NASA TECHNICAL NOTE NASA TN 0-7547

LMJ

(NASA-TN-D- 7 5 4 7 ) SATELLITE VIEWS OF

HURRICANE CAMILL- S- ELLITE VIE S
C (NASA) P HC $4.00 N74-20194
CSCL 04B

-1/20 34577

SATELLITE VIEWS OF HURRICANE CAMILLE

by William E. Shenk and Edward B. Rodgers

Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Md. 20771

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION * WASHINGTON, D. C. * APRIL 1974

 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
4. Title and7
Sutitle 5. Report Date

Satellite Views of Hurricane Camille APRIL 1974

6. Performing Organization Code
650
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.
William E. Shenk and Edward B. Rodgers G-7405
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.
039-23-01-01
Goddard Space Flight Center 11. Contract or Grant No.
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Technical Note
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, D. C. 20546 14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstract
Three periods within the life cycle of Hurncane Camille (1969) are studied with radio-
metric and camera measurements from Nimbus-3 and camera information from ATS-3
in conjunction with conventional information. These periods are the deepening phase,
the interaction of Camille with midlatitude westerlies, and the excessive rain producing
period when the cyclone was over the central Appalachian Mountains. Just prior to
significant deepening, the Nimbus-3 Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR)
showed that a pronounced feeder band had formed southeast of the center which was
associated with the rapid transport of moisture into the storm circulation. During the
rapid deepening phase the MRIR measurements indicated the development of large-
scale subsidence throughout the troposphere northwest of the center. When Camille
was over the lower Mississippi Valley it acted as an obstruction to the environmental
wind. A region of widespread subsidence was created west and north of the cyclone
center. Increased cloud-top elevations, back to the levels reached when Camille was
an intense cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico, were estimated from the Nimbus-3 High
Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) measurements on August 20, 1969, when
Camille produced rains or major tiood proportions near the east slopes of the
Appalachians in central Virginia.

17. Key Words (Selected by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement

Hurricane analysis; Radiation

measurements; Geophysics;
Meteorology
Cat. 20
19. Security Classif. (of this report) 120. Security Classif. (of this page) 121. No. of Pages 22. Price*

Unclassified Unclassified I 1 $4.00oo

*For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.

j
 CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT . . . ........... ............... i

INTRODUCTION . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 1
AVAILABLE DATA AND MAPPING PROCEDURES ... ...... . 2
RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4

CONCLUSIONS ............ ............. 73

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ................ 76

REFERENCES ... ................ . ..... . 77
APPENDIX-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRIGHTNESS AND
CLOUD-TOP TEMPERATURE . ......... . . . . 79

1G1PAG

iii
 SATELLITE VIEWS OF HURRICANE CAMILLE

William E. Shenk
Goddard Space Flight Center
and
Edward B. Rodgers
EnvironmentalResearch and Technology, Inc.

INTRODUCTION
From a meteorological point of view, Hurricane Camille was the most important Atlantic
hurricane of record (Reference 1). As it crossed the Gulf Coast the highest storm tides
on record were produced (7.5 m (24.6 ft)). No recording anemometer equipment was able
to survive in the area of maximum winds as the cyclone moved ashore. Velocities approach-
ing 175 kn were estimated from an appraisal of the damage within a few hundred yards of
the coast. The minimum central pressure of 905 mbar was second only to the Florida Keys
storm of 1935 (892 mbar) for Atlantic hurricanes. Whereas the Florida Keys storm proba-
bly had higher maximum winds than Camille, the diameter of hurricane winds was less than
100 km (62 miles) as compared to 160 to 240 km (100 to 150 miles) for Camille.
Camille began to develop near the island of Grand Cayman from a tropical disturbance
which moved westward across the Atlantic from the African Coast (Figure 1). The cyclone
deepened rapidly as it passed over the western tip of Cuba into the Gulf, and it reached
maximum intensity by 0000 GMT on August 17, 1969. This intensity was maintained
with little apparent fluctuation as observed by reconnaissance aircraft until the center
reached the coast at 0430 GMT on August 18. Within 12 hours the winds had decreased
to less than hurricane strength as the cyclone moved northward through Mississippi. For
the next 36 hours the remains moved north, then east, with the winds and rains diminishing
in the typical history of a tropical cyclone moving away from its moisture source. Suddenly,
excessive rainfall began over the central Appalachians in response to an injection of extreme-
ly moist air at low levels, an unstable lapse rate, and topography (Reference 2). This
portion of Camille's history is similar to that of Hurricane Diane in 1955 that produced
massive flooding in New England after Diane had weakened considerably when it moved
across the Carolinas and Virginia. Camille briefly regained tropical storm strength after
moving eastward off the Atlantic Coast near Norfolk, but interaction with a cold front
caused the cyclone to become extratropical.
Throughout the important phases of Camille's life cycle the storm was observed by
meteorological satellites such as Nimbus-3, ATS-3, and operational satellites. This out-
standing coverage, along with conventional measurements, permitted the examination in
some detail of three important events in the history of Camille which were: (a) the rapid
deepening phase; (b) the interaction with the midlatitude westerlies as the cyclone moved
inland; and (c) the development of the heavy rains over the central Appalachians.

1
 105 8 100 95, 90* 85' 80* 75* 70' 65 60 50' 45W
55 40* 35* 3W 25*

.35*N

3010N
2TROPICAL STORM N

TROPICAL DEPRESSION AAMP POU

intesoio Ie
AVAILABLE DATA AND MAPPING PROCEDURESAAAAA

80W 75 70 65 60 55 0 45W

Figure 1. Track and development stages of Hurricane Camille from August 9 to 22, 1969. (Extracted from
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 98, No. 4, April 1970, p. 294.)

Radiemetric measurements with a 55-km subsatellite-track spatial resolution were taken at

shows the layers of a mean tropical cloudless atmosphere that contribute to the sensed
radiance in each of the three infrared spectral intervals. The emission in the 6.5- to 7.0-pm
region primarily comes from the upper troposphere, whereas the 20- to 23-pm emission
emanates mostly from the middle troposphere, and the 10- to 11-pm radiance nearly all
comes from the surface and lower troposphere.
Nimbus-3 High Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) nighttime emission measurements
were made at 3.5 to 4.1 pm with a 9-km subsatellite-track spatial resolution. Further

2
 40-
---- 6.5-7.Oi0m
......... IO - II m
35-
- 20 -23 Lm

30-

25 -

o 20-

0
15 P----o--

-- *....'"

o"""*, I I
.01 .10 .20

2 -1
Figure 2. Weighting function (I) curves (p units are w/cm ster cm
km normalized to unity) determined from radiative transfer theory
based on a mean tropical atmosphere for three Nimbus MR IR channels
(6.5 to 7.0 pm, 10 to 11 pm, and 20 to 23 pm).

details of the Nimbus-3 satellite and the instrumentation is provided in the Nimbus-3
Users' Guide (Reference 3).
Visible measurements were obtained at 11-min intervals from the Multicolor Spin Scan
Cloud Camera (MSSCC) on ATS-3. Due to the frequent observations, it was possible
to track the motions of individual cloud elements to determine the wind. The clouds
were classified as high or low, depending on their appearance and motion; the high clouds
most likely indicating the air motion near 200 mbar and the low clouds near 850 mbar.
Some middle clouds may have inadvertently been included, especially in the high-cloud
sample. Hubert and Whitney (Reference 4) have discussed cloud motion-wind accuracies
from ATS data. More information on the ATS-3 satellite and the MSSCC can be found in
the ATS Users' Guide and catalog publication series.

3
Conventional radiosonde and surface observations were obtained every 12 hours from
0000 GMT on August 14 to 1200 GMT on August 20, 1969. The radiosonde information
was analyzed over the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and the United States at the stand-
ard pressure levels (850, 700, 500, 300, and 200 mbar), except for the observations of
1200 GMT on August 18 and 0000 GMT on August 19. At these times, charts were con-
structed over the United States every 50 mbar from the surface to 100 mbar and at
the 70-, 50-, 30-, and 20-mbar levels. This permitted a more detailed examination of
Camille and its interaction with the westerlies after the cyclone had moved inland.
The Nimbus radiation measirements were mapped in the stereographic horizon map
projection (Reference 5) where the center of Camille was always placed at the center of
the map. Thus, Camille was mapped (but not viewed) in the same perspective throughout
the period of interest. A correction was applied to the measurements from the water vapor
channels (6.5 to 7.0 pm and 20 to 23 pm) to compensate for limb-darkening effects.* The
correction varied from zero to several degrees Kelvin for equivalent blackbody temperatures
(TBB 's) measured at a nadir angle of 500 (the maximum allowed).

RESULTS
Rapid Deepening Phase
The first significant event in the life of Camille was the rapid deepening that occurred
before and after the cyclone center passed over the western tip of Cuba. An interpretation
of the time history of the minimum central pressure curve is shown in Figure 3. There is a
suggestion of two periods of deepening. The first primarily occurred between 1200 GMT
on August 14 and 15. Four closely spaced reconnaissance aircraft reports centered at about
1200 GMT on August 15 allreported a minimum pressure of about 965 mbar. Shortly there-
after the center crossed the southern coast of Cuba near the western tip. It took approxi-
mately 3 hours for the eye to move to the northern coast. During this time the shape of
the minimum pressure curve is more uncertain, but since most of the cyclone's circulation
renained over the water it is likely that the rise, if any, in the central pressure was small.
There were no reconnaissance penetrations of the eye for 18 hours after Camille left the
Cuban Coast. At 0500 GMT on August 16 Nimbus-3 passed overhead with an almost
vertical view of the storm.
Figure 4 depicts the cloud shield of Camille with HRIR measurements (1:2,000,000 map
scale) 4 hours after the center moved off the Cuban Coast. Two features suggest that
further deepening had begun. First is the appearance of a well-defined eye as indicated by
TBB's as high as 287 K (the insert in Figure 4 depicts a small area near the center mapped
at 1:500,000). This measurement could have been caused by either near transparent cirrus

*V. V. Salomonson, personal communication, 1972.

4
 (997)
1639-
1642 (985)
1647
1001649
00(965) (951) (911) (905) (905) (920)
1653 1660 1667- 1674-
16764- 1560-
1680-2 1667-
1697-
1655 1662 1669

980

n 960 )- RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT

Z OVER CUBA 0- LAND STATION

j 940

S920 -

CENTER CROSSES
U.S. COAST LINE

14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18
12GMT 00GMT 12GMT 00GMT 12GMT OOGMT 12GMT 60GMT 12GMT
AUGUST. 1969

Figure 3. A trace of the minimum central pressure for Hurricane Camille from
1200 GMT on August 14 to 1800 GMT on August 18, 1969. The estimated central
pressures and the Nimbus-3 orbit numbers are shown above each of the arrows that
indicates the time of a Nimbus-3 overpass.

and/or low clouds, or a partially filled radiometer field of view with any of the above cloud
combinations. Second, a ring of very low T, 's (< 210 K), indicating the opaque storm
cloudiness, surrounds the eye except to the west. This ring represents the highest clouds
associated with the wall cloud where the lowest (and probably the weakest) portion is on
the west side.

With the satellite evidence of a nearly clear eye (in the radiometric sense) and a strong wall
cloud that almost encircled the eye, the rapid deepening was shown in Figure 3 to com-
mence immediately after the storm moved off the Cuban Coast. No reconnaissance reports
were available until 1800 GMT on August 16 when Camille had reached severe status, an
intensity that the aircraft central pressure measurements would indicate was maintained
until the cyclone crossed the U. S. coastline. Thereafter, the central pressure rose rapidly;
the Jackson, Mississippi, minimum pressure was 978 mbar as the center passed about
35 km east of the station at 1200 GMT on August 18.
Perhaps the best day and night satellite observations of Camille during the rapid deepening
phase were made by the Nimbus-3 MRIR. By examining the information from the three
infrared channels at 12-hr intervals and the visible channel data every 24 hours, it was
anticipated that the changes in the structure of Camille as it became a severe cyclone could

5
 84.00 W
I
86.0 W
290 260
I
85.0 W

2
23.9 N - 28 2 2 20
2.923.9 N
210 22 2.9 N

22.9 N -22§
21 0I 0

S205
10

220
n 210
229 N

210

21.9 N 21.9

1 0 20 20

230
210 50 2 200
270 /

195

0
22.90 N -200 200 -22.9 N
210
210 19

0 0
85.3 W 85.0 W

Figure 4. Two views of the interior portion of the cloud struc-

ture of Hurricane Camille at 0500 GMT on August 16, 1969,
as depicted by the 3.5- to 4.1-,m equivalent blackbody temp-
eratures (TBB's) from the Nimbus-3 HRIR. The top picture
was mapped at a 1:2 million scale while the insert over the eye
seen in the bottom picture (the area within the dashed box in
the top picture) was mapped at a 1:500,000 scale.

be determined. The daytime observations were combined with the ATS-3 cloud motions
to obtain a more complete picture of the circulation.

6
August 14, 1969
On August 14, Camille advanced from a tropical disturbance to a tropical storm. The first
MRIR observations were taken between 0300 and 0700 GMT on August 14 (a composite
of three orbits) and Figure 5 shows the 10- to 11 -pm TaB's over a large region surrounding
the center at 180 N, 800 W. Already the cyclone cloud pattern exhibits a definite spiral
configuration. However, there appear to be only two small regions to the east of the
center where deep convection is occurring. The deep convection associated with the
intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is seen to extend from the ITCZ toward Camille.
Another band of intense cloudiness about 1000 km north of Camille is connected with a
strong easterly wave approaching Florida. A feeder band with clouds reaching the middle
and upper troposphere is located to the southeast and the south of the cyclone center.
In the semicircle to the west of the center there is a large region where 10- to 11 -pm
TB's are > 290 K with some as high as 295 K, which, when corrected for the effects of
a tropical atmosphere by adding 6 to 8 K, are very close to the 302- to 304-K sea surface
temperatures reported by ships. Other large areas of > 290-K TBB's are found northeast
and northwest of Camille well away from the cyclone circulation. These high TBB's indi-
cate that the amount and/or the vertical development of low level cumulus was being
suppressed, probably due to subsidence in the lower troposphere.
This method of inferring subsidence has the limitation that once the clouds have been
substantially suppressed or eliminated there is no further information on the strength of
the subsidence. Once the clouds are gone it is not possible to use cloud tracking from
geosynchronous satellite measurements to implement kinematic techniques of calculating
the vertical motion. However, the information from the water vapor channels offers a
possible method for inferring subsidence in clear air in the middle and upper troposphere.
This is possible because the emission will come from lower in the atmosphere as the temp-
erature and dewpoint spread increases, and therefore the TBB's will also increase. These
regions of dry air, characterized by high 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB 's, are associated either with
areas of subsidence or horizontal advection (Reference 6). Subsidence is indicated when
a local change in clear air TBB to a higher measurement has occurred where the possibility
of the advection of the dry air was small. Even in the advection case, the vertical motion
is almost certain to be small or downward since upward motion would produce clouds or
a more moist atmosphere.
Figures 6 and 7, respectively, depict the 6.5- to 7.0-pm and 20- to 23-pm measurements
for the same time as Figure 5. The relatively high 6.5- to 7.0-pim TB, areas generally
coincide with the areas of high TBB's in the 10- to 11-pm channel. However, there are
some regions where this does not occur. Whereas the high 10- to 11-pm TBB's are about
the same for the regions where at least low level subsidence is inferred, the 6.5-to 7.0-Am
T,,'s are not nearly as high west of Camille as to the northeast and northwest of the
cyclone. The strongest upper tropospheric subsidence is inferred northwest of Camille
where there is evidence of 200-mbar horizontal speed convergence (Figure 8) over the
Southern Plains and New Mexico, and an area of relatively high temperatures at 300 mbar

7
00 2 05 2 100 2" 95' 210 2 as ' 0 752 70- 2 65' 60* 55
210 22 210
218

256

2 90 20 24 0 2 2O2

2 2 26
-02 3 2 - 4

27127 27 n

3M 5 M
_ -210
M 2050
G4 27g

or ite

sesr h stem r ie nKadteccln etri niae ytecrldcos

 S95- 3
,05* 100,9* 230 Bul, (I n 75- 70' 65o 60o C 5
a235 CT 235 235 235 40
235 235-

225 230 0 35 240

23 5 3
a3

240 235 30'

20240 235
2 245

245 24 230

4k4 3 2 5/3
2455

2464 3 230
20e1 2 , 202
3 225
24 20

245 3 23 25
24023 25 5 2 3 245 2302035*2
235 225 235
53 230 210 24033

'S 230 235 22 235 -282

23 210 ) 23 2 5 235 5023
235 20 24 238

23 302 23g5 220 23

225 22*325 .
31 35 225

218_
220 5 230 223225 -285 21 2205 230-e
CT _22 23. 232 5 5 C 2 CM 03

21 23353 228 220 238 0 " 15 2 21520 13

238 2 5 23, 2 22120

235 (23 20 220

~~0 S-2515 2V2 -a 232535 -- 3 235

C23 22 7 2355
22r
5Gb
221 2 2 2 2 230 23
~o
235 2353 2
25 21 35 cr
Th 22 20 3 25 3 5 5 _4 1 240 245
230

2423
6/(951230 20 -24
24
8 25 235 235 03 0,3 21,24

C240
235 235 2402 24.)?~7
M 5 235
k-J 2/4.:R
240ot C' ,

Fiue6 uriae a ilea 00 t 70 M o ugs 4,169 s eite y .- to 0-mTB' ro heM I

sesr h sthrsaegvn nKadteccln etri idctdb hecrldcos
 I 50*\ , OO* 95* 9 26
255
25 2
85-
250
25 ~ 70- ~ 6 ~ 00 C 2"IL1~i
60':M 55- 21
25 5* 25 6 6

245~~5 ( 2510 255025

255216 20250 2 5 245 24 2 2M

255255 253 5 26 2
2 25

20 is 240
5245

23 23 200 24 245M403025M

25*2 255 C250 2% 2 2

24so 250 24025

2 25255
245 250 5 265
M 08 -.02
2 24524C54
D0 20
2401
255 2 5 5520 245 240 2605

4 2
() 25 250- 2255
to - 25 15 47

245
1 2230 0 210 255 23MO3025 2 6V
0
245 255
2 5 245 15
24 220 255 2s0 250
24 248b
25 20
2401

235 2 5 0 4 15 2 2 25 2825 12
54
2 250 250 255 21

211 45 kQ _255I S
245 250 250
2 eed

245112
5
-- 2115

Fiue7 uriaeCail a 30 o070G T nAgut1,16, sdpitdby2-to2-umTB'sfomteMRIRsesr

Figure. H2rian Ca
Thil sthrsae
245at5 030 to
ie n To n heccoe
ut1,16,a
etr sidcae
eitdby2-t
yth icedcos
3p 500G B' rmteM I esr
110- 105. 100- 95- 90 6 85' 80* 75- 70' 65- 60- 55- 40 50-

2 3 35-

-3.9 -54.0, 5 1-3

4f
2 -54.4 4

-53. -51.40 53 -5 7 30-

39 53. -57

3 54. -5z.1
-52.

-53.0
25
5 4 -8
5 1
-52.3
-53. 0- 9

-52.9

20-
6 -30

-52.0 -53.3 I
-4A 53.6
-54.6 15-Is

- 5 7 5& 0
10 -

5 .0

Figure 8. 200-mbar radiosonde data and streamline analysis for 1200 GMT on August 14, 1969.
below the higher level horizontal convergence. Northeast of Camille the inferred subsidence
was most likely produced by a ridge line between the strong southerly flow over Florida and
the northerly flow at Bermuda. Whereas the 10- to 11-pm measurements indicated a continu-
ous band of high TBB measurements at the northern end of this area, the high 6.5-
to 7.0-pAm TBB's shows that the driest air was mostly west and east of the cloud circulation.
The relatively high 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB's west of the main cloud-shield associated with
Camille were not even high enough to be reasonably certain that cirrus clouds were not pres-
ent. A comparison of high-altitude aircraft cloud photography and Nimbus-3, 6.5- to
7.0-pim TBB's over the tropics has indicated that when the TBB range was 235 to 237 K the
cirrus probability was 40 percent (Reference 7). Thus, the subsidence, if any, west of
Camille was probably in response to the low-level inflow and rising motion within the inner
portion of the circulation.
From the analysis of the aircraft photography, it was found that 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB's of
< 230 K in the tropics were associated with cirrus clouds. Thus the area of < 230-K TaB
measurements outlines at least the minimum area of the cirrus shield which covered a much
larger region than the areas of deep convection that were noted in Figure 5. The 200-mbar
chart for 1200 GMT on August 14 (Figure 8) shows the southerly flow from Jamaica
northward to the Carolinas with a break in the data continuity over Cuba. It is important
to know if this southerly flow is continuous and if the upper tropospheric air ejected from
Camille had begun to move northward in response to what appears to be a favorable pattern
for the ventilation of the upper tropospheric air away from the storm. The radiation data
cannot determine the continuity of the wind field but the cirrus shield pattern shows a
minor break between the storm shield and the cirrus associated with the easterly wave
further north. This suggests that a substantial outflow had not begun in that direction.
Essentially the same large-scale features are seen in the 20- to 23-ym measurements
(Figure 7) as in the 6.5- to 7.0-pm data.
Twelve hours later (1500 to 1900 GMT on August 14) Camille had almost reached tropical
storm status. The 10- to 11-pm TBB map (Figure 9) indicates that the cyclone was more
organized with an almost circular cloud shield where the deepest convection was in a
curved line north and west of the storm center. The area of < 234 K TB 's extended over
a much larger region than before. However, despite the areal increase in cloud development,
the highest cloud tops (lowest TBB 's) reached to about the same levels. Equivalent black-
body temperatures of > 290 K had persisted on the western semicircle, reflecting the low
cloudiness suppression noted earlier (the > 300-K measurements northwest of Camille
are caused by strong heating of the land during the daytime).
The 6.5- to 7.0-pm (Figure 10) and 20- to 23-/pm channels (not shown) indicate that the
12-hr change in the inferred weak subsidence region west of Camille's center had expanded
and strengthened slightly. Measurements of 238 to 240 K appeared in contrast to the
235- to 237-K range 12 hours earlier. Based on the aircraft flights, the cirrus proba-
bility had dropped to about 15 percent. Figure 10 also shows that the cirrus north
of the center was continuous and a little thicker (and/or higher) than before, which sug-
gests that the upper tropospheric ventilation had become more effective. Also, the northern

12
 10 2 05- 260 100- 20 25, 22 6 90o M a 7(r7 65 / 60. 551---

-3DOO

loosoo 2a 2**
300:--00 -2 -2020 20 2 0 22510..202 020 2770 2 N

B20 2

50 2M
270 -2 062075
31
400 2000
277
26g~ 270 ?9" ...
2 01 210n "O - 2

__30 22702
200 C6 II

370 30 Soo 2702 2g 24050

:lo2d 27 29D 2T,,n (
290 26 M225

2e 270 20
20240 290

260 40
290

qS290 N 2N21

210
r
290 5

M 290 e 2402
26027 -
210 260 27
290I

lr0 70 50

94 250 25 20 0 So 2 2u 1
290,
2es
0 sds 2he

290 -- 275

250

Figure 9. Hurricane Camille at 1500 to 1900 GMT on August 14, 1969, as depicted by 10- to 11-Arn TBB's from the MRIR
w; sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
 ]1()- 24 0 2oo 2 230 225 2 90. 235 85 1i7570- 65 i
C 22 C240 1 240 (2..
340 Z 240
-a a 2

30-

24 0 5 2 0 20 3 4 3 2 405

30 230 Z4 D 230 2 230

5 4 240 248 2A0
245 C52 2S 242

245 4 45 28 20 240 2023 2 2

2n 45 23 225 5M

23 2 40 ~ 2 5 5 ( 241 22523520 (:145 2352 25 2 232 2

-23 I 2 2 30 2

2 23 2 48 25

U2 22 2 4 5 21 2223225 C 235 3 2 425 240 25 24.15

255 2 20 2M
.23

2n0 230 C 240

2425 2 22 5 - 230325 3 2O5252X2 25 25 0 202
23 2Z 2x0 2400
235 022 23 25 222..52
25 Z2 2
F 2T's5 0 r C a7 235 20
19 5 230 2M 25 235D2220

2 5 - 2 30 23521 2122 5 3 2 52 0 4

The
'23.n im 3i0 2n
225 235 23 j P 235 2 40 230 15
23 23 235 238 C2

VO 22 25--235 (::: 35 25 3 20 24024

C2 235 23 3522

C23
, I Q 20 30 30 23
235 25 233240D
3523 05 10C -31C25 0 0 40 5
238 22 LCZ 20 20 2
C24 20 7 46 240C
C23 20 24
235 225 1 240') o

Figure 10. Hurricane Camille at 1500 to 1900 GMT on August 14, 1969, as depicted by 6.5- to 7.0-um TBB's from the MR I
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
boundary of the cirrus extends about 15' north of Camille which is approximately 50 fur-
ther north than 12 hours ago. The large area of inferred subsidence northwest of Camille
had split in two and weakened, and the eastern portion became closer to the storm center
as a result of a northerly flow on the west side of a strong shear line over the U. S. and the
northwestward movement of Camille.

August 15, 1969

The next Nimbus-3 observation of Camille and the surrounding systems was-between 0400
and 0800 GMT on August 15. At this time, Camille was a tropical storm rapidly approach-
ing hurricane status about midway through the first deepening phase. Figure 11 depicts the
10- to 11-pm measurements, and it is evident that the symmetrical appearance of the storm
had changed to a system where a prominent spiral band extended to the east of the center
and the highest clouds were near the center. There is also evidence of two other bands
(best shown by the 265-K line) located well southeast of the center. The development of
these bands is in apparent response to the organization of a broad southeast current from
the surface to 700 mbar which had a large inflow component. The surface chart for 1200
GMT on August 15 (Figure 12) shows two reports of a southeast wind at 15 to 20 kn in
the band area. At 850 mbar, the windspeed increased to 30 kn. Thus, with the storm
moving northwestward at 8 kn, this boundary-layer air was moving almost directly toward
the storm center and was approaching the storm in that indicated area at an average speed
of about 15 kn. This air was passing over water with a surface temperature of 303 to
304 K, which is 2 K above the mean sea surface temperature (about two standard deviations)
for August in this region (Reference 8). Confluence is indicated in this southeast quadrant
up to 700 mbar and most likely resulted in the production of the two bands. The develop-
ment of these bands with the continuation of an efficient outflow mechanism aloft may
be an indication of further deepening of the storm.
The outflow north of the center appears to be operating efficiently as the cirrus is more
widespread and either higher or more opaque than 12 hours earlier as seen on the 6.5- to
7.0-gAm map (Figure 13). Camille was then in a moist environment, at least in the upper
troposphere as there was no evidence of dry air within 5 0 of the center. The tongue of dry
air that was to the northwest is now closer to the storm center, partly due to Camille's
motion and partly due to continued advection of dry air toward the southeast. As a result,
it is more difficult to detect the subsidence that had probably been produced earlier by
Camille, since this apparently had merged with the dry air tongue that had moved south-
westward. Slight evidence of the original inferred subsidence pattern remained with the
band of relatively high TBB's in all of the infrared channels southwest of the storm center.
Twelve hours later there was evidence from the reconnaissance aircraft reports that the rate
of deepening had slowed or stopped. The 10- to 11-pm channel chart with ATS-3 low-level
cloud motions superimposed (Figure 14) shows that Camille had a more circular appearance
and that the area of intense cloudiness covered a larger area than 12 hours before. There
was an extensive area southeast of the center where the TBB's were < 264 K, which was

15
 100- 95' 85- NO M
20* f 75 - 0-70-
22 65 00
i an 2 3

20) N 270 -1 290

27 252
M@ M 2
052* 27

2@
nom
2@0
no U
25 M C) 2W 40 7

2N 27 7 2 5 2 28

soo se so
mt
2~ 22, a 2 M
230 2W 2M 24 5 202
2--

2M 2 2N

2N M 22024 25020 so 270 2750

2 25
D 248 210 M M
250 2 N 24
2 7 9 2522

2gg27 80 2 250

M~
218
230 2" Y ~ i~ ~"
M4 10*

272 2 200
280 2
M5 270250 2 0 23 288
270 10 40 - OD
r* 240
2 g2 20230 270
"270 70 20 21N-
28 M s

1,217 231 22
~~250
20 230

CM 0 70
260
220 M5 20 20 ero s 2de
s0 no 702 2w 0
2 ZU 290

Figue
a 040
1. Huricne
to080 amile
GMTon ugut 15 199, s deictd by10-to 1 -A TB' sfromtheMRI
sesr.Te sthrs
r gvn nK n teccln cneri idcae b hecrce cos
Figure~~~~~ at 0400 080 240 onAgs258160a-eice
248ian 2aml0 250 0M 1-to1-mTBs rmteM
 110o 105* 100* 95* 90* 85o 80* 75* 70* 65* 60* 55*

35* ::, no 2 . 35PN

otl~ ,e * *

30o 30*

25* "o 2a " 25

ifoasC
.c- -I Ob

2.

20* 2 2 20*
6I a
2i ass as .3 o~

t'g'n

15* 24 15

IO* --_ =* ' , so E- IO*~50

IO5W 100* 95* 90* 85* 800 75* 70* 65* 1O*W

Figure 12. Surface data and streamline analysis for 1200 GMT on August 15. 1969.
 110 21250 105' 2100 2 95* 2 5/90 5. 80. 30 - 75. :55 21 55- 35*

235
235

245 24
240 30
240 245 240 U
5230
40 2235 5245
22
C245 22050 235 O 2s 2 352s a
2253 235
52 230 r5

20240 00 225 235

D 2 40 U 3 235
240
23 24 25 230 235 35

230 225 2235

30 235 2220 235O

20 230 232 2152 5 25 5 3 25 22

20a3 240 03
22

230 (25 23 2152 C2202225 21 225

242 25320

0~4 22? 220 23 5 23330c

235 0 5O2

20120 0230 230T5

23

230
2 2 0 230 235 2502 1
3 235 23525 225 235

2 5 220 25 5 2 230 202520(3

U35 235 r35- 23022 2102120 235 C230

235
235 D523 2235
230
4,
220 225 238

235 235 223522

8 23522 25 25 220 2

230 23Z - 231 2 5 5 240

Figure 13. Hurricane Camille at 0400 to 0800 GMT on August 15, 1969, as depicted by 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB' s from the MRIR
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.

-A~
 110, 5 0 7' 2b

no a j7 I~ M2V2

7 z

M
ni i, M Q Mr-

AID 31~

%19 (-21.

11eu, t2

t. , I
2V 70 "0 2M,

2 . 2 0 2,
270 C:7 II 27

- Ma

211

M 2 1 U196

Figure 14. Hurricane Camille at '1400 to 1800 GMT on August '15, '1969, as depicted by 10- toll-Jim TBB' s from the MRIR
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross. Superimposed on the analysis
of the radiation data is the surface analysis and cloud motion vectors derived from low clouds tracked from the ATS-3 satellite
\e images. The cloud motion directions are indicated by the arrows and the speeds are in knots.
indicative of the continued cloud development in conjunction with the low-level confluence
that was shown by the low cloud motions. The band of cloudiness was continuous from
the ITCZ to Camille. The low cloud motions that were located between the two principal
developing cloud bands were generally a few knots higher than to the northeast of the
bands, even though the pressure gradient from conventional analysis was about the same
inside and outside the bands.
The presence of a surface depression along the leading edge of a band would increase the
pressure gradient between the band and the environment and thus increase the winds just
ahead of the leading edge. Tatehira (Reference 9) has indicated that a depression of about
1 mbar occurred with the passage of the leading edge of an outer spiral band of a typhoon.
The band that is south-southeast of the center of Camille appears to be the most active of
the two bands. If this is true, the greatest pressure gradient would be between and parallel
to the bands (along the east side of the strongest band). That is where the area of consis-
tently high velocities (26 to 29 kn) are located. The band formation will also increase the
low-level convergence and therefore maintain the vigorous cloud growth within the bands.
There is a possibility that the surface pressure is being lowered along the band by tropo-
spheric warming caused by latent heat release. Gentry (Reference 10) has found that the
temperatures are lower in hurricane bands at a considerable distance from the eye wall than
the immediate surrounding environment due to entrainment. The average width of the
precipitating bands in his investigation was around 20 to 40 km. It is not possible to ac-
curately estimate the precipitating width of the strongest band south-southeast of the center
of Camille, but the width of extensive cloudiness averages more than 350 km. This suggests
that the precipitating width is considerably greater than 20 to 40 km. Under these con-
ditions entrainment would probably have a small effect. Whether the effect is sufficient
to produce a warm core band cannot be proven with these data. Simultaneous aircraft
flights making temperature measurements would be necessary.
Outflow from the strongest cluster (as measured by the lowest TBB's along the most active
band centered at 130 N, 780 W) was probably augmenting the velocity of two clouds
(28 to 29 kn) just to the north of the cluster by about 10 kn. A cloud motion further
to the north (19 kn) was most likely more representative of ambient conditions in the
band.
The development of the clouds in the confluence zone could be an important factor for a
more rapid transport of moist air into the inner circulation of Camille. Conventional data
indicate that the winds between the surface and 850 mbar had about the same radial com-
ponent toward the storm between 0000 GMT on August 15 and 0000 GMT on August 16.
The low-level winds were as high as 35 kn transporting moist air at 850 mbar with a large
radial component 350 km southeast of the center at 0000 GMT on August 16, preceded by
30-kn and 35-kn winds at similar locations 12 and 24 hours earlier. Thus, with a similar
environment for 24 hours the cloud development was able to continue.

20
A small area of TBB's > 290 K was located west of the storm, which indicated some suppres-
sion of low-level cloud development. To the east was a larger area that was most likely
associated with upper horizontal convergence produced by the outflow, where the strength
and position changed little on the 200 mbar analysis between 1200 GMT on August 15 and
0000 GMT on August 16.

North of the cyclone center, the cirrus shield persisted as seen in the 6.5- to 7.0-pm
measurements (Figure 15), indicating that ventilation was still present. The ventilation is
clearly shown by the middle and high cloud motions from ATS-3 where a strong southerly
current exists at the cloud levels for at least 1100 km. Also, the cloud motions indicate
local outflow from one of the clusters in the band southeast of Camille that was assumed
to be the most active from the analysis of the 10- to 11-pm measurements. The local out-
flow that is typical of a vigorous cluster gives further support to the earlier assumption
regarding the relative strength of the two bands.
The 200-mbar chart for 0000 GMT on August 16 (Figure 16) indicates that the flow over
southern Florida had changed from southerly to westerly. This change was most likely
an expansion of the outflow area of Camille. East of the cirrus there is a well-defined
ridge line demarcated by 6.5- to 7.0-/pm T B's as high as 244 K and the cloud motions.
The 200-mbar analysis cannot confirm the presence of the line since the high TBB's were
east of Florida. It is likely that some of the cirrus ejected by the outflow dissipated in the
dry air associated with the ridge line. West of Camille the relatively high TB area had
weakened and moved little with respect to the center, and the upper horizontal conver-
gence as shown by the cloud motions is coincident with the highest TB 's.
A chart was prepared combining the measurements from the two water-vapor channels and
the reflectance channel to more clearly delineate the regions of most intense cloudiness and
the areas where the strongest subsidence could be inferred. The mapped values were gen-
erated from the expression T, + T4 + (100 - R), where Ti and T4 are the channel 1 and 4
T ,'s respectively, and R is the normalized reflectance. Thus, a dry atmosphere over the
ocean would be characterized by relatively high T, 's and a low reflectance. For example,
if T, = 245 K, T4 = 265 K, and R = 10, then the mapped value would be 600. At the other
extreme, with deep convection, the same set of measurements could be T, = 210 K,
T4 = 210 K, and R = 70, and the mapped value would be 450.
Figure 17 depicts the combined values for the daylight satellite observations on August 15.
There are two regions where the values are > 580 and these are about where the two areas
of maximum TaB's were seen in Figure 15. Values of > 600 occur only over a very limited
area in the western region and in the center of the ridge line in the eastern region. This
chart indicates that the air was probably drier throughout the tropospheric column in the
eastern region. This same result could have been deduced from the examination of the data
from each of the three channels, but the new chart presents the information in a more
convenient form. Near the storm center values of < 440 indicate the two portions within
the cloud shield where the most intense cloudiness was located. These values are compar-
able to those observed in the most intense portion of the ITCZ on the same day.

21
 110- 105- 109- 5- 10. 85- _/ so, 7 To- 2 55 *6~

t2.

,DD
45 r2 M CT M Q 2A 2B 23

211

20 a 3

2 20

3.

2 0 2 8 30 . 302 3 23 2

Fiue1.Hu 0 40 o10 MTo uut15 0 99 s eitdby65 o70-mTBSfrmteMI

.1 n

sesr.Tei 25 2 35 -40 ndctd yth icldcos.Speipoe

14 24cylnecneri n h nayi

ofte
r cod aiain oio aa etosdeiedfomhghad idl lod rakd rm 2Meiagsan
T-3s3 h

stremlie
bsedon aalyis he loudmotonsand200-barrawns.The . lou moiondiretios ad seedsareindcatd

30 14 C90 23 3 2 .2. 240re

115- 110. 105- 100. 95* 90* 8 Bo*
s* 75- 70- 65* 60. 55'

40-
U

51.9 9 '4,47.3
-545/ -55, O

54.0 4
-52.8 04
-52.5
1.8 -56.0 -54.
3U
5 4
_ 5-51 - 3.
51.8 6
-53.9

4 4
25*
-54.2 -524 -53. .4
3

-55.3

20*
-51

1 - .4
-527 -54.0 -551 -54.9
-54.0 - 5 0j1
\
84~ 0 -55.0
.15

,/ } 55.9

-53.9 -54.9
9

Figure 16. 200-mbar radiosonde data and streamline analyses for 0000 GMT on August 16, 1969.
 110 6 105 100 95* 90* 0 85 7 5 7 0 60* 5 2
Goo- 550 5
50Q
5 57
540
565
5
50 52
5560 to
540 500
560
Goo

582 50 a0

58 540ase e

80 8 680 5 4 02

544 50

55 Soor i

46A 0 520 8 $4 5 So54

so 556 5 Sool

580104
5 So) 5 2 gg 5401
so 541 15,;
52 5854 g 004
520 o.

41 2020 55, og 0 2 0.

G T oouu 440ia 440lt 5@9 490 s d p c e y h o b n t o f t e T

Fg i u r 1 70 n l 1 4 0 ts80
measuement 0i h w 5)fo ae ao hnesadtenraie elcac esrmnsfo h elcac
e tri n w yt ecrld cos
4ha nn (m-ta inn m n0 h R R s n o .T ec 0iei con

Figure 17. Hurricane Camille at 1400 to 1800 GMT on August 15, 1969, as depicted by the combination of the B
measurements (in K) from the two water vapor channels and the normalized reflectance measurements from therefectance
channel (spectral albedo in pet-cent) of the MRIR sensor. The cyclone center is snown by the circled cross.
August 16, 1969
Twelve hours later, Camille had probably begun the most dynamic deepening phase of its
life cycle. The changes in the structure of Camille as seen in satellite observations also
reach a climax. The 10- to 11-/pm TBB's (Figure 18) show that the size of the active cloudi-
ness, as defined by the 235-K isotherm, had been reduced by about a factor of three from
the last satellite observation. Therefore, during the early portion of rapid deepening, the
cloud canopy contracted sharply. The cloud bands in the converging moist air southeast
of the center were still strong and extended 1100 km from the center. The outer limit
of the cloud bands was almost exactly the distance from Camille's center where the sur-
face streamlines began to converge at 1200 GMT on August 16 (Figure 19). There were no
rawinsonde measurements close to the center but the surface reports show the continued
inflow where the wind speeds were 20 to 30 kn. West of the center, the area covered by
T BB > 290 K had expanded considerably in 12 hours. This large expansion represents
a substantial increase in the region where the cloudiness was being suppressed. This would
indicate that the subsidence surrounding Camille over a large area was beginning to affect
the cloudiness in response to the increased vigor of the inner circulation.
The 6.5- to 7.0-pm and 20- to 23-Mm measurements (Figures 20 and 21) also indicate the
subsidence increase west and northwest of the center at higher levels. Twelve hours earlier
there had been a weakening band of high TBB's oriented northwest-southeast that was most
likely advected from north of the storm. The high TBB's at this time encircle the center in
the western semicircle, which suggests that they were produced by the hurricane. They
cover approximately the same area as that covered by the > 290-K isotherm in Figure 18.
It is interesting that the time lag between the increased vertical motion in the inner portion
of Camille and the subsidence appeared to be small. The cyclone center had moved off the
northern Cuban coast for only about 4 hours. A more exact assessment of the lag would
require geosynchronous satellite measurements.
By 1500 to 1900 GMT on August 16, Camille had become a very severe hurricane. At
1800 GMT a U.S.. Air Force reconnaissance aircraft measured a central pressure of
908 mbar. Therefore, Camille deepened about 60 mbar in 24 hours. The 10- to 11-Mm
measurements (Figure 22) show that the intense portion of the Camille cloud canopy
(TBB < 235 K) had expanded by about a factor of four in 12 hours. There were two areas
of great activity, one near the center with TBB's between 200 and 204 K (the lowest record-
ed during the entire life cycle) and another of 205 to 209 K imbedded in the broad band
southeast of the center. The low TBB measurements near the eye were almost perfectly
centered, thus suggesting an intense circular wall cloud. This is verified by the concurrent
high resolution (3 km) image dissector camera system (IDCS) image (Figure 23) in
which the eye is clearly seen and the wall cloud is like an inner ring surrounded by the
rest of the cloud system that is separated by a ring that had a lower brightness than the
clouds forming the rest of the canopy or the wall cloud. These features suggest that the
cloud tops within the wall cloud ring had reached a higher level than the surrounding
clouds and that the air was descending immediately once it moved outside of the wall

25
115 110- 105- 100- 95 20590 20 20 2 0 ('221 5 75* 7 5 602
h/ 2 50
00 250220 M
200 210 20
20 2 290

220M 210
20
so 29
270 230*
248 217

S270' 20-
210

255 200~22
1g 270

2201 2 M"

no 210 270 280 2"

25
20 M27 20M 0

2 5 2 0 2 2 18 2 40 25029

2 2M 250 290
I . /- to '27 48 2
2M 2 2 22 -M 27 20 5*

2280: 2 27M 29 5
IU- 271 M 2D 220 2 na 70
2 18 H e C e 0
270
t,
p 240
20 c0 4

sensor. The4 ic th

Figure
H i 18
Cmi a 0 to 0A 1 9 a d 0t by 10
-20 71-210 22
20 senso.
T 250 C2,i
250 M 2 21
2. 260L

ZW 28 2 20' C 0

Figure 18. Hurricane Camille at 0300 to 0700 GMT on August 16, 1969, as depicted by 10- to 11 -,m T,,IS from the MRIR
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
35 1100 1050 100' 95* 90* 850 800 75* 700 65" 600 55*W
11 23 2: 35* N
35*
a '
i9 24

to t

30* 2. 2 2
3o*
2. 2 2
31 4~ 13/~ 0

2. 2I. 23

2
225
20** 2102

6)6

FSi g r 19. 2;n 6, 24 2

15* as 2 s . A
2.0'.&150

250 ~ ~~~ l ; 22 212 ze

a o3

20'21

2 2.

50* Nt 2N 5.-
10*

50 YNo

105*
100 950 90 850 800750 70065* 60*

Fiue1.Srfc aaad temieanlssfr120GTo ugs 6 99

105* 100 950 9Q0 850 0

800 750 70. 650 60 W
Fgr 1
 115- 110* - 105* 100- 95* 90-238 8 -230 23080 75- 230 70- 20V 25 60- 55*
23D S 230

225 3 235 3 2303 3235 235

035

23 8 3 8 23530
2820235

25 V 2 1 28 3 5 2 23553 25
2 8 255 230 2323

2 82 20 235
\) \\ 220 235

nol 25 2n 231
230 235 525235 235"o 235
2458 U5 23020 anne,,
2M 30

n as
235 as 221s
as 233 A3 2no
2 235 235 2ae'S 23 2
22' 225 23 :</24. 13 230 3 Q!
21 230 M 215 Cus
230

305 52 5 2 2 40 2 523

23
25 23 13 22 230 23U 35
23 230 220s

231 ... 23 225 2 , 220 20 15230 C20 G23

nded

225- 31 21 230 230 25 \ I ! 0 M~,\/

22, 25 235 22 2300 22521 25
30g 0 225 21 2 2
2V
23 1 A2
220 22 21.1
Fiue20 230 uriaeCail
230 21 0230 Is 0700 GMT _15 23
16adeitdb6-o70-mT 25us 230
220 sfrmheMis- 5

2 20 2
23822J 20
225 5 20Il
Q 2 3
22523 23 2

Figure 20. Hurricane Camille at 0300 to 0700 GMT on August 16, 1969, as depicted by 6.5- to 7.0-prn T,, s fror the M R I
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
 115W 11 0W 105°W 100°W 95°W 90°W 85°W 80°W 75°W 70°W 65W 60"W 55°W

-3/ / 35ON

cz 3 Q. Q.~ 0~

26o Q
5255N

230 255"
20go

r
24o w
Po ca 2a
2
cd- a. 10"N
0"
iOON~B

~a, m 15oN
235 0 Gh m i,
2151-,

Figure 21. Hurricane Camille at 0300 to 0700 GMT on August 16, 1969, as depicted by 20-to 23-#m TBB's from the M RIR sensor.
Figure 2l. Hurricane Camille at 0300 to 0700 GMT on August '16, centerasisdepicted
The isotherms are given inK and the cyclone 1969, by 20- to,23-~m T,, s from the MRIR sensor.
indicated by the circled cross.
5: The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
 95-() M 9 2M0 28 1m 70- 65' so-
s a 110' O
05 = MO3 10

WGH35

255*

70 7O
31
0 30nd

s r s rie cros S

WV
Q Goo 30

1131

17n
18617

of the radiation data is the surface analysis and cloud motion vectors derived from low clouds tracked from the ATS-3 satellite
imanes. The cloud motion directions are indicated by the arrows and the soeeds are in knots.
Figure 23. Hurricane Camille at 1900 GMT on August 16, 1969, as seen by the Nimbus-3 Image Dissector
Camera System (IDCS).

cloud. The subsidence would dissipate or reduce the opacity of the cirrus and produce
the lower brightness ring that separates the wall cloud from the rest of the cloud system.
Southeast of the center, the broad cloud band system was continuous from the ITCZ into
Camille's circulation, and the low TB,,'s seen in Figure 22 indicate that a substantial per-
centage of the area contained middle and high cloudiness. The low-level cloud motions
shown in Figure 22 continue to exhibit the general confluence in the low-level wind field,
and the cloud speeds toward the cyclone are much higher than the northwest motion of
the storm. West of the center the area of TB,,'s > 290 K had continued to expand and
measurements of> 295 K covered approximately 40 percent of the area where TuB's

31
> 290 K occurred over the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, the suppression of cloudiness (probably
low-level) had become more widespread and had intensified in some of the areas to the
point where all cloudiness had probably disappeared. After correction for the atmosphere,
a 295 K TBB was within 2 K of the sea surface temperature. The cloud motions showed
evidence of low-level divergence over portions of the area where TBB > 290 K. Also, the
0.2- to 4.0-Mm reflectance (Figure 24) of < 10 percent covered nearly the entire Gulf west
of the Yucatan Peninsula.
The water vapor channels exhibited some remarkable changes (Figures 25 and 26). In the
entire western semicircle over a radial width of about 50, higher TBB 's were found with
the maximum measurements of 245 K in the 6.5- to 7.0-gm channel northwest of the
center, and 268 K in the 20- to 23-Am channel further away and west of the eye. Massive
subsidence can be inferred as the increased circulation within Camille became reflected
in the large ejection of air to the periphery. This is particularly impressive when the
evidence from the conventional data indicates that the 200-mbar flow east of the storm
also increased between 0000 GMT and 1200 GMT on August 16 and did not diminish in
the following 12 hours. The region of maximum upper convergence appears to be along
a line 50 northwest of the center where the 6.5- to 7.0-gim TBB's were 245 K. Air was
apparently flowing northwestward to converge with the eastward moving air around the
base of the trough over the central United States. A combination of the 200-mbar rawin-
sonde reports for 1200 GMT and the high and middle cloud motions from ATS supports
that interpretation of the radiation map (Figure 25). The analyzed line of upper horizontal
convergence was within 100 km of the area of 245 K TBB's northwest of the cyclone center.
Because most of the emission in the 6.5- to 7.0-gm channel came from the 300- to
500-mbar layer, which was just below the region of probable maximum horizontal conver-
gence at about 200 mbar, the subsiding air in this layer was most likely not far from the
position where the air initially began its descent. The location and shape of the maximum
20- to 23-gAm TBB's suggests that the air did not descend vertically. The maximum descent
in the 400- to 700-mbar layer is inferred to be further west and over a larger region. With
the lack of conventional measurements it was not possible to correlate the 12- or 24-hr,
6.5- to 7.0-pm and 20- to 23-gm TBB changes with computed vertical motions. However,
these TBB changes should be related to the relative difference between the vertical motion
in the two layers. Over the area 6 to 80 W of the center, where clouds were probably
absent for the 24-hr interval, the A TBB's in the 6.5- to 7.0-gm and 20- to 23-gim channels
were about 60 and 100, respectively. Thus, an estimate of the ratio of the subsidence
strength would be 10/6, with the greatest sinking in the 400- to 700-mbar layer. Since the
maximum vertical motion usually occurs at the level of nondivergence and this level is
about 600 mbar, the result was not surprising.
The three-channel combination chart is shown in Figure 27. West of Camille the large-
scale subsidence had produced widespread values that were at or slightly below 600,
in contrast to a small area 24 hours earlier. A value of 418 near the center was the mini-
mum for Camille during its life cycle and was close to the minimum observed for any cloud
mass anywhere on the charts during the Camille period.

32
 230

2o5*

10 N

1 ~\) \\~~ 20'~~2-~~

Figure 24. Hurricane Camille at 1500 to 1900 GMT on August 16, 1969, as depicted by 0.2- to 4.0-pem normalized
reflectance measurements from the MRIR sensor. The isolines are spectral albedo in percent and the cyclone center
w is indicated by the circled cross.
 5 105 l00 95 25 no 90* As . 75 70- 65" 60

c~ 2M

2 ; 30

2 0
2350
mM M2

e\Ci~ jcB3 / o25* \

AUG 16/ 2969 040

theI 4 sam a mn as in Figure2./

C34~ e3 0- I LL--~JRno 2 40/ 5L 4 35i~~Bd

2 2 15L) 341-

AUG~ 96 12

A 1816'),"
OT

Figure 25. Hurricane Camille at 1500 to 1900 GMT on August 16, 1969, as depicted by 6.5- to 7.0-m TBB's from the MRI R
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross. Superimposed on the analysis
of the radiation data are cloud motion vectors derived from high and middle clouds tracked from ATS-3 satellite images and the
streamline analysis based on the cloud motions and 200-mbar rawins. The cloud motion directions and speeds are indicated in
the same manner as in Fiaure 14.
 110- 105- 100- 95- no 90- 85.2. , 80- 75- 70- 65- 60-

_260 C 26a 2

Cf~C

D2. 26 26 "o30

20 650i~J V

'i[o

no 1-2 "
2.'-'(

24oi

- 21 21 2. S

2. 2

255(

(21) 0 36I C,

-2 255CI G
JC30
(1~ ,-2.

w Fiure26.Hurican Caill at1500to 900GMTon Agus 16 199. a deictd b 20-to 3-Em TBIS romth2.0I
vl snsor Th isoherm ar givn i K ad th cylonecentr Io(-240ss i indcatd bythe
 r 100. 95 o / sS 75' 65 " So
"110

I m U " , 2...

on I )Um H

albedo in percent) of the MRI R sensor.

August 17, 1969
Thirteen hours later (0400 to 0800 GMT) Camille gave the appearance in the satellite
data of a storm that had weakened. There were no reconnaissance eye penetrations near
the satellite observation time, but the aircraft monitoring the storm on radar and making
wind estimates outside the most active region reported that the cyclone appeared to main-
tain its peak strength. The low 10- to 11-Mm TBB's (Figure 28) near the center covered a
sharply reduced area from 12 hours before. Southeast of the center there was still evidence
of a low-level moisture inflow where the TBB's associated with the broad cloud bands were
generally not as low as 12 hours earlier.
The 6.5- to 7.0-/am measurements (Figure 29) show that a new surge of cirrus had appar-
ently moved northeastward in response to southwesterly flow over western Florida, Ala-
bama, and Mississippi. The area of dry air west of the center had become smaller and the
TBB's were not as high as 12 hours before in both the 6.5- to 7.0-ym and 20- to 23-1m
measurements (Figure 30), which indicated that there had been similar reduction in the size
of the relatively clear area. Thus, the subsidence had most likely weakened.
It is unfortunate that there were no reconnaissance aircraft measurements of central pres-
sure taken at the time of the satellite observations early on August 17. The strong surge in
the conversion from potential to kinetic energy that accompanied the rapid deepening
could have surpassed an equilibrium state during the day on August 16. Then, 12 hours
later in response to the equilibrium overshoot, the reverse was observed where the circula-
tion was below the equilibrium state. The details of any possible oscillations in energy level
could be specified more definitively with frequent measurements in the same spectral
intervals from a geosynchronous satellite.
In the last Nimbus satellite view of Camille before it crossed the U.S. coastline (1500 to
1800 GMT on August 17), the 10- to 11-pm TBB's (Figure 31) indicated that the cyclone
cloud shield had again expanded both horizontally and vertically, but not to the extent
that it had near midday on August 16. Perhaps equilibrium had now been reached. Also,
the cloud bands southeast of the center had become narrower than before. This suggests
that the rapid inflow of high moisture content air from that quadrant was diminishing.
Camille had now increased its forward movement to 11 to 12 kn in the same direction
as the flow in the southeast quadrant. Thus, even with the same windspeeds, the net in-
flow would be smaller. There appeared to be a cloud band almost due south of the center
that was separated from the other cloudiness. Streamline analyses show that the maximum
surface and 850-mbar convergence was the greatest in this region. Since the distance
between the ITCZ and Camille was increasing, the entrainment of drier air was becoming
a greater possibility, further reducing the chances that the influx of moisture from that
source could be continued at the previous rate.
Despite these circumstances, Camille was still a severe hurricane (minimum central pressure
of 905 mbar). A probable major contributing factor was that the sea surface temperatures
surrounding the storm were 2 to 3 standard deviations above normal (304 to 305 K).

37
 I15 0O00' BS* 801*09 75* . /-0. I 70' 65-

2 288 2 2100 621 270

227 a260"" -
28 M 80 --- 2.5202
2M20 'm002

210 M2
22M0

214 258290 200

maa
NO0 6 0 2 25

22 25
0

:5 2 50

so 20
200 270 2M 2 507 MM20

2 250240
5 2 0 27 29 21

2809 270,
2;2D 230
25 s IS 2 5 2260 A --- 2214

2 01-
240 20 - -230
70 80 20 25 25O7 26 27
258 260
210 U so Us' 2 2. 250- 250 - 02. 28,2 260 29
211 23 2 6% 23
2 1
24

23026 90
2 4g 210 240 2 70

( nan 240 DOr 2.

205 0 4
2 240 2 0 - 2
4

2 MM 0026 210 ?o0

Figur 27 IO i"
2840rcaeCml
t00 2o 080 G ; 1C?,
M onAs 1 7 199 de.c.e b21-to1-mT
27 ,7: sfo/teM

Fiue2.HriaeCmil t00 o00 M o uut1,16,a dpce y1-t 1-UmTB'sfo h R

sesr h sthrsaegvn nKadteccln etri idctdb hecrldcos
 11 110' 2 -105 -100 3-'95-3 0 soU35 *s*

0 40
S50 235
255 2 Q50 235 230

U 235
23525
240 24J 235 252Q
224 2 235 2 40 235 023 2 2

224 ) 2. .23
240 240 2 230 24040 230:
235 240
24
240 2* 2 2330 24 - 25 2 '
2.s

2450 225 24 2440 2

245 220

245 24 245 250 24 230 C)20

25 2akO 2 245 20

2411 240: 225 22 2M 4

2 55
245 352 2235
0 0 22 223. 240
240 22

n3 220 an 2 235

5~~i
Fiur0 29. 22
2Hricn 2e 230 2 52225 G2amle 2452330 22 202 f t
550025 0
235 225
230 0 sesr 220 5 The i2 40 225 2 2 2i3
20 23 5 2302 2
5 25
24 245 225225 23
- 230 23 225 '20
20
22 2250 230 225240 2252C I3 230 2223
225 0 2 15 2 35
25 245 C2m 225 2 z 2 235 1
22230 2t--'
2252524 231
22015
22 5 45
22
2213
215
0 3 230 25 25 2 511 g 21 3

28225 220 Q 2 2 2 r) 202 25 21 2510

22522 230 2022 24O 125"2 C 235 22 25'
22 2 )e

C235 235D 225 C230 32

a r 235
3
2300 2302 2 220 1 230 20 02230 225 22 25 23 252 2230
23Q 20 2 230
20
220 220 230 25 2153 13N

235 2 20 U 22
235D 2511
251

Figure 29. Hurricane Camille at 0400 to 0800 GMT on August 17, 1969, as depicted by 6.5- to 7.0-jum T, 's from the MRIR
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
 2" 25 M 1245 40-

25
N, o

as~l On
T a0 255

24 245 25

2 45 " 225M 24 i2

Ctr'.

2iura 01t 3 Hurcn i

5M 2 02 M 24 2525 2

Fiue3. urcn ZU 80GT nAgs

27 1.16, sdpctdb 0 t 3~ Ta"fomteMI
2M 2o
senor.Theisohems re ive i K nd he245s yconecener s ndiate byth cicle

2 enor T e c 23m =vK I

 C2W

noG

310 310 no -o~ ?OCf>_C1 C

00

0
0 0.

AUG 1, 19690

Figure 31. Hurricane Camille at 1500 to 1800 GMT on August 17, 1969, as depicted by 10- to 1-m T 's from the MRIR
enar. The imotherrne ame niun in K and cyvone center is indicated by the circled cross.
The 6.5- to 7.0-pm measurements (Figure 32) indicate that dry air produced by the trough
to the north of Camille had moved southward to the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, South-
ern Texas, and Northeastern Mexico. Since the advected dry air was close to Camille, it
was not possible to assess the contribution of any possible subsidence caused by Camille
to explain the processes that caused the dry atmosphere. However, some subsidence still
should have been present because the line of upper horizontal convergence had persisted
west of the center as determined from the 200-mbar rawinsondes and the high and middle
cloud motions.

August 18, 1969

At about 0430 GMT, Camille crossed the Mississippi coast with maximum wind speeds
estimated from damage surveys at 175 kn, and was observed by Nimbus-3 1 hour later.
There had been a sizeable 12-hr decrease in the intense portion of the cloud area as
seen in the 10- to 11-pm measurements (Figure 33), although the maximum cloud-top
heights reached are about the same level near the eye. The separation distance between the
cyclone and the ITCZ had continued to increase, and the cloud patterns suggest that the
main movement of the moist air tongue was passing to the east of Camille with a cloud
band south of the center that was weaker than 12 hours before. The surface air southeast
of the center was still flowing almost directly towards the center, but at 850 mbar the
flow had a smaller component to the west and this air was being carried east of the main
portion of Camille. The principal change in the 6.5- to 7.0-pm measurements (Figure 34)
had been that the T ,'s were lower in the dry air advected southwest of the center. At
the same time, the 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB's associated with the dry air northwest of Camille
had remained about the same. The middle and high cloud motions on August 17 and the
0000 GMT 200-mbar chart indicated that upper tropospheric horizontal convergence
appeared to be increasing in this area as the southwest flow along the outer boundary of
the outflow moved northward into an area of northwest flow.

Over the United States

Interaction with the Westerlies
Camille rapidly weakened as it moved inland. By 1200 GMT the storm had reached Jack-
son, Mississippi, with maximum wind gusts of about minimum hurricane force. Nimbus-3
observed the cyclone near midday when Camille was at tropical storm strength. Figures
35 through 38 show the 10- to 11-pm, 0.2- to 4.0-pm, 6.5- to 7.0-pm, and 20- to 23-pm
channel measurements, respectively. There had been a sharp decrease in the maximum
cloud-top levels (Figure 35). The minimum 10- to 11-im TBB is 225 K, and assuming that
the clouds were opaque and filled the field of view of the radiometer, this temperature is
located at 200 mbar on the 1200 GMT, Jackson, Mississippi, sounding. Twelve hours ear-
lier the minimum cloud top TB,'s were 205 to 209 K, which is near 150 mbar on both the
0000 GMT, August 18 soundings at Jackson and Shreveport, Louisiana. The 2-km drop

42
 1AU0.1969 1. 10517, 952

350

32 C e 2a 4

sensor.
ae v The
iKa it r te c n c t i i d h c i

301

7 630 G
a 30

45 12 30 00 24

Fiue3.Hrian2 80GTo Ags 7 3 99 a eitdb .5 o70~mTBI 2t100t rmteMR

sesr
Teiohem regvninKadth 28 yloe25P 2ctdbytecrce ros uermoedo h aayi
22 2
ofteraito dt r 20 50 M eivdfomhg 3 ndmdl cod takdfrmA Z4 S stlit mgs n h
4540 + 26 tin ad20-br 24 2 25 ain.Te H ludm tondreton 3 0 Z4 n sedsaeiniatdi 2odm
t m20
thesa0 14 3 3 122 20ur
 120- 115- YIOy 105- ' -1270J 95 260. O'd2m aV*0 To70 20 \-72
50' 2027
Z10 7 0 0 Z27

72500 2 0 270 2 2 7

40~ 23 26 '70 C

-270 T 8 250 260

g0 6 02
27 . 2 2 027 260
2102
2, 28o 20 0 2 _ 60
260 2.
210 24 20 0

270 26070

2,, 20 2 70
20 2 2708 2 26

22 2 40

:D0 240 23 60

2200 2603
21 270 25

7* 270 25 20

2M 280 22. ?280 270

2262
2365 0 2g 3 G 8 290102

2 00 6 4 22 0

\ 270 29 n
290 24 220

Figure 33. Hurricane Camille at 0400 to 0600 GMT on August 18, 1969, as depicted by 10- to 11-m Tu'Is from the MRIR
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
 120' 115- 110- IO5 o00 95. 2403 85 *0o* s. 2

K5 23 1

235 0/
230

148 2o 5 23 2 o

225 30

235 23 2a2

240 230 23

2. D 2.
-5- ' N2 35 1 3 ]1
2 n 0 .23

2x~~~ j 23 20451 20

245
2 so 1za 244

23 25 25 2 2254

30

2235

210 20 4014

24
2 s
20I\ U 0 220 245 V
245 2 230 25

P Figure 34. Hurricane Camille at 0400 to 0600 GMT on August '18, 1969, as depicted by 6.5- to 7.0-Gem T 'Isfrom the MRIR
vl sensor. The isotherms are aiven in K and cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
 125" 120- 115" 110' 105' 100* 95* 90* 85 o* 75' 70" 65' 60 55

so28 280

0
25
7
'-2 28 5 5
S2 280
w

300 3M 2

20
8 2"0 2B200 240
280 200 2

so 0(20 6 5 20 "2 025

0
3 1. 0210
700 201

20 2020 2o20 2
300

0a

270 270S

b21 2 so*

20

so'
GO 210
25*

290
5'

2
2400 20 290 29 2.0 1
0
2

2n
2
M3
20 224

2 so30
0 2 530 40 40 22 20 15o

4 260

Figure 35. Tropical storm Camille at 1600 to 1900 GMT on August 18, 1969, as depicted by 10- to 11-ym TBB'S from the MRIR
sensor. The isotherms are given in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
 125. 120. 115. 110. 105* 100. 95* 90, 85. 80, 75' 70' 6. 60, 55

45'

Q.~
ID,-

1o 25

20~
u
~c, 38o
reoin 0.
30C. 40 0 20r
2 0
0 0 1i40

00 30 a3 15 W 0

300 M0 (10,
40 20 . to 21303
1 20 1. 1
4005 0e 30/

0 15c

24

1 C,

13 10 3 20.oss
 e
125' 120 115" 110. 105' 100. 95 90 85 0 750 70 651 60 55*

2B
o0

2n

23
6 3

30as30

- 6,l
Z2-v 3. 30 0 36 2--
3/6, 0
2;
/ 30,3
A 3. 305

',13 i 7 4
4 3
,2A,

20 36 2

01~

0 36l

12
6
4
%

'1101. 120 yt

Figue tor 3. Topial

Caill at160to 100 MT n Agus 18 199. 1I s dpiced b 6.- t 7.-~t Te'" romt21

sesr heiohrs
r ie i n heccoecetr 28 tecrld rs.Speipsdonteaaysso 20.b h

Figure 37. Tropical storm Camille at 1600Oto 1900 GMT on August 18, 1969, as depicted by 6.5- to 7.0-pm Ta's from the MRIR
sensor. The isotherms are given inK and the cyclone center isindicated by the circled cross. Superimposed on the analysis of the
radiation data are cloud motion vectors derived from high and middle clouds tracked from ATS-3 satellite images and the stream-
Fiur3. roialstr Cmll a 60 t 90 MTonAgut 8199,a dpctd y6.-t .01m ,,sfrm h MI
line analysis based on the cloud motions and 200-mber rawins. The cloud motion directions and speeds are indicated inthe
same manner as inFigure 14.
 IS 85- s* T5 70' 65 so, 55*
120* 115, 110* 05 100* 95, 90*
N 125*

2 2 4 250 24045

25D

a 24
M
sRs M 55

2455 235
M5 265
cm~
2425 22

245 245* 255-2Po

o"o
2453

26 455 25 -5 222
2 25 225 250

5 4 255
M 265
4 4 5 23
56
5201525
25 255 240 233 .22 . 260.
24 4 35 22 26

2 40

Figure 38. Tropical torm Camille at 1600 to 1900 GMT on August 18, 1969, as depicted by 20- to 23-prm TBB's from the
MRIR sensor. The isotherms are aiven in K and the cyclone center is indicated by the circled cross.
in maximum cloud-top height was most likely due to the diminished vigor of the upward
vertical motion in the most intense activity near the center.
Normalized reflectances as high as 70 percent were found near the center (Figure 36), where
the highest reflectances were associated with low 10- to 11-MAm TBB's. The reflectances
that were near 60 percent were accompanied by a wide range of TBB's, some as high as
260 K. This suggests that there may be a relationship between reflectance and the range
of concurrent 10- to 11-Mm TBB's when the reflectance is high. The results of a small
study investigating this possible relationship are shown in the Appendix.
Perhaps the most interesting satellite observations made of Camille during this phase of its
lifecycle were taken by the two water vapor channels (Figures 37 and 38). Surrounding
the center to the north and west was a band of high TBB's which were higher than 12 hours
before. This was surprising since the cyclone had weakened so much, and therefore, it
should follow that any storm-produced subsidence would diminish. Upper horizontal
convergence between the outflow and the westerlies over the lower Mississippi Valley that
was first noted from the cloud motions and 200-mbar measurements on August 17 (Figure
37) had become more extensive and intense. The cloud motions on August 18 best illus-
trated the horizontal convergence zone, with the clouds within the outflow moving from
the south and the clouds moving from the northwest in toward Camille in the area north-
west of the outflow.
To obtain a better understanding of this area of high TBB's, both the 1200 GMT, August 18
and 0000 GMT, August 19 constant pressure charts were analyzed every 50 mbar from the
surface to 100 mbar and at the 70-, 50-, 30-, and 20-mbar levels to examine the synoptic
features. The pressure charts were examined individually and by making a time-lapse movie
for each time, vertical continuity could be observed. Selected constant-pressure charts
will be shown that highlight the results of viewing the movies.
A quasi-geostrophic adiabatic I 0-level diagnostic model was employed for the same period
to examine the middle- and upper-tropospheric dynamics and the water vapor budget. The
model computes vertical velocity from the quasi-geostrophic adiabatic omega equation for
a midlatitude synoptic scale atmosphere at ten levels (1000 mbar to 100 mbar at 100-mbar
increments), with a lateral grid spacing of 169 km (Reference 11). The model was later
modified to compute the local change of water vapor in an adiabatic atmosphere (Reference
12). Since the model will only handle adiabatic processes, results from the model are most
realistic outside the tropical cyclone.
Figure 39 depicts the ground-observed present weather and cloud cover and types at 1800
GMT (less than 1 hour after the satellite overflight), superimposed on the 6.5- to 7.0-gm
TBB's. The cloud information assists in the interpretation of the 6.5- to 7.0-gm measure-
ments where the regions of clouds can be identified that could contribute along with the
water vapor to the sensed radiance. Clouds beneath the cirrus level had a negligible effect.
The areas covered at least in part by cirrus clouds are shown within the dashed lines in
Figure 39. In general, cirrus clouds were not present when TBB > 240 K. Where the

50
 125* Io 115 110" 105" 100* 93* 90" 85" 80 75* 0" W gO,
e0 SS5

o35

DC

.g ON\
Om

. .. .~~~~C-
_ jy:: - 0
35*

0
MO

2o*

Figure 39. Tropical storm Camille at 1600 to 1900 GMT on August 18, 1969, as depicted by 6.5- to 7.0-pm T B's from the
MRIR sensor superimposed upon the ground-observed cloud cover and type and present weather. The isotherms are given in K.
Areas covered by some cirrus cloud cover are shown within the thin dashed line.
 TBB's of > 240 K and cirrus coincide, the occurreince could be explained by satellite
gridding errors, areas of cirrus much smaller than the radiometer field of view, or cirrus
near the local horizon of the observer. Only low and middle clouds occurred in the area
of maximum TBB's northwest of the center. Cirrus were almost always present when the
TBB's were < 235 K. Thus, the only TBB range where considerable interpretation ambiguity
existed was 235 to 239 K.
Figure 40 is the superposition of the August 18, 1200 GMT, 300-mbar chart on the 6.5- to
7.0-pm measurements that were taken 5 hours later. Immediately to the northwest of the

114.0 108.0 102.0 96.0 90D 84.0 78.0 72.0 66.0

43.0 N- b-

S255 -40.0 N

37.0- 0C240

6Jm (2 o- 34.0

31.0- 1
02 0

19.0 NC
105.0W 99.0 9.0 87D 81.0 75.0W

Figure 40. Superposition of the 300-mbar geopotential heights, dewpoint depressions, and winds at 1200
GMT on August 18, 1969, upon the 6.5- to 7.0-/um TB'S from the MRIR sensor at 1600 to 1900 GMT.
The 6.5-to 7.0-/m (thin solid lines) and dewpoint depression (dashed lines) isotherms are given in K and the
geopotential heights are in meters. The areas where the dewpoint depressions are <5 or >15 are accentuated
with a stippled border. Additional stippling depicts the regions where the 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB's are > 245 K.

cyclone is the southwest flow that is part of the outflow. In the dry air further to the
northwest the environmental current is from the northwest. The northwest flow has a
vertical extent from 450 mbar to 150 mbar and the maximum angle with the outflow

52
was at 300 mbar. When the northwest flow reaches the edge of the outflow the air
must go over or around the storm. Since the outflow extends to, or near, the tropopause,
the majority of the air must have flowed around the cyclone. Therefore, the outflow
from Camille was acting as a barrier to the ambient winds.
The barrier effect was at its maximum north-northwest of the center where the outflow
and the ambient flow were almost perpendicular. Since the 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB's were
high and had risen north and west of the center in the past 12 hours, the interaction
was most likely producing subsidence. Some of the dry air was carried east-northeast-
ward from the point of maximum upper horizontal convergence, but the majority of the
air was transported toward the southwest. The dewpoint depression (T - Td) from radi-
osonde measurements was > 15 K over a broad region that included the high TBB's
north and west of the center. Cirrus overriding the dry air, inaccuracies in the radio-
sonde humidity element at cold temperatures, and the 5-hr time difference between
the conventional and satellite observations are probably the main reasons why there were
some TBB 's of < 230 K within the area where T - Td > 15 K. Where the upper hori-
zontal convergence occurred between the outflow and the environment, the time-lapse
analysis of the moisture and wind field indicated that the dry air was penetrating beneath
the outflow layer in the middle and upper troposphere.
To obtain further insight into the causes producing the increasingly warm equivalent TBB's
in the 6.5- to 7.0-pm MRIR water vapor channel west and northwest of Camille, two
procedures were followed. The first was to examine the upper tropospheric dynamics,
and the second was to determine how these dynamics affected the upper tropospheric
water vapor.
Figure 41 depicts the 350-mbar vertical motion patterns superimposed upon the 300-mbar
geopotential height and radiosonde wind observations. There are two areas of interest. The
first is located behind the weakening trough north of Camille. Subsidence of > 1 Pbar/s
had been induced mainly by differential advection of negative vorticity. Cross section A
in Figure 42, which is located west-east vertically through the base of the trough (desig-
nated by line A in Figure 41), delineates the vertical extent of this subsidence between
longitudes 850 to 950 W. It can be seen that the greatest subsidence was in the upper
troposphere. The second area of interest is the obstruction effect previously mentioned in
the synoptic discussion. Here subsidence of > 0.5 pbar/s is observed and is attributed to
both the Laplacian of horizontal cold air advection and to differential advection of neg-
ative vorticity. Since the boundary between the outflow and the ambient flow was much
smaller than the spatial resolution of the grid mesh in the model, it is possible that
higher vertical velocities could be concentrated along the boundary than were calculated
by the model. In quantitatively investigating the horizontal convergence within this area,
it was found from vertical mass influx computations at all 10 levels for 1200 GMT,
August 18, 1969, that the level of maximum horizontal convergence was above the
350-mbar level with horizontal divergence below. Thus, as was suggested in the synoptic
discussion, Camille's upper tropospheric outflow was converging with the westerlies with

53
 12 GMT 18 Aug '69 300 ml
934 92

94

300xjOgpm
- 4
w3 5 0 x 10 mb/sec

Figure 41. 300-mbar geopotential heights and winds and 350-mbar vertical
motions for 1200 GMT on August 18, 1969. Lines A and B denote cross
sections A and B which are shown in later diagrams.

subsidence below. Figure 43 depicts the 300-mbar horizontal divergence field superim-
posed upon the 300-mbar geopotential height and radiosonde wind observations. An area
of horizontal convergence of < -5 X 10-6 s- 1 is seen northwest of Camille. As seen in
cross section B in Figure 44 which is located west-east vertically through the obstruction
effect area (designated by line B in Figure 41), the subsidence again extends throughout
the troposphere between longitudes 880 to 980 W, but with weaker magnitudes in the
upper troposphere as compared with the upper troposphere subsidence behind the trough
as seen in cross section A.
To best illustrate how the two areas of dynamical interest support the tongue of warm
TBB's measured northwest of Camille at 1800 GMT on August 18, three-dimensional tra-
jectories were computed at 3-hr intervals between 1200 GMT on August 18 to
0000 GMT on August 19 at the 350-mbar level. Figure 45 depicts four such trajectories
superimposed upon the field of 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB's for 1800 GMT on August 18. Tra-
jectories 1 and 2 best outline the upper tropospheric flow from the base of the trough
southwestward into the obstruction effect area. It is seen that the parcels were first
under the influence of subsidence behind the trough, but as they moved out of the
trough and into the area of the obstruction effect, the parcels were forced to continue
to subside. Further downstream, southwest of this obstruction effect as outlined by tra-
jectory 4, the air parcel continued to subside during the first 6 hours as it moved south-
westward, but at a much slower rate. This subsidence was completely induced by the

54
 I2GMT 18 Aug '69 Cross Section A
- 4
VERTICAL MOTION = 10 mb/SEC
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY q= g/Kg

200 5

300

500
1.0

700 - ,/6
800 -
900 10
900 - so -
I I I I I I
IIOW 0
O100W 90 0 W 80 0 W
HURRICANE CAMILLE 32.50N 900°W

Figure 42. Cross section A, depicting vertical motions (solid lines) and spe-
cific humidity (dashed lines) for 1200 GMT, August 18, 1969.

Laplacian of the horizontal advection of colder air from the northeast. After 6 hours the
parcel moved into an area of slight ascending motion. Trajectory 3 illustrates an air parcel
moving through the base of the trough. During the first 9 hours the parcel experienced
subsidence induced mainly by differential negative vorticity advection from behind the
trough. However, once the parcel moved out in front of the trough it moved into an area
of ascending motion. Thus the trajectories suggest that there were two tongues of subsid-
ence that were associated with the tongue of warm TBB's: one moving cyclonically north-
eastward through the base of the trough and the other moving anticyclonically southwest-
ward out of the trough and into the area of enhanced subsidence below the obstruction
effect area.

To obtain a better comprehension of what the 6.5- to 7.0-m water vapor channel measure-
ments indicated, an examination of the effects of the upper troposphere dynamics upon
water vapor amounts at this same level was miade. In determining the water vapor budget
the local change of specific humidity for an adiabatic atmosphere was calculated. Assuming

55
12 GMT 18 Aug '69 300 mb

H 940 -5
/ 0
946

-I-
-55

958

0 2

5q - (qw)
967 970
5 sec- t
VH x9520 5

964

foratner
lines)
1200 GMT on August 18,196(2)9.

or

56
56
where

aq/at = local change of specific humidity

-V - Vq = horizontal advection of specific humidity
aw
S = vertical advection of specific humidity
a(qw)
ap
P = precipitation

E = evaporation

All three terms on the right side of Equation 2 were computed from data from 1200 GMT
on August 18, 1969, for the interior grid points from 800 mbar to 300 mbar and were then
algebraically added to obtain the local change of specific humidity. Figures 46 and 47

12 GMT 18 Aug. '69 Cross Section B

-
VERTICAL MOTION W=10 4 mb/SEC
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY q=g/Kg

200 -

00 o

300- A
SII
,-5

oo
o- ;
600- 5 0 60
-40
700 I 5

-40iI I Ie

0
1100 W IW 0
100 90 W 80nW
HURRICANE CAMILLE 32.50 N 90.00 W

Figure 44. Cross section B, depicting vertical

motion (solid lines) and specific humidity (dashed
lines) for 1200 GMT on August 18, 1969.

57
 18 GMT 18 August 69 NIMBUS 3 MRIR 6.5-7.0 pm TBB
230 23

240 240 23

240
20

20

42230

A B4 _' 66 240 A

20 4240

2 0 24 240

Figure 45. Three-dimensional trajectories between 1200 GMT on August 18, 1969, and 0000 GMT on
August 19, 1969, initiated at the 350-mbar level, superimposed upon the 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB's at 1600 to
1900 GMT, August 18, 1969, from the MRIR sensor. The crosses represent the position of the air parcels
at 3-hr intervals and the number to the side represents the pressure height.

represent these water i apor budget computations for a small segment of cross sections A and
B, respectively, at 1200 GMT of August 18. Figure 46 depicts the vertical intersection
through the area of warm TBB's near the trough north of Camille, and Figure 47 depicts the
vertical intersection through the area of warm TBB's in the obstruction effect area north-
west of Camille. The graph located above the local change of specific humidity calculation
represents the 6.5- to 7.0-pm and 20- to 23-pm TBB's along the cross section as observed by
the MRIR sensor approximately 6 hours later. It can be seen from the local change of
specific humidity computations in Figure 46 that the upper troposphere became drier with
a maximum decrease of specific humidity of about 5 X 10s g/kg s- .This drying trend is
attributed mainly to subsidence and to a lesser extent to the horizontal advection of drier
air from behind the trough. This is what is inferred by the 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB trace along
the same segment of cross section A 6 hours later. The location of the maximum TBB
corresponds closely to the location of the greatest upper tropospheric drying.

58
 Cross Section A Cross Section A
12GMT 18 Aug. '69 Nimbus 3 MRIR for 18 GMT
18 August 1969
Local change of specific humidity assuming 20-23m8
August 9
no precipitation or evaporation I K 6.5-7pm --- K
E 270 - 250
-1
Values given in 10-5 g/Kg sec E 260 2500
2600 -0- -2400
00 2500 2300
aw -aqw aq
q ap - Vvq ap at

P P

300 - -00

400 -. .400
/
/00 2 500

600- Slii l
2 600 oo
700 --. 700

95°W 90°W 85°W 950 W 90 0 W 850 W 95OW 90°W 85OW 950 W 90°W 85°W

Figure 46. Segment of cross section A depicting the calculations of the local change of specific humidity
and its partitioned terms from 1200 GMT, August 18, 1969, data and the 6.5- to 7.0-gm and 20- to 23-gm
TBB traces for the same segment of cross section A at 1800 GMT on August 18, 1969.

The same results were found in Figure 47. The upper troposphere also became drier, as seen
in the local change of specific humidity calculations, but at a somewhat faster rate as com-
pared to the calculations represented in Figure 46 for the same level. Again this is attribut-
ed mainly to subsidence, but as before, horizontal advection of drier air from the northeast,
particularly in the middle troposphere, cannot be ignored. The 6.5- to 7.0-pAm TBB at
1800 GMT again shows that the location of the maximum TBB corresponded favorably to
the position of the upper tropospheric segment that had maximum drying.
From the examination of the upper tropospheric dynamics and water vapor budget, it can
be concluded that the dry air that had descended to the west of the trough had moved both
northeastward and southwestward. The southwestward moving branch continued to de-
scend under the influence of enhanced subsidence induced by the upper tropospheric con-
vergence between Camille's outflow and the westerlies.
East of Camille there was another area where T - Td > 15 K in the middle troposphere. This
appears to have been produced by a shear line between two anticyclones east of the storm.
The time-lapse movie that showed the shear line sloped from east to west with decreasing
altitude as the western anticyclone, probably created by the outflow, weakened and disap-
peared below the outflow layer. Cirrus overriding the dry air prevented the occurrence

59
 Cross Section B Cross Section B
12GMT 18 Aug. '69 Nimbus 3MRIR for 18GMT
Local change of specific humidity assuming 18 August 1969
O
no precipitation or evaporation K 2K '

-5 -
Values given in I0 g/Kg sec , 2700 250" ~
E 2600 2400 3
°
C 250' 20-23 m - e 230 0

aw -aqw eq
P ap -VVq ap at P

300 - \- -- 300

400- - 400

500 - C- - 500
600- -600
700- 700

800 0
- 800
Camille at 32.5*N 90.0*W

I 1I 1 il
IOOOW
0
90 W IOOOW 90°W IO00W 900 W IOOOW 90°W

Figure 47. Segment of cross section B depicting the calculations of the local change of specific humidity
and its partitioned terms from 1200 GMT, August 18, 1969, data and the 6.5- to 7.0-pm and 20- to 23-Gm
TBB traces for the same segment of cross section A at 1800 GMT on August 18, 1969.
of high TBB's except for the southern portion where no cirrus was indicated by a few sta-
tions over Florida where TBB's as high as 240 K were observed. Higher TBB 'S were not
measured because the T - Td was not consistently large throughout the 300- to 500-mbar
layer. Below 300 mbar, T - Td generally varied between 10 and 15 and the 235 to 2401
measurements compare favorably to the 236 K TBB that would be expected from a clear
atmosphere using radiative transfer theory and the 1200 GMT temperature and moisture
profile from Tampa.
The superposition of the 500-mbar analysis for August 18 at 1200 GMT on the 20- to
23-pm TBB field is shown in Figure 48. North and west of Camille is the broad dry zone
that was observed in the 6.5- to 7.0-pm measurements. Most of the TBB 'S of > 265 are
within the T - Td > 20 isoline. A small 500-mbar anticyclone was located almost under-
neath the area of maximum horizontal convergence at higher levels. Most of the dry air in
the middle troposphere created by the subsidence was transported southwestward by the
broad current of northeast winds which was similar to observations in the upper troposphere.
The T- Td > 20 measurements east of the center, produced by the shear line, were under-
neath the cirrus moving eastward from Camille. Therefore, this dry area was not detectable
with the 20- to 23-/pm radiances.
In examining the TgB measurements in the 20- to 23-pim water vapor channel, the same
procedures were followed for the examination of the dynamics and the water vapor budget

60
 108.0 102.0 96.0 90.0 84.0 78.0 72.0

0255

.* 15 240

-
5,5 24 40 -34.0

31.0- 0 225

5 .. ..260 20

-0 5525 26355 250

50 ai eh, d o 1i5920a 24

25.0- 20
_0260 222

25 245

19.0
N

1050 W 99.0 930 870 810 75.0

1200 GMT on August 18, 1969, uoon the 20-to 23-Ezm TBB'S from the MRIR sensor at 1600 to 1900 GMT.
The 20- to 23-pm (thin solid lines) and dewpoint depression (dashed lines) isotherms are given in K and the
geopotential heights are in meters. The areas where the dewpoint depressions are < 5 or > 20 are accentuated
with a stippled border. Additional stippling depicts the regions where the 20- to 23-gm TBB'S are > 265 K.

as were used for the measurements in the 6.5- to 7.0-jm channel. However, since the emis-
sion measured in the 20- to 23-pm channel emanates mostly from the middle troposphere
for clear-sky conditions, the dynamics and water vapor budget must be examined in both
the upper and middle troposphere.
The two areas of greatest dynamical interest are the area behind the trough and the area of
the obstruction effect. Figure 49 shows the 550-mbar vertical motion field superimposed
upon the 500-mbar geopotential heights, radiosonde wind observations, and integrated pre-
cipitable water amounts above 800 mbar.
The subsidence associated with the trough in the upper troposphere had created an area of
horizontal divergence that can be seen from the 500-mbar wind observation north of
Camille. This is the small middle tropospheric anticyclone mentioned in the synoptic dis-
cussion. Emanating from this area was a southwest-northeast orientated tongue of

61
 12 GMT 18 Aug'69 500 mb

2 15

gpm
50ooX 10O E> 20mm precipitable water above 800mb
x O- 4
55 0 I
S mb/sec E3< 10mm precipitable water above 800mb

Figure 49. 500-mbar geopotential heights and wind velocities, 550-mbar

vertical motions, and integrated precipitable water above 800 mbar for
1200 GMT on August 18, 1969. Lines A and B denote cross sections A and B
which are shown in later diagrams.

subsidence of the magnitude of >0.5 pbar/s. As seen in cross section A (Figure 42), subsid-
ence extended throughout the middle troposphere and was induced by both the differen-
tial advection of negative vorticity and the Laplacian of horizontal cold air advection.
Further southwestward, under the area of the upper tropospheric obstruction effect, subsid-
ence still existed, but the upper tropospheric convergence was not the dominant reason
for its existence. The tongue of maximum subsidence was further west, away from the ob-
struction effect, and was induced mainly by the Laplacian of horizontal cold air advection
from the northeast. Cross section B between longitudes 90' to 1000 W in Figure 44 best
illustrates the westward displacement of the middle tropospheric subsidence from that in
the upper troposphere.
Figure 50 shows four middle tropospheric trajectories superimposed upon the MRIR 20- to
23-gm TBB field for 1800 GMT on August 18. All of the trajectories originated at the
550-mbar level at the same points as those at the upper tropospherelevel. A descent of near-
ly 12 mbar in the first 6 hours for trajectory 1 shows that the air that moved out of the
trough continued to subside in the middle troposphere. Trajectories 2 and 3 illustrate the
middle tropospheric divergence north of Camille. Air moving out of the area of divergence
subsided during the first 3 hours, but as seen in trajectory 3, air parcels moving out ahead of
the trough moved into an area of ascending motion. Trajectory 4 depicts the subsidence
further downstream west of Camille. Here, under the influence of the Laplacian of horizon-
tal cold air advection, the air continued to subside throughout the period. Thus, in the

62
 18 GMT 18 August 69 NIMBUS 3 MRIR 20-23 pm TBB

26055

A .. A

B
2_ 2.5 B

240 2504

Figure 50. Three-dimensional trajectories between 1200 GMT on August 18, 1969, and 0000 GMT on
August 19, 1969, initiated at the 550-mbar level superimposed upon the 20- to 23-ym TBB's at 1600 to
1900 GMT on August 18, 1969, from the MRIR sensor. The crosses represent the position of the air
parcels at 3-hr intervals and the number to the side represents the pressure height.
middle troposphere, the trajectories suggest that there were again two tongues of subsidence
that coincided with the warm TBB's,one moving northeast of the divergent area ahead of the
trough and the other moving southwestward out of the trough.

Examining the local change of specific humidity for the same segment of cross sections A
and B (Figures 46 and 47) that was examined for the upper troposphere, it is shown in cross
section A that dry air extended downward to 600 mbar, where there was dry air resulting
from subsidence. However, the horizontal advection of moist air from the northwest below
600 mbar essentially compensated for the drying by subsidence. Figure 47 shows that the
loss of moisture in the middle troposphere was contained by both horizontal and vertical
advection. As was found in the 6.5- to 7.0-pm TBB's, the warm 20- to 23-pm TBB 's
correspond favorably with the position of maximum middle level subsidence.

There are two regions where T - Td < 5 K. One is associated with Camille and the other is
over a portion of the northeast United States. In the western third of the latter area the
low TBB 's show the high clouds associated with thunderstorms over Pennsylvania. In view

63
of the westerly current, the small T - Td values east of the thunderstorms were probably the
result of these storms and the westerly current that advected the moisture downstream.
Figure 51 indicates the amount of compressional heating caused by the subsidence at the
600-mbar level. In the dry air the temperatures were 277 to 278 K as compared with 274 K

43.3 - .0
0.0

0.2 o 0.0
3.2 0.2 0.8 0. 0

3.0 4 1.0

L 4240
S2.0

600 MB

Figure 51. 600-mbar geopotential heights (in meters), dewpoint depression (in K) analyses, and radiosonde
stations showing 600-mbar temperature and winds for 1200 GMT on August 18, 1969.
around the periphery of Camille. The dry air extended down to the 850- to 900-mbar layer
underneath the region of maximum upper tropospheric horizontal convergence. Camille
still appeared to be a warm core system in the middle troposphere, because the 277.5-K
temperature measurement at Jackson, Mississippi, was 2 to 4 K warmer than the temper-
atures near the edge of the circulation. The time-lapse movie showed that the area of
T - Td < 5 K increased from low to middle levels with the most noticeable effect be-
tween 700 and 600 mbar. This could have been caused by the outward transport
of moisture in response to high momentum air at low levels moving upward to a region
of lower momentum near the center of a warm vortex.

64
In Figure 51 the 600-mbar wind at Little Rock had a pronounced radial component away
from the storm center.
The time-lapse movie of the radiosonde measurements taken at 0000 GMT on August 19
showed that Camille had weakened further by the time the cyclone had reached ex-
treme northern Mississippi. By then Camille had been downgraded to a tropical depression.
The strong obstruction effect had almost disappeared, with the ambient upper tropospheric
air moving eastward north of the cyclone and an anticyclone west of the center building
eastward with a small ridge north of the storm center. These features are seen in the
300-mbar chart for 0000 GMT on August 19 (Figure 52). Despite the substantial reduction
of the obstruction effect, the dry air created earlier was still present. With the change to a
more zonal circulation north of Camille more of the dry air (T - Td > 15) advected

300 MB Ar

Figure 52. 300-mbar geopotential heights (in meters), dewpoint depression (in K) analyses, and radiosonde
stations showing 300-mbar winds for 0000 GMT on August 19, 1969.

65
eastward over Indiana, Ohio, and some of the Middle Atlantic States. West and southwest
of the center there was a large region of dry air which was most pronounced in the middle
troposphere. This would indicate that no large-scale upward motion had begun. The
500-mbar chart for August 19 at 0000 GMT (Figure 53) illustrates the extent of this dry
air and also that Camille acquired more of the characteristics of a cloud field seen with
extratropical cyclones with the cloud mass principally northeast of the center.

500 MB

Figure 53. 500-mbar geopotential heights (in meters), dewpoint depression (in K) analyses, and radiosonde
stations showing 500-mbar winds for 0000 GMT on August 19, 1969.

At 0000 GMT on August 19, 1969, the dynamics of the upper and middle troposphere had
changed. With Camille weakening further and becoming more embedded into a more zonal
westerly flow, the interaction between Camille and the westerlies had become weaker.
Horizontal divergence calculations at all 10 levels revealed that there was an area of hori-
zontal convergence at the 300-mbar level north of Camille; however, it is not part of the
obstruction effect that was seen 12 hours earlier. The vertical motion patterns at 350 mbar
as seen in Figure 54 indicate that the subsidence below the area of this maximum upper

66
 00 GMT 19 Aug.'69 300 mb

o0 4

964/ 0p -10

-567

0
sections A and B.
4
3 5o
A300x Ogpm
x10- b/sec
'350 xIO-4 mb/sec

Figure 54. 300-mbar geopotential heights, winds, and 350-mbar vertical

motions for 0000 GMT on August 19. Lines A and B denote cross
sections A and B.

tropospheric horizontal convergence was quite weak. This subsidence can be attributed
mainly to the differential advection of negative vorticity from around the anticyclone to
the west. Cross section A (Figure 55)* indicates that the subsidence was considerably weak-
er and had shifted further west. The vertical extent, however, still extended through the
troposphere and as depicted by the isolines of specific humidity, the column was still dry.
Futher south, to the west and northwest of Camille (the area of the obstruction effect 12
hours before), subsidence was still present, but was mainly induced by the Laplacian of
horizontal cold air advection. This area of subsidence does not extend as far southwest-
ward as it did 12 hours earlier. Cross section B (Figure 56) reveals that the upper tropos-
pheric subsidence had also weakened considerably, which indicates that the obstruction
effect has decreased. However, the subsidence extended throughout the troposphere which
continued to keep the column dry as seen in the isolines of specific humidity.

In the middle troposphere, vertical motion patterns associated with the interaction of
Camille with the westerlies and with the trough north of Camille had also changed. Figure
57 indicates that subsidence at the 550-mbar level associated with the dissipating trough
northwest of Camille was still present but had weakened. This subsidence was induced by
both the Laplacian of horizontal cold air advection and the differential negative vorticity

*Cross sections A and B in Figures 55 and 56 respectively, intersect the same areas as in Figures 42 and 44.

67
 00 GMT 19 Aug '69 Cross Section A
4
VERTICAL MOTION w = 10 mb/SEC
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY q= g/Kg

00

-5

5S

lOW IOO*W 90°W 80*W

HURRICANE CAMILLE 35.0*N 90.0*W

Figure 55. Cross section A, depicting vertical motions (solid lines)

and specific humidities (dashed lines) for 0000 GMT, August 19, 1969.

advection. Cross section A (Figure 55) depicts this middle tropospheric subsidence. Further
southwestward under the area of the obstruction effect that was present 12 hours earlier,
both the vertical motion patterns on Figure 57 and cross section B in Figure 56 reveal that
the subsidence had also decreased. The strong subsidence further west that is best seen in
cross section B (Figure 56) was not associated with Camille or its interaction with the
westerlies but was induced by the Laplacian of horizontal cold air advection from around
the ridge west of Camille.

Excessive Rains Over the CentralAppalachians

As Camille moved northeast and then east across western Tennessee and Kentucky it was
a tropical depression producing moderate to locally heavy rainfall at stations close to the
track of the center of 5 to 10 cm. However, as the storm center reached West Virginia,
heavy rainfall began in west central Virginia around 0000 GMT on August 20 and
continued for approximately 12 hours. Schwarz (Reference 2) has reported that the
extreme rainfalls were associated with near record low-level moisture that was not subject
to depletion by upwind mountain ridges. The Appalachians contributed to the large local
amounts (as high as 69 cm) because the low-level flow was from the southeast, perpen-
dicular to the mountain range. Upper tropospheric horizontal divergence is another
important condition that would favor regeneration of the cloud mass and lead to the pro-
duction of heavier precipitation. A strong field of horizontal divergence is present just

68
 00 GMT 19 Aug.'69 Cross Section B
-4
VERTICAL MOTION w=I mb/SEC
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY q=g/Kg

.00 20 0

15 0
I

0
IIOW
0
O100W 90 W 800 W
HURRICANE CAMILLE 35.O0N 90.O°W

Figure 56. Cross section B, depicting vertical

motion (solid lines) and specific humidity
for 0000 GMT on August 19, 1969.

northeast of the cyclone center as shown by the 200-mbar chart in Figure 58 for
1200 GMT on August 19 (about 12 hours before the high rainfall rates began). Both
speed and direction divergence were present.
The regeneration of the cloud mass was best seen by the Nimbus-3 HRIR which ob-
served Camille's cloud canopy at 24 hour intervals for 2 days before and during the
excessive rain period.
Figure 59 provides a standard of reference for the two later HRIR views of Camille
as the cyclone was moving ashore on the Mississippi Coast. A large spiral band is seen
south of the storm center and the lowest 3.5- to 4.1-jpm TBB's are < 210 K over a
small area near the center. A maximum cloud-top height of 125 mbar (15.4 km) can
be inferred from the minimum TBB and the 0000 GMT, August 18, Lake Charles
temperature profile.
Twenty-four hours later the greatly weakened cyclone was over western Tennessee. The
HRIR view (Figure 60) indicates that the cloud pattern was more disorganized with the

69
 00 GMT 19 Aug.'69 500 mb

#500 xlOgpm E >20mm precipitable water above 800 mb

o550 xliO
-4
mb/sec [< IOmm precipitable water above 800 mb

Figure 57. 500-mbar geopotential height, wind, 550-mbar vertical

motion, and integrated precipital water above 800 mbar for 0000 GMT
on August 19. Lines A and B denote cross sections A and B.

highest clouds (lowest TBB's) about 300 km northeast of the center. There has been an
increase in the minimum TBB to about 215 K. Using the 0000 GMT, August 19 sounding
at Nashville, this TBB measurement would mean the maximum cloud top was at 180 mbar
(13.2 km). Thus, there was an apparent reduction in the maximum cloud top height of
2.2 km in 24 hours.
The third and final HRIR view of the series (Figure 61) is at the time of the excessive rain-
fall. Most of the intense cloudiness (as outlined by the area where the TBB,'s were < 230 K)
was north and east of the center similar to the position of the cloud shield for an extra-
tropical cyclone. There were several areas where the TBB values were < 210 K with a min-
imum of 203 K. Therefore, the maximum cloud top height had returned to the 125-mbar
(15.4-km) level which was the maximum cloud top level when Camille was still a severe
hurricane, shortly after crossing the Mississippi coast.
Extratropical secondary storm development has occurred when there was a significant ver-
tical cloud growth within a large existing cloud mass; this growth can precede the detection
of the new cyclone over the ocean with conventional data (Reference 13). In the case of
Camille, the vertical cloud growth to high levels was noticeable when the heavy rains were
in progress. Since the HRIR observation interval is 24 hours it is not possible to determine
whether or not the clouds reached the observed 0600 GMT, August 20 levels before or at
the onset of the period of maximum rainfall rate. If infrared measurements would have
been available on a nearly continuous basis from a geosynchronous satellite, it is possible

70
 1100 1000 90* so* 70' 60

LOW4

420

30 30 4

3242

20 5 50 41~ 42 3
2v

16 36
- 4
26-42 4 6 22 3
20

22 8 3 2
20 0 83 2

12 2

Is 261 20 \\ Lo W

\ h/ HIGH 32I

is 30

20

Figure 58. 200-mbar streamlines as derived from radiosonde wind observation and ATS middle and upper cloud motion for 1200 GMT on August
~ 19, 1969. The cloud motion directions are indicated by the arrows and the speeds are given in knots.
 95.00 W 92.0*W ss.0W 50 W
8585.5oW 83.0*W
92.0W 89.0oW 8300

" 21 2-

33.00N J5.°.0 o_ 33w0

72

tion interval.

72
 97.O0W 94.O0W 91.0oW 88.0oW 85.0W 82.0W

260 2 76 7P 22 76 2 20 6

260 C?2 2 0 2$0

27 6 82 : 2 1 (2290S

2722 2,0 ,2 2 80O

3 8.
0
: ' i o c
Qoo io2
C" i 2W0 T 2600

250
1--z _ 29

67 39
293t [C. 29 0 Cia

280 270 ~ go 29 (~ 276 2 j

i u 270 2o 700-26,4D1-#m
2 7 0 2 2' 09 1 20C
0
35.o~n " 8 n JiJ s'

2 20 2 6 27,

(3n ~ ~ 240I
66 2 296 7 C6

32.0N -2- [5 1,290 C77

6 - 32.o5
296729 26o }6 2o-,6

s 0

K0 0 0
toterpddeeigpaeo
Prior ai ther was th evlp e o frno-ee
w 0t0 t260to s d 29 27l op 9 N

91.OW 94.O'W 91.0W 88.OW 85.OW 82.OW

Figure 60. Tropical depression Camille at 0450 GMT on August 19. 1969. as depicted by 3.5- to 4.-m
oa from the HRIR. The isotherms are given in K.

CONCLUSIONS
Prior to the rapid deepening phase of Camille there was the development of strong low-level
inflow of high moisture content air from the region near the ITCZ moving over a sea surface
with temperatures 1 to 3 standard deviations above normal. The concurrent development
of large-scale cloud bands southeast of the center extending to the cirrus level was the satel-
lite evidence of the inflow. Just before the onset of the rapid deepening, the cloud bands
showed a broad connection to the cloudiness within the ITCZ, and the 6.5- to 7 .0 -am water
vapor channel indicated the outflow of cirrus to the north of the center which was associat-
ed with the necessary ventilation of air away from the cyclone. It was possible to ascertain

73
 0 0
87.0W 84.0 W 81.0W I78.0OW 75.0W 72.0 W
1 n9 Q M t280o4.! m
2g0
. 6 280 2828 (280
22 280

280 r9

43.0N (5:8 2 43.0'N

Ts H sor a i

25 240

211. -- 22

7.0°
40°80 8 ° 7
3.0-N

2
Topial 6.
Figue eprssin 2Cmile a 05025 GT h iohrm
o Auust20,196, regvn
2eHIR nK a deictd b 3.- t)4.Sot

uh supe roophrc ha
2n 29' o27o 29ntfatrs
eltvesregh
th

liesad atel ?0 200 260 fNibsi Ctin RI hanesan oniury

te pr
2 260inedt te ludbnd suh2Bto
Duin herai depnngphs

ize f th inenseclou r (!90 C300te

sist f thAt heraid~depenngthe
bgining

Figure 61. Tropical depression Camille at 0550 GMT on August 20, 1969, as depicted by 3.5- toe4.1-/im
the HRIR. The isotherms are give in K.
from 2's

the relative strength and position of the important features such as upper tropospheric shear

least the low cloud level as inferred from the measurements made by four of the MRIR
channels. Neither the expanded cloud shield nor the large subsidence region seemed to

74
persist for more than 24 hours, leading to the hypothesis that that the rapid deepening was
associated with a sudden surge that extended past an energy level that was sustainable.
There was a 2- to 3-km reduction in maximum cloud top level about 12 hours after Camille
moved inland in response to the probable weakening of the vertical circulation within the
inner portion of the cyclone. The outflow acted as an obstruction to the environmental
flow in the upper troposphere northwest of the center of Camille. This interaction produced
horizontal convergence and subsidence. The effects of the subsidence could be seen in
the two water vapor channels where the subsidence areas were demarcated by TBB 's that
were initially relatively high and were increasing with time. A smaller region of dry air
produced by a shear line east of Camille was not seen as clearly in the satellite measure-
ments as the area northwest of the center due to the cirrus clouds in the outflow region
overriding the dry air.
As Camille turned eastward across the lower Ohio valley, the cloud pattern looked like that
of a small vigorous extratropical storm with maximum cloud tops at 13 to 14 km, and the
interaction between the outflow and the environmental flow had diminished considerably.
Speed and direction divergence in the upper tropospheric wind field determined from con-
ventional and cloud motion measurements was an indication that conditions were favor-
able for renewed vertical cloud development as early as 1200 GMT on August 19. When
the excessive rainfall was in progress over Virginia, the cloud tops had risen to 15 to 16 km,
which was the level reached when the cyclone was still a severe hurricane just after
crossing the Mississippi coast.
This investigation of Camille has attempted to indicate the knowledge that can be gained
with (a) multispectral analysis of registered satellite measurements of reflected and emitted
infrared radiation; (b) the combination of polar orbiting and geosynchronous satellite and
conventional information; and (c) the use of the time domain.
Some of the hypotheses that emanated from the interpretation of the satellite data could
not be confirmed due to the lack of supporting conventional information. With the flight
of multispectral sensors on future geosynchronous satellites, the increased temporal reso-
lution will undoubtedly improve the understanding of tropical cyclone circulation features
beyond what was possible with a 12-hour observation interval. The observations with the
spacecraft instrument should be combined with the concurrent collection of in situ, remote
earth-based or aircraft measurements of sufficient quality to more effectively interpret the
satellite information.

75
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Professor Tetsuya T. Fujita, University of Chicago, who com-
puted the cloud motions, performed streamline analyses from the results, and made
numerous helpful suggestions. The analyses of the radiation and conventional charts by
David Simmes, Allied Research Associates, and Mark Smith, GSFC, are also appreciated.

Goddard Space Flight Center

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Greenbelt, Maryland, August 10, 1973
039-23-01-01-51

76
 REFERENCES

1. Simpson, R. H., A. L. Sugg, and Staff, "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969," Mo.
Weather Review, 98, 1970, pp. 307-314.
2. Schwarz, F. K., "The Unprecedented Rains in Virginia Associated with the
Remnants of Hurricane Camille," Mo. Weather Review, 98, 1971. pp. 851-859.
3. Nimbus Project, Nimbus-3 Users Guide, National Space Science Data Center, Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., 1969, p. 237.
4. Hubert, L. F., and L. F. Whitney, "Wind Estimation from Geostationary-Satellite
Pictures," Mo. Weather Review, 99, 1971, p. 665.
5. Shenk, W. E., H. Powell, V. V. Salomonson, and W. R. Bandeen, "Meteorological
Uses of the Stereographic Horizon Map Projection," J. Appl. Meteor., 10, 1971,
pp. 582-589.
6. Rodgers, E. B., and V. V. Salomonson, "Upper Tropospheric Dynamics as Reflected
in Nimbus-4 THIR 6 .7-pm Data," NASA Technical Note D-7493, 1973, p. 27.
7. Shenk, W. E., and R. J. Holub, "A Multispectral Cloud Type Identification Method
Using Nimbus-3 MRIR Measurements," Preprint Volume of the Conference on
Atmospheric Radiation, 1972.
8. U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, OceanographicAtlas of the North Atlantic Ocean,
Pub. No. 700, Washington, D. C., 1967.
9. Tatehira, Ryozo, "A Study of Rainband," JapanMeteorologicalAgency, 34, 1967,
pp. 115-137.
10. Gentry, Cecil, "A Study of Hurricane Rainbands," National Hurricane Research Project
No. 69, 1964, p. 85.
11. Barr, S., P. E. Long, and I. A. Miller, "Atmospheric Sensing and Prediction Projection
Project," Scientific Report No. 2, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Air
Force Systems Command, U. S. A. F., Bedford, Mass., 1970.
12. Palmen, E., and C. W. Newton, Atmospheric CirculationSystems, Academic Press,
New York and London, 1969, pp. 379-386.
13. Shenk, W. E., "Meteorological Satellite Infrared Views of Cloud Growth Associated
with the Development of Secondary Cyclones," Mo. Weather Review, 98, 1971,
pp. 861-868.

77
 APPENDIX
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRIGHTNESS AND CLOUD-TOP TEMPERATURE

From the comparison of the 0.2- to 4.0-pm normalized reflectances and the 10- to 11-pm
TBB 's on August 18 over the Camille cloud canopy, it was observed that when the reflec-
tances were near 70 the TBB's were around 230 K, whereas when the reflectances were
near 60 they were concomitant with TBB's from 225 to 260 K. From these observations
it was hypothesized that there might be a relationship between reflectance and the range
of 10- to 11-pm TBB 's, where, at extremely high reflectances, this range might be small.
When reflected energy channel. spatial resolution is much higher than that of the infrared
window channel, a relationship could be useful in isolating the regions where the highest
clouds occur and for the interpretation of a registered infrared measurement. A specific
example of a large resolution difference between these two channels will be on the Syn-
chronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) where the visible and infrared channel spatial res-
olutions will be 0.9 and 9.0 km,respectively.
The MRIR reflectance window channel relationship shown in Figure A-i was established
through the use of daytime data for August 18 that was associated with the ITCZ south
of Camille. This region was chosen because a relatively large percentage of the data sam-
ples had normalized reflectances of > 60. Figure A-1 indicates that the spread of the
10- to 11-pm measurements decreases as reflectance increases. The range of TBB's when
R > 73 is only 15 K and the maximum TBB was 212 K. An upper boundary could be
drawn in Figure A-i that would connect the highest TBB 's for a given reflectance. Thus,
these data suggest that extremely high reflectances can provide some estimate of the
window TBB's in regions of deep convection.

NOT FI1 -ED

PRECEDING PAGCE BLANI

79
 90

~80

- *

7 - * A M
S,
N 60 - • *

0
z 50
250 240 230 220 210 200 190

10-11/.m EQUIVALENT BLACKBODY TEMPERATURE (oK)

in the
Figure A-1. Plot of concurrent normalized reflectance measurements and 10- to 11-pm TBB's
Intertropical Convergence Zone south of Hurricane Camille during the daytime on August 18, 1969.

80 NASA-Langley, 1974