsin [
NA Sr-139 ....... [ Astronautics Corp. of America ..........................................
NASr-143 .......
I Stabilized
and related
platform
spare parts.
for use with the X-15 ultraviolet experiments