MUSIC

♥ Baroque and Renaissance Period♥

•Baroque Period (1600-1750)

-the word ‘baroque” came from a Portuguese word “baroco” which means a pearl with
irregular shape.
-it is an era of monarchy. The ruler of France was King Louis XIV, Cromwell ruled
England, and Peter the Great governed Russia.

♥Lesson 1: Basso Continuo

-the beginning of the Baroque period was marked by the emergence of the solo song.
-this song was accompanied by bass instruments such as the viola da gamba, and early
keyboard instrument the harpsichord.
-the accompaniment part which is called basso continuo or figured bass or thorough bass
consists of a written bass line with numerals below the notes.
-the bass part is played by the viola da gamba, a six-stringed instrument, and the harmony
is directed to be improvised by the harpsichord, sometimes by the organ or the flute.

♥Lesson 2: Bach and His Cantatas

-Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was the leading composer of the Baroque Period.
-he composed instrumental music such as fugue, suite, concerto grosso, as well as vocal
music such as the oratorio and cantata.
-he was able to compose around 300 cantatas.
-cantata came from an Italian word “cantare” which means to sing. It is a composition for
vocalist, instrumentalist and chorus.

♥Lesson 3: Handel and His Oratorios

-George Frederick Handel (1685-1759) was born in Germany.
-an oratorio is a form of dramatic music consisting of an overture, arias, recitatives,
choruses and ensembles. It came from a Italian word which means “for a place of
prayer”, and set to a libretto of sacred or serious style. It is performed in concert style and
greater emphasis is given to the chorus and a testo (narrator) is often employed.

♥Lesson 4: The Organ, Harpsichord, and Other Baroque Instruments

-during the Baroque period, instrumental music grew popular.
-among the instruments of that day are the viola da gamba, lute, recorder, high pitched
trumpets without valves, organ, harpsichord, and clavichord.
-one of the most important instruments of the Baroque period was the pipe organ. It is
originated in Egypt around 250 B. C. and was improved by the Greeks and Romans. It is
a wind instrument that is played by means of keyboard. It has several sets of pipes with
varying lengths. Here in the Philippines, we have an example of a Baroque organ which
was built when Bach was still alive. It is the San Agustin organ.
-another is the harpsichord. It is known by a variety names: clavecin (French),
clavicembalo (Italian), cembalo (German), and virginal (a smaller instrument of Elizabeth
England). It produces tone by means of strings that are plucked mechanically when a key
is depressed.

♥ Lesson 5: Dance Suite and Baroque Sonata

-the Baroque suite (also called partita) consists of a series of dances derived from social
or court dances of time.
-the four principal dances of Baroque suite are:
1. allemande (German) – moderately fast in duple time
2. courante (French) – in triple meter with frequent dotted rhythms
3. sarabande (Spanish) – in slow triple time, also with dotted rhythm
4. gigue (English) – in livelt 6/8 or 9/8 time and in fugal style
-among the optional dances are the gavotte (4/4 time) bouree (4/4 time), polonaise
minuet, passepied, all in ¾ time.
-in Baroque music, the term sonata was often used for a suite of dance movements. This
was known as the “sonata de camera” (chamber sonata). It consists of the four basic
dance movements.
-“sonata de chiesa” (church sonata) which consists of several movements often of dance
like character. The basic form is slow, fast, slow, fast.

♥ Lesson 6: Concerto Grosso

-it is the most important form of orchestral music in Baroque period.
-it employs an orchestra consisting mainly of strings with a group of several solo
instruments called the concertino which plays in opposition to the whole orchestra, called
ripieno or tutti.
-it has three movements: fats, slow, fast
-A Spoken “Concerto Grosso”
Group Measures Dynamics
Ripieno 1-8 f
Concertino 1-4 f
Ripieno 5-8 p
Concertino 1-4 p
Tutti 5-8 mf
Concertino 1-2 p
Tutti 3-4 mf
Concertino 5-8 f
Tutti 1-8 ff

♥Renaissance Period (1450-1600) ♥

-it means “rebirth”, a secular rebirth for men delighted with life.
-it began in Italy and gradually spread over the Western European World.
-music was just like the visual arts, spacious, elegant, balanced, proportioned and with
careful regard for form.

♥ Lesson 7: Music of the Renaissance Period

-one of the important events here was the invention of printing and paper in 1450.
-its music is polyphonic and often involves a great deal of imitation.
-important goals forms are motet and madrigal. Motet is a short polyphonic composition
with sacred words and meant to be performed on religious or festive occasions. Madrigal
is a polyphonic music for four or five voices with secular text in the vernacular language.
-the popular instrument is the lute. It is a 16-stringed instrument and played by plucking.
It has a special kind of notation called tablature.

ART

♥Art, Culture and Social Issues in the Modern Period♥

♥Lesson 1-2: Issues and Difficulties in Defining Art

-defining art raises problems since the 20th century some artists have sought to challenge
the very definition of art.
-their art objects may lack the qualities long associated with art, such as beauty, skilled
craftsmanship, and clear organization.
-during the last quarter of 20th century, critics and art historians considered many more
types of object as art. Today, these authorities often speak of “visual culture”- which may
include motion pictures, television, advertising, and comic books instead of giving a
special attention to sculpture, painting, or architecture.
-perhaps the major difficulty in defining art lies in the fact that art implies value-
monetary, social, and intellectual.

♥ Lesson 3-5: Benefits of Art After High School

-teach every student the value of art across the various disciplines. Connect the several
expressions of art using the various means of communication.
-the modern application of several forms of art will change their attitude towards art
appreciation. The students must be able to apply this knowledge in a more concrete way
and for individuals to be able to “sustain” their life using the basic necessity of either
being “employed” or starting a small “business”.
-art related activities, which can help them in their day-to-day subsistence and existence
will make their lives more meaningful and relevant.
-Connecting art appreciation and modern application of this knowledge is both a
challenge and a social responsibility.
-Art is everywhere and art answers man’s basic human needs.
PE

♥Sports Organization and Management♥

-the success or failure of any sports program depends on how it is planned, executed,
evaluated, and corrected.
-no plan can be assured of success in all places at all times even when executed by the
same people.
-the 3 Ms for management (material resources, manpower, and method used) controls the
outcome of management.

♥ Lesson 1: Definition and Objectives of Sports Management

-sports management is not management and conduct per se. It is a scientific scheme of
development in almost all aspects of sort promotion.
-it is a vast working atmosphere, its diversified avenues astonishingly meet at one
junction which is success.
-objectives
1. To imbibe in the hearts and minds of the students that sport is a potent factor in making
a person mentally healthy, physically alert, emotionally stable.
2. To create awareness among teachers, coaches, trainers, and sports officials that
impressive sports management brings about success that has tremendous impact on them.
3. To further evaluate the status of sports in the region and in the country and to
contribute to the realization of the national objective.

♥ Lesson 2-3: Intramural Program

-the purpose of it in schools is to offer opportunity for voluntary participation among
students who are not skilled enough or not sufficiently interested in a varsity-type
program.
-intramurals is a term which in modern usage designates the entire spectrum of the
program whose offerings range from tournaments in different sports.
-intramural literally means “written on the walls”. An intramural program is one that is
carried on within the confines of a school or institution.
-extramurals implies a program which is an outgrowth of the intramural program, but
which is not confined to a single institution.
-playday is a day in which representatives from two or more schools engage in one or
more competitive activities.
-sports day is a day in which two or more schools compete in one or more activities.
-managers are the students who handle the routine details of a particular activity.
-administration of an intramural program
-the authority for developing the program should be invested in a faculty member
who is generally called the intramural director.
-there are three stages in in an intramural program: 1.planning; 2.execution;
3.evaluation
I. Overall Organizer- composed of chairman and co-chairman.
 II. Committees to be Organized
1. Program Invitation – in charge in the preparation of program and inviting
guests for it.
2. Accommodation – in charge in the equipments that are needed in the program
3. Committee in charge of the Facilities – in charge of all the facilities
4. Peace and Order – they will see if everything is in order.
5. Awards Committee – in charge of prizes and awards.
6. Technical Committee – in charge of adjudicating protests submitted to them.
-Officials of the Game
Referee Linesmen
Umpire Timer
Scorer Other officials

♥ Lesson 4-6: Types and Selection of Tournaments

1. Elimination Tournaments – used to a greater extent in the intramural program
than any other type. An elimination tournament is based on the elimination of the
team or individual in each round.
a. Single Elimination – the easiest to organize and the quickest way to
declare a winner.
b. Double Elimination – one of the fairest types since each entry must be
defeated twice before being eliminated.
Formula: G=T-1x2
2. Round Robin Tournament – this is where each team plays every other team. This
is recommended if sufficient time is available. This is one of the fairest types
since each team competes against the total entry.
Formula: N (N-1)/2
3. Ladder Tournament – this is undoubtedly the best known and most used of the
extended type. It is particularly appropriate for individual competition. It’s
objective is to work one’s way to the top and remain there.

♥ Lesson 7-9: Scheduling the Games

-the single and double eliminations require a ground rule which determines the final
position of a team/participant elminated.
-seeding is done so that the previous champion and the second placer will not be
competing in the first game.
-Point Systems and Awards
-it can be kept for individuals, for groups or both.
-it must be simple.
-in awards, they should be simple and inexpensive.
-Protests
-it should be avoided whenever possible.
-it is doubtful that any protest against the judgment of an official should be
honored.
 -all protests should be handled quickly and objectively by whatever group is
designated to consider them.
-Moral and Ethical Values
-the attainment of this is sometimes listed as an objective for the intramural
-the values are primarily those which revolve around a concept of sportsmanship
-Officiating
-