AA31003 Topic 6 PDF

AA31003 ETHNOMUSICOLOGY
TOPIC 6:
ORGANOLOGY
Prof. Dr. Jacqueline Pugh-Kitingan

Professor of Ethnomusicology
Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Heritage
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Lecture 6
INSTRUMENTS &
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Organology – the study of musical instruments

1. Membranophones – primary vibrator = skin
2. Idiophones – primary vibrator = body of
instrument
3. Aerophones – primary vibrator = air
4. Chordophones – primary vibrator = string
Instruments & Instrumental Music
MEMBRANOPHONES
1. Frame Drums
- narrow body like a frame, large head
eg. rabana (Tidong), kompang (Malay)
Tidong rabana
Membranophones (cont.)
2. Drums
- long body with one or two heads
eg. single-headed native Sabah drums with tuning pegs
tontog (Rungus), karatung (Kadazandusun);
double-headed native drum gandang;
double-headed red barrel-shaped gandang (Iranun,
west coast Bajau);
double-headed brass-bodied snare drum tambol
(east coast Bajau).
In Sabah, 1 or 2 drums may be played with gong
ensembles, according to culture.
 Huli tabage
Single-headed karatung with few binsolot (tuning pegs), Kg. Nambayan, Tambunan
Double-headed gandang
From Kg. Hungab, Penampang
Pair of barrel-shaped gandang used
In the Iranun, Bajau and Tindal Dusun
gong ensembles of Kota Belud
Tambol of the Bajau from Semporna
IDIOPHONES
1. Metalophones – bells, hanging gongs, kettle gongs (gong chimes), metal
xylophones, struck with beaters
Hanging Gongs in Sabah

- sanang types (throughout Sabah)
- tagung types (more common in interior)
- tawag types (throughout Sabah)
Small Kettle Gongs (Gong Chimes) in Sabah

- kulintangan (only in areas with access to the coast)
Metal Xylophones
- salun of Bajau and Iranun of Kota Belud (often solo)
- kuintangan of Kadazandusun of Papar
- gelundang of the Tidong of Tawau
Some gongs from the sopogandangan ensemble from Tambunan
Iranun kulintangan from Kg. Marabau, Kota Belud
Metal gelundang xylophone of the Tidong of Tawau
Gong Ensembles
- each community has its own characteristic
gong ensemble
- gong ensembles may accompany dance in ritual contexts, or in non-
ritual contexts
- they may play few pieces (as for many interior
communities), or may have large repertoires of music (as in
communities that have the kulintangan)
eg. sopogandangan of Tambunan Kadazandusun,

sompogogungan of Penampang Kadazan,
sampangigalan of Timugon Murut of Tenom,
tagunggu’ of Semporna Bajau,
kulintangan ensemble of Putatan Bajau
Rungus ongkob tuntungan ensemble
Timugon Murut sampangigalan

Tindal Dusun ma’agung of Kota Belud
(similar to Iranun and Bajau ensembles)
Bajau Laut tagunggu’ of Semporna

(similar to Bajau Kubang ensemble)
Sopogandangan ensemble of Kg. Karanaan, Tambunan
Kulintangan ensemble from Putatan
2. Bamboo Idiophones in Sabah
- sets of struck bamboo idiophones, played by groups of performers
eg. tagunggak of Murutic communities,
togunggak of interior Dusunic areas,
togunggu of Penampang Kadazan
3. Wooden Idiophones in Sabah
- gabbang xylophone of east coast Bajau and

Suluk communities (usually played solo) – up to
18 keys of nibung palm wood
- sampasang no gabang ensemble of Makiang

community (and other Paitanic groups) of the
Upper Kinabatangan River
- consists of one 10-keyed wooden gabang, with
two or three wooden slit gongs or kantung
Semporna Bajau gabbang (left),
Makaing gabang (right)
Makiang sampasang no gabang ensemble
AEROPHONES
- Worldwide includes whistles, panpipes, flutes,
jaw’s harps, mouthorgans, clarinets & oboes
(external reed instruments), bagpipes, horns,
trumpets.
- In Sabah includes mouthflutes, nose flutes, mouth

organs, jaw’s harps
- Usually played solo in non-ritual contexts for
personal expression.
 Huli whistle or
pilipe
 Common Huli
 gulupobe
1. Flutes
- mouth flutes
eg. Kadazandusun suling, Iranun suling
played for entertainment
Flutes (cont.)
- nose flutes
eg. turali of Dusunic communities (also
known as turahi in Tambunan, tuahi in
Penampang)
- played for personal expression, generally in
happy contexts, but in Penampang and
parts of Tambunan is expresses melancholy
when remembering a deceased relative
Lotud Dusun turali (left); modern
mouth turali from Tambunan (below)
2. Mouthorgans
- sompoton of Dusunic communities (originally from
Tambunan), also found amongst some Murutic
communities and in Paitanic communities along the
Kinabatangan
- sigi a small rare mouthorgan of the Kadazandusun in
the Kiulu to Ranau areas
Traditionally played solo for personal expression and

entertainment.
Consists of 8 bamboo pipes in raft formation, 7 containing
polod palm reeds for sound, inserted into a gourd wind
chamber
Sompoton from Kg. Tikolod,
Tambunan
Group sompoton in Kg. Karanaan, Tambunan
Sigi from Kiulu

3. Jaw’s Harps
- made from polod palm skin (Iranun tapikan)
eg. Kadazandusun bungkau,
Lotud Dusun uriding,
Iranun kubing.
4. Horns
- bas of the Lundayeh community (brought
to Kalimantan from Sulawesi by
Minehasan teachers)
- played in Rurum Lun Suling pipe band
- groups of men play bas of various sizes
to accompany women playing groups of
lun suling sideblown flutes.
Rurum Lun Suling of the Lundayeh
lun suling and bas
bas
CHORDOPHONES
- musical bows, zithers, lutes (bowed,
plucked), harps, lyres.
Chordophones in Sabah include:

- tube zithers, strummed, bowed and plucked
lutes
 Huli gawa
1. Tube Zithers
Zither = chordophone with strings parallel to the resonating body of the
instrument
- tongkungon of Dusunic communities made from large poring bamboo

(kulintangan of Timugon Murut made from tongkungon bamboo);
strings cut from bamboo skin;
tuning wedges inserted under strings.
- Number and names of strings corresponds to number and names of

hanging gongs in respective gong ensemble
- Held vertically and usually plucked with fingers.
- Music imitates gong ensemble music; played in non-ritual contexts
Kadazandusun tongkungon from Kimanis (below);
Lotud Dusun tongkungon from Tuaran (right)
- takobung (tongkibong)
- rare horizontal struck tube zither of the
Kadazandusun
- has 2 or 3 strings cut in top surface; one string
has a bamboo tongue that flaps over a resonance
hole in the surface
- struck with small stick to imitate gong music;
played in similar contexts to the tongkungon
Takobung (below); in duet with tongkungon (right), Kg. Tikolod, Tambunan
2. Lutes
Lutes have a long neck joined to a body, with
strings stretched along the neck from a
bridge on the lower front of the body to the
tuning pegs at the top of the neck
- Can be strummed, plucked or bowed
Strummed Lutes
- sundatang, long-necked strummed lute of the
Kadazandusun and Rungus; made from jackfruit tree wood
- 2 or 3 brass strings; frets may lie flat across the neck (as
for Tambunan sundatang), or be raised in sopinit gum
under the string (as for Penampang and Rungus
sundatang)
- Played in non-ritual contexts for entertainment or to
accompany dance
- gagayan = larger version from the Lotud community, often
played by men in duet (batangkung)
Kadazandusun sundatang (left);
two Lotud gagayan (right) perform a duet (batangkung)
Plucked Lute
- gambus = plucked lute of Arabic origin
played in Brunei and Tidong communities
- Body and neck of instrument made from one
piece of jackfruit wood; body hollowed out
and covered with monitor lizard skin.
- 3 pairs of sympathetic strings, plucked with
plectrum of pangolin scale
- Accompanies zapin (Tidong japin) dance
Gambus
Bowed Lute
- biola (Bajau) / biula (Iranun)
- 3-stringed bowed lute of Arabic origin
(resembles violin), played in the Bajau and
Iranun communities, especially in the genre
isun-isun (Bajau) / pamiula (Iranun)
- hand-adjusted bow has string made from
horse hairs.
Iranun biula (below), Bajau biola (right)
from Kota Belud
WHAT KINDS OF INSTRUMENTS DO YOU
HAVE IN YOUR CULTURE?
What kinds of music do your instruments

play?
When and in what contexts do they play?
Can anyone play an instrument, or are some
only for special musicians? Can women and
men play the same instrument?
THANK YOU

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AA31003 ETHNOMUSICOLOGY

Prof. Dr. Jacqueline Pugh-Kitingan

Organology – the study of musical instruments

Hanging Gongs in Sabah

Small Kettle Gongs (Gong Chimes) in Sabah

eg. sopogandangan of Tambunan Kadazandusun,

Timugon Murut sampangigalan

Bajau Laut tagunggu’ of Semporna

- gabbang xylophone of east coast Bajau and

- sampasang no gabang ensemble of Makiang

- In Sabah includes mouthflutes, nose flutes, mouth

Traditionally played solo for personal expression and

Sigi from Kiulu

lun suling and bas

Chordophones in Sabah include:

- tongkungon of Dusunic communities made from large poring bamboo

- Number and names of strings corresponds to number and names of

What kinds of music do your instruments

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