Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
5, 149–168, 2008
B.-J. Jang
Department of Electrical Engineering
Kookmin University
861-1 Jeongneung-dong, Seonbuk-Ku, Seoul, 136-702, Korea
M.-Q. Lee
Department of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Seoul
90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul, 130-743, Korea
K.-J. Lee
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Yonsei University
234 Maeji-ri, Heungup-myun, Wounju-si, Gangwon-do 220-710, Korea
1. INTRODUCTION
2f 4πx(t)
θ(t) = (2πx(t)) = (1)
c λ
152 Jang et al.
x(t ) d0
90o fL fH
η ANT DSP
BB BPF
Clutter
BI(t)
LNA
where ω is the angular frequency, and φ(t) is the phase noise of the
LO. The LO signal is amplified by a power amplifier (PA), feeds into
the TX antenna, and is radiated into the air. Simultaneously, the RX
antenna receives backscattered signals from the target. As shown in
Fig. 1, the backscattered signals picked up by the RX antenna consist
of two components: one is the backscattered signal from the heart and
the other is from the stationary human body. The backscattered signal
at the RX antenna, R(t), is a time-delayed version of the transmitted
signal and can be expressed as
4πd0 4πx(t) 2d0
R(t) = AR cos ωt − − +φ t−
λ λ c
4πd0 2d0
+AC cos ωt − +φ t− (3)
λ c
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 5, 2008 153
3. SNR ANALYSIS
3.1. Theory
In a wireless bio-radar sensor, the backscattered signal from the heart
should be stronger than other noise sources at the receiver’s baseband
output. This is very similar to a general radar system’s SNR concept.
In order to calculate the SNR value, we should know the magnitude
of the signal and the noise power. The magnitude of the signal at
the baseband depends on the received power and phase modulation.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 5, 2008 155
Noise sources include residual phase noises from the LO, additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN), and the baseband 1/f noise of the mixer and
of the baseband analog circuits.
First, the magnitude of the signal power at the baseband is given
by radar theory. For example, the signal power at the baseband I
channel, SI , is equal to the mean squared received voltage divided by
the input impedance and can be given by
2
4πx(t)
A2R GRX cos θh + λ
SI =
R0
2
4πx(t)
2PT X GT GR GRX λ2 σ h Lh cos θh + λ
= (12)
(4π)3 d40
Assuming perfect power combining and small angle approxima-
tion, the signal power is given by
PT X GT GR GRX σh Lh x2 (t)
SI ≈ (13)
2πd40
Next, we calculate the residual phase noise power. The residual
phase noise includes the phase noise by the heart signal itself, the
stationary human body reflection, the antenna leakage signal, and the
mixer leakage signal. Because the frequency range concerned in a bio-
radar sensor system is less than 10 Hz, the phase noise itself may be
large enough to affect the signal detection. However, when the same
oscillator is used for transmitting and down-converting operations, the
phase noise of the received signal is correlated with that of the LO, and
the phase noise is dramatically reduced. In radar applications, such as
bio-radar, this phase noise reduction phenomenon is called the range
correlation effect [4].
A quantitative characterization of the relation between range and
phase noise can be done in the frequency domain. The power spectral
density (PSD) of ∆φh (t), Sφh (f∆ ) at offset frequency, f∆ is given by
2 d0 f∆
S∆φh (f∆ ) = Sφ (f∆ ) 4 sin 2π (14)
c
where Sφ (f∆ ) is the PSD of the LO itself. Equation (14) indicates that
the range correlation effect gives a high pass filter effect on phase noise
with respect to offset frequency. This effect is positive for detection in
156 Jang et al.
a bio-radar system, because the heart and respiration signals are very
low frequency signals.
Assuming that the typical values for d0 and f∆ are 50 cm and
10 Hz, respectively, the value of d0 f∆ /c will be on the order of 10−9 .
Therefore, the small angle approximation is valid, and residual phase
noise is simplified by
2 2
2 d0 f∆
S∆φh (f∆ ) ≈ Sφ (f∆ ) 16π (15)
c2
Since the close-in phase noise has a −30 dB/decade slope, the
phase noise can be defined by the phase noise at the 1 Hz, Sφ (1), as
follows
Sφ (1) −3
Sφh (f∆ ) ≈ f (16)
(1 Hz)−3 ∆
An equation of residual phase noise can be found by combining
(15) and (16),
2
f∆ −3 2
2 d0 f∆
S∆φh (f∆ ) ≈ Sφ (1) 16π (17)
1 Hz c2
The mean square residual phase noise in the time domain is the
integral of the spectrum over the received frequencies,
fH
∆φh (t)2 = S∆φh (f∆ )df∆
fL
2 3 d20 fH
= 16π (1 Hz) Sφ (1) 2 ln (18)
c fL
Now, the residual phase noise power from received signal is given
by
NT = 8GRX · kT B · N F (24)
Now, all the noises are combined at the mixer output after they
have been converted to their values in the baseband. Because six noise
sources are uncorrelated, the noise powers are simply added. Therefore,
the SNR value for the bio-radar sensor is given by
SI
SNR = (26)
N1/f + NT + N∆φh + N∆φC + N∆φL1 + N∆φL2
when estimating the RCS of the clutter. This RCS value is more
straightforward to calculate since it is not restricted to an area of
motion. A clutter RCS estimate of 0.5 m2 will be used in these
calculations. The expected amplitude of motion of the mitral valve
along the long axis of the heart, x(t), was expected to be 1.49 cm at
age 20 and 1.22 cm at age 84 [7]. We selected the minimum value,
assuming a home monitoring service in an elderly user.
-10
-20
attenuation [dB]
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0 1 2 3 4 5
depth [cm]
HP89441A
HP1975A (Agilent)
HMC385LP4 Phase -
(Hittite) Shifter Delay Line +
sky73009
(Skyworks)
PD2328J550S2 TDS2014
(Xinger) (Tektronix)
Measured data
1.5 5th degree curve fitting
0.5
Phase [Radian]
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
Baseband Output [mV]
100
S∆φ(t),measured
Sφ(t), calculated
50
phase noise [dB(rad2)/Hz]
-50
-100
-150
0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
Offset Frequency f∆ [Hz]
50
∆φ L1(t) by TX leakage(-20dB)
40 ∆φ c (t) by LO clutter
AWGN noise
Overall SNR
30
20
SNR[dB]
10
-10
-20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Range[m]
(a)
50
∆φ L1(t) by TX leakage(-40dB)
40 ∆φ c (t) by LO clutter
AWGN noise
Overall SNR
30
20
SNR[dB]
10
-10
-20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Range[m]
(b)
15 mm
TX Antenna RX Antenna
Power Devider
VCO
Mixer Filter
DC Power
LNA
TX Antenna
50cm BI(t)
Wireless
Transceiver BQ(t)
RX Baseband
Antenna
Module PC
Analog ECG
(MATLAB)
Chest Strap
Instrumentation
Amplifiers
700
600
500
(a)
400
300
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
IB1 Ref. Resp
1000
800
600
(b)
400
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
IB2 Ref. ECG
700
600
(c) 500
400
300
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
QB1 Ref. Resp
1000
800
(d) 600
400
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
QB2 Ref. ECG
5. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES