SALAAN, Neil G.

October 6, 2020
Section 4 PEACE EDUCATION

1. What is a Culture of War and its elements?

The culture of war has been an integral part of human culture from
early in human evolution. Every aspect of human culture has been profoundly
influenced by it, including family structure, the upbringing and education of
children, distinctions between men and women, the invention and
maintenance of the state, the invention and maintenance of exploitation and
racism, and the resultant economic systems including international trade and
globalization.
The culture of war included both psychological preparation for war through
myths, rituals and traditions and physical preparation through the regular
practice of combat, ranging from sporting competitions and initiation rites to
ritual warfare and periodic raids and feuds. Judging by the cross-cultural
analysis of existing ethnographic data, prehistoric culture of war probably
included warriors and weapons, authoritarian rule associated with military
leadership, control of information through secrecy, identification of an
"enemy", education of young men to be warriors, and male domination.
Male domination was pervasive by the end of prehistory because of the
need to exclude women from anything concerning warfare and its related
activities of big game hunting and metal-working. Women had to be excluded
from warfare in order to resolve the contradiction resulting from the fact that
war was carried out against the same neighboring groups with which one
inter-married. This made it likely that wars would be fought between the
husband of a woman on one side and her father and brothers on the other
side. Women could not be trusted with the secrets of warfare, and this was
essential because raids, which had to be planned in advance, carried the risk
of being ambushed and defeated if women revealed the plans to the "enemy".

2. What is a Culture of Peace?

Culture of peace is a set of values, attitudes, modes of behavior and

ways of life that reject violence and prevent conflicts by tackling their root
causes to solve problems through dialogue and negotiation among
individuals’ groups and nations.
Culture of Peace embraces far more than an absence of conflict. It
encompasses tolerance, disarmament, sustainable economic and social
development, democratic participation, gender equality, freedom of
expression and respect for human rights. The transition from a culture of war
to a Culture of Peace requires the transformation of individual behavior as
well as institutional practices. Learning to live in peace and harmony is a long-
term process, and begins with the development of inner peace, and nurturing
attitudes that promote the expansion and integration of peaceful principles.
Education and awareness-raising play a key roles in this process.
3. What are the alternatives (UN Jargons) given under the Culture of Peace?

The alternatives (UN Jargons) given under the culture of peace are
foster a culture of peace through education by revising the educational
curricula to promote qualitative values, attitudes and behaviours of a culture of
peace, including peaceful conflict-resolution, dialogue, consensus-building
and active non-violence. Such an educational approach should be geared
also, Promote respect for all human rights human rights and a culture of
peace are complementary: whenever war and violence dominate, there is no
possibility to ensure human rights; at the same time, without human rights, in
all their dimensions and Ensure equality between women and men through
full participation of women in economic, social and political decision-making,
elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against women, support
and assistance to women in need

4. How does Culture of Peace adopted in the (UN Jargons) given under the
culture of peace?
In order to obtain results that can be used by other cities around the
world, the assessment should be based on the programme areas identified by
the United Nations Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of
Peace. Seven of the programme areas in the UN document can be applied
directly to the municipal level as well as at the national level. Although the
eighth area, international peace and security, does not apply directly, it may
be applied as two related programme areas: security, public safety; and
solidarity with other municipalities on an international level.