Problem Set #5:

1(2). Find
1) nullities,
2) bases for the range spaces and
3) bases for the null spaces
for the following matrices
⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 0 3⎤
A1 = [1 − 1 1] , A2 = ⎢ A3 = ⎢
1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎥,
,
⎣ −1 ⎣ 1 0 1 1⎦
⎡1 1 0 ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 0⎤
A4 = ⎢⎢0 1 1 ⎥⎥ , A5 = ⎢⎢1 −1 0 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 1 0 ⎥⎦
Solution: For a matrix, let's denote
m : number of rows;
n : number of columns;
ρ (⋅) : rank of the matrix;
ν (⋅) : nullity of the matrix
A1 :
A1 = [1 −1 1] = [ a1 a2 a3 ] , m = 1, n = 3,
ρ ( A1 ) = 1,
ν ( A1 ) = n − ρ ( A1 ) = 3 − 1 = 2,
{a1} = {[1]} are LI, and form the bases for the range spaces, i.e., R ( A1 ) = {a1 x1: x1 ∈ R} ,
Since
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
a2 = − a1 ⇒ a1 + a2 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ = 0 ⇒ A1 ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ = 0
⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
a3 = a1 ⇒ a1 − a3 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢ 0 ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A1 ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ = 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1⎤
The bases for the null spaces could be h1 = ⎢ 1 ⎥ , h2 = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ , i.e., N ( A1 ) = {k1h1 + k2 h2 : k1 , k2 ∈ R} .
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
A2 :
⎡ 1 1 1⎤
A2 = ⎢ ⎥ = [ a1 a2 a3 ] , m = 2, n = 3,
⎣ −1 1 0 ⎦
ρ ( A2 ) = 2,
ν ( A2 ) = n − ρ ( A2 ) = 3 − 2 = 1,

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 ⎧ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎫
{a1 , a2 } = ⎨ ⎢ ⎥ , ⎢ ⎥ ⎬ are LI, and form the bases for the range spaces, i.e.,
⎩ ⎣ −1⎦ ⎣1⎦ ⎭
R ( A2 ) = {a1 x1 + a2 x2 : x1 , x2 ∈ R} , Since
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
2a3 = a1 + a2 ⇒ a1 + a2 − 2a3 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢ 1 ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A2 ⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ = 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 ⎥⎦
⎡1⎤
The bases for the null spaces could be h1 = ⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ , i.e., N ( A2 ) = {k1h1 : k1 ∈ R} .
⎢⎣ −2 ⎥⎦
A3 :
⎡ 2 1 0 3⎤
A3 = ⎢ ⎥ = [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] , m = 2, n = 4,
⎣ 1 0 1 1⎦
ρ ( A3 ) = 2,
ν ( A3 ) = n − ρ ( A3 ) = 4 − 2 = 2,
⎧ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡0 ⎤ ⎫
{a2 , a3} = ⎨ ⎢ ⎥ , ⎢ ⎥ ⎬ are LI, and form the bases for the range spaces, i.e.,
⎩ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣1 ⎦ ⎭
R ( A3 ) = {a2 x2 + a3 x3: x2 , x3 ∈ R} , Since
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
⎢ −2 ⎥ ⎢ −2 ⎥
a1 = 2a2 + a3 ⇒ a1 − 2a2 − a3 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] ⎢ ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A3 ⎢ ⎥ = 0
⎢ −1⎥ ⎢ −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎣0⎦
⎡0⎤ ⎡0⎤
⎢3⎥ ⎢3⎥
a4 = 3a2 + a3 ⇒ 3a2 + a3 − a4 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] ⎢ ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A3 ⎢ ⎥ = 0
⎢1⎥ ⎢1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1⎦ ⎣ −1⎦
⎡1⎤ ⎡0⎤
⎢ −2 ⎥ ⎢3⎥
The bases for the null spaces could be h1 = ⎢ ⎥ , h2 = ⎢ ⎥ , i.e., N ( A3 ) = {k1h1 + k2 h2 : k1 , k2 ∈ R} .
⎢ −1⎥ ⎢1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎣ −1⎦
A4 :
⎡1 1 0 ⎤
A4 = ⎢⎢0 1 1 ⎥⎥ = [ a1 a2 a3 ] , m = 3, n = 3,
⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦
ρ ( A4 ) = 2,
ν ( A4 ) = n − ρ ( A4 ) = 3 − 2 = 1,
⎧ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎫
{a1 , a2 } = ⎪⎨ ⎢⎢0⎥⎥ , ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ ⎪⎬ are LI, and form the bases for the range spaces, i.e.,
⎪ ⎢1 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
R ( A4 ) = {a1 x1 + a2 x2 : x1 , x2 ∈ R} , Since

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 ⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
a3 = a2 − a1 ⇒ a1 − a2 + a3 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢ −1⎥ = 0 ⇒ A4 ⎢⎢ −1⎥⎥ = 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦
⎡1⎤
The bases for the null spaces could be h1 = ⎢⎢ −1⎥⎥ , i.e., N ( A4 ) = {k1h1 : k1 ∈ R} .
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦
A5 :
⎡1 1 1 0 ⎤
A5 = ⎢⎢1 −1 0 2 ⎥⎥ = [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] , m = 3, n = 4,
⎢⎣1 1 1 0 ⎥⎦
ρ ( A5 ) = 2,
ν ( A5 ) = n − ρ ( A5 ) = 4 − 2 = 2,
⎧ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎫
{a1 , a2 } = ⎪⎨ ⎢⎢1⎥⎥ , ⎢⎢ −1⎥⎥ ⎪⎬ are LI, and form the bases for the range spaces, i.e.,
⎪ ⎢1⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
R ( A5 ) = {a1 x1 + a2 x2 : x1 , x2 ∈ R} , Since
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
⎢1⎥ ⎢1⎥
2a3 = a1 + a2 ⇒ a1 + a2 − 2a3 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] ⎢ ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A5 ⎢ ⎥ = 0
⎢ −2 ⎥ ⎢ −2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎣0⎦
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
⎢ −1⎥ ⎢ −1⎥
a4 = a1 − a2 ⇒ a1 − a2 − a4 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] ⎢ ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A5 ⎢ ⎥ = 0
⎢0⎥ ⎢0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1⎦ ⎣ −1⎦
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
⎢1⎥ ⎢ −1⎥
The bases for the null spaces could be h1 = ⎢ ⎥ , h = ⎢ ⎥ , i.e., N ( A5 ) = {k1h1 + k2 h2 : k1 , k2 ∈ R} .
⎢ −2 ⎥ 2 ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎣ −1⎦

2(2). Find the general solutions for the following equations

⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
1) [1 − 1 1] x = 1, 2) ⎢ ⎥ x = ⎢ ⎥,
⎣ −1 1 0 ⎦ ⎣1 ⎦
⎡1 1 0 ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡1 1 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎢ ⎥
3) ⎢0 1 1 ⎥ x = ⎢⎢1⎥⎥ , ⎢
4) ⎢1 −1 0 2 ⎥ x = ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ .
⎥ ⎢
⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Solution: 1) A = [1 − 1 1] = [ a1 a2 a3 ] , y = [1] , m = 1, n = 3,
Since ρ ( A) = ρ ([ A : y ]) = 1 < n, there exist infinite number of solutions, and

3/8
 ν ( A) = n − ρ ( A) = 3 − 1 = 2,
Observe that
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
y = a1 ⇒ a1 + 0a2 + 0a3 = y ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢0 ⎥ = y ⇒ A ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ = y
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
⎡1 ⎤
One particular solution is x p = ⎢⎢0 ⎥⎥ , and
⎣⎢0 ⎦⎥
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
a2 = − a1 ⇒ a1 + a2 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢1 ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ = 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
a3 = a1 ⇒ a1 − a3 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢ 0 ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ = 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1⎤
The bases of the null space could be h1 = ⎢1 ⎥ , h2 = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ , so the general solutions are
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ k1 + k2 + 1⎤
x = x p + k1h1 + k2 h2 = ⎢0 ⎥ + k1 ⎢1 ⎥ + k2 ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ k1 ⎥
⎥ , k1 , k2 ∈ R.
⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − k2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
2) A = ⎢ ⎥ = [ a1 a2 a3 ] , y = ⎢ ⎥ , m = 2, n = 3,
⎣ −1 1 0 ⎦ ⎣1 ⎦
Since ρ ( A) = ρ ([ A : y ]) = 2 < n, there exist infinite number of solutions, and
ν ( A) = n − ρ ( A) = 3 − 2 = 1,
Observe that
⎡0 ⎤ ⎡0 ⎤
y = a2 + a3 ⇒ 0a1 + a2 + a3 = y ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢1 ⎥ = y ⇒ A ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ = y
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦
⎡0 ⎤
One particular solution is x p = ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ , and
⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
a1 = 2a3 − a2 ⇒ a1 + a2 − 2a3 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 ] ⎢ 1 ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A ⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ = 0
⎢ ⎥

⎣⎢ −2 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ −2 ⎦⎥
⎡1⎤
The bases of the null space could be h1 = ⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ , so the general solutions are
⎢⎣ −2 ⎥⎦

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 ⎡0⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ k1 ⎤
x = x p + k1h1 = ⎢1 ⎥ + k1 ⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ k1 + 1 ⎥⎥ , k1 ∈ R.
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2k1 + 1⎥⎦
⎡1 1 0⎤ ⎡1⎤
3) A = ⎢⎢ 0 1 1 ⎥ = [ a1 a2 a3 ] , y = ⎢⎢1⎥⎥ , m = 3, n = 3,
⎥
⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1⎥⎦
Observe that a3 = a2 − a1 , {a1 , a2 } are LI,
ρ ( A) = 2
⎡1 1 0 1⎤ ⎡1 1 1⎤
but for [ A : y ] = ⎢0 1 1 1⎥ , det ⎢⎢ 0 1 1⎥⎥ = 1 ≠ 0, thus
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 0 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 0 1⎥⎦
ρ ([ A : y ]) = 3 ≠ ρ ( A)
there exist no solutions.
⎡1 1 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
4) A = ⎢1 −1 0 2 ⎥ = [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] , y = ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ , m = 3, n = 4,
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Since ρ ( A) = ρ ([ A : y ]) = 2 < n, there exist infinite number of solutions, and
ν ( A) = n − ρ ( A) = 4 − 2 = 2,
Observe that
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢0⎥
y = a1 + a3 ⇒ a1 + 0a2 + a3 + 0a4 = y ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] ⎢ ⎥ = y ⇒ A ⎢ ⎥ = y
⎢1 ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 ⎦ ⎣0⎦
⎡1 ⎤
⎢0⎥
One particular solution is x p = ⎢ ⎥ , and
⎢1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤
⎢1⎥ ⎢1⎥
a2 = 2a3 − a1 ⇒ a1 + a2 − 2a3 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] ⎢ ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A⎢ ⎥ = 0
⎢ −2 ⎥ ⎢ −2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎣0⎦
⎡2⎤ ⎡2⎤
⎢0⎥ ⎢0⎥
a4 = 2a1 − 2a3 ⇒ 2a1 − 2a3 − a4 = 0 ⇒ [ a1 a2 a3 a4 ] ⎢ ⎥ = 0 ⇒ A⎢ ⎥ = 0
⎢ −2 ⎥ ⎢ −2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1⎦ ⎣ −1⎦

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 ⎡1⎤ ⎡2⎤
⎢1⎥ ⎢0⎥
The bases of the null space could be h1 = ⎢ ⎥ , h2 = ⎢ ⎥ , so the general solutions are
⎢ −2 ⎥ ⎢ −2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎣ −1⎦
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡ k1 + 2k2 + 1 ⎤
⎢0⎥ ⎢1⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢ k1 ⎥
x = x p + k1h1 + k2 h2 = ⎢ ⎥ +k ⎢ ⎥ +k ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ , k , k ∈ R.
⎢1 ⎥ 1 ⎢ −2 ⎥ 2 ⎢ −2 ⎥ ⎢ −2k1 − 2k2 + 1⎥ 1 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣ −1⎦ ⎢⎣ −k2 ⎥⎦

3(2). Compute the eigenvalues, eigenvectors and diagonal forms for these matrices
⎡ 2 0 −2 ⎤ ⎡0 1 0 ⎤
⎡1 2⎤
A1 = ⎢ ⎥, A2 = ⎢⎢ 0 2 0 ⎥⎥ , A3 = ⎢⎢1 −1 1 ⎥⎥
⎣ −2 −3⎦ ⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 0 ⎥⎦
⎡1 2⎤
Solution: A1 = ⎢ ⎥,
⎣ −2 −3⎦
λ −1 −2
Δ (λ ) = λ I − A1 = = λ 2 + 2λ + 1 = (λ + 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ λ1 = λ2 = −1
2 λ +3
⎡ −2 −2 ⎤ ⎡1⎤
(λ1 I − A1 )v1 = 0 ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ v1 = 0 ⇒ v1 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣2 2⎦ ⎣ −1⎦
Since λ1 = λ2 , consider (A1 − λ1 I )v2 = v1 , i.e.,
⎡2 2⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ −2 −2 ⎥ v2 = ⎢ −1⎥ ⇒ v2 = ⎢ −1/ 2 ⎥ ,
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 −2 ⎤
Let Q = [ v1 v2 ] = ⎢ ⎥ , thus, Q −1 = ⎢ ⎥ , the diagonal form of A1 is
⎣ −1 −1/ 2 ⎦ ⎣2 2⎦
⎡ −1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 4 ⎤⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 1 ⎤
A1 = Q −1 A1Q = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥.
⎣ 2 2 ⎦ ⎣ −2 −3⎦ ⎣ −1 −1/ 2 ⎦ ⎣ −2 −2⎦ ⎣ −1 −1/ 2⎦ ⎣ 0 −1⎦
⎡ 2 0 −2 ⎤
A2 = ⎢⎢ 0 2 0 ⎥⎥ ,
⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦
λ −2 0 2
Δ (λ ) = λ I − A2 = 0 λ −2 0 = λ 3 − 3λ 2 + 2λ = λ (λ − 1)(λ − 2) = 0 ⇒ λ1 = 0, λ2 = 1, λ3 = 2
−1 0 λ +1
⎡ −2 0 2⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
(λ1 I − A2 )v1 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢ 0 −2 0 ⎥ v1 = 0 ⇒ v1 = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ −1 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦
⎡ −1 0 2⎤ ⎡2⎤
(λ2 I − A2 )v2 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢ 0 −1 0 ⎥ v2 = 0 ⇒ v2 = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ −1 0 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦

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 ⎡ 0 0 2⎤ ⎡0⎤
(λ3 I − A2 )v3 = 0 ⇒ ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥ v3 = 0 ⇒ v3 = ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥

⎣⎢ −1 0 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥
⎡1 2 0 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 2 ⎤
Let Q = [ v1 v2 v3 ] = ⎢0 0 1 ⎥ , thus, Q = ⎢⎢ 1 0 −1⎥⎥ , the diagonal form of A2 is
⎢ ⎥ −1

⎢⎣1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ −1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 0 −2 ⎤ ⎡1 2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 2 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0 ⎤
A2 = Q A2Q = ⎢⎢ 1 0 −1⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 2 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢1 0 −1⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥ .
−1

⎢⎣ 0 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 2 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 2⎥⎦

⎡0 1 0 ⎤
A3 = ⎢⎢1 −1 1 ⎥⎥ ,
⎢⎣0 1 0 ⎥⎦
λ −1 0
Δ(λ ) = λ I − A3 = −1 λ + 1 −1 = λ 3 + λ 2 − 2λ = (λ + 2)λ (λ − 1) = 0 ⇒ λ1 = −2, λ2 = 0, λ3 = 1
0 −1 λ
⎡ −2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡1⎤
(λ1 I − A3 )v1 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢ −1 −1 −1⎥ v1 = 0 ⇒ v1 = ⎢⎢ −2 ⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −1 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦
⎡0 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡1⎤
(λ2 I − A3 )v2 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢ −1 1 −1⎥ v2 = 0 ⇒ v2 = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
⎡1−1 0 ⎤ ⎡1⎤
(λ3 I − A3 )v3 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢ −1 2 −1⎥ v3 = 0 ⇒ v3 = ⎢⎢1⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ 0
−1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1⎥⎦
⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −2 1 ⎤
Let Q = [ v1 v2 v3 ] = ⎢⎢ −2
0 1⎥ , thus, Q = ⎢ 3 0 −3⎥⎥ , the diagonal form of A3 is
⎥ −1 1⎢
6
⎣⎢ 1
−1 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 2 2 ⎥⎦
⎡1 −2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎡ −2 4 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎡ −2 0 0 ⎤
A3 = Q A3Q = ⎢ 3 0 −3⎥ ⎢1 −1 1 ⎥ ⎢ −2 0 1⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ −2 0 1⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ .
−1 1⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1⎢
6 6
⎢⎣ 2 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 2 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 −1 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 ⎦⎥

4(2). Let
⎡0 1 0⎤ ⎡0⎤
A = ⎢ 2 1 4 ⎥ , b = ⎢⎢0 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 1 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦
Form Q = [ A2b Ab b], Compute M = Q −1 AQ. Observe how M is related to the polynomial det(λ I − A).

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Solution: Since
⎡0⎤ ⎡ 0 1 0 ⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡ 0 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
b = ⎢ 0 ⎥ , Ab = ⎢ 2 1 4 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ = ⎢ 4⎥ , A b = ⎢⎢ 2 1 4⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 4⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢16⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2

⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13⎥⎦

Thus,
⎡ 4 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
Q = [ A b Ab b] = ⎢⎢16 4 0 ⎥⎥ , ⇒ Q = ⎢ −4 1 0 ⎥⎥
2 −1 1⎢
4
⎣⎢13 3 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ −1 −3 4 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡0 1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 0 0⎤ ⎡0 1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 0 0⎤ ⎡4 1 0⎤
M = Q AQ = ⎢ −4 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 2
1⎢
1 4 ⎥ ⎢16 4 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 2 −3 4 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢16 4 0 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 3 0 1 ⎥⎥ ,
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−1 1⎢
4 4
⎢⎣ −1 −3 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 3 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢13 3 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 0 0 ⎥⎦
The characteristic polynomial is
λ −1 0
Δ ( λ ) = λ I − A = −2 λ − 1 −4 = λ 3 − 4λ 2 − 3λ − 2 = λ 3 + β 2λ 2 + β1λ + β 0 ,
−2 −1 λ −3
Where β 0 = −2, β1 = −3, β 2 = −4. Therefore,
⎡−β2 1 0⎤
M = ⎢⎢ − β1 0 1 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ − β 0 0 0 ⎥⎦

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