13 ELECTRICITY The Nature of Electricity ey in Modern Life. In the morning, a man awakens at the ring of an electri alarm clock. An electric ee eetrels the heater which has kept hiséhome com. fortably warm throughout the night A shower may be already heated by an elec- tric storage Heater, and his razor may ‘be electrically operated. The clothes which he puts on were made by electrically operated Ashe goes downstairs, he is greeted by the aroma of fragrant coffee bubbling away in the electric percolator. His breakfast. has been prepared on an electric cooking stove, The cream which he pours into his coffee has come from an electrically operated dairy, where even the milking of the cows is done by. electricity. His breakfast fruit is straw. berries, which an electric refrigerator has kept cool and fresh. He then goes out to his garage, gets into his automobile, tums on the electric jgnitfon sys- tem, and starts the engine with the electric starter. As he backs out of his garage, he sounds his electric horn to warn anyone who nay be crossing his driveway. Calis way eae ketati sfea crc cars, all driven by electric motors. At certain intersections he has to stop until the traffic lights, operated by electricity, show a green light. : He parks his automobile in a parking sta- tion, and walks to the building where his office {s located, Here he enters an electrically operated elevator, which takes him to one of the upper floors. The office in which he works has many electrically operated devices, such as adding machines, typewriters, signal-bell system, Teletype” machines, "Dictaphone, and telephones. During his lunch hour he goes to his bank to get some papers from his safety-deposit box. He signs his name on a peculiar-looking pad which is the sending part of an electric device that transmits his signature to the sig. nature department of the bank. His signature having been verified, he is allowed to enter the vault where his depasit box is kept. Ashe is leaving, he meets a friendly bank official who offers to show him the burglar alarms and explain how they are operated. He is not permitted to see them all, but he is showa Several’ cunningly’ co “phioto- electric cells. It is explained to. him that at night a beam of light is directed each one of these cells; and if at any time during the night one of these beams of light is inter- rupted by a person walking between the light source and the cell, a-large alarm on the out- side of the bank will start ringing, ‘The cells are also connected with the nearest police station, so that the police force is notified of an attempted robbery at the bank. ‘The necessary business transacted, he re. turns to his home, made light and cheerful by ‘means of electric lamps. Seating’ himself. in his easy, chair, he reads the evening: news- Paper, which bas been printed’ by many electric devices. After dinner “he and his family attend a local motion-picture theater. The streets along their way are illuminated by many elec- tric street lamps and numerous flashing and moving electric advertising signs. At the theater they are entertained by a sound mo- tion picture, made and shown by means of many of the latest electric inventions. After returning home, they all go into the livi roam, where he tunes in his electric radio receiving set to the correct broadcasting sta. tion for the latest news reports.15 » 6 ‘A typical small aquarium, complete ‘with fish, plants, sand, gravel and rocks, Snalis and miniature ceramic ‘ornaments such as divers, castes and ‘hip wecks are sometimes added. Home Aquariums home aquarium to house fish can be set up at moderate cost, and it will give you many hours of pleasure. "You can make an aquarium from any nonmetal container that will hold water; however, do not use a glass bow! for your fish, because you can never see the fish properly through its curved sides. you fil the bow more than halfway with water, there will not be enough water surface exposed to the air. The best aquarium is a rectangular one with a metal frame. An all-glass aquarium in one piece is very likely to break, then itisa total loss, but if ou break one glass in a metal frame aquarium you can have the glass replaced or replace it yoursel. ‘Your aquarium should have a glass or plastic cover. It protects the water from dust and checks evaporation. It also helps to pro- tect the fish from sudden changes of temperature. ‘There are two points to keep in mind. The first is that no ‘metal should ever be in contact with aquarium water, because itis liable to produce poisonous substances. The second point is that the aquarium should be at least as wide as itis deep. Fish breathe ‘oxygen that the water absorbs from the air, and in a deep, nar- row tank, the water might not absorb enough oxygen. Cold wa- ter holds more oxygen than warm water does. When the water gets warmer, the fish need more oxigen and give off more carbon dioxide and other waste products. Water plants and fish both need light. If you do not use arti cial light, you must place your tank where it wil get light from the North most of the day, but more than a small amount of direct sunlight may injure the fish,% Have you admired the stream of silvery air bubbles rising from {an aerator in an aquarium? Although these bubbles do give off some oxygen to the water, their main value is to help carry off carbon dioxide. They also help to keep the temperature of the water more uniform, However, to have a beautiful, natural looking aquarium, you ‘must set out some plants. Besides, they give off substances that improve the water and they absorb waste matter given off by the fish. Place, your plants at the back and sides of the aquarium’ to fortn a background-for the fish. Nevertheless, if you have a large tank, set one or two plants near the center. After planting, let the tank settle for at least three days before you put afy fish in, so that the water ages and the chemicals adjust to the plants’ and water. Never use sea sand in a fresh water tank. In any case, wash the sand or gravel by putting it ina pail and pouring warm water over it while you stir. You must str it until the water runs off without carrying dirt or sediment. To fill tank with water, put a piece of heavy paper over the sand, and then place a dish over the paper. This prevents disrup- tion in the send while you add water. If you had a completely balanced aquarium, you would never need to clean it. Bacteria, algae and tiny animals would consume all dead leaves and waste products. Moreover, plants would use ‘minerals from the animals, and the fish would eat leafy plants, algee and small animals.SUFIJOS MAS COMUNES EN INGLES Sufijos F eee Ejemplos ER, TION, | Forman nombres, signi- | play=player act = action MENT '| fican: or, eién. pay = payment ABLE accept = acceptable enjoy = enjoyable wy legal = legality electric = electricity FUL | Forma nombres y adje- | spoon = spoonful tivos, generalmente sig- | fright = frightful nifiean: ado, ada, oso. NESS | Forma nombres, dark = darkness significa: idad, eza. great = greatness ¥,0U8, | Forma adjetivos,1os dos | silk = silky LESS "| primeros significan oso, | danger = dangerous y el tltimo sin. end = endless sHIP | Formanombres, signifi- | horseman = horsemanship a: cidn, fa. lord == lordship wt Forma nombres, signifi- | quick = quickly ca: mente. special = specially ING* | Seagregaaverbos para | play = playing formar el caso progre- | eat = eating ‘ivo (ando, endo), o pue- de formar también un nombre, ED* Se agrega averbos regu- | answer = — answred lares para formar su | accept = accepted tiempo pasado o partici- pio pasado (0, ado, ido). ERY Forman el caso compa- | tall taller EST rativo y superlative de | tall = tallest los adjetivos, significa més, el més, * Sufjos més comunes que muestran funcién gramatical.F. Analiza las palabras siguientes y anétalas sobre la linea correspondiente segtin presenten prefijos o sufijos. recollect singer expupil accepted. working player friendly disinfect incorrect prehistoric enjoyable rebuild PREFIJOS SUFIJOS G. —Analiza las palabras siguientes, que fueron toma- das del texto “The Man ‘seguida, nota su significado en espanol. 8 9, 10, 1 12, postulated ai 2. philosopher 3. uncuttable 4. 5 6 7, named actually used research scanning perfected clearly rearrange inadvertentlyEe eee eee eee er D. Completa la tabla; para ello fijate en el ejemplo. 1. accept acceptation adaptation | educable variation acceptable alterable E, _ Subraya el cfijo para que se forme la palabra. 1. dark ship oscuridad ness ity 2.common ous comsinmente y un 3. dis democratic democratico re ing 4. adapt ed adaptador dis 5.re call volver a Hamar under[rough 8 system of underground cables and the hundreds of average yeatlons satellites orbiting the earth, the ‘computer wit! link the wil pee nousehold to the outside world. To pay tne bills, for example, it Nil bE possible td use the computer to dedues money from a bank wil algo be pose’ t9 any other account an the Comores network, It Key. aio be possible to shap by computers by ressing the appropriate cy: shoppers will see the item they're Intereatea i and, If they want to Puy Its they'll just press another key. Whee tee Purchase arrives at the house, the computer wil automatictily pey the oh Gage, which will last an average-of 22 years, may still lock similar to wien waytarnablles, But under the hood there may be « tev computer milereill control engine functions, dramatically improving the car's snueage. I a driver gets lost, he will type fis deninenen ons keyboard eine computer vil bounce a signal off a satelne re driver's exact {ecation will then be displayed on a screen above ire dashboard and the Computer will indicate the best route for the driver ts fale the hone,Passible.to bring the office into the home by punching a code on the home computer terminal, which will connect the home and sompany done trans (As 8 Fetult,25 10:35 percent of all pald work ant Probably be done from People’s homes, 4y:the turn of the century, Typing will become i and sere call for shost people, but some may prefer {ene letters, and some home terminals will have a. voice-recognition program to convert | speech into a written text. Cider members of the family, who grew up when computers were just a novelty may feel uncomfortable in a world where 65 percent of U.S. homes and 80 percent of businesses will have such: machines. in contrast, their children will hardly be able io imagine a world without them,A Sight.of Beauty Bahia de Banderas: a Paradise of the Senses ahia de Banderas, one of the largest bays in the world, has surprising variety of beach- es along its 32 kilometers of coast- * line, where rocky formations, cov- ered by exuberant ‘vegetation, meet. the sea in a unique mixture of con- trasts. Playa de Oro, Las Glorias, Las Estacas, Conchas Chinas, Los Gemelos, Garza Blanca, Mis- 10 maloya, Cruz de Huanacaxtle and Punta Mita are some-of the places ‘Which should be visited and were {you can‘enjoy the warm water, the sights, and the delicious seafood. Since the XVI Century, the bay ‘as used by Spanish sailors on their way to Baja California as a provi- sloning stop. During the XIX Cen- tury, a small port called Pefias was builtin one of the most privileged spots —it would later be called Puerto Vallarta, after the govemor of the state of Jalisco, Ignacio L. Vallarta. Overlooking the best land- scapes from the thick mountain when “The Night of the Iguana” vegetation and the incomparable beaches, this small town hardly imagined that years later it would become so famous. It was in 1963, was filmed there, that the small port became known worldwide and had a surprising increase in first class services for visitors. |Rain water Hard watar Hard water Hard water synth + sap + 0ap + borax + soap detergent Water - about water. Their chemistry teacher introduced them to Miss White the lecturer, who spoke for fifty minutes about ler They actually enjoyed the lecture because Miss White gave 5 thom a complete explanation about the properties of water ie Ganilariy, its states and its diferent kinds, such as: distiled, purr fled, salt water, and hard water. Later, their chemistry teacher asked them to find information ut hard water, so they went to the school library and bor, 10 rowed The Book of Popular Science, from which they got next information: NV axterday morning, a group of students attended a lecture 15 into homes from undergro has been specially treated ‘To tell whether the water you use is hard, examine your tea- kettle. If the water is hard, the kettle wil be encrusted! with a grayish white, chalklike substance, sometimes called fur. This is 49 the same material that accumulates in pipes and hot water boll ers, where it scaled boiler scale; it is made up largely ofthe salts of calcium and magnesium, ‘Today, they had a practice at the chemistry laboratory named “hard water", in order to examine its effects, % They used four glasses, rain water or distiled water, a tea- spoonful of plaster of Paris, Espon salts, powdered soap, borax (oF washing soda and synthetic detergent. Here is a way to examine the effects of hard water: set up four drinking glasses, put rain water or distilled water in one glass and 40 hard tap water in the rest: each glass is to be about half ful. If SP weter_in the rest; each glass is your tap water is soft, you can make it hard by adding about a ‘enspoonful of plaster of Paris and Epson salts to a quart of water, Pour a litle powdered soap into the glass containing the rain ater or distilled wate. Note how litle ofthe soap is necessary to SS form suds. Put some powdered soap into one of the other glasses and str it. A curd will be formed as the soap combines with the ‘minerals in the water. Place about half a teaspoonful of borax or washing soda in and then add the powdered soap. You willMonster Cities HY Are big cities wonderful places? Are they terrible? There are different ideas about this. William H. Whyte writes books about cities, He is happy in a crowded city. He loves busy streets with many stores-and many peo- Ple. He likes the life in city parks and restaurants, ao Many people don’t like big cities, They see the large population of cit- kes, and they are afraid. Many cities are growing very fast. ‘They are “monster” cities, (A monster is a big, terrible thing.) In some countries, there aren't jobs in small towns. People goto cities to work: 800,000 peo- le go to Sao Paulo, Brazil, every year, These cities are megalopolises..A megalopolis is a very large city, But now there is a new word in English— megacity. A megacity is a very, very large city, Mexico City is a megacity with a population of over 20,000,000. Tokyo-Yokchama is another mega- city, with almost $0,000,000 people. There are problems in all cities, There are big problems in a megalop- olis or mogacity. In U.S. cities, there are many people with no jobs and no homes, The air is dirty. There are too many cars. A terrible problem is crime. Many people are afraid of crime, a Population density is'a big problem in megacitios, Density is the num- ber of people in every square mile, In Seoul, South Korea, there are 45,958 people in every square mile. Is this crowded? Yes! But in Teheran, Tran, there are 79,594 in every square mile. Do you think William H. Whyte likes Hong Kong? The population density there is 247,004! Main Ideas | Circle the letters, 1. “Monster Cities” is about a. William H. Whyte, ® b. the number of people in American citie: 6. the number of people in some very bigIt's a New World of Shopping a People are buying things in new ways these days, Many people are busy, and they don't want to go to crowded stores, They shop from mail-order catalogs (books with pictures of things to buy). Tired shoppers in some cit- ies can even buy groceries (things in a supermarket) by phone! ‘Most people are shopping differently in stores too. They are taking groceries home in a different way. People in the supermarket ask, “Plastic or paper?” Many people like plastic bags, but plastic is terrible for the environment (thé air, land, and water around us). Paper bags also are bad because we use too many trees to make them. Only five hundred bags come from each tree. Some people understand this. They aren't using plastic or paper bags. They're taking cloth bags to the store. These cloth bags are reuseable. (People can use them again and again for many years.) The bags are washable too. (People can wash them.) Today many people are thinking about the environment. They want to have a safe world for their children. People are changing to different products (things in a store). Some mail-order companies are now selling speciuil products too. Cloth shopping bags, cloth diapers (for babies to wear), and soap without chemicals help the environment. The mail-order companies help the environment and make a lot of money! Main Ideas Circle the letter of the main subject of “It's a New World of Shopping.” a. shopping by phone b. new ways to shop ¢. three kinds of bags in supermarkets 4. new things to buy | |New Foods, New Diets On March 26, 1662, Samuel Pepys and four friends had dinner at his home in London, England. ‘They ate beef, cheese, two kinds of fish, and six chickens. They didn’t eat any fruits or vegetables. Over three hundred Years ago, people in Europe ate differently from today. They looked differ- ent too. In famous paintings by Titian, Rubens, and other artists, people ‘weren't slender; they were overweight. But people three hundred years ago thought, “How attractive!"—not, “How ugly!” Today people are learning more about health. People in North Amer- iea and Europe are changing their way of eating. They/re eating a lot of fruits and vegetables. Many of the vegetables are raw, ‘They aren't cooked because cooking takes ‘away some vitamins, such as vitamins A, B, and C. People are eating less sugar. They're not eating much red meat. They're drinking less cola and coffee. They're eating low-fat foods. People these days want to be slender, not fat. Sometimes people in North America goa little crazy to lose pounds. Thousands of ther join diet groups, goto special diet doctors, or spend a lot of money at diet cen- ters, Each year Americans spend over $30 billion on diets and diet prod- ucts, Sometimes people lose weight fast, but they usually gain it back again. Almost 96 percent of all people gain back weight after a diet, Diets are changing in a lot of countries, but this isn’t always good news. For example, the Japanese diet was very healthful for many years, People ate a lot of fish and vegetables, Now they're eating more and more beef, sugar, and dairy products—ice cream and cheese. This seems simi- lar to Samuel Pepys's dinner party, doesn't it? The problem with this change in diet is easy to see. There is more sickness such as heart disease. The changing diet is not good for the health of the Japanese people, Sometimes people go crazy over food. They eat lots of bad foods because they taste good. Or, other times, they do the opposite—eat very little because they want to be slender. When will people learn? Too much food, too little food, and the wrong foods are all bad ideas.New Foods, New Diets On March 26, 1662, Samuel Pepys and four friends had dinner at his home in London, England. They ate beef, cheese, two kinds of fish, and six chickens. They didn’t eat any fruits or vegetables. Over three hundred ‘Years ago, people in Europe ate differently from today. They looked differ- ent too. In famous paintings by Titian, Rubens, and other artists, people weren't slender; they were overweight. But people three hundred years ago thought, “How attractive!”—not, “How ugly!” Today people are learning more about health. People in North Amer- ia and Europe are changing their way of eating. They/re eating a lot of fruits and vegetables. Many of the vegetables are raw. They aten't cooked because cooking takes away some vitamins, such as vitamins A, B, and C. People are eating less sugar. They're not eating much red meat. They're drinking less cola and coffee. They're eating low-fat foods. People these days want to be slender, not fat. Sometimes people in North America go a little crazy to lose pounds. Thousands of them join diet groups, goto special diet doctors, or spend a lot of money at diet cen- ters. Each year Americans spend over $30 billion on diets and diet prod- ucts. Sometimes people lose weight fast, but they usually gain it back again. Almost 95 percent of all people gain back weight after a diet, Diets are changing in a lot of countries, but this isn’t always good news, For example, the Japanese diet was very healthful for many years, People ate a lot of fish and vegetables, Now they're eating more and more beef, sugar, and dairy products—ice cream and cheese. This seems simi- lar to Samuel Pepys's dinner party, doesn't it? The problem with this change in diet is easy to see. There is more sickness such as heart disease. The changing dit is not good for the health of the Japanese people, Sometimes people go crazy over food. They eat lots of bad foods because they taste good. Or, other times, they do the opposite—eat: very little because they want to be slender. When will people learn? Too much food, too little ood, and the wrong foods are all bad ideas.Why project work? ‘The project is an ideal vehicle for teaching primary school children for a number of reasons. Itis an integrated unit of work A project is a recognizable unit of work with a beginning, middle, and end. Through a series of worthwhile acti ities, which are linked to form a tangible end-product, the children can gain areal sense of achievement. At the successful,completion of the project, both teacher and pupils have sométhing they can be proud of, to show to Parents and to others in the school as an indication of the ‘Progress they have made. It educates the whole child A project involves the development of the whole child, rather than s focusing narrowly on teaching language. Within the framework of a project can be included the full range of skills that children are developing in their other classes and during their time out of school: ~ the intellectual skills of describing, drawing conclusions, using the imagination, hypothesizing, reading, and planning ~ the physicamotor skills of colouring, painting, cutting, folding. gluing, and writing ~ the social skills of sharing, co-operating, making decisions together, and appreciating how individual contributions can make a successful whole ~ learner independence skills such as making responsible choices, deciding how to complete tasks, getting information, trying things out, and evaluating results, This approach encourages emotional and personal development. Wherever possible, children are given an opportunity to produce Work which is personal and individual, which reflects their ideas, tastes, and interests; they are encouraged to express their feelings, and their opinions are sought and valued. = =~ Project work gives the children an opportunity to bring their knowledge of the world into the classroom, and to extend their general knowledge of the topic under focus, Projects can encompass a wide range of topics and often draw on knowledge gained from other subjects in the curriculum, It integrates language knowledge and skills ‘The project is a prime example of experiential learning. ! ‘Language introduced and practised within a project is directly j related to the task in hand; the children use the language that is ! needed for the successful completion of the activity. A projectintroduces and practises language, and integrates language skills, in a natural way. The language aims, for the project as a whole and for each activity, should be clear in the teacher’s mind but do not always need to be made explicit to the children. Younger learners are concerned with what they can achieve through language: they see language as a means to an end, rather than as 4 body of knowledge to be learned. There is evidence that, through repeated exposure, patterns of a second language can be internalized by young children in much the same Way as they are with the first language. As they get older, children often take a more analytical approach and, as part of their development as independent leamers, can be helped to recognize and label grammatical and lexical patterns. This awareness can be built into project work when appropriate. It encourages learner independence Successful experiential learning depends on the students also learning skills that will eventually enable them to continue their Jearning independently of the teacher. Project work helps children make choices, and take responsibility for their own work. It is also through project work that: children can start developing the research and study skills that they need in order to progress in all the subjects within the curriculum in their: ‘secondary and further education. Itcaters for mixed-ability classes ter for classes in which there are children with a ies, needs, and interests. Within class project work, there are often opportunities for different children to make different contributions, depending on their capabilities. Ifindividual contributions are valued, the children’s confidence is boosted, they ‘eel positive about their English classes, and they are motivated to continue to do well. Projects ca: range of ab: A project allows for flexibility within the curriculum Projects can be used either as a supplement, or complement, to the i the main structure round more than twenty hours to complete (ifall the activities are completed fd time is spent on setting up and evaluating the project, as part of the lamer training process), They are therefore ideal if you have a short time in which to achieve results, for example: irse such as a three-week summer school Pupils for a few hours each week and not fed to the project within the timetable of ~-on a short intensive cou ~ where you may only see much time can be devot the school year.