Dietary fiber for dogs: III.

Effects of beet pulp and oat fiber additions to dog diets on

nutrient intake, digestibility, metabolizable energy, and digesta mean retention time

G. C. Fahey, Jr, N. R. Merchen, J. E. Corbin, A. K. Hamilton, L. L. Bauer, E. C. Titgemeyer

and D. A. Hirakawa

J Anim Sci 1992. 70:1169-1174.

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 Die:tary Fiber for Dogs: 111. Effects of Beet Pulp
and Oat Fiber Additions to Dog Diets on Nutrient
Intake, Digestibility, Metabolizable Energy,
and Digesta Mean Retention Time
G. C. Fahey, Jr*, N. R. Mewhen*, J. E. Corbin*, A. K. Hamilton*,
L. L. Bauer*, E. C. Titgemeyer*, and D. A. Hirakawat
*Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois,
Urbana 61801 and +The Isms Co., Lewisburg, OH 45338

ABSTRACT: The objective of this experiment
was to determine whether alkaline hydrogen
peroxide-treated oat hulls (termed oat fiber; OF)
are nutritionally efficacious as a source of dietary
fiber in meat-based dog foods. Thirty female
English Pointers were assigned in a completely
randomized design to isonitrogenous diets. Treat-
ments were 1) control diet, 2) 7.5% added beet pulp
(BPI, and 31 2.5, 41 5.0, and 51 7.5% added OF.
Inclusion of 7.5% BP increased (P < .051 DM intake
and decreased (P c .05) digestibility of DM and
OM compared with the control. Dry matter intake
increased (P < .051 with increasing level of OF and
digestibility of DM, OM, and total dietary fiber
RDFI decreased (P c .05). Digestibility of DM, OM,
Key Words: Dogs, Digestion, Metabolizable Energy, Meat Byproducts, Fiber
and TDF were higher for dogs fed the 7.5% BP than
for those fed the 7.5% OF treatment. Digestible
energy, expressed as a percentage of GE, was
greater for the control treatment than for the 7.5%
BP treatment. A linear decrease in DE (percentage
of GE) was noted as the concentration of OF
increased, and the DE value (percentage of GEI for
the 7.5% BP treatment was greater [P < .05) than
that for the 7.5% OF treatment. A linear decrease
U) .051 was noted in ME, expressed as a
percentage of GE, as the level of OF increased.
Frequency of defecation and mean retention time
were unaffected [P > .05) by treatment. Oat fiber
was an effective substitute for BP in dog diets.

J. Anim. Sci. 1992. 70:1169-1174

Introduction treated wheat straw, vary greatly in chemical

In previous work in the area of dietary fiber
additions to dog diets (Fahey et al., 1990a,b),we
determined that canines could utilize beet pulp
(BPI at levels of up to 7.5% of a meat-based diet.
Other fiber sources (tomato pomace, peanut hulls,
wheat bran, and alkaline hydrogen peroxide-
treated wheat straw) were evaluated for their
effects on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility,
ME, and digesta mean retention time. Iso-total
dietary fiber bDF) additions of these fiber sources
(12.5% TDF in the total diet) resulted in similar
responses.
All of the above-mentioned fiber sources, with
the exception of the alkaline hydrogen peroxide-
Received April 10, 1991.
Accepted November 6, 1991.
composition. Factors affecting chemical composi-
tion of these plant materials include species and
variety, maturity at harvest, environment (soil,
fertility, temperature, amount of sunlight, etcl.,
harvest date, plant anatomy, plant morphology,
and others. It would be desirable if the pet food
industry had access to a fiber source of constant,
predictable composition for use in pet food formu-
lations.
Recently, we suggested that the alkaline hydro-
gen peroxide treatment process might play a role
in canine nutrition in that many lowquality
agricultural residues could be treated using this
process, resulting in a relatively homogenous,
high-fiber product, regardless of starting substrate
(Merchen et al., 1990). Commercial production of
alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated oat hulls
(Canadian Harvest, Cambridge, MNI already is in
place and our objective in this experiment was to

1169

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1170 FAHEY ET AL.
determine whether this product was an effective
fiber source for use in a meat-based dog diet.
Materials and Methods
Five diets containing 0% supplemental fiber,
7.5% BP, or 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% oat fiber (OF1 were
tested in a completely randomized design. The OF
was prepared using a process similar to that
described by Kerley et al. (1985). In this process,
oat hulls are soaked in an alkaline (pH = 11.5)
solution containing 1% hydrogen peroxide (1 g of
oat hulls/50 mL of solution). After treatment,
washing of the resulting solids occurs. Generally,
fiber concentration increases as cell solubles are
washed out. This is the case for oat hulls, which
contain approximately 80% TDF before treatment
and 86% TDF after treatment. The control diet
(Table 1) was meat-based (animal protein ingredi-
ents = 47.7% of DM) and extruded. The remaining
ingredients were added to exceed the nutrient
requirements of dogs (NRC, 1985). Thirty female
English Pointers (average initial BW of 18.4 kg; 1
to 5 yr of age) were assigned randomly to five diets
(six dogs per treatment) and housed individually in
stainless steel metabolism cages in a n air-condi-
tioned room. A 15-h dark:9-h light cycle was used.
A pretest diet (Eukanuba, The Iams Co., Lewis-
burg, OH) was fed for 6 d before the test diet
adaptation phase of the experiment. AU dogs were
dewormed 4 d before the start of the experiment.
A 2-wk test diet adaptation phase preceded a
7-d total collection of urine and feces. All dogs
received ad libitum access to 237 g IDM basis) of
their respective diets each day at 0800 and 1600,
for a total of 474 g/d. Water was available ad
libitum. Dogs were weighed weekly during the
experiment.
Urine samples were collected in vessels contain-
ing 30 mL of 6 N HCI to prevent microbial growth
and ammonia volatilization. A 10% aliquot was
saved and composited. For the daily fecal collec-
tions, if < 200 g of feces was excreted, all feces
were saved; if > 200 g was excreted, only 200 g
was saved. Feces were composited (20% of daily
fecal excretion) by dog, lyophilized for 5 d, and
held in a 55OC oven for 2 d, because some samples
retained moisture after lyophilization. After com-
plete drying, feces were ground through a
2 - m m screen in a Wiley mill. Any feed refusals
were collected at each feeding. They were ana-
lyzed and considered in the calculation of digesti-
bility.
Feeds and feces were analyzed for DM, ash, and
N (AOAC, 1985). To determine fat content (ether
extract, EE),feed and fecal samples (2 g ) were acid-
hydrolyzed for 40 min a t 75.5OC in 25% HCl(10 mL)
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Table 1. Ingredient composition
of the basal diet fed to dogs
Ingredient %, DM basis
Cornstarch to 100
Animal protein ingredients* 47.7
Corn 24.0
Poultry fat 8.9
Rice 6.4
Fiber sourceb -
Brewer's dried yeast 2.0
Whole egg 1.35
Potassium chloride .7
Monosodium phosphate .67
Vitamidmineral premixC .48
DL-methionine .20
aA combination of poultry byproduct meal and chicken and
meat meal.
bTreatments were 1) control, 2) 7.5%beet pulp, 3) 2.5% oat
fiber, 4) 5.0% oat fiber, and 5) 7.5% oat fiber.
%ovided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 25,400 IU; vitamin
E, 130 Iu;vitamin D3, 1,747.2 IU; menadione, 3.4 mg; thiamin,
15.7 mg; riboflavin, 9.6 mg;niacin, 18 mg; d-pantothenic acid,
29.8 m g ;biotin, .4 mg;folic acid, 1.4 m g ;choline, 670 mg; vitamin
Bl,, .2 mg;Mn, 44.2 mg;Zn, 76.8 m g ;Cu,50.4 mg;Co,.5 mg; I, 2.9
mg; and Se, .1 mg.
and then extracted with 80 mL of ether. The
method of Prosky et al. (1985) was used for
determination of TDF concentration, except that
all samples were fdtered through Dacron. Gross
energy determinations of feeds, feces, and urine
were made using a n adiabatic bomb calorimeter
(Parr Instrument Co., 1960). Urine samples were
prepared by adding 1 mL of urine to 1 g of alpha
cellulose and drying at 50°C for 4 h in a forced-air
oven. Samples (1 g) were combusted, and GE
values of samples were corrected for addition of
alphacellulose.
Chromium-mordanted NDF, isolated from BP,
were used as a marker to estimate mean retention
time. The mordanted material was prepared ac-
cording to the procedure of Uden et al. (1980). A
product containing 16.9 mg/g of Cr-mordanted
fiber was obtained.
On the day after the last collection of feces for
determination of digestibility, each dog was orally
dosed with four gelatin capsules (No. 001, each
containing .5 g of Cr-mordanted BP NDF (2 g of
mordanted NDF total; 33.8 mg of Cr). Dosing was
a t 1 h after the morning feeding. Beginning 4 h
postdosing, and every 4 h until 60 h postdosing,
feces were collected and weighed and the time of
collection (hour postdosing) was recorded. Fecal
samples were kept individually and stored frozen
until they were prepared for laboratory analyses.
Fecal samples were lyophilized and ground
through a Wiley mill (2-mm screen). Dry matter
was determined on individual fecal samples so
that Cr concentration could be corrected to a DM
basis. Two grams of each fecal sample was ashed
 FIBER IN DOG DIETS
Table 2. Chemical composition of diets fed to dogs
Item Control Beet pulp
DM, % 87.4
OM 91.6
CP 33.1
Ether extract 18.0
Total dietary fiber 6.2
Ca 1.6
P .81
GE, kcal/g 5.09
(50OOC) overnight and Cr concentration was deter-
mined by the method of Williams et al. (1962).
Mean retention time of Cr-mordanted fiber in
the gastrointestinal tract was calculated, using
time postdosing and Cr concentration of individ-
ual fecal samples, by the equations developed by
Thielemans et al. (19781 and reviewed by Warner
(1981). This method calculates mean retention time
from concentration data for individual fecal sam-
ples collected after pulse-dose marker administra-
tion. The equation used is as follows:
n n
Mean retention time = c tici A t d C CiAti
i=l i =1
where ci is the concentration of marker in the ith
sample, collected at time over a time interval Ati.
Use of this approach requires the assumption that
inflow and outflow of the system are continuous,
constant, and equal.
Data were analyzed as a completely random-
ized design using the GLM procedure of SAS
(1982). Nonorthogonal contrasts were used to test
linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of OF inclusion
and to compare the 7.5% BP diet to that containing
0% supplemental fiber and to that containing 7.5%
OF.
Results and Discussion
The BP used in this experiment contained 95%
OM and 57% TDF, whereas OF contained 97% OM
and 86% TDF. The BP used in our previous
experiments (Fahey et al., 1990a,b) contained 77%
TDF. This difference illustrates the variation in
fiber content that can occur among different
batches of byproduct feeds and points to the
necessity of having available a homogeneous fiber
source of predictable chemical composition. The
major reason for differences in fiber content and
composition relate to the part of the plant that is
actually collected and prepared for incorporation
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1171
Oat fiber, 0 ,
7.5%
2.5 5.0 7.5
87.0 86.9 86.9 86.7
% of DM
91.1 91.9 81.8 91.7
34.5 33.1 33.3 33.3
17.2 17.7 17.2 17.2
11.2 8.9 10.0 13.6
1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6
.83 .79 .78 .80
5.06 5.12 5.10 5.10
into diets. Many byproduct feeds, such as straws,
cobs, and pulps, contain plant parts that differ
widely in their fiber content, especially in their
hemicellulose and viscous carbohydrate compo-
nents. Thus, it is important to analyze these
materials chemically rather than to use published
values for formulation of complete diets.
Despite the major chemical and physical differ-
ences occurring between oat hulls and wheat
straw, the alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment
process resulted in products of similar fiber con-
tent. The alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated
wheat straw used in our previous experiment
(Fahey et al., 199Oa) contained 93% TDF vs 86%
TDF for the OF used in this experiment.
At the initiation of the experiment, dogs ranged
in weight from 12.6 to 23.4 kg. Mean weight
changes during the 21-d experiment for dogs on
the control, 7.5% BP, 2.5% OF, 5.0% OF, and 7.5%
OF treatments were .20, -.13, -.47, -.82, and .33 kg,
respectively. No trend was evident from these
data.
All diets contained approximately 92% OM, 33%
CP, and 17.5% EE (Table 2). Total dietary fiber
concentration of the diet was 6.2%, reflecting the
contribution of the connective tissue in the animal
protein portion of the diet to the total fiber value.
Chondroitin sulfates and hyaluronic acid and their
constituent glucosamine, galactosamine, and
glucuronic acid components generally cannot be
degraded by digestive tract enzymes, but they
may be fermented by microbial enzymes, and thus
they act similarly to plant fiber (Banta et al., 1979).
The diet containing 7.5% BP had 11.2% TDF,
whereas the TDF concentration increased from 8.9
to 13.6% in diets containing from 2.5 to 7.5% OF.
The lower DM and nutrient intake by dogs fed
the control diet resulted from their lower accep-
tance of this diet compared with dogs fed the other
diets. For all components except EE, dogs fed the
7.5% BP treatment consumed more (P < .05) than
did those fed the control treatment Rable 3). Dry
matter, OM, N, and TDF intake increased linearly
1172 FAHEY ET AL.
Table 3. Intake and digestibility data for dogs fed diets
containing beet pulp or oat fiber

Oat fiber. %
7.5%
Item Control Beet pulp 2.5 5.0 7.5 SEM
~~~

Intake, g/d
ab 365 432 4 14 432 428 19.5
OMab 334 393 380 398 393 17.8
Nab 19.3 23.8 21.9 23.0 22.8 1.04
Ether extract 65.6 74.2 73.0 74.4 73.7 3.45
TDPb”d 22.6 48.1 36.9 43.4 58.4 1.68
Digestibility, Yo
DM~& 89.2 85.8 87.0 88.3 82.7 .96
OMabC 92.4 89.0 90.2 89.2 85.7 .74
N 89.7 87.4 89.3 90.2 88.5 .94
Ether extract 97.1 97.0 97.3 97.5 97.4 .19
T D P C 58.6 81.1 53.0 42.3 39.7 3.14

aLinear effect of oat fiber (P < .OS).

%.5% beet pulp vs control (P e .05).
9 . 5 % beet pulp vs 7.5% oat fiber (P < .05).
dCubic effect of oat fiber (P e .05).

( P < .05)with increasing level of OF. Total dietary
fiber intake was higher (P < .05)for dogs fed the
7.5% OF treatment than for those fed the 7.5% BP
treatment. Fat intake was unaffected (P > .05)by
treatment.
Digestibilities of DM, OM, and TDF decreased
linearly (P < .05)with increasing level of OF. Dry
matter and OM digestibilities were greater (P <
.05)for the control diet than for the 7.5% BP diet.
Digestibilities of DM, OM, and TDF were greater
(P < .05)for dogs fed the 7.5% BP treatment than
for those fed the 7.5% OF treatment.
Use of a diet containing 7.5% BP as a positive
control treatment in our experiment was justified
because BP is considered to be a n industry
standard as a source of bulk in dog diets. Our
previous experiment (Fahey et al., 199ob)indicated
that of all fiber levels tested, the 7.5% level was
optimal for the criteria evaluated. Large differ-
ences in nutrient digestibility can occur among
experiments in which the same levels of BP are
fed. For example, DM, OM, N, and EE digestibility
values obtained in this experiment compare
favorably with those obtained by Fahey et al.
(1990b) but are higher than those reported by
Fahey et al. (1990a).Total dietary fiber digestibility
values of diets containing BP varied considerably
among the three experiments (37to 61%) but were
similar in this experiment (61.1%) and in that of
Fahey et al. (1990b; 56.1°). Regardless of these
discrepancies, BP remains a valuable fiber source
in commercial diets.
Relative to the control diet, BP addition in-
creased (P < .05)DM and OM intake by approxi-
mately 18% but decreased their digestibilities by
only 4%. Apparent N and EE digestibilities were
unaffected by BP addition. Although intakes of
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DM, OM, N, and EE were nearly identical for dogs
fed 7.5% BP and 7.5% OF, TDF intake was
increased by > 21% when OF was fed because the
TDF concentration of OF was greater than that of
BP. Although DM and OM digestibilities were
significantly decreased by 7.5% OF compared with
7.5% BP, only a 4% decrease was noted. However,
TDF digestibility was decreased by 35% when dogs
were fed 7.5% OF vs 7.5% BP, accounting for nearly
all of the decrease in DM and OM digestibilities. It
is encouraging that digestibilities of the major
nutrients were relatively unaffected by inclusion
of OF in the diet, in spite of the large decrease in
TDF digestion elicited by OF addition. Other
studies (Fahey et al., 199Oa) have demonstrated
TDF digestibility values for a BP treatment (37.2%)
commensurate with the TDF digestibility value
noted here for the OF treatment (39.7%). Fiber is
added to dog diets to maintain digestive function,
and as long as feed intake and digestibilities of
major nutrients are not negatively affected by its
presence, and provided that fecal excretion is not
greatly increased, there is potential value of the
fiber source in commercial diets to maintain and
stabilize gastrointestinal tract function.
Dogs fed the 7.5% BP treatment ingested more (P
< .05) GE than dogs fed the control treatment
(Table 41. A positive linear effect (P < .05)of OF
addition was noted on GE intake. Digestible
energy, whether expressed as kilograms per gram
of DM or as a percentage of GE, decreased (P <
.05)in a linear manner as the level of dietary OF
increased. Expressed as a percentage of GE, the
7.5% BP treatment had a lower DE than the control
treatment, and the 7.5% OF treatment had a lower
DE than the 7.5% BP treatment. Expressed as
kilocalories per day, ME values were higher for
 FIBER IN DOG DIETS 1173
Table 4. Digestible and metabolizable energy content of dog diets containing beet pulp or oat fiber

Oat fiber, %
7.5%
Item Control Beet pulp 2.5 5.0 7.5 SEM
Gross energy intake, kcalldab 1,838 2,188 2,116 2,206 2,184 100
Digestible energy
kcdd 1,707 1,870 1,930 l,Q86 1,817 92
kcal/g of DM intakea 4.67 4.57 4.67 4.59 4.47 .039
% of G E ~ ~ C 82.8 80.2 81.2 80.0 87.8 .76
Metabolizable energy
kcal/db 1,654 1,820 1,883 1,926 1,869 91
kcal/g of DM intakea 4.52 4.45 4.56 4.46 4.36 .043
% of GEa 88.8 87.9 69.0 87.3 85.5 .82
Yo of DE 88.8 97.5 97.8 97.0 97.4 .36
~~ ~~ ~ _____~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~

aLinear effect of oat fiber (P ,051.

b7.5%beet pulp vs control (P c .05).
9 . 5 % beet pulp vs 7.5% oat fiber (P < ,051.

the 7.5% BP treatment than for the control treat-
ment. Expressed as kilocalories per gram of DM or
as a percentage of GE, ME values decreased
linearly (P < .05)as the level of OF increased. No
significant differences were noted in ME values
between the 7.5% OF treatment and the 7.5% BP
treatment.
Energy data indicate that although the DE
value (expressed as a percentage of GE) was
slightly lower (2.7%) when dogs were fed the 7.5%
OF treatment than when they were fed the 7.5% BP
treatment, no significant differences in ME values
between these treatments occurred, implying that
OF is an effective substitute for BP as regards the
energy status of the dog.
Quantity of wet feces excreted was higher (P <
.05)for dogs fed BP than for those fed the control
diet [Table 5). Wet fecal weight increased linearly
(P < .051with increasing percentage of OF in the
diet. Quantity of wet feces excreted was not
different (P > .05)between dogs fed the 7.5% BP
treatment and those fed the 7.5% OF treatment.
Percentage of DM of feces was higher (P < .05)for
dogs fed the control diet or 7.5% OF diet than for
those fed the 7.5% BP diet. Fecal DM percentage
responded cubically (P < .05)to the level of OF in
the diet and was lower for dogs fed 0 or 5.0% OF
than for those fed 2.5 or 7.5% OF. Decreases in
fecal DM percentage and increases in wet fecal
output in response to the addition of BP to the diet
were observed in our previous work (Fahey et al.,
1990a,b). High water-holding capacity of the vis-
cous components of BP fiber accounts for the
decreased fecal DM. Increased wet fecal excretion
due to BP is reflective of both the decreased fecal
DM percentage and the reduction in DM digesti-
bility. The OF contains virtually no soluble poly-
saccharides, as indicated by the similarity be-
tween TDF and NDF concentrations in OF (86.4
and 89.9%, respectively) and, thus, has little effect
on fecal DM. Increased wet fecal excretion in
response to increasing OF is a result of accompa-
nying decreases in DM digestibility. Frequency of
defecation was not significantly affected by addi-
tion of any of the fiber sources to the diet in this
experiment but was numerically greatest for dogs
fed the diet containing 7.5% BP.
Mean retention time of Cr-mordanted NDF was
not affected (P > .05)by diet and averaged 25.3 h
across treatments. Fahey et al. (199Ob) reported

Table 5. Fecal excretion and mean retention time data for dogs fed diets containing beet pulp or oat fiber

Oat fiber, %
7.5%
Item Control Beet pulp 2.5 5.0 7.5 SEM
Wet feces, &dab 112.8 232.1 137.4 158.6 183.4 17.84
Fecal DM, %abed 35.0 27.0 40.5 37.6 40.8 1.54
Frequency of defecation, no./% h 3.13 3.73 2.73 2.40 2.73 .35
Mean retention time, h 24.6 20.4 26.8 28.3 26.3 2.70
effect of oat fiber (P e .05).
b7.5%beet pulp vs control (P < .05).
cCubic effect of oat fiber V < .05).
d7.5%beet pulp vs 7.5% oat fiber (P < .05).

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1174 FAHEY ET
that mean retention times were largely unaffected
by addition of BP to the diet until the level of BP
exceeded 10%. Values for mean retention times in
the current study are similar to those reported by
Fahey et al. (199Oal when identical marker admin-
istration and collection techniques were employed.
Average recovery of the Cr dose in this study was
87.3 f 9.7% after 60 h and was comparable to
recoveries reported by Fahey et al. (1990a).
Implications
The alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment of
oat hulls results in a high-fiber product that can be
used in meat-based dog diets at concentrations of
7.5% or less of diet dry matter. At levels of 7.5% or
below, this fiber source has no adverse effect on
nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, or metabo-
lizable energy values compared with a 7.5% beet
pulp diet. Wet fecal weight, fecal dry matter
percentage, frequency of defecation, and mean
retention time data indicate that oat fiber is
comparable to beet pulp as a fiber source for use
in dog diets.
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