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Bessel beams propagation through axisymmetric optical systems

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1991 J. Opt. 22 3

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Original article
DIPARTIMENTO
DI SCIENZE FISICHE, UNIVERSITA DI NAPOLI,
BESSEL BEAMS PROPAGATION
THROUGH AXISYMMETRIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS
SUMMARY: Analytical cxpression for the field generated by a
Bessel beam through any axisymmetric optical system that can be
described by an A B C D ray-transfer matrix is given. Solution is
obtained, in the paraxial approximation, by integration of the
generalized Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral. Free space
propagation and beam expanders are discussed as particular
cases.
1. - INTRODUCTION
The function
E(r,z,t) = e x p [ i ( J X 2 r - w t ) ] Jo(ar) (1)
where k 2 = (w/c)', r and z are the cylindrical
coordinates, Jo is the zero-order Bessel function of
the first kind, w is the angular frequency and
c i s the vacuum light speed, is a solution of the wave
equation
Bessel beams represented by Eq. (I) do not
diverge despite the high degree of energy confine-
ment near the propagation axis. Similarly to plane
waves, Bessel beams can't be physically realized
in .any p:""" z = c0nj;an; the f&iiZ&ji; ir.
Eq. ( I ) is not square integrable. Nevertheless it has
been theoretically and experimentally shown that
approximate distributions showing the desired
propagation features over very long propagation
distances can be realized [ I , 21. Owing to these
properties, Bessel beams are object of growing
interest [3-7).
I n this paper we deal with the propagation of
J . Opfics (Paris), 1991, vol. 22, n* 1, pp. 3-5
I 80125 NAPOLI, ITALY
F. BLOISI, L. VICAR1
KEY WORDS : MOTSCLES :
Non diffracting beams Propagation
Beam propagalion Faisceaun non diffract&
Propagation de faisceaux de Bessel a *avers des
systkmes optiques a symetrie de revolution
RESUME : On donne I'expression analytique du champ produit
par un faisceau de Bessel i travers un s y s t h e optique de
revolution representable par une matrice B quatre eI6ments. On
obtient une solution dans I'approximation paraxiale, par integra-
tion de Yequation de diffraction de Fresnel-Huygens g6nhlisAe.
On discute d titre dexemple la propagation libre et les expanseurs
de faiscceau.
Bessel beams through any axisymmetric optical
system that can be described by an ABCD ray-
transfer matrix. This problem is solved in the
paraxial approximation by integration of the
generalized Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral dis-
cussed by several authors [X, 91. Application to
axisymmetric optical systems was discussed in a
previous paper [IO] ; we use here the same formalism
we adopted there.
Analytical solution of the problem is presented
and some particular cases are discussed.
2. - FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
In the following we disregard the temporal be-
havior of the signal that, at any point of our linear
system, is described by the term exp(- iwr) in
Eq. (1).
We want tn express the field E ( r , Z ) in a plane
z = 2 once the field E ( r , 0 ) = Jo(ar) is given in the
plane z = 0, by means of the free space Huygens-
Fresnel diffraction integral [I I ]
k
E ( r , Z ) = exp (ikZ) exp
4 F. BLOISI,L. VICAR1 J. Optics (Paris), 1991, vol. 22, n’ 1

Since we already know the expression of E ( r , 2 ) transfer matrix the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction inte-
from Eq. (I), we perform this integration in order to gral (3) has t o be substituted by its generalized form
verify the accuracy of the paraxial approximation [I01

(- i $ ) exp(ikL) exp (. ?;’ )

implicit in Eq. (3).
Introducing E(r,Z ) = - I

x’= x 2 , a = k/i 22, = kr/2 Z , U = ai2 (4)

Eq. (3) becomes

E(r, 2 ) = exp (ikZ) exp (Z)& where L is the optical path between the planes
z = 0 and z = Z. We proceed as before, but now we
set
jOm dx’ J0(2P &) .&(2 U fi)exp(- ax,). (5)
x‘ = 2 , a = kAji 2 E , P = krj2 E , U =4 2 (1 1)

Since [I21 getting

j:dx’J,(2B &)J0(2u&)exp(-olx’)= E(r, 2 ) = exp(ikL) exp

= -1 I ~ (T
(Y
2 )peux p ( - y
(6) Jb” dx’ J0(2 p &) J0(2 U &) exp (- ax’). (12)

where I o is the modified Bessel function of order

Using again Eqs. (6) and (7) we finally have
zero, and [I31

Io(iur) = J o ( u r ) , (7) E(r, 2 ) = exp ikL 1 - __

a2B
2k’AL
j x
straightforward algebra leads to

{
E(?,Z ) = exp ikZ[1 - (ujk)‘]} Jo(ur) . (8)

On the other hand, disregarding the time depen-

dence, Eq. (1) can be written

E ( ? , z ) = exp[ikz
- t/! - (ajk)2!JG(ar) 4. - DISCUSSION
~

(9)

Therefore Eq. (8), i.e. the direct evaluation of the
Huygens-Fresnel integral, gives the correct radial
behavior of the amplitude in any plane z = Z. The
phase term is constant, but its value differs from that
of Eq. (9). On the other hand, taking into account
the series development
JX= I - 21 k 2 U2
1 U4
8k4
and remembering that it must be a2 =sk 2 we see that
Fresnel approximation results in disregarding high
terms of this development. Constant phase terms are
usually unrelevant in cases of physical interest,
however attention has to be paid if interference
between Bessel beams is under study.
Eq. (13) gives the field in a plane z = Z at an
optical distance L from the plane z = 0 where it was
given as E ( r , 0 ) = Jo(ar). We observe that, if the
optical system reduces to a free space gap of length
Z , than A = D = 1 and L = B = Z so that Eq. (13)
gives the same result of Eq. (8).
After propagating through any axisymmetric Opti-
cal system that can be described by an ABCD ray-
transfer matrix the beam amplitude still has a Bessel
shape, but amplified and squeezed by a factor
1/A. Moreover, its phase is radially modulated by a
term that vanishes when D = I / A . This is the case
for an usual beam expander: two lenses Of focal
lengths f l and f 2 spaced by a distance f l + f2. Than
A=-f,/f,, B = L = f l + f 2 and D = I / A =
- f l / f 2 . Eq. (13) gives

E ( r , f l + f 2 )= exp(iK) Jo(arfl/f2)f~/f~
(14)
3. - PROPAGATION THROUGH OPTICAL
where
SYSTEMS
K= T + k c f l + f Z ) ( l + a 2fz/2 k 2 fI )
If a Bessel beam propagates through an axisym-
metric optical system described by a n ABCD ray- doesn’t depend on r
 J. optics (Paris), 1991, vol. 22, n~ I F. BLOW, L. VICAR1 5

5. CONCLUSIONS (J.), MICELIJr (J. J.), EBERLY(J. H.). - Compari-

[ 41 DURNIN
son of Bcssel and Gaussian beams. Opt. Lelt. 13. 79-80
(1988).
We have given an explicit expression for the [ 51 Vicnnl (L.). -
Truncation of non diffracting beams. Opl.
diffraction pattern of a Bessel beam through any Commun. 70, 263-266 (1989).
*".-:..,*J.""1CL"C
". --*:,.-,
Upncd' "JJLCL"
...L.:.t
WIIIL,,
--- L ^ _ ^ _ _ ^^^..*^-l
La,, v c ,Gp,G>G,,LGu i 63 I N o E B m x w (S.j. - Nondiffracriog opticai k i d s ; some
by an ACED optical ray transfer matrix. remarks on their analysis and synthesis. J . O N Soc. Am.
We have shown that, in the particular case of free A 6, 150-357 (1989).
I 71 B L O (F.j,
~ VICARI(L.j, - Comwrison of nondiffracting
space propagation, our method give the correct ~~

beams. Opt. Commun. 75, 353.j57 (1990).

solution but for a constant phase term implicit in the [ 81 COLLINSJr (S. A.). -
Lens-system diffraction integral
Fresnel approximation of the Kirchhoff integral. written in terms of matrix optics. J , Opl. Soc. Anz. 60.
As an example, we have discussed the effect of 1168-1177 (1970).
beam expander on Bessel beam giving the amplifi- [ 91 YURA (H. T.), HANSON(S. G.). - Optical beam wave
propagation through complex optical systems. J. Opl. Soc.
cation and squeezing factors. Am. A 4. 1931-1948 (1987).
[IO] VICARI (L.), BLOISI (F.). - Matrix representation of
...:"..-_-*-;A
L""y"1L"CL"L
.*;-",
YpLLL"
".~-"
'y'LL""
:..A..A:--
"LL1"""1~
""".:.I
"P"L1*L IIALLsa.

Appl. Opt. 28. 4682-4686 (1989).

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(Manuscrip! received in September 27, 1990.)