TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

tan A = sin A/ cos A

sec A = 1/ cos A

cosec A = 1/ sin A

cot A = cos A/ sin A = 1/ tan A

sin2 A + cos2 A = 1

sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A

cosec 2 A = 1 + cot2 A

sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B

tan A ± tan B
tan(A ± B) =
1 ∓ tan A tan B
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A

= 2 cos2 A − 1

= 1 − 2 sin2 A
2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 − tan2 A
sin 3A = 3 sin A − 4 sin3 A

cos 3A = 4 cos3 A − 3 cos A

3 tan A − tan3 A
tan 3A =
1 − 3 tan2 A
sin A + sin B = 2 sin A+B
2
cos A−B
2
sin A − sin B = 2 cos A+B
2
sin A−B
2

cos A + cos B = 2 cos A+B

2
cos A−B
2

cos A − cos B = −2 sin A+B

2
sin A−B
2

2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)

2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)

2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)

−2 sin A sin B = cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)

√
a sin x + b cos x = R sin(x + φ), where R = a2 + b2 and cos φ = a/R, sin φ = b/R.

1 2t 1 − t2
If t = tan 2
x then sin x = , cos x = .
1 + t2 1 + t2
cos x = 12 (eix + e−ix ) ; sin x = 1
2i
(eix − e−ix )

eix = cos x + i sin x ; e−ix = cos x − i sin x