An Organization Committed to the Over all Development of Rural India

AZAD INDIA FOUNDATION

Sociolo
Free
for Col
NGO
Prod
ucts
Visit
ors
Hom Poverty in
e India
Site
map
Kish
anga
nj
News
NGO According
News to a recent
Indian
Volu
governme
nteer
nt
Dona committee
tions constituted
Frien to
ds & estimate
Well- poverty,
wishe nearly
rs 38% of
Our India’s
Partn population
ers (380
Publi million) is
catio poor. This
ns report is
Succ based on
ess new
Stori methodolo
es gy and the
AIF figure is
in 10%
News higher
than the
Rura present
l poverty
Scho estimate
ols of 28.5%.
Even
ts
and The
Progr committee
amm was
es headed by
Reco SD
gnitio Tendulkar
n has used a
Proj different
ect methodolo
Talim gy to
reach at
Proj the
ect current
Disha figure. It
 Proj
ect
NIRM
AN
Proj
ect
Pahla
Kada
m
Proj
ect
Sanji
vini
Our
Activi
ties
Soci
al
Issue
s
Our
Progr
amm
e
Them
es
Azad
Publi
c
Scho
ol
Azad
India
Foun
datio
n
Abou
t
Kisha
nganj
 has taken
into
considerati
on
indicators
for heath,
education,
sanitation,
nutrition
and
income as
per
Contact Us Be a Sponsor National
Sample
Survey
Organizati
on survey
of 2004-
05.This
new
methodolo
gy is a
complex
scientific
basis
aimed at
addressing
the
concern
raised
over the
current
poverty
estimation
.

Since
1972
poverty
has been
defined on
basis of
the money
required to
buy food
worth
2100
calories in
urban
areas and
2400
calories in
rural
areas. In
June this
year a
governme
nt
committee
headed by
NC Saxena
committee
estimated
50%
Indians
were poor
as against
Planning
Commissio
n’s 2006
figure of
28.5%.
 Poverty is
one of the
main
problems
which
have
attracted
attention
of
sociologist
s and
economist
s. It
indicates a
condition
in which a
person
fails to
maintain a
living
standard
adequate
for his
physical
and
mental
efficiency.
It is a
situation
people
want to
escape. It
gives rise
to a
feeling of
a
discrepanc
y between
what one
has and
what one
should
have. The
term
poverty is
a relative
concept. It
is very
difficult to
draw a
demarcati
on line
between
affluence
and
poverty.
According
to Adam
Smith -
Man is rich
or poor
according
to the
degree in
which he
can afford
to enjoy
the
necessarie
s, the
convenien
ces and
the
amusemen
 ts of
human
life.

Even after
more than
50 years
of
Independe
nce India
still has
the world's
largest
number of
poor
people in a
single
country.
Of its
nearly 1
billion
inhabitants
, an
estimated
260.3
million are
below the
poverty
line, of
which
193.2
million are
in the rural
areas and
67.1
million are
in urban
areas.
More than
75% of
poor
people
reside in
villages.
Poverty
level is not
uniform
across
India. The
poverty
level is
below
10% in
states like
Delhi,
Goa, and
Punjab etc
whereas it
is below
50% in
Bihar (43)
and Orissa
(47). It is
between
30-40% in
Northeaste
rn states
of Assam,
Tripura,
and
Mehgalaya
and in
Southern
states of
TamilNadu
and Uttar
Pradesh.

Poverty
has many
dimension
s changing
from place
to place
and across
time.
There are
two inter-
related
aspects of
poverty-
Urban and
rural
poverty.
The main
causes of
urban
poverty
are
predomina
ntly due to
impoverish
ment of
rural
peasantry
that forces
them to
move out
of villages
to seek
some
subsistenc
e living in
the towns
and cities.
In this
process,
they even
lose the
open
space or
habitat
they had
in villages
albeit
without
food and
other basic
amenities.
When they
come to
the cities,
they get
access to
some food
though
other
sanitary
facilities
including
clean
water
supply still
elude
them. And
they have
to stay in
the
 habitats
that place
them
under sub-
human
conditions.
While a
select few
have
standards
of living
comparabl
e to the
richest in
the world,
the
majority
fails to get
two meals
a day. The
causes of
rural
poverty
are
manifold
including
inadequate
and
ineffective
implement
ation of
anti-
poverty
programm
es.The
overdepen
dence on
monsoon
with non-
availability
of
irrigational
facilities
often
result in
crop-
failure and
low
agricultura
l
productivit
y forcing
farmers in
the debt-
traps. The
rural
communiti
es tend to
spend
large
percentag
e of
annual
earnings
on social
ceremonie
s like
marriage;
feast
etc.Our
economic
developme
nt since
Independe
 nce has
been
lopsided
.There has
been
increase in
unemploy
ment
creating
poverty
like
situations
for many.
Population
is growing
at an
alarming
rate. The
size of the
Indian
family is
relatively
bigger
averaging
at 4.2.The
other
causes
include
dominance
of caste
system
which
forces the
individual
to stick to
the
traditional
and
hereditary
occupation
s.

Since the
1970s the
Indian
governme
nt has
made
poverty
reduction
a priority
in its
developme
nt
planning.
Policies
have
focused on
improving
the poor
standard
of living by
ensuring
food
security,
promoting
self-
employme
nt through
greater
access to
assets,
increasing
wage
 employme
nt and
improving
access to
basic
social
services.
Launched
in 1965,
India's
Public
Distributio
n System
has helped
meet
people's
basic food
needs by
providing
rations at
subsidized
prices.
Although it
has
affected
less than
20% of
the Poor's
food
purchases,
the system
has been
important
in
sustaining
people's
consumpti
on of
cereals,
especially
in periods
of
drought. It
has
provided
women
and girls
with better
access to
food and
helped
overcome
the
widesprea
d
discriminat
ion against
female
consumpti
on within
household
s. It has
also
reduced
the burden
of women,
who are
responsibl
e for
providing
food for
the
household.
 The
largest
credit-
based
governme
nt poverty
reduction
programm
e in the
world, the
Integrated
Rural
Developm
ent
Programm
e provides
rural
household
s below
the
poverty
line with
credit to
purchase
income-
generating
assets.
Launched
in 1979,
the
programm
e has
supplied
subsidized
credit to
such
groups as
small and
marginaliz
ed
farmers,
agricultura
l laborers,
rural
artisans,
the
physically
handicapp
ed,
scheduled
castes and
scheduled
tribes.
Within this
target
population
, 40% of
the
beneficiari
es are
supposed
to be
women.
Although
the
programm
e has
reached
51 million
families,
only 27%
of the
borrowers
have been
 women.
The
programm
e has
significantl
y
increased
the income
of 57% of
assisted
families.

Rural
poverty is
largely a
result of
low
productivit
y and
unemploy
ment. The
Jawahar
Rozgar
Yojana, a
national
public
works
scheme
launched
in 1989
with
financing
from the
central
and state
governme
nts,
provides
more than
700 million
person
days of
work a
year about
1% of
total
employme
nt for
people
with few
opportuniti
es for
employme
nt. The
scheme
has two
component
s: a
programm
e to
provide
low-cost
housing
and one to
supply free
irrigation
wells to
poor and
marginaliz
ed
farmers.
The public
works
scheme is
 self-
targeting.
Since it
offers
employme
nt at the
statutory
minimum
wage for
unskilled
manual
labor, only
those
willing to
accept
very low
wages the
poor are
likely to
enroll in
the
scheme.
By
providing
regular
employme
nt and
thereby
increasing
the
bargaining
power of
all rural
workers,
the public
works
scheme
has had a
significant
effect in
reducing
poverty. It
has also
contribute
d to the
constructio
n of rural
infrastruct
ure
(irrigation
works, a
soil
conservati
on project,
drinking
water
supply).
Evaluation
s show
that 82%
of
available
funds have
been
channeled
to
communit
y
developme
nt
projects.
Targeting
was
improved
 in 1996
when the
housing
and
irrigation
well
component
s were
delinked
and
focused
exclusively
on people
below the
poverty
line.

TRYSEM
(Training
rural youth
for self
employme
nt) was
started to
provide
technical
skills to
the rural
youth and
to help
them to
get
employme
nt in fields
such as
agriculture
, industry,
services
and
business
activities.
Youth of
the poor
families
belonging
to the
age-group
of 18-35
are
entitled to
avail the
benefits of
the
scheme.
Priority is
given to
persons
belonging
to ST/SC
and ex-
serviceme
n and
about 1/3
seats are
reserved
for
women.
Minimum
Needs
Programm
e was
taken up
 as an
integral
part of the
5th Five
Year Plan
and it was
intended
to cater to
the
minimum
needs of
the people
such as
rural water
supply,
rural
health,
road
building,
adult
education,
primary
education,
rural
electrificati
on and
improvem
ent of the
urban
slums
etc.With
the
intention
of
removing
urban
unemploy
ment
some
schemes
such as
SEPUP
(Self-
employme
nt
programm
e for the
urban
poor);
SEEUY
(Scheme
for self-
employme
nt of the
educated
urban
youths)
.These
schemes
gives loans
and
subsidies
for the
urban
unemploye
d youths
to create
or to find
for
themselve
s some
jobs. The
SEPUP had
provided
 financial
help for
about 1.19
urban
unemploye
d youths
in the year
190-91.

The
participati
on of civil
society
organizatio
ns in
poverty
reduction
efforts,
especially
those
directed to
women,
has
increased
social
awareness
and
encourage
d
governme
nts to
provide
better
services.
Cooperativ
es such as
the Self-
Employed
Women's
Associatio
n provide
credit to
women at
market
rates of
interest
but do not
require
collateral;
they also
allow
flexibility
in the use
of loans
and the
timing of
repayment
s. These
civil
society
organizatio
ns have
not only
contribute
d to
women's
material
well being;
they have
also
helped
empower
them
socially
 and
politically.
Such
credit
initiatives,
by
bringing
women
out of the
confines of
the
household,
are
changing
their
status
within the
family and
within
village
hierarchies
. The
demands
of civil
society
organizatio
ns for
better
social
services
have
spurred
the
governme
nt to
launch
campaigns
to increase
literacy
and
improve
public
infrastruct
ure. And
their calls
for greater
accountabi
lity and
real
devolution
of power
are
increasing
the
likelihood
that
expenditur
es for
poverty
reduction
will reach
the needy,
especially
women.

The Indian
state has
undoubted
ly failed in
its
responsibil
ities
towards its
citizens
 over the
last 50
odd years.
There is a
need for
the state
to move
out of
many
areas and
the
process
has been
started
with
economic
liberalizati
on. The
process of
decentraliz
ation
should
devolute
lot more
powers,
both
functional
and
financial,
to
panchayat
s. The lack
of
transparen
cy and
accountabi
lity has
hampered
our
economic
developme
nt at all
levels. The
problem of
poverty
persists
because of
a number
of
leakages
in the
system.
New laws
have to be
evolved to
ensure
more
accountabi
lity. Bodies
like the
Planning
Commissio
n should
be
modified
into new
constitutio
nal bodies
that can
hold
governme
nts
accountabl
e for their
 failure to
implement
developme
nt
programm
es. A
strong
system of
incentives
and
disincentiv
es also
needs to
be
introduced
. The
encourage
ment of
non-
governme
ntal
organizatio
ns and
private
sector
individuals
in tackling
poverty is
imperative
, as the
state
cannot do
everything
.

Other Social
Issues in
India

According to a recent Ind

committee constituted to estimate
38% of India’s population (380
This report is based on new meth
figure is 10% higher than the
estim

The committee was headed by S

used a different methodology
current figure. It has taken in
indicators for heath, education, san
and income as per Nationa
Organization survey of 20
methodology is a complex scientifi
addressing the concern raised
 pove

Since 1972 poverty has been de

the money required to buy food wor
in urban areas and 2400 calories i
June this year a government comm
NC Saxena committee estimated 50
poor as against Planning Commissi

Poverty is one of the main probl

attracted attention of sociologists
It indicates a condition in which
maintain a living standard adequate
and mental efficiency. It is a situat
to escape. It gives rise to a feeling
between what one has and what o
The term poverty is a relative co
difficult to draw a demarcat
affluence and poverty. According t
Man is rich or poor according to the
he can afford to enjoy the
conveniences and the amusement

Even after more than 50 years o

India still has the world's largest
people in a single country. Of its
inhabitants, an estimated 260.3 m
the poverty line, of which 193.2 m
rural areas and 67.1 million are
More than 75% of poor people re
Poverty level is not uniform a
poverty level is below 10% in s
Goa, and Punjab etc whereas it
Bihar (43) and Orissa (47). It is b
in Northeastern states of Assa
Mehgalaya and in Southern stat
and

Poverty has many dimensions chan

to place and across time. Ther
related aspects of poverty-Urban an
The main causes of ur
predominantly due to impover
peasantry that forces them to mov
to seek some subsistence living i
cities. In this process, they eve
space or habitat they had in village
food and other basic amenities. Wh
the cities, they get access to so
other sanitary facilities including cle
still elude them. And they ha
habitats that place them un
conditions. While a select few ha
living comparable to the richest i
majority fails to get two meals a da
rural poverty are manifold including
ineffective implementation
programmes.The overdependence o
non-availability of irrigational facil
in crop-failure and low agricult
forcing farmers in the debt-
communities tend to spend larg
annual earnings on social ceremonie
feast etc.Our economic de
Independence has been lopsided
increase in unemployment crea
situations for many. Population
alarming rate. The size of the
relatively bigger averaging at 4.2.T
include dominance of caste system
individual to stick to the traditiona
 Since the 1970s the Indian govern
poverty reduction a priority in
planning. Policies have focused o
poor standard of living by ensurin
promoting self-employment through
to assets, increasing wage e
improving access to basic social ser
in 1965, India's Public Distribu
helped meet people's basic food nee
rations at subsidized prices.
affected less than 20% o
purchases, the system has be
sustaining people's consum
especially in periods of drought.
women and girls with better ac
helped overcome the widesprea
against female consumption withi
has also reduced the burden of w
responsible for providing food for

The largest credit-based gove

reduction programme in the world
Rural Development Programm
households below the poverty li
purchase income-generating asse
1979, the programme has sup
credit to such groups as small a
farmers, agricultural laborers, ru
physically handicapped, sched
scheduled tribes. Within this ta
40% of the beneficiaries are
women. Although the programme
million families, only 27% of the
been women. The programme
increased the income of 57% of as

Rural poverty is largely a result of

and unemployment. The Jawahar R
national public works scheme la
with financing from the c
governments, provides more
person days of work a year a
employment for people with few o
employment. The scheme has two
programme to provide low-cost hou
supply free irrigation wells to poor a
farmers. The public works scheme i
Since it offers employment
minimum wage for unskilled ma
those willing to accept very low wag
likely to enroll in the scheme. By p
employment and thereby increasing
power of all rural workers, the publi
has had a significant effect in redu
has also contributed to the cons
infrastructure (irrigation works, a s
project, drinking water supply). E
that 82% of available funds have
to community development projects
improved in 1996 when the housin
well components were delin
exclusively on people below th

TRYSEM (Training rural youth for se

was started to provide technical s
youth and to help them to get empl
such as agriculture, industry, servic
activities. Youth of the poor fami
the age-group of 18-35 are ent
benefits of the scheme. Priority is g
belonging to ST/SC and ex-servic
1/3 seats are reserved for women.
Programme was taken up as an int
5th Five Year Plan and it was inte
the minimum needs of the peop
water supply, rural health, roa
education, primary education, rur
and improvement of the urban slu
intention of removing urban unem
schemes such as SEPUP (S
programme for the urban poor);
for self-employment of the
youths) .These schemes gives loan
for the urban unemployed youth
find for themselves some jobs.
provided financial help for a
unemployed youths in th

The participation of civil society

poverty reduction efforts, especiall
to women, has increased socia
encouraged governments t
services. Cooperatives such as th
Women's Association provide cre
market rates of interest bu
collateral; they also allow flexibi
loans and the timing of repaym
society organizations have not onl
women's material well being; they h
empower them socially and politic
initiatives, by bringing women out o
the household, are changing their s
family and within village hierarchie
of civil society organizations
services have spurred the gover
campaigns to increase literacy and
infrastructure. And their
accountability and real devolut
increasing the likelihood that
poverty reduction will reach the n

The Indian state has undoubt

responsibilities towards its citizens
odd years. There is a need for th
out of many areas and the p
started with economic liberalization
decentralization should devolute l
both functional and financial, to p
lack of transparency and ac
hampered our economic developm
The problem of poverty persi
number of leakages in the system
to be evolved to ensure more accou
like the Planning Commission sho
into new constitutional bodi
governments accountable fo
implement development progra
system of incentives and disincen
to be introduced. The encoura
governmental organizations an
individuals in tackling poverty is im
state cannot

Other Social
 Azad India Foundation, Line Mohalla, Kishanganj-855107, Bihar. Phn:06456-222483. Ms.Yuman Hussain, Executive Director,
aif_org@yahoo.co.in | Sitemap
© copyright 2004 www.Azadindia.org

Our Sponsors : historytution.com | thisismyindia.com | amlaan.com | tigersofindia.com | palsforfree.com | creditmela.com

An Organization Committed to the Over all Development of Rural India

AZAD INDIA FOUNDATION

SociologyGuide.co
Free Sociology note
Volunte Kishanganj News NGO News for College Student
er
Donatio
ns
Our
Partners
Be a Unempl
Sponsor
oyment
Publicati
ons in India
Success
Stories
AIF in
News
Rural
Schools
Unemp
Events loymen
and t
Program
mes
India as
Recognit a nation
ion is faced
Project
with
Talim
Project
massive
Disha problem
Project of
NIRMAN unempl
Project
Pahla oyment.
Kadam Unempl
Project oyment
Sanjivini
Our can be
Activities defined
Social as a
Issues
Our
Program
me
Themes
Azad
Public
School
Azad
India
Foundati
on
About
Kishanga
nj

NGO Products Visitors Home

Contact Us Sitemap Friends &
Well-wishers
state of
workles
sness
for a
man fit
and
willing
to work.
It is a
conditio
n of
involunt
ary and
not
voluntar
y
idleness
. Some
features
of
unempl
oyment
have
been
identifie
d as
follows:

1. The
inciden
ce of
unemp
loyme
nt is
much
higher
in
urban
areas
than in
rural
areas.
2. Unemp
loyme
nt
rates
for
wome
n are
higher
than
those
for
 men.
3. The
inciden
ce of
unemp
loyme
nt
among
the
educat
ed is
much
higher
than
the
overall
unemp
loyme
nt.
4. There
is
greate
r
unemp
loyme
nt in
agricul
tural
sector
than in
industr
ial and
other
major
sectors
.

Econom
ists and
social
thinkers
have
classifie
d
unempl
oyment
into
various
types.
Generall
y
unempl
oyment
can be
classifie
d in two
types:

(1)
Volunt
ary
unempl
oymen
t

In this
type of
unempl
oyment
a
person
is out of
job of
his own
desire
doesn't
work on
the
prevale
nt or
prescrib
ed
wages.
Either
he
wants
higher
wages
or
doesn't
want to
work at
all. It is
in fact
social
problem
leading
to social
disorga
nization
. Social
problem
s and
forces
such as
a
revoluti
on, a
social
upheav
al, a
class
struggle
, a
financial
or
econom
ic crisis
a war
betwee
n
nations,
mental
illness,
political
corrupti
on
mountin
g
unempl
oyment
and
crime
etc.
threate
n the
smooth
working
of
society.
Social
values
are
often
regarde
d as the
sustaini
ng
forces
of
society.
They
contribu
te to
the
strengt
h and
stability
of social
order.
But due
to rapid
social
change
new
values
come
up and
some of
the old
values
decline.
At the
same
time,
people
are not
is a
position
to
reject
the old
complet
ely and
accept
the new
altogeth
er.
Here,
conflict
betwee
n the
old and
the new
is the
inevitab
le result
which
leads to
the
social
disorga
nization
in
impose
d
situatio
n. In
econom
ic
terminol
ogy this
situatio
n is
voluntar
y
unempl
oyment.

(2) In
volunt
ary
unempl
oymen
t

In this
type of
situatio
n the
person
who is
unempl
oyed
has no
say in
the
matter.
It
means
that a
person
is
separat
ed from
remune
rative
work
and
devoid
of
wages
althoug
h he is
capable
of
earning
his
wages
and is
also
anxious
to earn
them.
Forms
and
types of
unempl
oyment
accordi
ng to
Hock
are.

a. Cyclic
al
unem
ploym
ent -
This is
the
result
of the
trade
cycle
which
is a
part of
the
capitali
st
system
. In
such a
system
, there
is
greate
r
unemp
loyme
nt and
when
there
is
depres
sion a
large
numbe
r of
people
are
render
ed
unemp
loyed.
Since
such
an
econo
mic
crisis
is the
result
of
trade
cycle,
the
unemp
loyme
 nt is a
part of
it.
b. Sudde
n
unem
ploym
ent -
When
at the
place
where
worker
s have
been
emplo
yed
there
is
some
chang
e, a
large
numbe
r of
person
s are
unemp
loyed.
It all
happe
ns in
the
industr
ies,
trades
and
busine
ss
where
people
are
emplo
yed for
a job
and
sudde
nly
when
the job
has
ended
they
are
asked
 to go.
c. Unem
ploym
ent
cause
d by
failur
e of
Indus
tries -
In
many
cases,
a
busine
ss a
factory
or an
industr
y has
to
close
down.
There
may
be
variou
s
factors
respon
sible
for it
there
may
be
disput
e
among
st the
partne
rs, the
busine
ss may
give
huge
loss or
the
busine
ss may
not
turn
out to
be
useful
and so
 on.
d. Unem
ploym
ent
cause
d by
deteri
oratio
n in
Indus
try
and
busin
ess -
In
variou
s
industr
ies,
trades
or
busine
ss,
someti
mes,
there
is
deterio
ration.
This
deterio
ration
may
be due
to
variou
s
factors
. In
efficien
cy of
the
emplo
yers,
keen
compe
titions
less
profit
etc.
are
some
of the
factors
respon
 sible
for
deterio
ration
in the
industr
y and
the
busine
ss.
e. Seaso
nal
unem
ploym
ent -
Certai
n
industr
ies and
traders
engag
e
worker
s for a
particu
lar
season
. When
the
season
has
ended
the
worker
s are
render
ed
unemp
loyed.
Sugar
industr
y is an
examp
le of
this
type of
season
al
unemp
loyme
nt.

The
problem
of
unempl
oyment
has
becomi
ng a
colossal
.
Various
problem
s have
caused
this
problem
. There
are
individu
al
factors
like
age,
vocatio
nal
unfitnes
s and
physical
disabiliti
es
which
restrict
the
people.
External
factors
include
technol
ogical
and
econom
ic
factors.
There is
enormo
us
increase
in the
populati
on.
Every
year
India
adds to
her
populati
on
afresh.
More
than
this
every
year
about 5
million
people
become
eligible
for
securin
g jobs.
Busines
s field is
subject
to ups
and
downs
of trade
cycle
and
globaliz
ation.
Econom
ic
depressi
on or
sick
industri
es are
often
close
down
compelli
ng their
employ
ees to
become
unempl
oyed.
Technol
ogical
advance
ment
contribu
tes to
econom
ic
develop
ment
.But
unplann
ed and
uncontr
olled
growth
of
technol
ogy is
causing
havoc
on job
opportu
nities.
The
comput
erizatio
n and
automa
tion has
led to
technol
ogical
unempl
oyment.
Strikes
and
lockouts
have
become
insepar
able
aspect
of the
industri
al world
today.
Due to
these
industri
es often
face
econom
ic loses
and
producti
on
comes
down.
Since
workers
do not
get any
salary
or
wages
during
the
strike
period
they
suffer
from
econom
ic
hardshi
ps.
They
become
perman
ently or
tempor
arily
unempl
oyed.
Today
young
people
are not
ready to
take
jobs
which
are
conside
red to
be
socially
degradi
ng or
lowly.
Our
educati
onal
system
has its
own
irrepara
ble
defects
and its
contribu
tion to
the
unempl
oyment
is an
open
truth.O
ur
educati
on does
not
prepare
the
minds
of
young
generati
on to
become
self-
employ
ed on
the
contrar
y it
makes
them
depend
ent on
govern
ment
vacanci
es
which
are
hard to
come.
Our
State
right
from
the
beginni
ng of
Five
year
plans
has
introduc
ed
several
employ
ment
generati
ng
scheme
s and
progra
mmes
over the
years
but in
the
absence
of
proper
implem
entation
and
monitori
ng have
failed to
achieve
the
required
targets.
Recentl
y UPA
Govern
ment
has
come
up with
Rural
Employ
ment
Guarant
ee
progra
m
which
aims to
provide
minimu
m days
of
employ
ment to
people
living in
the
villages.
This is a
laudabl
e
progra
mme if
implem
ented
sincerel
y
because
it will
provide
employ
ment to
people
during
natural
calamiti
es like
drought
, floods
etc. The
remedia
l
measur
es for
reducin
g
unempl
oyment
may lay
greater
emphas
is on
creation
of
opportu
nities
for self
-employ
ment,
augmen
tation
of
producti
vity and
income
levels of
the
working
poor,
shift in
emphas
is from
creation
of relief
type of
employ
ment to
the
building
up of
durable
producti
ve
assets
in the
rural
areas
and
instead
of
attempt
ing to
revert
somewh
at to
protecti
onist
policies
the
pace of
privatiz
ation
may be
accelera
ted.

Other
Social
Issues in
India

Unemployment in

Unemployment
India as a nation is faced w
problem of une
Unemployment can be de
state of worklessness for a
willing to work. It is a c
involuntary and not volunta
Some features of unemplo
been identified as follows:

1. The incidence of une

much higher in urban
rural areas.
2. Unemployment rates f
higher than those for m
3. The incidence of
among the educated i
than the overall unemp
4. There is greater une
agricultural sector tha
and other major sector
Economists and social thi
classified unemployment i
types. Generally unemplo
be classified in two types:

(1) Voluntary unemploym

In this type of unemployme

is out of job of his own de
work on the prevalent or
wages. Either he wants hi
or doesn't want to work at
fact social problem leadin
disorganization. Social pro
forces such as a revolutio
upheaval, a class struggle
or economic crisis a wa
nations, mental illness
corruption mounting une
and crime etc. threaten
working of society. Social
often regarded as the susta
of society. They contrib
strength and stability of s
But due to rapid social c
values come up and some
values decline. At the s
people are not is a positio
the old completely and acc
altogether. Here, conflict b
old and the new is the inev
which leads to th
disorganization in impose
In economic terminology th
is voluntary unemployment

(2) In voluntary unempl

In this type of situation

who is unemployed has no
matter. It means that a
separated from remuner
and devoid of wages alth
capable of earning his wa
also anxious to earn them.
types of unemployment a
Hock are.

a. Cyclical unemploym
the result of the trade
a part of the capital
such a system, the
unemployment and w
depression a large num
 are rendered unemploy
an economic crisis is
trade cycle, the unem
part of it.
b. Sudden unemployme
the place where work
employed there is so
large number of
unemployed. It all ha
industries, trades and b
people are employed
suddenly when the j
they are asked to go.
c. Unemployment caus
of Industries - In m
business a factory or a
to close down. There m
factors responsible for
be dispute amongst th
business may give hu
business may not tu
useful and so on.
d. Unemployment c
deterioration in I
business - In vario
trades or business, som
is deterioration. This
may be due to vario
efficiency of the em
competitions less profit
of the factors re
deterioration in the ind
business.
e. Seasonal unemploym
industries and tra
workers for a parti
When the season ha
workers are rendered
Sugar industry is an e
type of seasonal unemp

The problem of unemplo

becoming a colossal. Variou
have caused this problem
individual factors like age
unfitness and physical
which restrict the peopl
factors include technolo
economic factors. There i
increase in the population.
India adds to her popula
More than this every ye
million people become
securing jobs. Business fie
to ups and downs of trad
globalization. Economic de
sick industries are often
compelling their employees
unemployed. T
advancement contributes t
development .But unpla
uncontrolled growth of te
causing havoc on job op
The computerization and
has led to t
unemployment. Strikes a
have become inseparable a
industrial world today. Du
industries often face econ
and production comes d
workers do not get any
wages during the strike
suffer from economic hard
become permanently or
unemployed. Today young
not ready to take jobs
considered to be socially d
lowly. Our educational sys
own irreparable defects
contribution to the unem
an open truth.Our educatio
prepare the minds of young
to become self-employe
contrary it makes them de
government vacancies whi
to come. Our State righ
beginning of Five year
introduced several e
generating schemes and p
over the years but in the
proper implementation and
have failed to achieve th
targets. Recently UPA Gove
come up with Rural E
Guarantee program whic
provide minimum days of e
to people living in the villa
a laudable programme if im
sincerely because it w
employment to people du
calamities like drought, floo
remedial measures for
unemployment may la
emphasis on creation of o
for self -employment, augm
productivity and income le
working poor, shift in em
creation of relief type of e
to the building up
 productive assets in the
and instead of attemptin
somewhat to protectionist
pace of privatization
accelerated.

Other Social Issues in

Azad India Foundation,Line Mohalla,Kishanganj-855107,Bihar. Phn:06456-222483. Ms.Yuman

Hussain,Executive Director,aif_org@yahoo.co.in
© copyright 2004 www.AzadIndia.org

Our Sponsors : www.dclassifieds.com | www.thisismyindia.com | Gharpe.com |

TourismInBihar.com | IndiyaTravel.com

The Advertising Network