SCIENCE 10

GR10-JHS -WK2

WEEK 2
Name:
Strand/Year Level:
Date Received:
Date Accomplished:

Module 2
EARTHQUAKES AND TYPES OF WAVES
Content Standard
1. Earthquakes and Types of Waves
2. Locating the Epicenter
3. Precautionary Measures
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs):
1. Define earthquake.
2. Differentiate body waves from surface waves.
3. Differentiate epicenter from hypocenter of an earthquake.
4. Identify the different measurements used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake.
5. Identify the scale used to measure the magnitude and intensity of an earthquake.
6. Determine the impacts of an earthquake.
7. Identify the precautionary measures before, during and after an earthquake.

I. PRE-ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice: Select the correct answer from the given choices.
1. By determining the starting point, we can locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Which
waves should we trace first?
a. First P wave and the first S wave
b. Second P wave and the second S wave
c. Third P wave and the third S wave
d. Fourth P wave and the fourth S wave
2. When will an earthquake occur?
a. Air on the ground evaporates along a fault.
b. Rocks underground suddenly breaks along a fault.
c. Soil on the ground was suddenly eroded by a flash flood.
d. Water underground usually breaks along a fault.
3. What is the exact location of the epicenter on the surface of the Earth?
a. Beneath where the earthquake starts.
b. Directly above where the earthquake starts.
c. Located at the center where the earthquake starts.
d. Right beside where the earthquake starts.
4. What will be the starting point to be traced to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
a. First P wave and the first S wave
b. Second P wave and the second S wave
c. Third P wave and the third S wave
d. Fourth P wave and the fourth S wave
5. The significance of locating an earthquake’s epicenter is to ______________.
a. identify the fault that did not rupture causing the earthquake.

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

b. increase the confidence in the hazard exhibiting in the area.

c. locate the epicenter that can be used as plate boundary.
d. lessen the confidence in the hazard exhibiting in the area.
6. If a Magnitude 10 earthquakes occur, what are its possible effects?
a. destroys some well-built wooden structures
b. felt by only a few
c. not felt by many
d. slight damages to specially designed structures
7. What is the point on the surface directly above the seismic focus called?
A. fault B. seismic focus C. focus D. epicenter
8. How is the magnitude of an earthquake measured? Through the use of a/an ___________.
A. Digital scale B. Inverted scale C. Richter scale D. Weighing scale
9. What best decribes the distribution of an earthquake’s epicenter?
a. The location of an earthquake’s epicenter can be used to define plate boundaries.
b. Plate tectonic activity has nothing to do with the earth’s tectonic activity.
c. The epicenter of an earthquake is derived from microseismic data.
d. None of the choices.
10. Which of the following statements is true about a seismologists’ prediction on
earthquake?
a. Predict 50% of all earthquakes.
b. Accurately predict when an earthquake occurs.
c. Predict the time and location of all earthquakes.
d. Characterize the seismic risk of an area, but cannot yet accurately predict most
earthquakes.

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

II.DISCUSSION
As you have learned from your previous grade, earthquakes are natural geological
phenomena caused by the sudden and rapid movement of large volume of rock. The violent
shaking and destruction caused by earthquakes are the result of the rupture and slippage along
fractures of Earth’s crust called faults.
What happens when an earthquake starts? The sudden release of energy from an
earthquake sends out several different shaking movements, or seismic waves. In some cases, an
earthquake can have foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place
where the larger earthquake occurs. On the other hand, mainshocks are always followed by
aftershocks. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the
mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks,
months, or even years after the mainshock!

Source: https://www.google.com/search?
q=4+pics+1+word+earthquake&rlz=1C1CHJW_enPH750PH750&sxsrf=ALeKk03-
NmG4m2L2ttvp0pRd4Jvxcr3oBA:1594258623070&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjX06GXhL_q
AhU9xosBHYn0BqoQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=QS1lk86hwREqDM

In the previous lesson, you learned about the different active volcanoes which may cause
earthquakes in various regions. You have also learned that an earthquake is a sudden and violent
shaking of the ground caused by the movements of the earth’s crust or volcanic eruption,
sometimes leading to great destruction.
Have you ever wondered what makes the Philippines susceptible to earthquakes?
This is because the Philippines is within the Pacific Ring of Fire. Hence, it is expected to
have more cases of earthquakes and these may happen anytime.

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

Figure 1.1 Pacific Ring of Fire

Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/plate-tectonics-ring-fire/

EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake is the shaking and trembling of the Earth’s crust caused by a sudden release
of energy. It occurs when rocks along a certain fault line suddenly move.
The study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called seismology (from the Greek
word “seismos” which means “to shake”). In turn, scientists who study earthquakes are called
seismologists. During an earthquake, a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth’s crust
creates seismic waves. Sometimes they cause tsunamis and fire which may lead to loss of life
and huge damage to property.
How would the surroundings be affected during an earthquake? As an earthquake occurs,
energy moves out in all directions from the focus. The energy that is released is carried by a
vibration called seismic waves.
There are four (4) main types of seismic waves: P-waves and S-waves (which are body
waves), and Rayleigh and Love waves (which are surface waves).

Body Waves Surface Waves

P-Wave or Primary Wave Love Wave
S-Wave or Secondary Wave Rayleigh Wave

Types of Body Waves

P-Waves or Primary Waves

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

P-Waves or primary waves travel faster than other seismic waves. It is considered as the
first signal from an earthquake to be felt. This may be transmitted through gases, liquids and
solids.

S-Waves or Secondary waves

S-Waves or secondary waves are a type of elastic Figure 1.2. P and S Wave
Source:
wave and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves. https://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/waves.html
It is also called as shear waves.
The distance between the beginning of the first P wave and the first S wave tells you how
many seconds the waves are apart. This number will be used to tell you how far your
seismograph is from the epicenter of the earthquake.
Types of Surface Waves
Love Wave
Love Wave is named after Augustus Edward
Hough Love. It has a horizontal motion that is transverse to the
direction the wave is travelling and is considered to be the
fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side to
side.
Figure 1.3. Love and Rayleigh Wave
Source: https://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/waves.html

Rayleigh Wave
Rayleigh Waves move in an elliptical motion, producing both vertical and horizontal
motions. This moves the ground up and down and side to side in the same direction that the wave
is moving. It is named after Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt).

LOCATING EPICENTER
The epicenter, is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus,
the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
In most earthquakes, the epicenter is the point where the greatest damage takes place, but
the length of the subsurface fault rupture may indeed be a long one, and damage can be spread
on the surface across the entire rupture zone. As an example, in the magnitude 7.9 2002 Denali
earthquake in Alaska, the epicenter was at the western end of the rupture, but the greatest
damage was about 330 km (210 mi) away at the eastern end. Focal depths of earthquakes
occurring in continental crust mostly range from 2 to 20 kilometers (1.2 to 12.4 mi). Continental
earthquakes below 20 km (12 mi) are rare whereas in subduction zones earthquakes can originate
at depths deeper than 600 km (370 mi).

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

Source: https://www.instructables.com/id/The-Steps-to-Locating-the-Epicenter-of-an-
Earthqua/

Seismologists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by using triangulation method.

When seismic data is collected from at least three (3) different locations, it can be used to
determine the epicenter of an earthquake by where it intersects. Hence, scientists need at least
three (3) seismic stations to clearly identify the location.
The epicenter is usually the location where the waves from an earthquake are highly
intense. As a result, it is also the area where the most damage can possibly occur. However, it is
not always the case. If an earthquake is particularly large, it may run across a large section of a
plate boundary. In this case, the epicenter might only be one of the many hotspot areas and the
damage could be greater elsewhere.

How to locate the earthquake epicenter?

In order to locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you need to determine the time
interval between the arrival of the P and S waves (the S-P interval) on the seismo-grams from at
least three different stations.
Locating the epicenters will determine which fault lines are active. Generally, the less
active fault line stores great amount of potential energy that could cause a major earthquake
once released. Hence, areas near fault lines that remain inactive for a long period of time are
prone to experience a major earthquake.
The distance between the beginning of the first P wave and the first S wave tells you how
many seconds the waves are apart. This number will be used to tell you how far your
seismograph is from the epicenter of the earthquake. In order to locate the epicenter, the distance
between the first P wave and the first S wave is measured.

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

Epicenter

Hypocenter or focus

Fig. 2.1. An earthquake showing the hypocenter and epicenter

What causes an earthquake?

An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. The tectonic plates are always slowly
moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. Figure 2.2 shows an earthquake that
took place in the Philippines. The area where an earthquake occurs is called fault, or where the
surface slipped. In addition, the location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is
called the hypocenter or focus, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is
called the epicenter.
The magnitude of an earthquake is based on the measurement of the maximum motion
recorded by a seismograph. The most commonly used are the Local Magnitude (ML) or known
as the Richter magnitude, the surface wave magnitude (Ms), body -wave magnitude (Mb), and
moment magnitude (Mw).

Fig. 2.2 An earthquake aftermath in

Davao City, Philippines
(October 31, 2019)

Most earthquakes are caused by the sudden slip along fault lines. It slips because of the
movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates leading to ground shaking which further results to
landslides and other rock movements. Some of the primary effects that are caused by
earthquakes are tsunamis, loss of properties and lives, while the lack of water, food, electricity
and telecommunications are considered as some of the secondary effects.
How can we measure an earthquake?
Earthquake can be measured using a Richter Scale and Mercalli Scale. Intensity is a
measure of the amount of earth shaking that happens at a given location. This can be measured
through the Richter Scale. Magnitude, on the other hand, measures the size of the seismic waves
or the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake and will be measured using a
Mercalli Scale.
©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

Table 2. How strong is an Earthquake?

INTENSITY EFFECTS TO PEOPLE MAGNITUDE
1 not felt by many Instrumental
2 felt by few Feeble
3 felt by few indoors Slight
4 felt by many indoors Moderate
5 felt by almost everyone Rather Strong
6 felt by all Strong
7 find damages to few buildings Very strong
8 slight damage to specially designed structures Destructive
9 destroys some well-built wooden structures Ruinous
10 destroys well-built wooden structures Disastrous
11 destroys bridges and railways Very disastrous
12 Total Damage Catastrophic

Safety Precautionary Measures

What to do before an Earthquake

 Must prepare a fire extinguisher;
 First aid kit;
 Battery powered radio;
 Emergency light/flashlights with extra battery;
 Must learn to turn off gas, electicity and water;
 Heavy objects must not be placed above the head level; and
 Make a plan where to meet with your family.
What to do during an Earthquake
 Stay calm.
 If you are outdoors, stay in an open area far away from power lines or anything that
might fall.
 if you are indoors, stay inside and observe the Drop-Cover-Hold protocol.
 In case you are in a high rise building, do not use the elevators.
What to do after an Earthquake
 Be prepared for aftershocks.
 Listen to the radio, or television, for information.
 Check your home for any damages.
 Wear protective clothing and sturdy shoes.

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

III. APPLICATION

ACTIVITY 1
EARTHQUAKE WORD SEARCH

Name:
Strand/Year Level:
Find all the hidden words related to earthquake in the grid below. The words may have
been arranged in different directions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

A S B C D E P I C E N T E R G
H E I J K L M N O P Q R S T U
V I W X Y S Z A B C D E F G H
I S J K L M E N O P Q R S T U
Z M V W X Y Z I A B C D E F G
H O J T F B J G S T U H T R D
B S N K H T F D C M J K O U T
D C B B J G Y J K K O U K J N
Q W E R T Y U I O P K L J H G
F D S A Z X C V B N M H O F G
E D C V F R Y H B J M B G G T
A S B C D E P I C F G J M K Y
S U R F A C E W A V E S V G H
H E I J K L M N O N H J Y T F
B O D Y W A V E S N M K L I Y

1.____________________________ 2.____________________________

3.____________________________ 4.____________________________

5.____________________________

ACTIVITY 2
EARTHQUAKES

Name:
Strand/Year Level:

A. Based on the pictures given above, what can you infer about all of them as a whole?

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

Fig. 1.1 Damaged Building Fig. 1.2 Tsunami Fig.1.3 Fire

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

B. In the box below, illustrate the seismic waves and give a short explanation for each of
them.
Illustration Explanation

C. Fill in the boxes with the necessary information to complete the concept about seismic
waves. (15 points)

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

Earthquake

Seismic Waves

D. As a concerned citizen and an informed individual, what can you do to help your
neighbor during an earthquake. Give at least five (5) steps/actions that you can do to help
them.

1. _______________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________

5. _______________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 3
CRITICAL WRITING

Name:

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

Strand/Year Level:

A. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the cause of an earthquake?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. How does a hypocenter differ from an epicenter?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. How can we locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the different measurements used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

B. Complete the table below by citing the differences between an epicenter and a
hypocenter based on their characteristics. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
Characteristics Epicenter Hypocenter

Location on Earth’s Surface

Associated waves

C. Cite a real scenario that occurs during an Earthquake Drill.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

IV. POST-ASSESSMENT
Part 1
Multiple Choice: Select the correct answer from the given choices.
©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

1. Which of the following is the most active in the Philippines?

a. Arayat c. Kanlaon
b. Hibok-Hibok d. Mayon
2. What do we call molten hot liquid rock once it erupts to the Earth’s surface?
a. Cinder c. Lava
b. Igneous d. Magma
3. What do we call molten hot liquid while it is still below the Earth’s surface?
a. Cinder c. Lava
b. Igneous d. Magma
4. Which of the following is a composite type of volcano?
a. Hibok-Hibok. c. Mayon
b. Kanlaon d. Taal
5. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group?
a. Apo c. Mayon
b. Kilauea d. Pinatubo
6. What is a volcano?
a. A large storm with very high-speed winds.
b. A large cloud that generates rain, hail, and lighting.
c. An opening in the Earth’s crust where magma erupts to the surface.
d. A violent shaking of the Earth that occurs when two tectonic plates bump into each
other.
7. How many major types of volcanoes are there?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
8. Which volcano is the least explosive?
a. Composite c. Shield
b. Cinder cone d. Stratovolcano
9. What type of volcano has a very broad shape with gentle slopes?
a. Composite c. Lava
b. Cinder cone d. Shield
10. Which type of volcano is the most explosive?
a. Composite c. Lava
b. Cinder cone d. Shield
11. What type of volcanoes form from wide thin layers of lava?
a. Composite c. Lava
b. Cinder cone d. Shield
12. What is volcanic lava?
a. Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface.
b. Gas clouds created by volcanoes.
c. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust.
d. Magma bursts through into Earth’s surface as a bright angle liquid

Part 2

Matching Type: Relate each statement in column A to the options in column B.

A B
©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2
 SCIENCE 10
GR10-JHS -WK2

_____ 1. The formation of new crust on the ocean a. Pangaea

floor
_____ 2. A long narrow chain of underwater hills b. Gondwanaland
or mountains
_____ 3. Boundary formed where two plates bump c. Convection currents
into each other
_____ 4. Boundary found where plates are d. Plate tectonic theory
moving apart at mid-ocean ridges
_____ 5. Wegner’s large continent e. Laurasia
_____ 6. A theory stating that the Earth’s surface f. Colliding boundary
is composed of broken pieces
_____ 7. Melted material that rises from the g. Magma
mantle
_____ 8. The single continent million years ago h. Ridge
made up of the southern continents
_____ 9. Forces responsible for the movement of i. spreading boundary
plates
_____ 10. The northern continental group formed j. rift
million years ago
_____ 11. The first layer of the lithosphere k. seafloor spreading
_____ 12. The Earth layer where magma come l. convection cell
from
_____ 13. The cyclic movement of molten rock in m. core
the mantle
_____ 14. Currently the biggest continent n. crust
_____ 15. The innermost layer of the lithosphere o. Asia
p. mantle

V. Reference

Lilia M. Rabago, Science and Technology 10 (2014), Published by Vibal Group, Inc

Prepared By: Checked By:

MR. ROLDAN M. ORMILLA MS. ERLINDA B. CARIÑO

Subject Teacher Science Coordinator

Approved By:

MS. CYNTHIA O. DAVID

School Principal

©2020 SAN QUINTIN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED Pag

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, encoding, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the SQHSEFI. e 2
of 2