ABSTRACT

Spatio temporal analysis of the impact of telecom network coverage in

Nigeria entails the social, environment and economic implications of
telecommunication in both rural and urban centers of Lagos state.

The quest for modernization and the demand for effective communication
necessitated the development of telecommunication industry.

However in Nigeria, the major backbone in the telecom sector was recorded
until the Obasanjo administration. In sometimes 2000 when license was
given to Vmobile to provide telecommunication services in Nigeria.

The growth of telecommunication now recorded another era when the

impact is been felt in both rural and urban centers of Lagos, the telecom
sector has also become a subject of international discuss as Nigeria was
rated the fastest growing telecom industry in Africa, such that it has
provided employment and increase social interaction among people.

The telecom industry is divided into and we have GSM operators (Global
System Monitoring) and PCO operators. This research therefore focuses on
the impact of telecom as it’s concern Rural and Urban taking into
consideration GSM i.e. Vmobile now CELTEL Nigeria in particularly.

In other to realize the objectives of this study both primary and secondary
data were used. The secondary data were gotten from National
Communication Commission and International Telecommunication Union
while primary data from questionnaire, two types were (i) questionnaire for
general purpose and questionnaire (ii) for official purpose different sector
e.g. Education, ICT, Agriculture, Health, and Banking.
In general questionnaire the set of question solicited information among
other things on the relationship between income and expenditure on
phone, the call pattern of respondents in terms of family, friends and
business, and its opinion of sectoral development and importance.
An interview was conducted, question were asked by a member of the
editorial board of Vee network who shared more light on the gray area of
the environmental and health effect of GSM equipment.

The critical question were analyzed using computer system aided with MS
EXCEL, representing opinion and distribution of respondents with charts: pie,
bar and multiple bar as the case may be.

The hypotheses was tested using Spearman’s rank correlation statistics.

And the line of best fit was also constructed between rural Lagos and urban
center.

The findings of the study shows that, there is a relationship in the impact
of telecom growth witnessed in urban centers and that witnessed in rural
Lagos. This could also be seen in the line of best fit of opinion poll
conducted in both rural and urban centers in Lagos.

The study also shows that telecom instead of reducing the rate of urban
influence, it has contributed to it, instead it seems as a means of better
informing rural dwellers of where opportunities are bound for better options
in education, business and Recreation.

Therefore, it can be concluded that as telecom growth is geometric in

Nigeria. It has also lead to growth or enhancement of services delivers in
different sector except for health and agriculture were little impact is felt
and this is due to the country level of development.

In conclusion, telecommunication is an impetus for achieving optimal

productivity social interaction and integration not only in urban center but in
rural area. Hence, it must not be compromised as the effective regulation
forward price or tariff should be encouraged for accessibility by the poor.
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The growth of telecom market in Nigeria continued at geometric rates,

thereby sustaining the market as one of the fastest growing telecom
market globally. From about 2.3million lines at the end of 2002, the
number of connected telephone lines increased to about 4.04million at
the end of 2003 and 10.20million in 2004. These represent an average
annual growth rate of about 115% between 2002 and 2004. Equally,
the usage and penetration of Internet services witnessed
commensurate growth. Internet users increased from less than half a
million in 2002 to about 1.6million in 2003 to 1.8million in 2004,
representing increase in penetration from 0.3 in 2002 to 1.3 in 2003 to
1.4 in 2004.
The National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS),
highlights national socio-economic development aspirations, being
aware of the catalytic role typically played by mobile
telecommunications in socio-economic development in Africa, GSM
operators in Nigeria have developed a joint Economic Development
(JED) framework to support the government in the actualization of its
objectives as set out in NEEDS. But apart from these aims the social,
economic and environmental impact of telecommunication network
coverage in Nigeria. Since telecommunication helps to increase in
social terms-freedom of speech which is the self regulated contents
and privacy which is personal information generated on the phone
will not be misused nor used by another without informed content of
the principal.
Economic impact will include increase in per capita-income, more even
distribution of income, reduction in the level of unemployment,
increase in the supply of high level of manpower Environmental Impact
of telecommunication which has been a subtract between the Nigeria
telecommunication and commission and the telecom operators on one
hand and the people on the other hand as the emissions from telecom
masts could be harmful to human health, the report speculated that
the emission could cause cancer and skin burns.

Telecommunications usage has caused growth and structural change

in the economy, which in turn have led to growth in the use of
transportation.

We explained in an earlier section of this report that travel savings are

not the usual motivation for the implementation of teleprocesses but
that travel saving could sometimes be a result. In this section, we
focus on the economy as a whole and show how teleprocesses act to
increase the use of transportation in the economy through
restructuring that requires more movement of people and goods.
These effects are related to but distinct from the geographic dispersion
effects described in the previous section.

There are two underlying economic mechanisms: qualitative and

quantitative. Qualitatively, telephenomena drive economic
restructuring. Quantitatively, telephenomena drive economic growth.
Both the qualitative effect of restructuring and the quantitative effect
of growth stimulate higher levels of trip making.

The growing dependence of Nigeria business on telephenomena is

shown by Morgan Stanley calculations that information technology
capital as a share of total industry capital across the combined
manufacturing and service sectors has grown from 0.4% in 1960 to 3%
in 1991 (Roach, 1993).
The analysis of the above stated telecommunication variables would
be counted out with the aid of Geostaistics which is a statistical
method which where traditionally used in geo-sciences. These methods
describe spatial correlation among sample data and use it in various
types of spatial models. Geostatistics changes the entire
methodology of sampling, traditional sampling method don’t work
with auto correlated data and therefore the main purpose of sampling
plan is to avoid spatial correlation.
In Geostatistics there is no need in avoiding auto correlated or
autocorrelation and sampling becomes less restrictive.
Geostatistics also changes the emphasis from estimation of average
to mapping distributed population as in the case of analyzing the
spatial and temporal dimension of the impact of telecommunication
network coverage in Nigeria.
Geostatistics is defined above, explains not only its applications with
Geographic Information Systems but also the numerous application of
mathematical analysis of varied spatial database. Geostatistics is
also applied in various branches of human geography particularly
those involving the spread of disease (Epidemiology) the practice of
commerce and military planning (logistics) and the development of
efficient spatial network (telecommunication).
In analyzing the spatio-temporal dimension of telecommunication
network, our observational methodology will dictate the accuracy of
subsequent analysis, in geography, this issue is complicated by unique
variables and spatial patterns such as geospatial topology. An
interesting feature in geostatics, every location display some form of
spatial pattern, it is not to state that all variables such as social and
economic impact are spatial dependent. Simply because network
coverage are incapable of measurement separately from their
surroundings. Such that there can be no perfect spatial distribution of
network coverage of communities by CELTEL since that two or more
communities can not share the network workstation thereby having
different socio-economic impact on the area in different local
government.
There are several difficulties associated with the analysis of spatial-
temporal data, among are the boundary delineation, the location of
study area boundary, moderable area unit and boundary delineation
which is Lagos state, Nigeria and the positioning of boundaries affect
various statistics, the size alone has larger implications, consider the
study of network coverage in the \telecommunication industry in
Lagos, where network coverage are expected to be higher because of
the high influence of population and urbanization, due to this Lagos
state has the largest number of covered area in Nigeria.
 Geostatistics application falls also with in Geographic Information
Systems, which can be thought of as a system for integrating data
from various disciplines and formats to develop information about
specific geographic area or site. GIS have the capacity of receiving
inputs of tabular data, maps and statistics, GIS are related to and can
be linked with database management system, statistical programs,
computer aided design and image processing as illustrated below.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Human need communication, and from early history, various means
have been used to provide communications at a distances with radio,
telephone, television and computer links (network), which is now an
integrated apart of the society.
The National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS),
highlights the national socio-economic development aspirations being
aware of the catalytic role played by telecommunication in socio-
economic development. Developments framework to support the
government in actualization of it’s objectives as s et out in NEEDS.
The impact of CELTEL (one of the GSM operators in Nigeria). Which is
evaluating the impact of the network coverage growth in Lagos,
whether it conforms with the join economic development(JED)
framework set-out by the GSM operators in the year 2004.
In evaluating CELTEL’s activity in Lagos the spatio- temporal dimension
has to be considered which is the growth/increase in number of base
station over the years and also the growth in subscribers, if it has
led to economic growth i.e. increase in per-capita income,
employment generation and diversification of the economy. Both in he
urban and rural part of Lagos state.
Telecommunication network coverage growth comes with different
impact both in social, economic and environmental, the need for a
comprehensive study and how it relates to the years of existence in a
particular area (Lagos state to be precise). Since telecommunication
services is very cumbersome as its involves the movement of
equipment such as boxes and wires. Then network use to be done
through wires i.e. cable are tied all around poles and connections are
made through this means which are not environmentally friendly.
But now more sophisticated networking are in place the use of
satellite signals and wireless phones and more recently optic fibre
and the system used i.e. how a GSM call is connected by CELTEL.
The process of connection two subscribers requires a n Interaction
between the various network element. Even though the process takes
a few seconds, each element must perform a task before the stage
both in reverse term.
MSC- Mobile Station Controller
BSC- Base Station Controller
BTS – Base Transceiver Station

Human need telecommunication, and from early history, various

means have been used to provide communication at a distance, with
radio, telephone, television and computer links (networks). Which is
now an integrated part of the society, it is now looks like our need of
information is almost as great as our need for energy. The economic
growth stimulated by telecommunications investment causes more use
of transportation as the production and delivery of goods and services
increases. Economic growth in turn causes further growth in
telecommunications investment, and the cycle continues (Olorunfunda,
1991).

Productivity improvement leads in the long run to personal income

growth. To the degree that a telecommuter, for example, consistently
gets more work done in the same number of working hours, the
employee and the organization perform better and incomes increase.
Higher household incomes lead to more consumption of transportation,
Spending is much higher for transportation; at the same time, elasticity
of demand as personal income rises is higher for transportation than
for information technology.

Telecommunications and teleprocesses also create structural changes

in the economy that lead to more use of transportation. The most
important of these are a more rapid pace of activity and increased
pressure for improved performance.
 Companies tend to move faster in the face of competition coming from
all directions

Telecommunication can play in economic growth and social

integration and its impact in terms of the environment.
Apart from the socials impact which are freedom of speech, cultural
enhancement in terms of the colour, race, sex, language and religion
etc. and the Economic Impact, which are increase in the supply of high
level manpower and diversification of the economy.
On a broader scale telecommunication has a great impact of Health,
Agriculture, Education, Transportation and Administration.
The spatio-temporal analysis of the above variables and the effect of
the telecommunication equipment such as mast in terms of the
emissions of signal which could result into cancer and skin burns
would be explained in the research.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The study is aimed at analyzing the s patio- temporal impact of
telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria with specific
reference to CELTEL’s Coverage in Lagos.
To achieve the above aim, the below objectives are:
ü To evaluate the spatio- temporal impact of CELTEL coverage
on economic growth in Lagos state.
ü To determine the impact of telecommunication on socio-
cultural integration of people living in Lagos.
ü To analyze its impact on the environment i.e.
telecommunication equipment e.g. Cables and boxes and now
telecommunication Mast.
ü To recommend possible solution and suggestions for further
enforcement in telecommunication Services in Lagos, Nigeria.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. How many subscribers are presently connected to in Nigeria.
 (b) Who do they use their phone to call and how often do they call
e.g. lover , family member, friends, people outside Lagos and
business partner.
2. How much do commercial phone outlets make in a day, week or
month.
(b) What is the number of employee in this outlets.
(c) How much do they pay at the end of the month.
3. How many base station do CELTEL have in Lagos state.
(b) What is their condition like in terms of emission, how many case
of cancer skin burns have been recorded if any in such area.
(4). What is the tele-density of Nigeria

1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no relationship in the impact of telecommunication
growth on environmental, social, and economic development
witnessed in rural Lagos and urban centers of Lagos state.
Hi: There is a relationship in the impact of telecommunication
growth on environmental, social, and economic development
witnessed in rural Lagos and urban centers of Lagos state.

1.5 STUDY AREA

Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria, as only two census (in 1972 and
1991) have been taken since independence, estimates of its
population vary considerably, but generally range from 10 to
15.5million people, makings it one of the most populous cities in
Africa. But recent census result conducted in june 2006, shows that
Lagos state has a population of about 9.04 million, although here have
been contending figures produced by the Lagos state government
shows that it has about 13million people.
The climate in Lagos is similar to that up of the rest of southern
Nigeria. There are two main seasons, with the heaviest rains
falling from April to July. The main dry season is accompanied by
harmathan winds from he Sahara Desert, which between December
and early February can be quite strong.
Lagos is located in longitude 6o27o - 11oN and latitude 3o23o - 45oE and
the area of the city is 787km2, area of land 614km2 and water
173.14km2.
Lagos consist of a large lagoon and an archipelago of large islands
in the lagoon. The three Islands in Lagos are Lagos Island, Ikoyi and
Victoria Island which is connected to the mainland by three large
bridges, Eko Bridge, Carter bridge and Third Mainland Bridge, while
the districts on the mainland isnclude Ebute-Meta, Surelere, Yaba
(Lagos), Mushin, Maryland and Ikeja.
Lagos is Nigeria leading port, the port of Lagos, operated by the NPA
is sight into two main sector, Lagos port, Apapa port and Tin Can
Port, all located on the Gulf of Guinea, the poor features a railway.
Lagos is also Nigeria’s commercial center. Many of the country’s
largest banks and financial institutions a re located here. More than
half of Nigeria’s industrial capacity is located in Lagos mainland
suburb particularly in Ikeja industrial estates.
Transport in Lagos consist of ferries and highways link the parts of
the city together, however, transport links within Lagos are
congested, due in part to the geography of the city, as well as its
explosive population growth. The lagos - ibadan express way and
Lagos - Abeokuta expressway are the major arterial routes in the city
and serves as an inter-state highways to Ibadan, Oyo state and
Abeokuta, Ogun State respectively. The Lagos-Ibadan expressway also
serves as a Christian highway because every first Friday of every
month, the highway links over 500,000 Lagosians with the kilometer
42 Redeemed Christian Church Camp.
The area is also particular famous for its music and highlife,
notably in areas a round Yaba and Surulere, as well as the National
Stadium complex. Other area of the mainland include the middle
class, slums, and suburbs of Ebute-Meta, Surulere, Yaba, Mushin and
Ikeja.
Lagos island is the nerve center of the city and contains many of the
largest markets in Lagos, its central business district, the central
mosque, and the Oba’s palace. Though largely derelict, Tinubu
Square on the North and South to place in 1914.
Perhaps the description would not be completed without mentioning
CELTEL. A telecommunication company in Nigeria to be precise a GSM
company. Four years ago just about on the (August 6, 2001). Econet
wireless Nigeria, acquired the license of being the first company to
Launch commercial GSM service in Nigeria. After while it was change
into Vmoble Nigeria not until recently following the acquisition of
 65% of Vmobile share by CELTEL, it became the lion share holder
and as such the name CELTEL Nigeria Plc.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

This study will cover the impact of telecommunication growths on
both Environment, Social and Economic life of the people of Nigeria.
Things to do are:
i. Graphical representation of the growth of
telecommunication subscribers in Nigeria over space and time.
ii. Statistical analysis of economic development as a result of
telecommunication growth in Lagos.
iii. Distribution of Base station of CELETEL in Lagos state over
space with the aid of Microsoft EXCEL.
iv. Map presentation of CELETEL coverage in Nigeria will
specific reference to Lagos using .
v. To proffer/recommend possible solution for further
improvement in telecommunication services in Nigeria.
Things the research would not cover
i. Other telecommunication network coverage but they
would be mentioned for record purpose.
ii. Emphasis would be placed on Lagos State alone.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

It is a recognizable fact that the successes recorded by
telecommunication industry in Nigeria between the year 2001 and
2006 a re well known around the world and that the need to produce
appropriate indices and data on outcome of CELTEL”s network
coverage and the impact telecommunication coverage in Nigeria,
which has to do with spatial and temporal dimension of Economic and
social impact.
The data or research is of a benefit to us in other to deduce that there
is a direct connection between the telecommunication growth and
economic and social growth. And also whether the telecommunication
operation instrument such as mast has environmental impact such
as healthy nature of the environment in terms of the emissions which
will lead to Cancer or skin burns. The compilation, updating,
 organizing, storage and retrieval for usage of details of any spatial
application of probabilities methods to regionalized data and variable.
So data such as impact of telecom coverage can be reviewed,
updated for usage from time to time with the aid of this research.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

CAD- Computer Aided Design
Chart- A page of sheet of information inform of a diagram.
CIA-Central Intelligence Agency
Co-ordinates- Either of two numbers or letters used to fix the
position of a point on a map.
Coverage- the amount of something that another thing provide.
DATA- a quantitative information.
DBMS- Database Management System
Graph- a planed drawing consisting of link(s)
GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication
JED- Joint Economic Development
Model- a copy of something on a much smaller scale.
NEEDS- National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy.
Network- A group of workstations in different places that are
connected to provide specific service(s)
Region- an administrative division of a country
Services- a system that supply public needs
SMS- Short Message Services
Subscribers- Number of people taking part in an activity, use or
service.
System- a set of connected things that form a w hole or work
together.
Temporal- a secular denoting time.
Variables- Number of quality that cant vary or be varied.
 Workstations- location of a stage in production or manufacturing
process.
Zones- an area with peculiar characteristics purpose, or use.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1: LITERATURE REVIEW
Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for
the purpose of communication. In modern times, this process almost
always involves the sending of electromagnetic waves by electronic
transmitters but in earlier years it may have involved the use of smoke
signals, drums or semaphore.
Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the
process such as the television, radio and telephone are common in
many parts of the world. There is also a vast array of networks that
connect these devices, including computer networks, public telephone
networks, radio networks and television networks. Computer
communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant
messaging, is just one of many examples of telecommunication.

2.1.1: EARLY TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Early forms of telecommunication include smoke signals and drums.
Natives in Africa, New Guinea and South America used drums whereas
natives in North America and China used smoke signals. Contrary to
what one might think, these systems were often used to do more than
merely announce the presence of a camp.
In 1792, a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first fixed visual
telegraphy (or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. However
 semaphore as a communication system suffered from the need for
skilled operators and expensive towers often at intervals of only ten to
thirty kilometers (six to nineteen miles). As a result, the last
commercial line was abandoned in 1880.
Telegraph and telephone
The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir
Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke and opened on 9
April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as "an
improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new
device.

On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, Samuel Morse independently

developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully
demonstrated on 2 September 1837. Soon after Alfred Vail who
developed the register joined him — a telegraph terminal that
integrated a logging device for recording messages to paper tape. This
was demonstrated successfully on 6 January 1838. The first
transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 27 July
1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.
Alexander Bell invented the conventional telephone in 1876. Although
in 1849 Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical
transmission of voice over a line. Meucci's device depended upon the
electrophonic effect and was of little practical value because it required
users to place the receiver in their mouth to “hear” what was being said.
The first commercial telephone services were set-up in 1878 and 1879
on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and
London.
2.1.2: SOCIETY AND TELECOMMUNICATION
Telecommunication is an important part of many modern societies. In
2006, estimates place the telecommunication industry's revenue at
$1.2 trillion or just under 3% of the gross world product. Good
telecommunication infrastructure is widely acknowledged as important
for economic success in the modern world both on a micro and
macroeconomic scale. And, for this reason, there is increasing worry
about the so-called digital divide. Figures such as Kofi Annan, Jeffrey
Sachs, Al Gore, Michael Moore and Newt Gingrich have all noted that
"over half the world's population has never made or received
a phone call." While this is probably true, critics note that the
statement is often made without attribution to research. That
 said, the truth remains that access to telecommunication
systems is not equally shared amongst the world's population.
A 2003 survey by the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) revealed that roughly one-third of countries have less
than 1 mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third
of countries have less than 1 fixed line subscription for every
20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of
countries have less than 1 in 20 people with Internet access.”
From this information as well as educational data the ITU was able to
compile a Digital Access Index that measures the overall ability of
citizens to access and use information and communication
technologies. Using this measure, countries such as Sweden, Denmark
and Iceland receive the highest ranking while African countries such as
Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali receive the lowest.
Further discussion of the social impact of telecommunication is often
considered part of communication theory.

2.1.3: MOBILE AND INTERNET: TWO INNOVATIONS

The origins of the mobile communications industry date from the

licensing of analogue cellular communications services in the early
1980s. As recently as 1990, there were only 11 million subscribers
worldwide, but the introduction of digital services in the early 1990s,
combined with competitive service provision and a shift to prepaid
billing, spurred rapid growth in demand. At the end of 2003, there were
over 1.35 billion mobile subscribers worldwide, compared with 1.2
billion fixed-line users(ITU). The origins of the Internet go back to 1969,
but it was in the early 1990s, with the development of the World Wide
Web and graphical browsers, that the Internet really took off as a
commercial undertaking. By the end of 2001, the Internet had passed
the half billion user mark. Although the “dot.com” boom of the late
1990s proved to be short-lived, the Internet itself has continued to
grow, adding more users and new applications. As Figure 2.1 shows,
the mobile and Internet industries have exhibited remarkably similar
 growth patterns since the start of the 1990s, but with a lag of about
two years. The level of penetration of the Internet at the end of 2001
(8.2 users for every 100 inhabitants, worldwide) is almost identical to
the penetration of mobile phones at the end of 1999. This two year lag
might be explained by the fact that the formative moments in the
growth of these industries occurred just under two years apart: digital
cellphones were launched commercially on 1 July 1991 (by Radiolinja,
in Finland), while graphical web browsers were launched commercially
in April 1993.

2.1.4: PERSPECTIVES ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND

TRANSPORTATION

Surface travel volume is made up of vehicle trips. Telecommunications

volume is made up of electronic and optical information flows.
Conventional wisdom holds that telecommunications is a force for
reducing travel by moving information electromagnetically over cables
and through the air instead of moving people and paper in vehicles. A
main conclusion of this report is that this view is overly simplistic and
contrary to observations from everyday life.

The usual methodology of studies supporting the travel substitution

hypothesis is to define a limited set of telecommunications applications
that indeed reduce travel, such as telecommuting. The travel
substitution impact of a reasonably larger number of such events is
then extrapolated by summing the effects of these individual events.
The following lists of trip elimination and trip stimulation mechanisms
of telecommunications illustrate the complexity inherent in travel-
telecommunications interactions.
The trip elimination effects of telecommunications tend to operate at the
"micro" level of individual transactions and events.

• Telecommunications allows workers who would normally commute

from home to a work location to telecommute from home or from a
location closer to home.
• Telecommunications allows information to be sent in electronic form
rather than in physical "document" form.
• Telecommunications enables humans to communicate remotely rather
than travel to common meeting locations.
• Telecommunications allows sporting, entertainment, political, religious,
and other events to be broadcast to a dispersed audience instead of
having the audience travel to the event.
• Telecommunications enables observations from dispersed sites to be
collected and transmitted to a central point via remote sensing rather
than by a human observer.
• Telecommunications enables the potential traveler to lay the
foundation for more productive travel through remote negotiation, fact
finding, or troubleshooting that sometimes makes a trip unnecessary.
This communication replaces unconditional travel in anticipation of a
need that has only a possibility of arising.
• Telecommunications allows consumers to make purchases without
traveling to store locations. This permits the movement of goods to
bypass the transportation-intensive process of wholesale and retail
distribution.
• Teleconferencing, computer networks, electronic document flows, and
remote sensing let organizational managers disperse and rearrange
work sites in a way that can potentially reduce transportation of
employees, customers, raw materials, or products. Still, net travel
reduction is not necessarily a goal of management decisions to
implement new teleservice and telework applications. Pursuing other
 goals, such as gaining market share or improving quality, may work to
increase net trip making.
• Telecommunications allows service transactions and events to be
carried out in ways that require no travel or less travel. Such
transactions include using payroll direct deposits instead of taking
paychecks to the bank, filing income tax returns electronically rather
than mailing them, and going to neighborhood electronic kiosks rather
than traveling downtown.
• Telecommunications leads to some household activity patterns that
consume lower levels of transportation than the alternatives. In other
words, interactive computer services and greater numbers of television
channels in homes may make staying home in the evening more
attractive than going out.
• Telecommunications allows automobile travelers to coordinate their
journeys and share rides rather than travel in separate vehicles, thus
reducing the number of vehicles on the road.
The trip generation mechanisms of telecommunications tend to operate at
the long-term, "macro"-level of socioeconomic pattern changes.
• Telecommunications makes people aware of additional general-
audience events and opportunities that are reached through travel,
such as political rallies, professional conferences, entertainment
events, and shopping opportunities.
• Telecommunications causes economic growth, productivity
improvement, and income growth at the individual, organizational, and
societal levels. Extensive databases and powerful computer-based
econometric techniques have recently allowed this causation to begin
to be empirically demonstrated, as described later.
• As the economy grows, telecommunications expands the number and
geographic scope of economic and social relationships in which people
and organizations engage. Electronic mail and toll-free telephone
numbers are examples of relationship-expanding communications
 technologies that allow more rapid and farther reaching transactions
and interactions. These relationships sometimes generate travel in
addition to telecommunications volume. Such relationships include
selling, buying, servicing, employment, memberships, friendships, and
family.
• Telecommunications permits geographic decentralization of residential
settlement and of organizational activity locations. Decentralization
leads to higher travel consumption, because trip origins and
destinations tend to be farther apart.
• New telecommunications functionality resulting from digital switching
and fiber optics supports the urbanization of rural communities
together with associated growth in economic activity. This pattern
typically causes more local automobile traffic and a flow of visitors
using transportation from distant locations.
• Telecommunications speeds up the pace of economic activity. The
same idea is expressed by business consultants in the phrase "time-
based competition." The acceleration of commerce tends to generate
customized, single-purpose trips that leave immediately and go by the
fastest means. The quickest modes of door-to-door surface
transportation in most metropolitan areas are single-occupancy
vehicles and small trucks. These modes generate more traffic
congestion than moving the same volumes in mass transit vehicles and
large trucks.
• Telecommunications enables rapid response systems that dispatch
customized vehicles to meet personal and organizational needs.
Several examples of this are just-in-time logistics, home delivery of
fast food, overnight package delivery, and temporary employment
services.
• Telecommunications enables a wide variety of new last-minute
information flows that generate personal travel through attractive
invitations and compulsory orders to attend.
 • Telecommunications makes travel time more productive and more
feasible for travelers. Use of wireless mobile phones while traveling is
the leading example. Wireless data communication between office
computer networks and portable personal computers is a new
capability being deployed to improve the productivity of business
travelers.
• Telecommunications makes the transportation system work more
effectively and efficiently. Examples of this are air traffic control,
computerized airline reservation systems, and intelligent vehicle
highway systems (IVHS, also called smart highways).
As these lists show, the availability and use of telecommunications
eliminates trips and causes trips at the same time. The key question
remains, "Is the availability and use of telecommunications a net
generator or net eliminator of vehicle trips?" Given the two lists, the
answer is inherently difficult to determine.

2.1.5: SUBSTITUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT

As a matter of resultant outcome rather than initial intent,

telecommunications frequently substitutes for transportation. People
working in government, business, and other sectors can and do take
actions to implement teleprocesses that yield substitutions of
telecommunications for transportation. Yet, these teleprocesses
typically do not start with the goal of reducing transportation use.

Travel elimination is a small part of the reason for increasing

telecommunications intensity in government, health care, education,
and manufacturing. Organizations adopt telecommunications to
improve the quality of service they provide their customers, to reduce
the cost of activities, or to make themselves more effective. They may
do so for one reason and then find others to be more important.
For example, a bank might provide automatic teller machines to
reduce the cost of hiring more tellers, find that its customers like the
convenience of withdrawing money at any hour of the day, and
subsequently find that customers have become accustomed to the
service and resist paying fees if the cost of the service later increases.
Moreover, because one bank provides the service, others find it
necessary to do so in order to compete. Transportation has nothing to
do with the banks' decisions. Similarly, a government agency may
decide to reengineer the way it handles documents, using optical
character recognition to scan them, store them electronically, and
move them more efficiently, in order to reduce its administrative costs
or to improve the quality of service to its clients.

In many cases, telematics is used to enable activities that would not

otherwise occur. For example, the use of live educational television
broadcasts and telephone links between students and broadcast
studios makes it possible for small schools that cannot afford to hire
teachers in all subject areas to offer a wider curriculum. Students could
travel to another school for the course but probably would not do so for
just one course. The choice is then between receiving instruction in a
manner different from face-to-face interaction with a teacher and not
receiving the instruction at all. Distance is indeed a factor in the
decision to offer the course or to take it. The school and students,
however, probably do not look at the decision as one of saving
transportation but as one of having the course available.

Reducing transportation is sometimes the reason for a new

teleprocess. A trucking company installing a vehicle location tracking
system, then giving truck drivers wireless devices for receiving new
dispatching orders, is a teleprocess that probably includes travel
reduction as a goal.
 In general, organizations seek to achieve their production and service
delivery missions by using facility, equipment, transportation, and
telecommunications resources. These deployments yield new spatial,
activity, and mobility patterns as a byproduct. Over time, these
patterns include many ways in which telecommunications permits new
methods of doing things that would formerly have required a trip.

2.1.5: A BRIEF HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA

Background Information
The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a tropical country on the West
African Coast along the Gulf of Guinea, with the Republic of Benin to
the West , Niger to the North, Chad to the North-East and Cameroon to
the East and South-East.
Furthermore, the rural-to-urban migration has been found to be
growing daily and thus creating unprecedented problems of health and
housing, transportation, law and order. This puts a lot of pressures on
the delivery systems for these social services. In spite of this, majority
of Nigerians still live in rural areas, living on subsistence farming,
trading, rural industries, and crafts.
The history
The journey to success in Nigeria’s telecommunication milieu has been
long and tortuous. Telecommunication facilities in Nigeria were first
established in 1886 by the colonial administration. At independence in
1960, with a population of roughly 40 million people, the country only
had about 18,724 phone lines for use. This translated to a teledensity
of about 0.5 telephone lines per 1,000 people. The telephone network
consisted of 121 exchanges of which 116 were of the manual
(magneto) type and only 5 were automatic. Between 1960 and 1985,
the telecommunication sector consisted of the Department of Posts
and Telecommunications (P&T) in charge of the internal network and a
limited liability company, the Nigerian External Telecommunication
 (NET) Limited, responsible for the external telecommunications
services. NET provided the gateway to the outside world. The installed
switching capacity at the end of 1985 was about 200,000 lines as
against the planned target of about 460,000. All the exchanges were
analogue. Telephone penetration remained poor equalling 1 telephone
line to 440 inhabitants, well below the target of 1 telephone line to 100
inhabitants recommended by ITU for developing countries. The quality
of service was largely unsatisfactory. The telephone system was
unreliable, congested, expensive and customer unfriendly. Arising
from the foregoing, in January 1985, the erstwhile Posts and
Telecommunications Department was split into Postal and
Telecommunications Divisions. The latter was merged with NET to form
Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL), a limited liability
company. The main objective of establishing NITEL was to harmonize
the planning and co-ordination of the internal and external
telecommunications services, rationalize investments in
telecommunications development and provide accessible, efficient and
affordable services. Almost 43 years down the line, the Nigerian
Telecommunication Plc, NITEL had roughly half a million lines available
to over 100 million Nigerians. NITEL the only national carrier had a
monopoly on the sector and was synonymous with epileptic services
and bad management. On assumption of office on May 29, 1999 the
President Olusegun Obasanjo administration swung to gear to make a
reality the complete deregulation of the telecom sector, most
especially the much touted granting of licenses to GSM service
providers and setting in motion the privatization of NITEL. This
proactive approach by the government to the telecom sector has made
it possible for over 2.5 million Nigerians to clutch GSM phones today.

2.1.6: CURRENT STATE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN NIGERIA

According to DR. G.A. ALABI Telecommunications is both dynamic and
capital intensive and in view of its catalytic effect on the development
of other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, health, tourism
and education and its necessity for the commercial, industrial, socio-
economic and political development of the country, the need for an
orderly and efficient development of telecommunications infrastructure
in Nigeria has now been found more urgent in order to keep pace with
the development of the other sectors of the economy. G.A.Alabi
identify this aspects of telecommunication
Telecommunication and the Social Aspect
First, and perhaps most significant, it should be pointed out that
villagers like having telephone service. Most have family and friends
working outside the village. People highly value immediate two-way
communication, compared to the delays involved in mail, the
impersonal one-way nature telegrams or the time and expense
involving in traveling. Beyond this, villagers feel that having
telephones makes them less disadvantaged compared to those living
in town. Availability of telephones is a part of their own conceptions of
development and having a better quality of life. These feelings are
striking and consistent in all parts of the country.
When pressed, people would point out that telephones could be used
for good and bad activities. Telephone usage is certainly not confined
to activities which are officially approved. Queues at the telephone
were reported to be the longest on the days the underground (illegal)
lottery results came out. The general conclusion, strongly emphasized
by respondents, was that telephones were good. Their prime concerns
were to get more telephones and improve the quality of current
services.
Most telephone calls are to family and friends. Business calls are less
than a quarter of all calls and only a few percent of calls are on
government affairs. Most personal calls are to and from those working
or studying outside the village.
The current economic boom has exacerbated outward labor migration,
with some villages being composed mainly of the old and young. High
rates of temporary and permanent migration are not a recent
phenomenon in Nigeria. Historically they can be linked to shifts
between patrons, the quest for agricultural land, marriage patterns
where men move to live with their wives, and other long-standing
characteristics of village culture. On a longer time scale, trading
networks have long affected village life, as have the consequences
war, famine, disease and voluntary and involuntary population
movements. Extension of state administrative control over the past
century, construction of canal, road and rail networks, and increasing
integration into international markets have further enhanced the
extent to which villages are open systems, highly subject to external
influences. The changes referred to as "globalization" are only the
most recent chapter in this long history of regional and global linkages.
Migrant workers call home to keep in touch, cope with problems, notify
family about remittances, invite others to come apply for jobs and for a
host of other reasons. Telephones allow migrants frequent dialogue,
without the delays and formality of letters. Telephones give a faster
means for dealing with problems when they do arise. It is clear that
telephones do act to enable and facilitate migration and other
changes. Within the context of these changes villagers feel that
telephones play a positive role, making things better than they would
be otherwise.
Telephones are not just used by wealthier villagers. Poor people
reported that they did use telephones, and when they did it was
important to them. By calling rather than traveling people not only
saved the cost of travel, but the loss of earnings from time spent
traveling. Most poor people interviewed during the study had family in
other parts of Thailand, and used telephones to keep in touch with
them.
There is little to suggest that telecommunications will reduce
migration. Any impacts which stimulate rural economies and so make
staying home more attractive, appear likely to be more than offset by
the ways in which better, quicker information acts to increase
migration. However telecommunications contribute to better informed
decisions about where to go. Migrants have more choices than simply
traveling to the Lagos state, city centre and seeing what work they can
find. Migrants reported that information from telephones made them
more able to go work in other places than Lagos, with more
information about the jobs they were going to. Thus
telecommunications will not stop urban growth, but may contribute to
a better informed, more dispersed patterns of migration.
Students used telephones to gather information about schools where
they could continue their studies within their home provinces and in
other parts of the country. This helped them to be aware of a broader
range of choices. It also appeared that the availability of telephones for
keeping in contact made parents willing to let their children study
farther away, particularly for female children. As with migrant workers,
students used telephones both for solving practical problems, like lack
of money, as well as for maintaining family relationships.
Telephones reduce the disruption which migration created in personal
relationships. Telephone contacts enable to better sustain relationships
than they would have otherwise. These networks of relationships, with
shared concerns and trust, embody the social capital (Putnam 1993)
which shapes societies' capacity to cope with changes and respond to
new opportunities, such as those created by globalization.
In sum, personal calls to family and friends seem to play a key role in
building human capital through better education, in allowing poor
people and other villagers access to more opportunities to earn money,
and in maintaining and building the social capital embodied in
networks of family and friends. The availability of telephones, and
communications via telephone were highly valued, in terms of
villagers' views about improvements in their quality of life.
Telecommunication and economy
Some fifteen to twenty percent of calls are made primarily for
business, as categorized by callers and by PCO operators. In contrast
to the researchers' initial expectations, telephones seemed to play
little role in the purchase of agricultural inputs and in restocking of
inventory by village shops. In the rural area, Farmers and shopkeepers
preferred to travel into town to make their own purchases. Only a
minority used telephones to place orders or check on availability of
goods. Many suppliers of village shops already had well worked out
systems for delivering their goods on a regular basis, and so far these
seemed little affected by the availability of telephones. While there are
theoretical grounds for expecting telecommunications to improve
logistics and input acquisition, little effect was apparent on these
routine kinds of purchases.
Traders and businessmen did make use of telephones to check on
prices, particularly for goods with volatile prices and those where
quality and timely shipments were important, such as perishable fruit.
Impacts were less apparent on commodity crops, whose prices were
already well publicized through newspapers and radio. There was little
indication that technical information obtained via telephones
influenced initial decisions to diversify into new crops, but telephones
did affect the returns received.
Fruit and other commodity shippers used telephones to make more
direct links to buyers, reducing the need to go through wholesalers and
Lagos Markets. For example, a farmer in Abeokuta, Ogun state called
directly to Lagos in to set up transportation cost of his farm produce.
Shrimp farmers, with high capital investments, bought cellular phones
to keep up with fluctuating prices. Telecommunications thus allowed
farmers to be better informed about prices and less obliged to simply
accept whatever price was offered by buyers who came to the village.
In this way telephones helped increase farmers' incomes and reduce
monophony power in agricultural markets.
Telecommunication and government
Police, Local Administration and other government agencies have
already used two-way radios to extend their control and
communication networks into rural areas. Such radios are officially
prohibited for private use, though this does not prevent some
individuals form obtaining and using them. Even where two-way radios
were available, telephones tend to be preferred, for their ability to
access to broader network of people, reliably and confidentially. Radios
need to be left on and monitored to be useful. Only one person can talk
at a time, so conversation requires a formal hand-off between
speakers. Radio conversations have little privacy, since anyone may be
listening in. Different agencies have radios using different frequencies,
which are not able to contact each other. Even the police, with the
most powerful and flexible radio network, end up having to relay radio
messages step by step, and often prefer to use telephones which allow
more direct and confidential contact. Not only do telephones provide
rapid two-way communications to ordinary people, who previously
lacked access, they also show the advantages of an open public
network, even for those who access to two-way radios.
The most dramatic benefits from rural telephones came when they
allowed rapid reporting and response to emergencies, such as fires,
crime and accidents. More prosaic benefits came from allowing people
to set up appointments, avoiding wasted trips to see people who were
not there. It appeared that telephones may have contributed to better
lateral coordination between agencies. While formal written
communications must go through hierarchical channels, government
workers used telephones to informally bypass bosses and talk directly
to colleagues in other agencies.
Nigerians reported little use of telephones in the initial stages of
obtaining government documents, such as drivers licenses and land
titles. Nigerians still relied on village heads and Illegal Agents (touts) to
assist in initial contacts, . However telephones were used to check
whether documents had been completed, prevent wasted travel to try
to pick up documents if they were not ready.
Teachers and health workers reported using telephones to keep in
touch with friends and colleagues. They said this made them feel less
isolated. It appears that this contributed to greater willingness to
accept and stay in rural postings
Telecommunication Overall Implications
Some futurists and other analysts have optimistically suggested that
advances in telecommunications may act to end urban dominance,
demolishing the tyranny of distance and transport costs which support
urban centralization. In this view, rural areas may no longer suffer
under disadvantages relative to cities. On this argument, Nigeria and
other largely rural developing countries might not be fated to repeat
the transformations which made the developed countries largely
urban. Instead there might be other pathways, allowing greater
decentralization and more opportunity to sustain the best elements of
rural lifestyles.
So far there is little to indicate that telecommunications are doing
much to change long-standing patterns of urban dominance. Unlike
North America, rural Nigeria does not yet seem to have any migration
of professional knowledge workers trying to combine rural lifestyles
with what have traditionally been urban occupations. At best, such
people may be buying homes in the "edge cities" growing up around
Lagos and Abuja, or moving to a few favored provincial centers, such
as Ibadan, Kano, and Portharcourt. The continuing difficulty in
obtaining private telephone connections is a major constraint on any
such decentralization, aside from the many other factors which are
also relevant.
Deserted villages, with the only people remaining being grandparents
taking care of their grandchildren, with all the young and middle-aged
adults off working in town.7 This is an extreme picture of rural Nigeria,
as the economic boom draws in increasing amounts of rural labor.
While overdrawn, such patterns are present, particularly in southeast,
sothsouth, and some southwestern part of Nigeria except from Lagos.
Telecommunications is enabling such changes, while somewhat
mitigating and transforming their impacts on family relationships. The
choices being made, in the context of individual values and Nigeria
current political economy, seem to be driving towards the urbanization
of rural areas, with villages becoming peripheral extensions of a
growing consumer culture. The difference telecommunications make is
that rural people are less restricted to just watching this new society
unfold on their TV screens, and, for better and worse, mo Like the rest
of the telecommunications sector, the development of rural
telecommunications would benefit greatly from establishment of a
capable, independent regulatory body. Such a regulator could promote
a more transparent process of public decision-making. A regulator
could encourage policies for serving rural needs, both by making rural
services commercially attractive, which could serve most needs, as
well as targeted subsidies and other policies to support services for
those rural people and areas, which are left out of the market. More
generally a regulatory body could help reduce unnecessary
monopolies, promote more efficient and equitable spectrum allocation
and establish interconnection policies which encourage open and fair
competition, which would serve the interests of telecommunications
users and promote a more efficient and equitable process of
telecommunications development, are able to participate in it.
2.1.7: TELEPHONY AND LIVELIHOODS
The main purpose of the study was to look at the impact of telephones
on the livelihoods of low-income rural communities. Sustainable
livelihoods analysis looks at people’s livelihoods in terms of five
different types of assets

As expected, the results showed that the telephone has little impact on
natural capital (land, water etc.) or on physical capital (resources such
as housing, farm equipment and so forth). More important is the
impact revealed on the three areas of livelihood capital which are often
discussed in relation to telecommunications – social, financial and
human capital.
The impact of the telephone on social capital revealed by the survey is
considerable. The telephone is important and considered to have high
value in all three countries for social networking, particularly within the
family. It is providing significant added value in this area, especially
where family members live remotely (as migrant workers or in the
diaspora), as well as substituting for some face-to-face
communications.
The impact of the telephone on economic activities is mixed. The
telephone is considered to have value by a high proportion of users
when it comes to saving money (for example, by substituting for
transport or postal costs), but it is not considered to have value by
most users when it comes to earning income. Only the more
prosperous, educated and successful are finding it valuable in this
area. Lower income and lower education status groups, by contrast,
find it unhelpful. The telephone may well, therefore, tend to increase
 the differential in financial capital between the more prosperous and
the more marginalised within society.
The telephone is having no impact on information-gathering, the
primary component of human capital in this context, in any of the
three sample populations. For all groups, face-to-face communications
remains the overwhelming medium of communications for information-
gathering. The Internet has also failed to achieve any significant
degree of usage in this area. This clear rejection of the telephone, in
particular, for knowledge-gathering has significant implications for
policymakers designing public information and other development
strategies.
The most substantial value of the telephone in terms of livelihoods is in
its impact on overall vulnerability, particularly in emergencies. The
telephone here has exceptional added value compared with other
communications media, in particular because of its immediacy,
interactivity and ability to secure assistance from afar.

2.1.8: THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL INFORMATION

TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING
ECONOMIES
Abolarin Damilola Oluwatobi a member of ISOC. Noted that National
Information Infrastructure (NITI) is a new instrument created through
revolutionary advances in information technology that societies use for
the developmental challenges they face. Some of such challenges
include fighting poverty, rural urban migration, education, efficient-
accountable and transparent government, efficient economic reforms,
environmental protection, promotion of small and medium- sized
enterprises, participation in global trade, and leisure.
Fighting Poverty
World Bank studies have shown a close relationship between illiteracy
levels and national income. Reducing illiteracy is therefore a key
aspect of the fight against poverty; it is also one that is directly
manageable through improved education delivery assisted by
information technology through telecommunication . The provision of
basic services such as primary health care, family planning and
drinking water, for example, is largely dependent on information
handling by both suppliers and recipients of the services.
Rural Urban Migration
Many of the rural areas where majority of the poor people live are
grossly neglected or virtually isolated. This results in massive
migration to the urban centres. Declining costs and new technologies
are combining to bring rural telecommunications within reach of
normal market mechanisms in other places. Thus improved
information technology in the rural areas can help to reduce the
isolation of such areas, make life more meaningful for the rural
dwellers and consequently check the drift to the urban centres.
Education
Rewards to an individual for an educational investment include
increased employment options, higher income, and better future
prospects. To export high value- added exports, country needs a
labour force with advanced and life long training of the labour force.
Information systems through telecommunication have supporting
roles in education.
Making Government More Sufficient, Accountable and Transparent
Information systems that increase the speed, volume, quality,
transparency, and accountability of transactions make possible large
productivity increases in government services. Government work is by
its very nature highly information intensive in terms of data collection,
archiving, dissemination, and processing. Well-designed information
systems can become major instrument of public policy- powerful tools
to implement, enforce and evaluate policy reforms.
Increasing the effectiveness of Economic Reforms
Economic reforms often fail during implementation due to weak
compliance. When information systems are designed in conjunction
with reforms, monitoring and facilitating compliance is easier and
reforms are more likely to be effective. Through information systems it
is possible to embed policy reforms into institutional processes and
transactions, which can then be readily monitored and audited.
Monitoring and Protection of the Environment
Environmental monitoring, inherently data intensive is made more
effective by using information technology, particularly geographic
information systems. These systems are increasingly inexpensive and
the data captured are of lasting value beyond their initial use.
International co-operation in monitoring of pollution and natural
resources is fostered by environmental networks. Information
technology also provides effective tools for regional planning based on
dynamic modelling.
Promotion of Small and Medium- sized Enterprises
Small and medium sized enterprises ( SME) are vital engines of job
creation. They are quick in bringing new products to market getting
into and out of fast- changing niche markets, and setting up spin-off
companies. In the information industry itself, SMEs play a key role in
the production and diffusion of information technology.
Participation in Global Trade
If our goods and services are not globally competitive, their national
and international markets will evaporate under attack from better
supplies in other parts of the world trade facilitation systems and
production and distribution systems based on electronic data
interchange have emerged as powerful mechanisms to reduce
processing time and increase performance of the entire value chain in
international trade.
Leisure
 Internet games can easily absorb all ones waking hours. Many Internet
Services Providers (ISPs) have facilities for "chatting" that enables one
to have on-line conversations with a bunch of people at the same time.

2.1.8: SECTORS WHERE TELECOMMUNICATION HAS IMPROVED

SERVICE DELIVERY IN NIGERIA
Health
Primary health care delivery is known all over the world as a
programme that is community oriented but operated by large number
of semi skilled workers and supervised by highly skilled personnel who,
to be effective require telecommunication facilities for monitoring the
performance on field. The term "Telecommunication medicine" which
is the use of electronic equipment to link physically separated health
facilities is now commonplace in developing countries. This system has
relevance in our country where we can only boast of about 1 doctor to
8000 patients.
Agriculture
This is one of the most important sectors in the economy. Using
mother tongue with the aid of telecommunication (Radio, Television).
Farmers in rural areas can be informed future events of natural
disasters like thunderstorms, possible earthquakes, flood and
destructive pests through the aid of simple meteorological information.
They can also be informed on how to avert the dangerous
consequences of such natural disasters in the shortest time possible.
This system has been known to have been useful for farmers in rural
areas, in places like Kenya and Philippines.
Education
There is hardly any other area in human endeavor in which
telecommunication can have an impact on its citizenry, than in
education. In addition to the program of formal education of the
citizens by television, radio, and computer networking (Distant
learning), they have now been made more effective both in scope and
in quality by use of telecommunication satellite. This is very relevant
now that the country has started the distant learning program
 Transportation
Telecommunication has always played a vital role in the transport
sector all over the world. It is being used in Hotels/ Airline reservation
tickets and management of courier services. It is also used to land and
Fly airplanes, it is also effectively used in the management of fleet of
vehicles in freight and passenger transport. With telecommunication, it
has become possible to programme the movement of human traffic
including that of business executives through mobile phones. This
technology was introduced to Nigeria by the Obasanjo administration.
We can also use this to effectively manage the perennial traffic jams in
and out of big cities, which have not been fully exploited for traffic
management in these cities.
Administration
It is a known fact that all machinery of government depended to a
large extent, on information dissemination provided by
telecommunication infrastructure and system for greater performance.
For example, in these days of electronic welfare, the police require
telecommunication to be able to maintain, command and control on
land, air, and sea. We all know the great role telecommunication
played during the gulf war, which brought general awareness of cable
network used in the country.
Similarly, in public administration, telecommunication can play an
important role in the coordination of the three tiers of government in
Nigeria Local, State and Federal.

2.2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.2.1: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND MODELLING GUIDE

Socio and environmental economics concern the effects of policy,
plans and development projects on human well being. In the context
on a formal Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for a development
project, it is considered best practice to assess changes to human well
being as part of Socio-economic Impact Assessment (SIA). Although the
 degree to which this is covered in EIA is much debated (Morris &
Therivel, 2001), it should probably be argued that the effect on human
well being is considered both indirectly when assessing the effects of
change on the natural system (fisheries, nature conservation and
biodiversity) and more directly when considering changes to the
landscape and noise and air quality.
The term ‘well being’ is frequently cited as the assessment end-point
within environmental economics. Probably the most well known
definition of sustainable development (SD) is that from the ‘Bruntland
Commission’ (WCED, 1987) where SD is defined as ‘development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs’ and this can be re-
presented as ‘generating human well being now without impairing the
well being of future generations’ (Turner et al. 1994).
The objective of environmental economics is therefore to assist the
decision making process where there are environmental choices with
measurement typically considering the human welfare aspect.
The following short note provides a summary of some methods
employed within environmental economics and further presents an
overall framework within which the plans, projects and policy can be
developed and assessed. The reader should refer to literature such as
Turner et al. (1994) for a more complete reference to the subject.
2.2.1.1: Cost Benefit Analysis
Anything is a benefit that increases human well being, and anything is
a cost that reduces human well being. And individual gains and losses
are examined to decide whether society as a whole is better or worse
off.
Aggregation of individual preferences can be achieved by measuring
the willingness to pay (WTP) for a benefit and willingness to accept
(WTA) to tolerate a cost for something an individual does not like. This
provides a measure of the strength of individual preferences.
 Cost Benefit can be expressed for the whole of Society as the
aggregation of individuals
(i) Benefit (B) and Cost (C):
∑i [Bi - Ci] >0
This social decision rule can be re-expressed as a fundamental
equation of cost-benefit analysis to explicitly include discounting of
preferences over time and Environmental factors:
It tells us that for any project or policy to be regarded as potentially
worthwhile, its non-environmental benefits (B) less its non-
environmental costs (C) plus or minus the value of the environmental
change (E) all discounted to a present value, must be positive (where r
is the interest rate).

2.2.1.2: Environmental Economic Framework

It is recognised that socio-economic and biophysical systems are
intrinsically linked and mutually co-adjust through complex feedback
effects. The pressures of human use of environmental space and
resources, particularly in the coastal zone may result in changes to
biophysical systems which in turn will impact on future human use of
coastal space and resources (Turner et al. 1998).
Being able to understand the joint system change between socio-
economics and the environment has considerable benefit in terms of
sustainable management of the coastal zone and the development of
sustainable policy.

Sustainability Indicators

Sustainability indicators can be used to help inform policy decisions

and help stakeholders understand what sustainable development
means. Indicators of sustainability translate the concept of sustainable
 development into numerical terms, descriptive measures, and action-
oriented signs and signals.
Measures and indicators of sustainability are set apart from economic
indicators by the way they combine social, economic and
environmental trends. They also help educate the public, inspire
people to take individual action and press for change in sustainable
directions.
2.2.1.3: The Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response
(DPSIR) Model
A number of models have been proposed for developing indicators,
and illustrating the links between issues, particularly for environmental
indicators. The best known of these is the "pressure –state-response"
model developed originally by OECD. This is also the basis of the
United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development (UNCSD)
framework of sustainable development indicators. It has been adapted
by the European Environment Agency into the "DPSIR" model - driving
forces, pressures, state, impact, responses (Turner et al. 1998; EC,
1999; Jesinghaus, 1999).
The “Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response model” defines
five indicator categories, where the link between these categories is
illustrated in Figure 1:
D - Driving forces are underlying factors influencing a variety of
relevant variables.
Examples: the number of telecommunication stations per local
government; total industrial production; GDP.
P - Pressure indicators describe the variables which directly cause
environmental problems. Examples: toxic emissions, CO2 emissions,
noise , burns etc. caused erection of MASTs, etc.
S - State indicators show the current condition of the e
nvironment.
 Examples: the concentration of MAST in urban areas; the noise levels
near main roads, in Lagos state for example
I - Impact indicators describe the ultimate effects of changes of state.
Examples: rural-urban migration; the number of people indulged or
deprived socially, economically, and environmentally due to
telecommunication growth.
R - Response indicators demonstrate the efforts of society (i.e.
government in terms of policy formulation NCC and public responses)
to solve or improve on telecommunication service provided. Examples:
amount spent by telecommunication companies in a year and their
gains coupled with the amount spent by their subscribers ; maximum
allowed number of Masts to be erected; revenue coming from
telecommunication companies to the government as tax or other
levies; the budget spent for advertisement and research.

2.2.2: EDWALD ULLMAN’S THEORY OF SPATIAL

INTERACTION

Spatial interaction is the flow of products, people, services, or

Information among places, in response to localized supply and
demand. A spatial
interaction is a realized movement of people, freight or information
between an origin and a destination. It is a transport demand / supply
relationship expressed over a geographical space. Spatial interactions
cover a wide variety of movements such as journeys to work,
migrations, tourism, the usage of public facilities, the transmission of
information or capital, the market areas of retailing activities,
international trade and freight
distribution.
Economic activities are generating (supply) and
attracting (demand) flows. The simple fact that a movement occurs
between an origin and a destination underlines that the costs incurred
by a spatial interaction are lower than the benefits derived from such
an interaction. As such, a commuter is willing to drive one hour
because this interaction is linked to an income, while international
 trade concepts, such as comparative advantages, underline the
benefits of specialization and the ensuing generation of trade flows
between distant locations. Three interdependent conditions are
necessary for a spatial interaction to occur
[Ullman,1956]:
Edward Ullman, perhaps the leading transportation
geographer of the twentieth century, more formally addressed
interaction as complementarity (a deficit of a good or product in one
place and a surplus in another), transferability (possibility of transport
of the good or product at a cost that the market will bear), and lack of
intervening opportunities (where a similar good or product that is not
available.

A. Complementarity’s.
The first factor necessary for interaction to
take pace is complementarity. In order for trade to take place, there
has to be a surplus of a desired product in one area and a shortage or
demand for that same product in another area. The greater the
distance, between trip origin and trip destination and the less
likelihood of a trip occurring and the lower the frequency of trips.
But telecommunication serves as a means of complementing trip origin
and trip destination, instead of embarking on a trip that is the use of
transport means, telephoning can take place and as such the trips
become a form of telecommunication and as such the caller is the
origin and the receiver the destination.

There must be a supply and a demand between the interacting

locations. A residential zone is complementary to an industrial zone
because the first is supplying workers while the second is supplying
jobs. The same can be said concerning the complementarity between a
store and its customers and between an industry and its suppliers
(movements of freight). Telecommunication serves as the bridge.
Telecommunication services is readily available in the urban center
compared to the rural area, but considerably this has been taken care
of in that signals are now been received in rural area. The services are
provide in the urban areas and the its enjoyed in the rural area
because the company does not necessarily need to have their
company in the rural area but must their mast and other equipment is
needed, and as such the movement of people in a particular
area(rural) to another for telecommunication services such as
telephoning, internet, intranet and television. so one is supplying the
services and generating money while the other enjoys these service
with some cost.

B.Transferability
The second factor necessary for interaction to
take pace is transferability. In some cases, it is simply not feasible to
transport certain goods (or people) a great distance because the
transportation costs are too high in comparison to the price of the
product. There must not be another location that may offer a better
alternative as a point of origin or as a point of destination. For
instance, in order to have an interaction of a customer to a store, there
must not be a closer store that offers a similar array of goods. In some
cases, it simply not feasible to transport certain goods(people), a great
distance because transportation costs are too high in comparison to
price of the product. In all other causes where transportation costs are
not out of line with price, we say that product is transferable or
transferability exists. In telecommunication services in terms of both
rural and urban settings the cost of transportation from rural areas
where telecom services do not exist is far more expensive than the
cost of making calls that is transferability does not exist, but these
days telecommunication service is every where at least in Lagos and
 its environ , calls can be made from a nearby telephone business
center and as such transferability would exist. In a not-shell the origin
and the destination must be linked, costs to overcome distance must
not be higher than the benefits related interaction, even if there is
complementarity and no alternative opportunity (available at closer
distance)
In all other cases where the transportation costs are not out of line
with price, we say that the product is transferable or that
transferability exists. Freight, persons or information being transferred
must be supported by transport infrastructures, implying that the
origin and the destination must be linked. Costs to overcome distance
must not be higher than the benefits of related interaction, even if
there is complementarity and no alternative opportunity. available at a
closer distance).
C. Intervening opportunity.
The second factor necessary for interaction to
take place is the absence or lack of intervening opportunities. There
may be a situation where complementarity exists between an area
with a high demand for a product and several areas with a supply of
that same product in excess of local demand. Spatial interaction
models seek explain spatial flows. As such it is possible to measure
flows and predict the consequences of changes in the conditions
generating them. When such attributes are known, it is possible for
example to better allocate transport resources such as highways,
buses, airplanes or ships since they would reflect the transport
demand more closely.
2.2.2.3: ORIGIN / DESTINATION
MATRICES
Each spatial interaction, as an analogy for a set of movements, is
composed of an origin / destination pair. Each pair can itself be
represented as a cell in a matrix where rows are related to the
 locations (centroids) of origin, while columns are related to locations
(centroids) of destination. Such a matrix is commonly known as an
origin / destination matrix, or a spatial interaction matrix.

FIG 4.6: ORIGIN TO DESTINATION MATRIX

O/D Matrix

Destinations
O/D Pair
A B C Total
A Ti
B
Origins C

Total Tj T

In the O/D matrix the sum of a row (Ti) represents the total outputs of
a location (flows originating from), while the sum of a column (Tj)
represents the total inputs (flows bound to) of a location. The
summation of inputs is always equals to the summation of outputs.
Otherwise, there are movements that are coming from or going to
outside the considered system. The sum of inputs or outputs gives the
total flows taking place within the system (T). It is also possible to have
O/D matrices according to the age group, income, gender, etc. Under
such circumstances they are labeled sub-matrices since they account
for only a share of the total
flows.
In many cases where spatial interactions are relied on for planning
and allocation purposes, origin / destination matrices are not
available or are incomplete, requiring surveys. With economic
development, the addition of new activities and transport
infrastructures, spatial interactions have a tendency to change very
 rapidly as flows adapt to a new spatial structure. The problem is that
an origin / destination survey is very expensive in terms of efforts, time
and costs. In a complex spatial system such as a region, O/D matrices
tend to be quite large. For instance, the consideration of 100 origins
and 100 destinations would imply 10,000 separate O/D pairs. In
addition, the data gathered by spatial interaction surveys is likely to
become obsolete quickly as economic and spatial conditions change. It
is therefore important to find a way to estimate as precisely as
possible spatial interactions, particularly when empirical data is
lacking or is incomplete. A possible solution leans on the use of a
spatial interaction model to complement and even supplant
empirical observations.

2.2.2.4: THE SPATIAL INTERACTION MODELS

The basic
assumption concerning many spatial interaction models is that flows
are a function of the attributes of the locations of origin, the
attributes of the locations of destination and the friction of
distance between the concerned origins and the destinations. The
general formulation of the spatial interaction model is as follows:

· Tij : Interaction between location i (origin) and location j

(destination). Its units of measurement are varied and can involve
people, tons of freight, traffic volume, etc. It also relates to a time
period such as interactions by the hour, day, month, or year.
· Vi : Attributes of the location of origin i. Variables often used to
express these attributes are socio-economic in nature, such as
population, number of jobs available, industrial output or gross
domestic product.
· Wj : Attributes of the location of destination j. It uses similar
socio-economic variables than the previous attribute.
· Sij : Attributes of separation between the location of origin i and
the location of destination j. Also known as transport friction.
Variables often used to express these attributes are distance,
transport costs, or travel time.

The attributes of V and W tend to be paired to express

complementarity in the best possible way. For instance, measuring
commuting flows (work-related movements) between different
locations would likely consider a variable such as working age
population as V and total employment as W. From this general
formulation, three basic types of interaction models can be
constructed:

· Gravity model. Measures interactions between all the possible

location pairs
· Potential model. Measures interactions between one location
and every other location.
· Retail model. Measure the boundary of the market areas
between two locations competing over the same market.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design that would be used aimed at investigating and
identifying variables and their relationship to one another is:
Cross-Sectional Survey
This involve one-time observation of one or more variables all at
once.
If (T) is telecommunication growth, without manipulating the
variables, the output i.e. economic impact (Xi), social impact (X2),
environmental effect (X3), and so on (Xn), as being determined or
influenced by telecommunication growth (T). instead of manipulation
Xi, X2, X3, we observe them only and are described as they occur
thus:
And are all are observed at the same time as the study is taking
place.

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY POPULATION

Apart from the age, sex and occupation. One of the main factor to be
considered is the type of network subscribed to, which must be
CELTEL, Nigeria Plc. Secondly the population of study is divided into
three, those that own phone business centres i.e. various shops,
stands and outlet that offers services such as phone calls for some
money.
Secondly, individual that are subscribed to CELTEL network coverage.
Thirdly, the population of those in co-operate organization i.e. different
sectors and as such they must be educated and command a relative
level of decision making in the organization.
But the general interview will cut-across all strata of life but
emphasis would be on CELTEL subscribers.

3.3 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

A device for collecting the data or measuring the variables which are
used for answering questions and testing hypotheses, but in this case
the questionnaire is designed to measure several values and as such
not an instrument but a schedule.
 The variables to be measured are:
i. economic variables
ii. social variables as regards telecom impact
iii. environmental impact variables

4 ADMINISTRATION OF DATA COLLECTION SCHEDULE

Telephone interview would be carried out with the CELTEL customers care,
by calling 111, this will help in knowing the number of telecommunication
subscribers in Lagos state. Next is the questionnaire administration.

This would be done with the help of some research assistant, whom
the maximum qualification is SSCE, but presently an undergraduate of
Lagos State University. Department of Geography and Planning.
There work is to conduct interview with people and Business Centre
Operator, in other to note the economic, social and environmental
impact of telecommunication on the environment.
The research assistant were chosen on the basis of the location in
other to relate well with people in the area or place of residence.
Badagry, Agbado Ijaye, Epe, Ikeja, Lagos Island. Phone business
center operator would be interview on the basis of their network of
subscription which is (CELTEL Nig. Plc).
PERSONAL INTERVIEW
Officials in different sectors would be interviewed ranging from
agricultural sector, education, health, transportation, information,
communication, technology. The interview is aimed at gathering
information about the use of telecommunication in these sectors and
what it has helped to do influence a re impacted on, and what is the
ratio of telecommunication facilities available and the population of the
workers in such organization.
In education- higher institution would be visited such as LASU,
UNILAG, and YABATECH.
Health-in terms of tele-medicine, General Hospital (Gbagada) and
pharmaceutical companies.
Transportation- Ministry of Transport (Alausa).
Administration- information transfer in secretariat Alausa and
Agricultural- in terms of farmers.
3.5 SOURCE OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA

This include telephone interview, personal interview and questionnaire

as explained above.

The questionnaire is both open-ended and close-ended questionnaire,

employed to measure information on the social, economic and
environmental impact of telecommunication on the study area which is
Lagos. Personal interview of officials of different organization aimed at
gathering sectoral information about the impact of telecommunication
and finally the telephone interview of CELTEL Nigeria Plc. To donate
the number of base station and the location of their network. The data
a re tabulated.

SECONDARY DATA

This involved the use of published materials obtained from different

sources such as libraries, internet and other institutions.

Libraries:- Fatiu Ademola Akesode lib really provide material that help
in chapter 2 and the materials are telecommunication in the 21st
century, and research methodology in behaviuoural sciences by
Nnamdi Asika. Documents from institutions- institution such as
Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC), yearly published on
telecommunication trends in Nigeria economy. Second edition (June
2005). This provided information (statistics) on telecommunication
growth in Nigeria. The type of operator and their contribution to
sectoral growth of the Nigerian market.

Internet:- search engine, such as Google, Ask, Infoseek, Yahoo,

Wikipedia and Answers else where explored to get valid information
 on world telecommunication statistics., figures, maps and other
statistical information was also gotten from the then Vmobile website
www.Vmobile_nigeria.com. Information about study area (Lagos state)
were also gotten from www.wikipedia.com.

The two data source were combined in the study, so as to equip the
study with all necessary information. The published material were
most useful in the direction of evolutionary trend of
telecommunication sector in Nigeria. While interview provided a better
understanding and co-ordination of data collected on the study area
and the gray areas on telecommunication negative parts in terms of
health issues and environmental impact.

3.6: INSTRUMENT OF RESEARCH

Questionnaire is the main instrument used for data gathering in this

project. Two types is designed on for respondents and the other for
official in different sectors.

The first questionnaire is divided into four section.

Section A

This contain the bio-data of respondents such as Name, Sex, Age,

Marital status, location, educational qualification, occupation. The
questionnaire contain both open and close ended question for sex,
there are two options male or female. The age, we have different
division for respondents to choose as appropriate, only the location
and occupation are open ended questionnaire.

Section B

This contains the economic data of respondents, the employment

status, either employed, self employed, retired or unemployed.
Respondent’s monthly income and the monthly expenditure of GSM
recharge. All questions in this section are close ended.
Section C

This section is for business phone operator, this section tends to

gather information on the type of business venture either is a family,
joint, or personal venture. The number of employee and the amount
generated in a month.

Section D

This perhaps is the most voluminous section as it contains about

fifteen questions, all the questions a re close ended and are geared
towards gathering information on the impact of telecommunication on
social, economic and environmental sphere of Lagos state. It also
evaluate the people respondent call the most and where is most of
the outgoing call go for either within the states, outside the state or
international calls. It also inquires into other ICT services that
respondents are interested in.

Section E

The second questionnaire is for the different officials in sectors of the

economy, the sector of interest are agriculture, banking, education,
security, administration and ICT. The interview is divided into two.

The first contains questions geared towards getting information such

as Name, Place of work, Educational qualification and position held.

The second set of questions include whether telecommunication has

led to service delivery in their organization. And how has that occurred.
The number of telecommunication gadget in their organization.
Coupled with the number of staff, and how they think
telecommunication can further improve service in the organization.

3.7 PROCEDURES FOR PROCESSING AND ANALYZING COLLECTED

DATA
The two types of data would be considered here:
(i) primary data-are data gotten from the field (questionnaire).
(ii) secondary data- existing data e.g. maps and data.
Data processing involve the transfer of collected data to coded data
for further processing through the use of data processing instrument,
preferably a computer (MS EXCEL).
The inputting would be done with the aid of keyboard and mouse into
the MS EXCEL spreadsheet environment in rolls and column.
The maps showing CELTEL coverage in Lagos State would be
downloaded from there, then website (www.Vmobile-nigeria.com)
with the aid of a computer coupled with a Pbs 126 speed modern.
Procedures that would be followed are classification of respondents
characteristics i.e. the bio-data classification and the socio-economic
classification of respondents i.e. a frequency distribution of Age, Sex,
Educational level and no of phone used, which would be given in a
frequency table.
The processing of the data such as the opinion of respondents as at
which part telecommunication has great effect i.e. economically,
socially, or environment. This would be shown using PIE-CHART.
The income level of respondents would be plotted against the amount
spent on GSM recharge using MS EXCEL. The impact of
telecommunication in different sectors of the economy, would be
tabulated according to the number respondents in an organization
which is about 10-15 persons or officials in six different sectors
namely health, agricultures, transport, education, ICT,
administration/government.
Above all, the telecommunication us age i.e. in terms of calls and text
and to whom calls or text are mostly made e.g. family, friends or
business partners.
Analysis based on the research question would also be made, the
socio-economic impact of telecommunication in terms of
employment generation and diversification of the nations economic,
in social aspect, the telecommunication usage according to
respondents e.g. leisure, calling love ones, playing games, browsing
the internet and listening to radio.
The processing and presentation of data would be carried out using
MS EXCEL and the procedure is as stated below.
a. type in your data in rolls and column to form a table.
 (i) then click on Insert-menu, chart.
(ii) choose the chart type e.g. pie, line, area, bar, bubble, surface,
cone, cylinder etc.
b. step two- (chart source data) select data range i.e. AI: A7 e.g
select data series i.e. rows and columns

3.8 SAMPLING DESIGN

The unit of study in Nigeria, and a total of 200 people be sampled. The
characteristics of the unit is as follows. They are drawn from different
local government, but what is of interest for us is the classification into
Lagos Urban area or business active area and the rural Lagos such as
Epe, Interior Ojo, Interior Badagry and Interior Agbado-Ijaye.

The sampling is selected randomly from Lagos state population but

what is also the important is the educational qualification of
respondents, because of the questions contained in the
questionnaire.

3.9 LIMITATION OF THE METHODOLOGY

One of the major problem encountered in this study’s is that of
contract which is getting across to the customer care center of
(CELTEL) and when they are available, I am always directed to
another official because the information required such as no of base
station and number of subscribers over space and time are not
available at the customer care except if I call back.
Secondly, downloading of maps is very hectic, it contain large volume
and there may be occasional Server failure, which will result into
download until a full image is generated.

Thirdly in administering questionnaire to business phone center

operator, as they think we are government officials and we want to
obtain there information for tax reason and as such withheld vital
information.
 Lastly the problem of power supply which has led the inability to
process information easily and quietly.

In spite of all these limitations encountered, the researcher however

exhausted all avenue, such as the use of UPS uninterrupted power
supply, to curb the erratic power outage, and the persuasive measures
to encourage the respondents to give vital and time information about
the business.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
This chapter summarizes the finding of impact of telecommunication in
Nigeria; the first part provided an overview of the data presentation of
secondary data, that is respondent opinion on telecommunication.
Lagos state was classified according to convenience in to the urban
centers and rural Lagos; The rural Lagos are areas like Ikorodu, Epe,
Badagry and Ojo, Agbado-ijaye,
However it must be noted that this areas are urban in nature but the
interior part are those classified as rural Lagos state.
Encompassing the two region the following interview were conducted:
139 interviews in urban, and 61 interviews in rural.
In addition to this 30 different official from different sectors were
interviewed.
At the time of the survey these locations were within the coverage
zone of CELTEL, the project was executed as planned but the only
slight different was the extra interview that was conducted with an
official of CELTEL who gave insight into various question that were
asked by respondents as the research became more of explaining to
the respondents what each question meant.
Sources of Data Analyzed.
A total of 200 respondents were sampled in the 10 local government
area of Lagos State comprising about 57 business phone operators
were visited for questionnaire administration. However, only 196
questionnaires were retrieved.
The information used for our analysis and discussion here were
obtained from the following:
1. Respondents opinions
2. International telecommunication union (ITU) who provided
information about country profile and telecommunication indices
3. Celtel Nigeria

Available information

The data from questionnaire were analyzed using Microsoft Excel

Software. In this part of the report an exceedingly wide range of data
were tabulated and presented using various chart types and graphs for
easy viewing, analyses, and summary.
Among these data, key information for telecommunication impact
relating to both environmental, economic, social and the relationship
between the income of respondent and expenditure on GSM recharge
 were also provided, lagosians in all region both rural and urban
settings clearly have a high demand for services.
There are two source of data the first is the primary data while the
second the secondary data, an existing data that was gotten from the
international telecommunication union on country’s index of
telecommunication is also presented in this chapter, making the
number of tables two.

TABLE 4.1 : SEX OF

RESPONDENT

Male Female
URBAN 80 50
RURAL 32 34
TOTAL 112 84

From the chart above overall the male respondent is 112 while the female
respondent is 84 amounting to 57 percent and 43 percent respectively ,
however in regional comparison shows that more female were interviewed
compared to male , this was not the case in the urban center where the
number of male respondents out ways that of there female counterpart

TABLE 4.2: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT

15-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 & above
URBAN 50 36 25 13 6
RURAL 4 25 14 17 6
TOTAL 54 61 39 30 12

CHART shows the age of respondent among the two regions, availability of
youthful respondent in rural Lagos is limited compared to that in the urban
center as shown in the chart above where 50 respondent within the age
bracket of (15 – 25) where recorded in urban center and just 4 in rural
Lagos. But the situation changes when we get to the older population as
most of them are in rural Lagos, from the chart 17 respondent are recorded
in rural Lagos while 13 in urban center of Lagos within the age bracket of (46
– 55).

TABLE 4.3
MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS
Single Married
URBAN 87 43
RURAL 24 42
TOTAL 111 85
From the table above more married respondent are concentrated in rural and
the single respondent are in urban Lagos.

TABLE 4.4. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENT

PRY. SCH SSCE OND BSC MSC & ABOVE
URBAN 6 48 15 53 8
RURAL 10 41 9 6 0
TOTAL 16 89 24 59 8

This chart shows the educational characteristics of respondents majority of

the respondent at least have SSCE amounting to about 89 respondent
divided in both rural and urban center and more of the first degree holder
are concentrated in the urban center as only six respondents have Bsc in the
rural Lagos, there are no respondent with Msc and Above qualification in the
rural area.

Fig 4.6
This chart shows the relationship between the respondents income and there
expenditure on GSM recharge, this varies as shown in the graph above there
is a good relationship between the amount generated by various respondent
and the amount spent on GSM recharge as almost the same number of
respondent that earn the various class of amount also spend the same class
on GSM recharge except for that of those who earn N5,000 to N10,000 and
spend within N500 to N1,000, where is a great variation of about Nine
respondent and the ones experienced in other class are below three.

TABLE4.6: RESPONDENTS OPINION ON TELECOMMUNICATION AND

DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Disagre
S. Agree Agree Undecided e S. Disagree
URBAN 50 68 11 1 0
RURAL 18 35 12 1 0
TOTAL 68 103 23 2 0

FIG 4.6

The chart shows what respondents felt about telecommunication and

development in Nigeria, from the research question most of respondent
agree that telecommunication has led to development in Nigeria and just
about 23 are undecided and I want to believe that the majority of these
respondents are those that possess a minimum qualification of primary
school and two respondents disagree about telecommunication impact in
development of Nigeria are not aware of the various input of
telecommunication in Nigeria.
TABLE 4.7: REPONDNET OPINION ON SECTORAL IMPACT OF
TELECOMMUNICATION
Educat Agricult Administra Secur Healt
ion ure tion ity ICT h
URBA
N 36 4 34 8 47 1
RURA 22 4 23 0 17 0
 L
TOTA
L 58 8 57 8 64 1

The pie chart above shows respondent opinion on telecommunication impact

in various sectors, most respondents believe that ICT information
communication technology, education, and administration has more
telecommunication input than any other sector, ICT in the sense that internet
facilities in most area is powered by telecommunication , most especially in
the banking industry. Secondly the areas of education as all the respondent
are either in secondary school or in university, all their registration are been
done online, there assignment and all that had got something to do with the
telecommunication. Thirdly that of administration, the connection between
superior officers and their subordinates is enhanced with the aid of
telecommunication and information transfer from one part to the other.
While sectors like agriculture, health and security has less impact of
telecommunication according to the respondents.

TABLE 4.9:

Friends Family Business Partners

URBAN 27 32 71
RURAL 15 23 28
TOTAL 42 55 97

This multiple bar chart represents that respondents call the most. This will
help us to denote what importance telecommunication play the most either
for business (economic reasons) or family and friends (social reasons) and as
we can see 99 respondent call business partners while 97 call family and
friends, this means that both economic and social purpose are
telecommunication is employed.
TABLE 4.10: SHOWS DIMENSION TELECOMMUNICATION IS FELT THE
MOST BY RESPONDENTS
 Economically Socially Environmental
URBAN 83 46 1
RURAL 33 27 0
TOTAL 116 73 1
The multiple bar chart shows Respondent’s opinion on where
telecommunication impact is felt the most. Unlike the above chart, which
shows that both economic and social importance this, includes that of
environmental impact, there is rather a contrasting view unlike the above in
this chart respondents believe telecommunication impact is much felt
economically, this is as result of may be the economic growth that has
occurred since the emergence of telecommunication. Socially seventy-three
respondent and environmental effect vis-à-vis the former situation one
respondent this is due to the respondent level of environmental awareness
of telecommunication situation. This prompted me to conduct an interview
with an official of the CELTEL Nigerian company for further clarification on
this matter.

TABLE 4.11: RESPONDENTS INTEREST IN OTHE ICT SERVICES

Fax Email Internet Intranet Money Tender

URBAN 6 37 72 0 15
RURAL 1 22 41 0 4
TOTAL 7 59 113 0 19

This chart represents respondent interest on other ICT facilities that has to
do with telecommunication most of the respondents prefer Internet facilities
and E-mailing compared to Money-tender and Fax services, while intranet
has no respondent due to there awareness of what intranet is, and as such
they are not interested.

4.2: HYPOTHESES TESTING:

 Ho: there is no relationship between the impact of telecommunication
witnessed in the urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.

H1: there is a relationship between the impact of telecommunication

witnessed in the urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.
To test these hypotheses we employ the spearman’s Rank Correlation
statistics

N=2
1- rs2
T = rs
6Sd²
n(n²-1
Where Rs = 1 -
The critical a value is given as 1 - a/2 and as such a = 0.05

TABLE 4.12
INDICES (URBAN) Y (RURAL) X R(Y) R(X) D D²
Education 32 22 4.5 5 0.5 0.25
Agriculture 4 4 1 2 1 1
Administration 34 23 6 6.5 0.5 0.25
Security 8 0 2 1 -1 1
ICT 71 17 7.5 4 -3.5 12.25
Friends 27 15 3 3 0 0
Family 32 23 4.5 6.5 2 4
Business 71 28 7.5 8 0.5 0.25
partners
Σd² 19.0

6Sd²
n(n²-1
Where Rs = 1 -
Rs = 1- 6(19)
8(8²-1)
1- 114
8(64-1)
1- 114
504
1- 0.22
Rs = 0.78

This shows that there is a high correlation between telecommunication

impact in the urban centers of Lagos and the rural Lagos.

Let us examine the strength of this positive correlation by converting the

(Rs) value to (T) score;

0.78 8-2
1-(0.78)²
0.78 2.45
0.36
(0.78)(6.45)

t = 5.03
Degree of freedom = n-2 = 8-2 and is equal to 6

Critical value of t at a = 0.05 and 6 degree of freedom is 2.447

Thus t = 5.03, 2.447 at 6 degree of freedom.
The decision rejects Ho at a 0.05 and accept H1 that is
There is a relationship between the impact of telecommunication growth
witnessed in urban centers and that witnessed in rural Lagos.

TABLE 4.13: SPATIO TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF OPINION OF

RESPONDENT ON TELECOMMUNICATION AS IT RELATES TO
DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE.

Urban (x) Rural (y) xy x² y²

Strongly agree 50 18 900 2500 324
Agree 68 35 2275 4624 1225
Undecided 11 12 132 121 124
Disagree 1 1 1 1 1
Strongly 0 0 0 0 0
disagree
Total 130 66 3308 7246 1674
From the table above
Sx = 130
Sy = 66
Sxy = 3308
Sx² = 7246
Sy² = 1674
The regression equation is given as y = a + bx
Where a = n(Sxy - S(x) S(y) -------- equation 1
n(Sx² - (Sx)²

And b = n(Sxy - S(x) S(y) ------------- equation 2

n(Sy²) – (Sy)²

Substituting the values into the various equation

a = 5(3308) - (130)(66)
5(7246) - (130)²
16540 - 1980
36230 - 16900
14560
19330
a = 0.75
Substitute values into equation ----2 we have
b= 5(3308) - (130)(66)
5(1674) - (66)²
16540 - 1980
8370 - 4356
14560
4014
b = 3.63
The equation for the regression is y = 0.75 + 3.63x
FIG 4.13CHART TELECOMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS,
LINE OF BNEST FIT BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL RESPONDENT
OPINION.

From the chart above we can deduce there is a relationship between the
opinion given by respondent in the urban centers and that given by
respondent in rural Lagos, out of the five point in the chart above three
enters the line leaving out two other points, one each on the part of the line.
The distance of the points that are left out the lines are almost the same and
this signifies that even where there is disparities in opinion, it correlates
even on both side, and as such there is a good correlation between the
respondents in the urban centers and those in the rural Lagos when it come
s to telecommunication and its impact on development of Nigeria.
Table 4.15 interview session with official of the then Vmobile Nigeria
Ltd shedding light on frequently asked question on the negative
impact of telecommunication equipments and gadget on the health
and environment of the people

Question Answer
Can mobile phone There is no convincing scientific evidence that
cause cancer? the use of mobile phones can cause brain
tumours or other cancers in humans. It is the
consensus of the world wide scientific
communities that the low powered radio signals
produced by mobile phone do not have
sufficient intrinsic energy to affect genetics
Are there other health Independent scientific institutions around the
risks? world review relevant research as it is
published. The consensus of these expert
groups is that there is no demonstratable
evidence of a risk to human health from mobile
phone use. The GSM Association however,
continues to support international quality
research into this question.
Am I at risk if I live Where members of the public have access to
close to base station? the area around a base station the radio signal
levels are typically much lower than even the
most stringent internationally adopted safety
guidelines. It is only in areas close to the
antennas that the recommended limit may be
exceeded.
The network operator will take steps to prevent
public access to these areas by placing the
 antennas near the top of the mast or high on
the building. A GSM base station operates with
low radio signals power to reduce interference
with nearby sites that will affect call quality. For
a typical GSM base station that is mounted on a
building or a pole the typical maximum signal
strength is 1% of most national RF exposure
standards. In most cases the GSM signal
strength would be compared to most existing
broadcast radio and TV services.
Why can’t I use my It is standard on aircraft to turn off all types of
mobile phone when I radio transmitters and certain other electrical
fly? devices such as CD players during flight. When
airborne, the radio signals from mobile phones
can travel for hundreds of kilometers and this
could interfere with the operation of ground-
based phones. It is therefore highly
recommended that you obey the airlines
instructions to switch off your mobile phone
Why are there so At short range, the signals from mobile phone
many restrictions on may cause interference with electronic medical
using mobile phones devices. At distances greater than 2m the
in hospitals? possibility is substantially reduced. It is possible
for mobile phone to be used in designated areas
of hospitals, however, you should obey any
warning signs and the instructions of hospital
staff.
I have heard reports of As far as the GSM association is aware none of
mobile phones causing the media stories has ever been traced to a real
explosions at petrol event, however, notices produced by petroleum
stations, is it true? companies have encouraged speculation.
 Mobile phones user guides also frequently
advise that phones should be switched off in the
vicinity of petrol forecourts. This is not due to
the radio signals transmitted by the phone but
because of the theoretical risk that if a
handheld phone is dropped and battery
separated from the phone it may cause spark
across contacts. The GSM Associations is of the
opinion that mobile phone users should respect
the prohibitions of the fuel companies, and
follow any relevant advice given in their mobile
phone user guides.
Is t safe for children The current World Health Organization view is
below 7 years to use a that international safety guidelines protect
mobile phone? everyone in the population with a large safety
factor. In addition, in February 2004 the health
council of the Netherlands stated it sees no
reason for recommending limiting the use of
mobile phones by children. Mobile phones do
provide important safety benefits to children
who can use them in times of distress or
emergency situations. However, mobile phones
are not toys, and GSM Association encourages
parental supervision in the selection and use of
mobile communication technologies for
children.
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

The purpose of this study is to examine the spatio- temporal analysis

of telecommunication network coverage in Nigeria and its social,
economic and environmental impact. This report shows that the
Nigeria telecommunication sector is currently undergoing very rapid
change and explosive growth. The industry receives, in 2004, global
acclaim as one of the fastest growing mobile markets in the world,
developing from about 30,000 line subscribers base a t the beginning
of the millennium to 3.6million in August 2006, Nigeria is now
officially the largest growth market for telecommunication in Africa
and the middle east.

5.1.1 FINDINGS

The key finding in the spatio-temporal analysis of the impact of

telecommunication coverage in Nigeria are:

PHENOMENAL SECTORAL GROWTH: the total subscriber base for

connected fixed and mobile line rose from less than 280,400 lines to
10,201,728 at the end of 2004, and 27,949,894 lines as at August
2006, an average of growth rate of 180% annually. Nigeria’s
teledensity has also grown from near zero in 1999 to about 9% in
2004 and 23.29% in 2006 and the addressable market for telephone
subscriptions is now in the region of 35-50million.

TELECOMMUNICATION AND IMPACT ON OTHER SECTOR OF THE

ECONOMY: telecommunication has great influence on the ICT
information, communication technology, because of the connectivity
required by computer to access the internet, and also offer IT driven
issues such as E-banking, E-gaming and so on have be enhanced by
the growth of telecommunication. Next is the administrative and
educational sector of the economy as most registration, payment,
clearance and other documentation requires telecommunications in
terms of internet or online factors. Meanwhile health and agricultural
sector has less effect on telecommunication because of our level of
development in Nigeria as per tele-medicine and in agriculture the
impact could only be described by farmers in rural area.
STRONG PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE TELEPHONE: The mobile is
playing a large role in the development of the Nigerian economy and,
in less than eight years, GSM has emerged as an integral and essential
part of the culture and life of Nigerians. The mobile sector displays
the hallmark of a vigorous and competitive market, with operators
declaring good profits, and consumers enjoying lowering prices under a
stable and fairly consistent regulatory price.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT: In

terms of mobile phone cancer, there is no convincing scientific
evidence that the use of mobile phone can cause brain tumors or
other cancers in humans, as the low powered radio signals produced
by mobile phone do not have sufficient intrusive energy to affect
genetics. In terms of mobile phones and hospitals, At short range
signals from mobile phone may cause interference with electronic
medical devices. At distance greater than 2meters the possibility is
substantially deduced. In term of mobile phone and petrol station, as
far as GSM association is concern none of the media stories has ever
been traced to a area event, however, notices produced by
petroleum companies has encouraged speculation.
ATTRACTIVE INVESTMENT CLIMATE: Private investment into the
Nigerian telecommunication sector has grow n to over $6billion, from
$50million in 2001, with the sector the largest generation of foreign
direct investment (FDI) after the oil and gas industry. Operators
regularly announce large multi-million dollars deals with the biggest
player been the big three mobile operators. As Vmobile declared about
2billion dollars in project Role Out Services Everywhere(R.O.S.E) in
2005. Nigeria also recorded a continental first when two leading
private equities ACTIS and Emerging Market Partnership (EMP),
invested $43. 2million through AIG Africa Infrastructure Fund (AAIF)
 into Starcomms, one of Nigeria’s leading private telecommunication
operator. This is one of the most notable foreign direct investment
(FDI) in Africa in 2004.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The importance of the telecommunication sector and the

complexities on its operations has continuously become a subject of
discuss. Since one out of every five Nigerian one have a phone, then
what readily comes to mind is the reduction of tariffs and efficient
service delivery and interconnectivity between networks. All these
have been advocated by the major factors militating against these
issues is the in conduciveness of Nigerian business climate and as
such.

5.2.1 RECOMMENDATION TO GOVERNMENT

PROVISION OF REGULAR AND UNINTERRUPTED POWER

SUPPLY: Adequate power supply should be provided PHCN,
provide a mare 16.87% of requirement, compelling operators
to independently generate the balance of about 84%. The
138% increased in generation (from 4200MW in 2000 to about
10,000MW) by 2004 as proposed under NEEDS is not likely to
satisfies the industry’s requirement given at project rate.
It will also be necessary to accord priority power consumer status to
the GSM operators and for synergy between the NCC and the power
regulatory to avest a multiple regulatory regime.
IMPROVED CUSTOMS CLEARANCE PROCESSES: In view of the fact that
about 95% of mobile telecommunication network components are
imported, the sector has significant stake in the customs clearance
process. Imports a are however currently tedious and unpredictable
clearance process which impacts directly on the pace of network roll
out, maintenance and generally quality of service.
MULTIPLE TAXATION SHOULD BE REPLACED BY A UNITARY
SYSTEM OF TAXATION: Operators a are contending with
replicated demands for taxes, levies and various charges at
the three levels of government as well as astronomical
increase in same. And as such federal government should
enact comprehensive legislation and establish the joint tax
board to be responsible for determining which tier should
collect specific taxes, and the basis for increments against
inflation and other relevant economic factors.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ECOWAS COMMON EXTERNAL TARIFF (CET):
To provide duty wavers for transformation backbone equipment,
accord pioneer status to telecommunication equipment, manufacturers
willing to set up operations in Nigeria, review downwards NCC’s
annual operating levies and spectrum fees.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION BACKBONE
SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED: As NITEL’s infrastructure is inadequate
to meet the present and future needs of the wider
telecommunications industry, government should provide adequate
incentives to encourage the ongoing construction of multimedia
compatible fiber optic networks by mobile operators.
BUILDING OF LOCAL MANUFACTURER AND MAINTENANCE: Over 95% of
network components and accessories are imported due to absence of
local manufacturing capacity. And as such a local content policy for
the manufacture of telecommunications equipment and supplies and
the provision of supporting incentives in this regard such as grants,
loans, tax holidays and subsidies.
PROPER INDUSTRY REGULATORY POLICY: NCC must align the present
regulatory framework with the realities of a competitive market,
stake a balance between consumer protection and the operators
market development aspiration and introduce certainty into
regulatory process.

IMPROVED POLICY REGULATION IN TERMS OF

1. The effects of increasing technological maturity and falling prices

for greater capability should be incorporated into research. Also,
the relative energy intensity of the production and consumption of
telecommunications services should be compared to the energy
intensity of the production and consumption of transportation
 services. Input-output tables of the Nigerian economy permit
measurement of the total consumption of both telecommunications
and transportation.

2. The Federal government should also take steps to measure

access to and usage of telecommunications services by
households, firms, and schools with the objective of collecting data
that illuminate whether some groups have become excluded from
basic opportunities provided by telecommunications access for
earning a living, educational attainment, and civic participation.

3. The Federal government should support policy-focused research

on the social and economic consequences (including unintended
ones), opportunities, and costs resulting from telecommunications-
stimulated flexibility in the use of time and space. Particular
transportation issues that are not well understood and that would
yield to focused research include

(a). The determinants and dynamics of patterns of activity, land

use, and travel in the new just-in-time economic paradigm in
telecommunication.

(b). Costs and benefits of a range of public policies and private

actions available for responding to routine peak-period traffic
congestion that results from travel demand exceeding roadway
capacity as it relate s to telecommunication.

ROBUSTNESS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS: The National

Communications Commission should continue to emphasize robust
telecommunications capabilities that can continue operations after
major natural disasters, accidents, system malfunctions, and acts of
sabotage in either telecommunications or transportation systems.
Providing an alternative to disruptions in transportation is a
compelling government motivation for pursuing the National
Information Infrastructure as a transportation substitution.
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESS TO SERVICE : Federal, state, and local
government agencies should focus on investments in the design,
development, and implementation of those teleprocesses that
reengineer service delivery to meet all of the following criteria
simultaneously: agency cost savings and avoidance, customer and
taxpayer satisfaction, service delivery effectiveness and coverage, and
reduced travel generation for both customers and employees.

INCORPORATING HEALTHCARE IN TELECOMMUNICATION POLICY:

Federal health care program regulations that require office visits as a
condition of payment for a physician's services should be reviewed in light
of the tele-health model that suggests that best practice is achieved
when appropriate care is provided at the appropriate location. Best health
care practice may now require routine use of telecommunications for
remote diagnosis, consultation, or monitoring. Legal and administrative
restrictions on these practices were put in place prior to the current
opportunity for telecommunications-based restructuring of the health care
delivery system. New protections can be designed that will provide for
more flexibility in the use of telecommunications and at the same time
assist the important objective of managing health care costs.

5.2.2 RECOMMENDATION TO OPERATORS

(1) Operators on their part should commit to supporting the

implementation of automated system for custom data and
provide ICT support for port reform process, educational
facilities and agriculture in the rural areas.

(2) Operators should support the harmonization of facilities of

urban centers/cities to the less urbanized and subsequent rural
areas.
 (3) Operators should be obliged to extensively support local
SME initiatives by extensively integrating same into various
aspects of their operations.

(4) Operators should be willing to support local human

capacity development, research and development and by
encouraging patronized equipment suppliers manufacturers and
consultants to establish local production plants and facilities.

5.3 CONCLUSION

Overall, these recommendations call for government leaders to shift

their focus on telecommunications and travel beyond telecommuting
to the much larger set of teleprocesses that are engendered by the
National Information Infrastructure. The NII is changing the patterns of
movement and location for both organizations and individuals in many
different ways. By responding to the full scope of these changes, public
policy can guide the nation toward obtaining more benefits at lower
cost from the parallel growth of transportation and
telecommunications.
Since Telephones are a tool both rural and urban people can use in
cooling with the forces of transforming their lives. Affordable access to
rural telecommunication can help provide Identify new opportunities
for working, studying and for selling of their products.
Telecommunication help to maintain and build the social capital
embodied in relationship between family members, friends , business
colleagues and others. Access to rapid two-way communication
through telephones is itself an important ingredient of how rural
Lagos people perceive their quality of life.

Telecommunication act to greatly lower the transactions cost of

dealing with people outside the local area. Telephone lead to better
informed choices. Telecommunication his act as a faster pace of
change and increased international linkages a re key parts of
globalization, and telephone play a major role in contributing to this
process.

However the attainment of socio-economic targets has immensely

impacted positively on the nation’s socio-economic environment. At
macro-economic level, the sector contribution to GDP increased by
53% in 2005 making it the third highest contributor ahead of the
financial sector which has been in operation for about 100 years. It
has attracted foreign direct investment of over $5 billion. In respect
of employment over 175,000 persons have been directly employed
(ALTON) 2006 Association of Licensed Telecommunication Operators in
Nigeria. While the industry has supported service sector such as
banking, insurance, consultancy (legal, accounting, HR, tax), haulage,
shipping and IT, as well as the small and medium scale enterprises
(SME) segment of the economy has also witnessed very significant
level of increased activity.

Government treasury has been boasted by payment of over 250

billion in taxes and levies. National productivity has also been
enhanced as travel times and associated risks have been reduced,
business communication improved and the rural-urban divide
narrowed down. Social and family relationships and the security
situation have also been significantly enhanced. A significant number
of not-for-profit corporate social responsibility (CRS) initiatives are
been sponsored by the operators e.g. NFL league (Globacom), half
marathon (MTN), GULF, WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONNAIRE
(CELTEL).
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge Almighty God, the Giver of Knowledge and Wisdom for his
infinite mercies in giving me good Health and sound mind to complete this
course and project.

I am highly indebted to many people who have contributed one way or the
other to this project. I however wish to register my unqualified gratitude to
my mother Rosemary Owomero (of Blessed Memory), and my able father &
menthol Daniel T. Owomero.

I also want to thank my supervisor Mr. R. Olorunimbe for his patience,

guidance and correction at various stages of my project, my lecturers Mr.
F.O. Ogundele, Mr. Abidemi Aina, Dr. Omotayo, Prof. Badejo, Prof. Odumosu,
Prof. Ojo, Mr. Adebayo, Dr. Aigbe, Mr. Ogunjobi, Dr. M.O. Lawal and Mrs.
Sholadaoye.

I am also grateful to Prof. O.O. Ayeni and Surv. Ojo who informed my
decision to write on this topic.

My sincere appreciation goes to my immediate family; Emily, Bridget,

Kingsley and Justina, not forgetting Mr. And Mrs. Orekunrin for their moral
and financial support.

Finally, My thanks goes to my friend for their contribution towards the

completion of this project; Tunde(Babanla), Yinka, Sylvester, Isaac (Gunners),
Tunde, Tunde(Lag), Ope, Lolade, Peju, Ladi, Biola, Seyi, Demola, Asaju,
Osaja, Bisola, Tayo, Sammy, Okoria, kunle(taba), and others.
 DEDICATION

To the memory of my beloved Mother Mrs. Rosemary Owomero.