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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
a) A MÉDIA ARITMÉTICA
b) A MEDIANA
c) A MODA
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
Soma de todos
Média aritmética os valores
de um conjunto =
de dados Quantidade de
valores
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
x é uma estimativa de !
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
B) MEDIANA (Md)
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
Calcular a mediana para o seguinte conjunto de dados: 16; 31; 45; 20;
04; 10; 11; 23 e 17.
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
EXEMPLO:
Calcular a mediana para o seguinte conjunto de dados: 03; 10; 04; 20; 40; 16;
33; 09; 41 e 25.
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
EXEMPLO: Calcular mediana para a espessura dos filmes de quitosana a
partir dos dados da tabela 2.5. Tabela 2.5
Espessuras de filmes de quitosana obtidos por método
n/2 = 84/2 =42 casting m.
lMd = 78,1 Ponto
FaMd = 40 Espessura Freqüência Freqüência
médio
fMd = 16 ( m) absoluta acumulada
( m)
hMd = 8,6
43,7 | 52,3 48,0 2 2
n 52,3 | 60,9 56,6 8 10
FaMd
Md l Md 2 hMd 60,9 | 69,5 65,2 12 22 FaMd
f Md 69,5 | 78,1 73,8 18 40
78,1 | 86,7 82,4 16 56
86,7 | 95,3 91,0 11 67
lMd fMd
95,3 | 103,9 99,6 10 77 5a classe
103,9 | | 112,5 108,2 7 84 -
Classe
TOTAL 84
Mediana
n (LMd)
Md = 79,2 m
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
1° PASSO: Determinamos
a classe modal da f aMo f Mo
distribuição, como sendo Mo l Mo hMo
aquela que possui a maior f aMo f pMo 2 f Mo
freqüência,
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
EXEMPLO: Calcular moda Tabela 2.5
para a espessura dos filmes Espessuras de filmes de quitosana obtidos por
de quitosana a partir dos casting m.
dados da tabela 2.5.
Espessura Freqüência
lMo = 69,5 ( m) absoluta
faMo = 12 43,7 | 52,3 2
fMo = 18 faMo
lMo 52,3 | 60,9 8
fpMo = 16
60,9 | 69,5 12 fMo
hMo = 8,6 fpMo
69,5 | 78,1 18
f aMo f Mo 78,1 | 86,7 16
Mo l Mo hMo
f aMo f pMo 2 f Mo 86,7 | 95,3 11 4a classe
-
95,3 | 103,9 10
Classe
103,9 | | 112,5 7 Modal (LMo)
TOTAL 84 -
Maior
freqüência
Mo = 71,65 m absoluta
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
Caso pudéssemos
um histograma iríamos
obter uma curva polida,
como mostrado na figura
2.4.
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
Mo = Md = x
3) CURVA ASSIMÉTRICA
POSITIVA
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DESCRIÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DADOS
Onde:
Mo1 1a moda
AMo antimoda Mo1 AMo Mo2
Mo2 2a moda
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MEDIDAS DE VARIABILIDADE
Média = 174 cm
EXEMPLO:
180 196 166 180 188 144 164
Média = 174 cm
Figura 2.7 Duas amostras de indivíduos que possuem a mesma estatura média
porém variações diferentes nessa estatura.
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MEDIDAS DE VARIABILIDADE
- a AMPLITUDE;
- o DESVIO MÉDIO
- a VARIÂNCIA;
- o DESVIO PADRÃO;
- o COEFICIENTE DE VARIAÇÃO;
- a AMPLITUDE INTERQUARTIL.
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
A) AMPLITUDE (a)
X = { 180,196,166,180,188,144,164}
a = 196 144 = 52 cm
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
C) VARIÂNCIA
Onde, 2 ( xi ) 2
xi = dados individuais, ( xi x) 2 xi
x = média aritmética, s 2 n
n = tamanho da amostra. n n
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
Onde,
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
- Variância corrigida
Quando queremos apenas descrever a dispersão de uma distribuição,
nós devemos usar a equação:
( xi x)2
s2
n
Porém, quando a variância é calculada para a amostra e utilizada para
realizar uma previsão (inferência) sobre a variância da população ( 2)
devemos usar a equação: 2
2
( xi x)
s c
n 1
Essa equação fornece a variância corrigida, que é uma melhor estimativa
da variância populacional.
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
D) DESVIO PADRÃO
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
s
CV *100
x
Porém, com o desvio padrão, é difícil comparar a dispersão para
valores de diferentes variáveis (ex.: peso e altura).
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
(valor mínimo)] / 4
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
f 2 5 2 2 0 0 1 10 0 1 9 4 6 4 0 2
F 2 7 9 11 11 11 12 22 22 23 32 36 42 46 46 48
Observações reais n1 = 12 n2 = 11 n3 = 13 n4 = 12
Observações esperadas n1´= 12 n2´ = 12 n3´=12 n4´= 12
Q1 = 6,5 Q3 = 11,5
A.I.Q = Q3 Q1 = 11,5 6,5 = 5
Q2 = 9,5
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
PERCENTIS]
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
Sim
Calcule
Mude L.
L = (k/100).n L é um Não arredondando-o
número
para o maior inteiro
n = número de valores inteiro?
mais próximo.
k = percentil em questão
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MEDIDAS DE DISPERSÃO
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ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA DE DADOS (AED)
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ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA DE DADOS (AED)
VALORES DISCREPANTES (OUTLIERS)
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ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA DE DADOS (AED)
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ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA DE DADOS (AED)
18
EXEMPLO:
15 Nota mais forte
¼ dos efetivos
12
1° quartil Q1 = 11,5
¼ dos efetivos
9 Q2 = 9,5
¼ dos efetivos
3° quartil Q3 = 6,5
6
3 ¼ dos efetivos
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ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA DE DADOS (AED)
ATRIZES
Exemplo: Boxplots
para idades dos
melhores atores e ATORES
atrizes:
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ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA DE DADOS (AED)
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