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H2 CHEMISTRY
ATOMS, MOLECULES & STOICHIOMETRY (2008 Je 1)
Content
1. Relative masses of atoms and molecules
2. The mole, the Avogadro constant
3. Calculation of empirical and molecular formulae
4. Calculation on reactions
5. Volumetric AnalYsis
6. Redox reactions (oxidation numbers, balancing redox equations, redox titrations)
Assessment Obiectives
Students should be able to:
12e
(a) define the terms retative atomic, isotopic, molecular and formula rnasses, based on the seiale
?t
By T. Lister & J. Renshaw 540 LIS ,.
_i
1. Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define the terms relative atomic, isotopic, molecular and formula masses, based
on the 12C scale.
(c) calculate the relative atomic mass of an element given the relative abundances
of lfs rcofopes.
Atoms are too small to be weighed directly and it is inconvenient to express masses of atoms
in
terms of kg. Instead chemists compare the masses of atoms with the mass of a standard
atom: the Carbon-12 atom (lUpAC Agreement 1960). i ,i \, i i.i '...\ r
On this relative atomic mass scate, an atom of 12C is assigned a mass of 12 units which
means
thatlll2themassofanatomoflzCis1unit. /,_ : , ,/.;, ,i,+i.-.
._r.\: - !,. .
lsotopes are atoms of the same element'having the same number of lsotopes
protons but different number of neutrons. e.g.: 3uc/ &.tcl ttBr utBr
&
Relative abundance of the isotopes refers to the percentage of the isotopes as they
are
formed in the naturally occuring element.
e.g. Relative abundance of 35c/ and itc/ is TS% and 2s% respectively.
:) In a sample of c/ atoms, \2, is made up of 3sc/ atoms and 7gp6-is made up of 37c/
atoms. t5-'1.
"n'i)
. Examples:
!-]t-r(
t,;.fir I , \ 1rf- ': f'"(
lsotope Rel. isotopic mass Rel. abundance / \ *,,r(, :i !'',. t{",.., i 1- .t
""cl 34.9689 75.77 '<.\-;tt 1,".
"'ct 36.9659 24.23
IH 1.0078 99.985
:r1;*q:t+L'' ,H
2.0140 0.015
,.\r-.rit.\ r'\\'r 'uo 15.9949 99.760
,o 16.9991 0.040
17.9991 0.200
1.2 Relative Atomic Mass: (Symbol: A,., No units)
Ratio of the average mass of an atom of an element cornpareO to 1112 of the mass # Relative
atomic
atom.
mass, A'
OR
Ratio of the average mass of 1 mole of atoms of the element
12C
compared to 1112 of the
mass of 7 mole of atoms.
. A, = X (relative isotopic masses x isotopic abundance)
-- - " : e consists of two isotopes naturally, 3sC/ and ttc/. The relative abundance
. -: ; c and 25% respectively. Calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine"
Ji ILIE -
Eq 1.2. The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.54. Calculate the relative abundance of
63cu 65Cu.
its two isotopes, and
63Cu 6sCu
Let the relative abundance of be x . (i.e. relative abundance"of = 1- x)
) M, of octane, CaHre = --
i
-2.1 What is "Mole"? \'..-l;''
i-' ;':1' l ;-" "|t
o
1'..
A mole of any substance is the amou4t of that substance which contains Avogadro's Mole
number of particles (i.e. 6.02 x 1O21partieles). {mo4
,f
e.g. 1 mole of carbon consists of 6.02 x 1023 of carbon;
1 mole of water (H2O) consists of 6.02 x 1023 i* ' "' i of water;
. Note:
Since 1 mole of particles = 6.02 x 1023 particles,
The Avogadro's
number is the
number of atoms
found in 129 of the
'"C isotope.
Eq 2.1: Calculate the corresponding number of mole of particles and number of particles.
E.s NHs:N=3H
No. of moles of N atoms = 1 x no. of moles of NH3
No. of moles of H atoms = 3 x no. of moles of NHa
-1
2.3 MolarVolume /- \ -. - "'_i
For GASEOUS reactions:
: )
Avogadro's Law: At the same temp & pressure, equal volumes of any gas contain the same no.
of moles of gas particles"
i.e. Mole ratio = Volume ratio
. At r.t.p (25oC, { atm), 1 mole of any gas occupies a volume of 24.0 dm1-
-
--: i"
ii'
I !..
-:-niofNHs= -
Eq 2.4: What is the volume, in dm , of 1.00 x 1023 CO2 gas molecules at r.t'p? [3'99dm3]
r-. \/-.i- I
,, i.---t \ I '.1
:. 'lr'
I t'
No. of moles of A = conc. of A (in mol dm-3; x vol' of soln (in dm')
rn-"lt}r'-''' t I t rjr'^l
n,'*{"iif- . )-
' :l":
r :)':
Cr, r
) i!.\.Ll l@: i' -!; - i l- l']u -U !^
"f' Af-.?-Ar'b bt
t
r! . ' ).r r'-tr I I
/> i.
- t' '{rl,a, g:r
i,yr+.tt - 't ',' r"1 .:
;j /1
_t '*-:::"::='
'L
L
V,O: , 2.1 i 1, . ]'i y-.Ot:.! r.', O .< l), J /
a tr
_,1
;
Conce tration
r"---' r
I
I r-'.r
I I ,...
.-
=-_
. ".1nr
'){ X
No. of particles
Vol. of gas
y''\.' l
- I;
'i\{
s
Mass of substance
-No.ofmol
' Eq 3.1:
The o/o
by mass of elements in compoun d X (Mr=114) are
C: 63.2%, H: 12.3o/o, N:24.6%.
Find the empiricar and morecurar formurae of compound
x. [caH7N, c6H14N2r
(OvLOr^ H I
r3fr
Empirical formula of compound X is: Cg H ,N
or (.rl
,
ru)r-
Let the molecurar form ura of compound X be i :^l . ^ ]' Jn.
-
rrx3 {l I -
i$ : ll
{r+_ i-l 1,
.'.Molecular formula of compounO X is C6H tr.+ N i J
. Eq 3.2: -'
The % by mass of elements in compound y are
Mn:72.0o/o, O:2g.0%.
Find the empirical formula of compound y.
[Mn3Oal
( -3rt*
r- \ r 'fll,
I
i-.Y r
ie i Llb . , -\
Calculations on Reactions
ar4.
- Candidates shou/d be able to:
(f) write and/or construct balanced equations.
(g) perform calculations, including use of the mole concept, involving
(i) reacting masses (from formulae and equations);
(ii) volumes of gases (e.9. in the burning of hydrocarbons);
(iii) volumes-and concentrations of solutions.
(h) deduce stoichiometric relationships from calculations such as those in (g).
a-(a) Reaction
Metals above Mg
Remark
in reactivr.ty series
Reactive metal + HzO(l) -+ metal hydroxide + Hz(g)
(Table 1) react with cold water.
(b) Reactive metal + acid -+ salt + Hz(g) atals above H2 in reactivity senles
able 1) react with dilute acid.
Metal hydroxide or metaloxide + acid + salt + HzO(D
(d) Metal carbonate or metal hydrogencarbonate + acid
-+ salt + COz(9) + HzO(i)
aal NHa* salt + base-----+ salt + NHa(g) + HzO(D
(0 Pb(No3)2(aq) + 2NaC/(aq) -+ Pbcl2(s) + 2NaNos(aq) Precipitation of insoluble compounds !
Mg i" l2
4. Alf SO42- are soluble except that of Ba2*, Pbz*. ' ',
At ,-
ZnL 5. All CO32-, OH- and 02- are insoluble except that
'FoI Group I metal ions and NHa'.
.PU"-
r,,. (H) lr
iCu.-
Ag
."r Au
ruofdtnat Table.s 7,2 and 3 above are NOT exhaustive and they areiust a general guide.
C
4.2 Stoichiometrv
'A balanced equation indicates the proportions in which reactants must react to give fixed
proportion of products.
. The equation does NOT indicate the actual amount in which the reactants are present in the
pJ,^\t.u{ i1 Pfi']!
mixture. <,'
' "-r r "
"- Lu,{ crr,l
t bc1\c,r:ll;-l 1 t7{4^ : 4b
. e.9. 2Hz&) + oz(g) ->2Hzo(f)'
Stoichiometric ratio: mol
2mol 1 2 mol o{ kr.,o*
('lbi+^NLl K\,.l".|
(which can be represented as: 2Hz : Oz = 2HzO ) \\--lda:il i
,EM:
3CuO(s) + ZNHa(9) -+ Nz(9) + 3Cu(s) + 3HzO(0
tt -39!rn: gI-M
is reacted at r.t.p, calculate the no. of rUgl9S-olN:-produced and mass of Cu
ploClqced. [0.625 mol, 1199]
i , ., r.' ,, i.r\;
Since 2NHa = N2 = 3Cu,
:-:
reactants are not added in the stoichiometric proportions. One or more of the reactants
:: used in excess and is not used up completely in the reaction. The amount of produa;t rs
- oetermined by the amount of the limiting reagent used. Limiting reagent is the reagent that
=
-ot used in excess and hence, will be completely used up in the reaction.
Eq 4.2: When 0.230 g of sodium metal is reacted with excess water to give sodiunn
nyOroilOe and hydrogen gas, find the volume of gas evolved at s.t.p. [0.112 dm3]
) Since
Volume of H2 Produced at s.t.P =
-l I (
*t'i"j t" '"ll'l'-'t: 1
'/
./"Eq 4.?: What mass of AgC/ will be formed when a solution of 10.0
,\--/' " cm3 of 0.100 rnol dm-3
NaC/ and a solution of 15.0 cm3 of 0.025 mol Om-3 ngryOr.are mixed? t0.0538 gl
\crlt {.r,:,
-\
'+ A".11N.. l.,:.,',
Step 2: Determine theJimitlng reagent
t ,I
I
.fu:
IOO cm3 of lead(ll) nitrate solution of concentration 0.0500 mol dm-3 was treated with an
--'
excess of chloride ions in solution. The precipitate of lead(ll) chloride formed was dried and
weighed and a mass of 1.1558 g was recorded.
(a) Calculate the expected mass of lead(ll) chloride precipitate. [1.39 g] iil:
Iq;,'il'.,i-'',:"
0 f l:.'
:i,y--tt i '. t
t' I a.
0 !l)< i^ i
,7 ^
(':- '
-_. {-,,r. j
',r
lfll !li,: -
' i,.'
"-.
_-'r--l--r--
,/' :
' - ii\'
: tt
. :..?
a
iowr' :,- L
Note: The question asks for "final volume of the mixture" at r.t.p:
Since HzO is a liquid at room temperature,
Final volume of reaction mixture = Vol. of excess Oz + Vol. of COz formed
= lt | "lr+|C
"l' i r-,-
4.4 Calculations on Combustion Reactions
. General Equation:
Before reaction After reaction & cooled to r.t.p: GO2 reacted away by NaOH:
a contraction in volume a further contraction in
Volume of water ignored volume
6lu 6.rrVe 1r\nf L* \,lqj^f+ JJC 2008 Page 10 0f 25
on Reactio s on Combust
;-*1 of a hydrocarbon was burned in 70 cm3 of ox-vgen to give 30 cm3 of COz 20 cm3 of Oa
remained at the end of the reaction. What is the formula of the hydrocarbon? [C3Hs]
Volume of 02 reacted =
.'l
;
F-l--ilnle""stn"s".
| cm' I
10 f-----------
lI through^excess n
I
to
N
tl
rfl i s"" | n
| 2ocm' |
I t-l I
r
e"." tt'"
throughexcess I
|
I
| ***
"":*."" r:f lco,to*uo*l
"' I| st.tl --"*t--> l--l|
| - o'
| -:8oo
"'-t' I
unreacteo
"#-
Befor€ teaction After -l
r€action & cooled to r.tp
'LM.^ ?
\t o
(.t L/pl
^
I |
.J.a
- t\l
vL
X -. | , Y++
;^ rt .1
&-/
Y tl
-
(I !:
2-
rr ' L)4
-2
*'{-'
'';nK u\7
' _Y
Y\.'r\$&- z+ _r-
.V
-- :.
zv q
-!-
-to-6-Y
z
f^Af-,L,.rrrtq/ rc\rv.-\,I-\..*. r,,f; {^q*\-.)c
-l 't
e.rriirD.-
€y.-
'.ry
(\-q . -\rb