Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
= ω + ω + ω ω
= α + α + α
= α + α
= α + α + α ω + !
<< × + + ω + ω ω + !
= α + α ω + !
– Desired signal at the output contains amplitude
• Gain becomes a decreasing function of A2 modulation at ωm and 2ωm
– For sufficiently large A2, gain drops to zero → – Common case of cross modulation
“blocked” • Amplifiers that must simultaneously process
– In RF design, “blocking signal” usually refers to many independent signal channel — e.g.,
interferers that desensitize a circuit though gain CATV transmitters
does not fall to zero • Full duplex CDMA systems — request for
– Many RF receivers require to withstand blocking super-linear LNA
signals 60 to 70 dB higher than the wanted signal
Razavi98
ω = ω ω α + α + α ω
+ α + α + α ω
= ω ± ω α ω + ω – Corruption of a signal due to intermodulation
+ α ω − ω between two interferers
• a weak signal with two strong interferers
= ω ± ω α ω + ω
+ α ω − ω
= ω ± ω α ω + ω
+ α ω − ω
Razavi98
= ω + ω
= α + α ω + α + α ω
+ α ω − ω + α ω − ω + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
• Example
α >> α
α = α =
=
≈ −
=
α
∴ =
α
[
+ β α + α + α ]
+ β [α + α ]
– for three or more stages
+ α
= α β + α β + α α β + α β + ! α α β
≈ + + + ⋅⋅⋅
α β
∴ =
α β + α α β + α β
≈ + + + ⋅⋅⋅
– for worst-case estimate,
(Powers & gains in real value, not in dB)
α β + α α β + α β
=
α β – For gain greater than 1, the IP3 of latter stage
α β α
becomes increasingly critical
= + +
β
Razavi98
• CDMA ACPR
– Measure spectral power of the channel (1.23 MHz
Nonlinear
bandwidth)
System
– Measure upper and lower band edge (885 KHz)
of the next adjacent channel power (30 KHz
bandwidth)
[] =
– Alternative method
[ ]
⋅ % ! $
=
PA
− −
= *(
σ π σ
− −
< < =
σ π
∫ *(
σ
−
+
= ∫
π
*(
∫
+∞
< >= & = ∫
→∞ − −∞
+ +∞
= ∫
< >= &
→∞ ∫−
−∞ – AWGN: additive white Gaussian noise
– Q1: Is the time average measured today equal to – (ex) binary signal corrupted by noise
that measured tomorrow?
A: Not necessarily. If system is “stationary”, its
statistical properties are invariant to a time shift.
– Q2: Is the time average of a stationary process
equal to ensemble average?
A: Not always. But in most cases they are equal.
Razavi98
Razavi98
= γ
∆ • Flicker noise in MOSFET
– random trapping of charge at oxide interface
• γ~1 at zero VDS in long device, 2/3 in – modeled as a voltage source in series with gate
saturation, 2~3 for short-channel NMOS
– gate noise " % "
=
∆ ≈ ⋅ ω ⋅ ⋅ ∆
• Thermal agitation of channel charge cause #$
fluctuation of channel potential. This couples
capacitively with gate terminal, leading gate – total flicker noise is integration from f1 to f2 → “DC”
noise infinities are not a practical problem Razavi98
• Correlation
– Noise voltages produced independently,
% ' =
% ( =
'
= & ( !! )α =
+
& ( !! )
∴ )* =
= +
⋅ &
+
– NF is minimized by maximizing RP
• condition for minimum noise figure does not
match with that for maximum power transfer
(cf) '
=
'
= ⋅ '
= ⋅ ' = ' '
+ + ( + ) )* =
&
∴ '
= ' = α '
α = ( + % )
( + )
+ = + % + + %
%
Razavi98
' '
α '
= α ' + + ' )*
= =
=α '[ + + ' ]
⋅ & α α α ⋅ &
= α [ ' + + ' ]
α ' + α
+ '
'
=
α α ⋅ &
'
= α '
'
+ '
= +
α = α = α = α ⋅ & α ⋅ &
+
+
+
' + + ' + '
= α α α = + ⋅
& &
= α .
=
)* −
)*
= )* +
Razavi98
+
+
' ' )* −
$= = =
)*
= )*
+
+
+
'
' $−
= $ + )* − $ = $ ⋅ )*
'
'
= &
= = $ + )*
( +
)
' +
&
– With overall NF estimation, filter, attenuator, etc,
'
( +
)
∴ )* = = that comes in front of active components, can be
⋅ & '
treated as a part of active components
⋅ &
' +
'
= =$
'
– Passive reciprocal network: NF is same as loss
(not apply to active circuit that has insertion loss)
Razavi98
=
+ )*
+ )
+
SNRout
−
– since = F + ),
= +
+ *
= +
=
+ *, = − * + )
−
−
− *
= + = = − )
+
∴ = • Ex
4 )*5
5,&5601)5
→*,5
Razavi98
• RC circuits
– inductive divider
≈ +
≈ ≈ -
(ω )
Razavi98