ASSIGNMENT NO=1

Long questions-
Question – what is a software process model explain waterfall
model or prototyping model?
Ans.
SOFTWARE :-
 Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs
used to operate computers and related devices.
 Software in simple terms, a collection of set of instructions,
computer programs, and procedure. It configures the files
which are used to set up these programs and
documentation.

• SOFTWARE PROCESS :-
A Software process is a set of activities and associated results which
produce a software product.

Its includes four fundamental process activities-

• Software specification
• Software development
• Software validation
• Software evolution

Definition of software process model:-

The software process model maybe defined as a simplified description of a
software process, presented from a particular perspective.

Explain waterfall model and prototyping model:-

Waterfall model- the waterfall model derives its name due to the cascading
effect from one phase to the other; in this model each phase well defined starting
and ending point, with identifiable deliveries to the next phase.
Advantages

• Testing is inherent to every phase of the waterfall model

• It is an enforced disciplined approach
• It is documentation driven, that is, documentation is produced at every
stage

Disadvantages

The waterfall model is the oldest and the most widely used paradigm.
However, many projects rarely follow its sequential flow. This is due to the
inherent problems associated with its rigid format. Namely:
 • It only incorporates iteration indirectly, thus changes may cause
considerable confusion as the project progresses.
• As The client usually only has a vague idea of exactly what is
required from the software product, this WM has difficulty
accommodating the natural uncertainty that exists at the beginning
of the project.
• The customer only sees a working version of the product after it
has been coded. This may result in disaster any undetected
problems are precipitated to this stage.

Prototyping model- A prototype is a working model that is functionally

equivalent to a component of the product. This model reflects an attempt to
increase the flexibility of the development process by allowing the client to
interact and experiment with a working representation of the product.
Disadvantages of prototyping

• Often clients expect that a few minor changes to the prototype will more
than suffice their needs. They fail to realise that no consideration was
 given to the overall quality of the software in the rush to develop the
prototype.

Question - Explain 4th generation techniques for software

engineering in detail?
Answer – the term fourth generation technique (4GT) A computer built using
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) integrated circuits, especially a
microcomputer based on a microprocessor, or a parallel
processor containing two to thousands of CPUs.
VLSI made it routine to fabricate an entire CPU, main memory, or
similar device with a single integrated circuit that can be mass
produced at very low cost. This has resulted in new classes of
machines such as personal computers, and high performance parallel
processors that contain thousands of CPUs.
(1996-11-22)

Example: - A computer built using Very Large

Scale Integration (VLSI) integrated circuits, especially a microcomputer
based on a microprocessor, or a parallel processor containing 2 to thousands of
CPUs.
VLSI made it routine to fabricate an entire CPU,
main memory, or similar device with a single integrated circuit
that can be mass produced at very low cost. This has resulted in
new classes of machines such as personal computers,
and high performance parallel processors that contains thousands of CPUs .

Question – how is the spiral model is differ from incremental

model form?
Answer –
Spiral model - The spiral model is a software development process
combining which elements of both design and prototyping-in-stages, in an effort
to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up concepts.
Spiral model (Boehm, 1988).

Incremental model - Incremental model is an evolution of waterfall model.

The product is designed, implemented, integrated and tested as a series of
incremental builds. It is a popular model software evolution used many
commercial software companies and system vendor.
Incremental software development model may be applicable to projects where:
- Software Requirements are well defined, but realization may be delayed.
- The basic software functionality are required early
Short questions:
1. What is software process?
Ans . A software development process is a structure imposed on the
development of a software product. Similar terms include software life cycle and
software process.
- There are several models for such processes, each describing
approaches to a variety of tasks or activities that take place during the
process. Some people consider a lifecycle model a more general term and
a software development process a more specific term.
- For example, there are many specific software development processes
that 'fit' the spiral lifecycle model.

2. What is prototyping?
Ans. Prototyping is the process of building a model of a system. In terms of
an information system, prototypes are employed to help system designers
build an information system that intuitive and easy to manipulate for end
users. Prototyping is an iterative process that is part of the analysis phase of
the systems development life cycle.

3. What is reusability?

Ans. The ability to use all or the greater part of the same programming code or
system design in another application.

4. Write myth and application of software engineering?

Ans. Myth :
• Reusing software increases safety : this myth is particularly
troubling because of the false sense of security that code re-use can
create .
• Software can work right the first time : if we go to an
aeronautical engineer, and ask him to build a jet fighter , he will quote us a
price.
Application :
• System software: It is a collection of programs that’s helps run the
computer hardware and computer system .
• business application software : applications in this area facilitates
quick , intelligent and efficient business operation.

5. what are the objectives of the system analysis ?

Ans. system software (ss)
• Software that controls the operation of a computer, directs the input and
output of data, keeps track of files, and controls the processing of
computer programs.
• Its roles include managing the functioning of the computer hardware,
running the applications programs, serving as an interface between the
computer and the user, and allocating computer resources to various
functions.
• When several jobs reside in the computer simultaneously and share
resources (multitasking), the OS allocates fixed amounts of CPU time and
memory in turn or allows one job to read data while another writes to a
printer and still another performs computations.

6. how spiral model is adopted for the life cycle compare it

with the prototyping?
Ans. Prototype model is suitable when the requirement of the client is not clear
and it is supposed to be changed.It doesn’t cover any risk management.While
Spiral model is an enhancement of the prototypingmodel with so many extra
features.Spiral model has the facility of risk analysis and many more.

7. 2 advantages of prototyping?

Ans . Some Advantages of Prototyping:

Reduces development time.

Reduces development costs.
Requires user involvement.
Developers receive quantifiable user feedback.
Facilitates system implementation since users know what to expect.
Results in higher user satisfaction , Exposes developers to potential future
system enhancements.

SUBMITED BY:-
ESHU CHOUDHARY
ROLL NO=209003