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• Except for DC signals such as telegraph and baseband, all signal carriers have a
definable frequency or frequencies. Signals also have a property called
wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the frequency.
• In the electronic world, it is the transfer of data and information from one location
to another. "Data communications" or "datacom" refers to digital transmission.
"Telecommunications" or "telecom" refers to a mix of voice and data, both analog
and digital. However, due to digital convergence, "telecommunications" implies
"data communications."
• "Networking" generally refers to a local area network (LAN), but it may refer to a
wide area network (WAN), which is commonly called a telecom network.
• The Protocol
• The way data communications systems "talk to" each other is defined in a set of
standards called "protocols." Protocols work in a hierarchy starting at the top with
the user's program and ending at the bottom with the plugs, sockets and
electrical signals. See communications protocol and OSI.
• Prior to the Internet, the world's largest communications system was the
telephone network, a mix of analog and digital lines. It used to be entirely analog
and transmitted only voice frequencies, but is today almost entirely digital. The
only analog part is the line between the telephone and a digital conversion point
(digital loop carrier) within about a mile of the customer.
• Analog systems are error prone because the electronic frequencies get mixed
together with unwanted, nearby signals (noise). In long distance analog
telephone networks, amplifiers were placed in the line every few miles to boost
the signal, but they also boosted the noise. By the time the person or modem
received the signal at the other end, it may have been impossible to decipher.
• Repeaters Regenerate
d 1), they can be more easily distinguished from the garble. Digital is simple.