CHAPTER ONE

LEARNING AREA:

The World Through Our Senses

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1.1 Sensory Organs and Their Functions

1.2 Our Sense of Touch
1.3 Our Sense of Smell
1.4 Our Sense of Taste
1.5 Our Sense of Hearing and Sound
1.6 Our Sense of Sight and Light
1.7 Stimuli and Responses in Plants
Learning Objective: 1.1 Understanding the sensory organs and their functions

Learning Outcomes:
• Identify and relate a sensory organ to its stimulus.
• State the pathway from stimulus to response.

Stimulus Sensory Organ Nerves Brain Nerves Response

1. Complete the table below to identify and relate a sensory organ to its stimulus
using the words given.

Eye Ear Skin

Sensory Organ Stimulus

light
Nose airborne chemical
sound
touch
Tongue chemicals in food or drinks

2. Identify X and Y in the diagram below to state the pathway from stimulus to
response.

(nerve) (nerve)
Stimulus X Brain Y

(Detect) (Interpret) (Result)

a. X detects the stimulus and changes it into impulses:

_____________________

b. Y is the result carried out either by the muscles or glands:

__________________
Learning Objective: 1.2 Understanding the senses of touch.

Learning Outcomes:
• Identify the structure of human skin involved in stimuli detection.
• State the function of different receptors.
• Draw conclusion on the sensivity of the skin at different parts of the body towards
stimuli.

1. Label the diagram below to identify the structure of the human skin involved in
stimuli detection using the words given.

Pressure Touch Pain

a) Cold

Heat

Epidermis
b)
Dermis

c)
Adipose

2. State the function for the following receptors based on the diagram in (1).

a. Receptor 1(a) can detect the stimulus __________________________.

b. Receptor 1(b) can detect the stimulus __________________________.

3. The table below shows the result of an experiment to test the sensivity of the skin
to detect the stimulus touch.

TEST
Area on the skin (/)- detected (X)-not detected)
1 2 3
Palm x / x
Elbow x x x
Tip of pointer finger / / /
Back of the hand / x /

a. Based on the result above, which area on the skin is the most sensitive to the
stimulus touch?
 _______________________________________________________________
_

b. Give one reason for your answer in 3(a).

________________________________________________________________

Learning Objective: 1.3 Understanding the senses of smell.

Learning Outcomes:
• Identify the structure of the nose.
• Identify the position of the sensory cells in the detection of the smell.

1. Label the parts of the human nose in the diagram below using the words given.

Smell receptors Nasal cavity Nostril

a)
Airborne chemicals

c)
b)

2. Complete the statements below to identify the position of the sensory cells in the
detection of the smell.
.
a. The nose is the sensory organ to detect the stimulus ___________________.
b. The smell receptors are found in the upper part of the __________________.
c. These smell receptors are covered with a thin layer of __________________.

Learning Objective: 1.4 Understanding the senses of taste.

Learning Outcomes:
• Identify the different areas of the tongue that respond to different taste.
• Relate the sense of taste with the sense of smell.

1. Label the diagram below to identify the different areas of the tongue that respond
to different taste using the words given.

Honey Salted Fish Lime Juice

COFFEE

a)

b)

c)

2. A person who suffers a cold normally loses his appetite because his food does
not have any taste or smell.

Which sensory organ does the tongue works closely with?

_______________________________________________________________

Learning Objective: 1.5 Understanding the sense of hearing.

Learning Outcomes:
• Identify the structure of the human ear.
• Explain the functions of the different parts of the ear.
• Describe how we hear.

1. Label the diagram below to identify the structure of the human ear using the
words given.

Ear lope Auditory nerve Cochlea

a)
Ossicles

b)
Eustachian tube c)

2. Identify the parts of the ear with the correct functions using the words given
below to explain the functions of the different parts of the ear.

Eustachian tube Auditory nerves Eardrum Ear canal

Part of Ear Function

Ear pinna Collects and channel sound wave into the ear canal.
Directs sound wave to the eardrum.
Vibrates with the same frequency of the sound.
Oscicles Amplifies sound vibrations passed by the eardrum.
Cochlea Detect and converts sound wave into impulses.
Send impulses to the brain.
Equalises the air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.
3. Complete the statement below to describe how we hear using the words given.
sound ossicles auditory

The ear detects stimulus in the form of __________________ wave when it hits
the eardrum and is amplified by the ___________________. A tubular shaped
cochlea which contains receptors will then convert the sound vibrations into
sound impulses which are then sent to the brain through the
_____________________ nerve.
Learning Objective: 1.6 Understanding the sense of sight.

Learning Outcomes:
• Identify the structure of the human eye.
• Explain the functions of the different parts of the eye.
• Describe how we see.

1. Label the diagram below to identify the structure of the human eye using the
words given.
Iris Optic nerve Yellow spot

a.
b.

c.
Eye lens

2. Complete the table below to explain the functions of the different parts of the eye
using the words given.

Retina Cornea Sclera

Part of eye Function

Pupil Controls the intensity of light entering the eye.

A transparent layer which allows light to enter the eye.
Lens Refracts and focuses light to form image on the retina.
Choroids Black-pigmented layer to prevent reflection of light in the eye.
Tough outermost layer which protects and gives shape to the eyeball.
Light-sensitive layer where the image is formed in the eye.

3. Complete the statement below to describe how we see using the words given.

retina optic

Light that enters the eye is refracted by the cornea, aqueous humour and the eye
lens to form an image on the____________________. The sensitive cells in the
retina convert the image into impulses which is then sent to the brain through the
_____________ nerve.
Learning Objective: 1.7 Understanding light and sight

Learning Outcomes:
• Describe the properties of light, i.e. reflection and refraction.
• State the various vision defects.

1. The diagrams below show two properties of light.

Complete the statements below to describe the properties of light.

Diagram A Diagram B

a. Diagram A:

When light hits the surface of and opaque object (plane mirror), light will be
_________________________.
b. Diagram B:

When light passes through a transparent object (glass block), light will be
_________________________.

2. The diagrams below show two types of vision defects.

Underline the correct answer to identify the vision defects.

Light from near object

Diagram P

Light from distant/far object

Diagram Q
a. The vision defect in Diagram P is called (long-sighted / short-sighted) vision.

b. The vision defect in Diagram Q is called (long-sighted / short-sighted) vision.

Learning Objective: 1.7 Understanding light and sight

Learning Outcome:
• Explain ways to correct vision defects.

1. a) Diagram A shows a short-sighted vision.

Image is form in front the retina

Far object
Diagram A

Draw lines in the diagram to correct this vision defect after using a concave lens.

Far object

b) Diagram B shows a long-sighted vision.

Image is form behind the retina

Near object
Diagram B

Draw lines in the diagram to correct this vision defect after using a convex lens.
Learning Objective: 1.7 Understanding light and sight.

Learning Outcomes:
• State and give examples of the limitations of sight.
• Connect stereoscopic and monocular visions with the survival of animals.
• Identify the appropriate devices to overcome limitations of sight.

1. The diagrams below show an example of the limitation of sight.

P Q Y

Name this type of the limitation of sight:

_________________________________

2. The diagrams below show the field of vision of a deer and a cat.

Monocular vision Stereoscopic vision

Underline the correct answer below to connect stereoscopic and monocular

visions with the survival of animals.

a. A deer have a (wider / narrow) field of vision to detect predators.

b. A cat can detect prey accurately because the vision of its right and left eyes
overlap to create a (monocular / stereoscopic) vision.

3. Draw lines to match the following devices with its correct uses to overcome the
limitation of sight.

a)
A microscope is used to observe tiny and
minute objects like micro organisms and
cells.
b)

A telescope is used to observe very far and

distant object like the moon.
c)

A magnifying glass is used to observe very

small objects like small insects or small
letters/numbers
Learning Objective: 1.8 Understanding sound and hearing

Learning Outcomes:
• Describe the properties of sound.
• Explain the reflection and absorption of sound.

1. The diagrams below show three activities to identify the properties of sound.
Ring
…
Rubber band rin No sound is heard
g
… (Air is suck out from
the bell jar)

Diagram A Diagram B Diagram C

Draw lines to match the following properties of sound with the correct activity
based on the diagrams above.

a) Sound cannot travel through a vacuum Diagram A

b) Sound is produce when an object vibrates Diagram B

c) Sound wave travels in all directions Diagram C

2. The diagram below shows and activity to explain reflection and absorption of
sound.

Surface of an object

Underline the correct answer in the statements below to explain reflection and
absorption of sound.
a) The surface of a (hard / soft) object will reflect sound better.
b) The surface of a (hard / soft) object will absorb sound better.
Learning Objective: 1.8 Understanding sound and hearing

Learning Outcomes:
• Explain the defects of hearing.
• Explain ways of rectifying the defects of hearing.
• State the limitations of hearing.
• State the devices used to overcome the limitations of hearing.
• Explain stereophonic hearing.

1. Tick (/) which is the common causes of hearing defect from the list below.

a) Too much ear wax blocking the ear canal

b) Infection of the ear
c) Listening to loud music or sound
d) Injury to the head
e) Birth defects

2. Tick (/) the correct device that can rectify the defects of hearing.

3. The human ear is limited to detect sounds to a certain range in frequencies.

Complete the statement below to state the limitation of hearing of a human ear.

The human ear can only detect sound of frequencies between 20 Hz to a

maximum of ________________ Hz.

4. Tick (/) the correct device that is used to overcome the limitations of hearing.

5. The diagram below shows an activity to test for stereophonic hearing.

Stereophonic Hearing
Complete the statement below to explain stereophonic hearing.
Stereophonic hearing is the ability to determine the source and the direction of
______________ accurately using both ears.
Learning Outcomes:
• State the stimuli that cause response in plants.
• Identify the parts of plants sensitive to specific stimulus.
• Relate the response in plants to their survival.

1. Underline the correct answer in the statements below to state the stimuli that
causes this type of response in plants.

a) Phototropism is the movement or growth of plants in response to (light /

water).
b) Geotropism is the movement of growth of plants in response to (gravity / light).
c) Hydrotropism is the movement or growth of plants in response to (water /
gravity).
2. The diagram below shows parts of a plant A, B and C.

Which part of the plant A, B and C in the diagram above is sensitive to the
specific stimulus below.
a. This part of the plant is able to respond to light :
___________________
b. This part of the plant is able to respond to gravity :
___________________
c. This part of the plant is able to respond to water :
___________________
3. The diagram below shows the response of a Venus fly trap to obtain nutrients by
trapping insects.
Rearrange the words below to identify this type of response in certain plants.

G I T M O H T R O P I S M

T R O P I S M