Assignment

on
“THE ROLE OF THE PHARMACISTS IN DIFFERENT AREAS

AND

JOB SCOPE FOR THE PHARMACIST AROUND THE WORLD”

MAIN CONTENTS

• Introduction

-Pharmacy

-Pharmacist

- Types of Pharmacists by the areas of work or practice specialization

-Qualifications and registration for the Pharmacists

• Role of the Pharmacists

-The roles of Pharmacists may or Professional Commitments

-Role of the Pharmacists in different areas

• Job scope for the Pharmacists

-Career Opportunities

-Job scope for the Pharmacists around the world

• Conclusion

• References
Introduction:

In our assignment on 'THE ROLE OF THE PHARMACISTS IN DIFFERENT AREAS AND JOB SCOPE FOR THE
at first we discuss or highlight about the the role of the
PHARMACIST AROUND THE WORLD',
Pharmacists in different areas which ultimately showed the job scope for the
Pharmacists around the world because of very large range of area for the playing role
or doing job for the Pharmacists.

The foremost parts of this issue are—

• Pharmacy
• Pharmacist
• Types of the Pharmacists by the areas of work or practice specialization
• Qualifications and registration for the Pharmacists

• Pharmacy:

Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical
sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of medication.

• Pharmacist:

Pharmacists are health professionals who practice the art and science of pharmacy.

• Types of the Pharmacists by the areas of work or practice specialization:

Specialties exist within the pharmacy profession, with the place of occupation being the major
differentiator. Specialties include:

• Academic pharmacist
• Clinical pharmacist (consisting of many subspecialties such as Pediatrics, Geriatrics, etc.)
• Community pharmacist
• Compounding pharmacist
• Consultant pharmacist
• Drug information pharmacist
• Home Health pharmacist
• Hospital pharmacist
• Industrial pharmacist
• Military Pharmacist
• Nuclear Pharmacist
• Oncology Pharmacist
• Regulatory-affairs pharmacist
• Veterinary pharmacist
• Pharmacist Clinical Pathologist
So from the above classification, it clearly manifested that the pharmacists has many role and scope
for responsible jobs.

• Qualifications and registration for the Pharmacists:

The requirements of pharmacy education, pharmacist licenser and post-graduate continuing education
vary from country to country and between regions/localities within countries. In most countries,
prospective pharmacists study pharmacy at a pharmacy school or related institution. Upon graduation,
they are licensed either nationally or by region to dispense medication of various types in the settings
for which they have been trained.

Role of the Pharmacists:

Pharmacists are trained in pharmacology, pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry,

microbiology, pharmacy practice (including drug interactions, medicine monitoring, medication
management), pharmaceutics, pharmacy law, physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, kinetics, nephrology,
hepatology, and compounding medications. Additional curriculum covers basic diagnosis with emphasis
on disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing and selecting the most appropriate
medication for a given patient.
One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care.
Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states,
medications, and the management of each in order to improve the outcome for each individual patient.

• The roles of Pharmacists may include or Professional Commitments are:

• clinical medication management

• the assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions and for decisions about the
clinical medication management required.
• specialized monitoring of disease states
• reviewing medication regimens
• monitoring of treatment regimens
• delegating work
• general health monitoring
• compounding medicines
• general health advice
• providing specific education to patients about disease states and medications
• oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription
• provision of non-prescription medicines
• counseling and advice on optimal use of medicines
• advice and treatment of common ailments
• referrals to other health professionals if necessary
• dosing drugs in renal and hepatic failure
• pharmacokinetic evaluation
• education of physicians and other health care providers on medications and their proper use
• limited prescribing of medications only in collaboration with other health care professionals
• providing pharmaceutical information
• promoting public health by administering immunizations

• Role of the Pharmacists in different areas:

Community pharmacy:
A pharmacy is the place where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. It is the
community pharmacy where the dichotomy of the profession exists—health professionals who are also
retailers.
Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary where medications are
stored and dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage
conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that
pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications; there has been an
increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more
time communicating with patients. All pharmacies are required to have a pharmacist on-duty at all
times when open. The also play roles by doing those:

• Nutrition Counseling
• Women Welfare-Pregnancy and Infant Care
• Rational Use of Drugs
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases-AIDS
• Alcohols, Drug Abuse and Smoking Cessation
• Family Planning
• Individualization of Drug Therapy

Hospital pharmacy:

Pharmacies within hospitals differ considerably from community pharmacies. Some pharmacists in
hospital pharmacies may have more complex clinical medication management issues whereas
pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations
issues.
Hospital pharmacies can usually be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies
usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be
feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of
medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for
patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. This is a
complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and
adequate facilities.

• Typical work activities include at a glance for the Hospital Pharmacist:

• participating in ward rounds, taking patient drug histories and contributing to the treatment
decision-making process - this includes highlighting a drug's potential side effects, identifying
harmful interactions with other drugs and assessing the suitability of treatments for patients with
particular health conditions;
• liaising with physicians, nurses and other fellow health care professionals to ensure the delivery
of safe, effective and economic drug treatment;
• counselling with patients on the effects, dosage and route of administration of their drug
treatments, particularly those who require complex drug therapy;
• monitoring every stage of medication therapy to improve all aspects of delivery and reporting
patient side effects;
• communicating effectively with patients' relatives, community pharmacists, general practitioners
(GPs), etc.;
• preparing and quality-checking sterile medications under special conditions (e.g. intravenous
medications for those unable to take food, anti-cancer medications, eye drops, etc.);
• ensuring medicinal products are stored appropriately and securely to ensure freshness and
potency;
• ensuring medication reaches the patient in the correct form and dose - this may include tablets,
capsules, ointments, injections, inhalers and creams;
• being responsible for the accurate dispensing and timely distribution of drugs and medicines for
inpatients or outpatients;
• supervising and checking the work of less experienced and less qualified staff;
• responding to medication-related queries from within the hospital, other hospitals and the
general public;
• keeping up to date with, and contributing to, research and development, often in collaboration
 with medical staff and colleagues in the pharmaceutical industry;
• writing guidelines for drug use within the hospital, preparing bulletins and implementing hospital
regulations;
• providing information to individual wards on budgets and expenditure on drugs;
• setting up clinical trials, evaluating new medications against claims made by pharmaceutical
companies and recommending new medicines that are the safest and most effective for
individual patient needs.

Clinical pharmacy:

Clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and
promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health
care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside Hospitals and clinics. Clinical
pharmacists often collaborate with Physicians and other health care professionals. Clinical pharmacists
are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They work collaboratively with
physicians, nurses and other health care personnel in various medical and surgical areas.

Compounding pharmacy:

Compounding is the practice of preparing drugs in new forms. For example, if a drug manufacturer only
provides a drug as a tablet, a compounding pharmacist might make a medicated lollipop that contains
the drug. Patients who have difficulty swallowing the tablet may prefer to suck the medicated lollipop
instead.
The physical, chemical & biological quality of a pharmaceutical product intended for administration to
patients in the home must be of the highest quality attainable. This quality must be built in to the
product in each step of the aseptic compounding process, that is, in the starting components, the
design & operation of the compounding facilities, the control of the environment & the qualifications of
operators all contribute to the final quality of the product, either in a positive or negative manner.
Therefore, the control of quality is a continuous process through out the compounding of the product.
Testing of the finished product can only confirm the quality built in to the product during its preparation.
Here only a Pharmacist can play his role.

Consultant pharmacy:

Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review ( i.e. "cognitive services")
than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but
are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings.

Internet pharmacy:

Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide.
Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually
operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers Online and those that walk
in their door. The primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and
received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than
traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they
take. Internet pharmacies (also known as Online Pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients
by their physicians if they are homebound.
While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet
pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from
such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their
doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous,
especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios,
and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There also have been reports of such
pharmacies dispensing substandard products.

Veterinary pharmacy:

Veterinary pharmacies, sometimes called animal pharmacies may fall in the category of hospital
pharmacy, retail pharmacy or mail-order pharmacy. Veterinary pharmacies stock different varieties and
different strengths of medications to fulfill the pharmaceutical needs of animals.

Nuclear pharmacy:

Nuclear pharmacy focuses on preparing radioactive materials for diagnostic tests and for treating
certain diseases. Nuclear pharmacists undergo additional training specific to handling radioactive
materials, and unlike in community and hospital pharmacies, nuclear pharmacists typically do not
interact directly with patients.

Military pharmacy:

Military pharmacy is an entirely different working environment due to the fact that technicians perform
most duties.

Pharmacy informatics:

Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science.
Pharmacy informatics work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in
information technology departments or for health care information technology vendor companies.
Job scope for the Pharmacists:

• Career Opportunities:

There are many job scope for the pharmacists, in where the typical duties of a Pharmacy Technician
include formulation, preparing medication for dispensing; compounding pharmaceuticals; preparing
aseptic products; inventory control; purchasing; merchandising; record keeping as required under such
acts as the Food and Drugs Act; narcotics control; third party billing; drug distribution; pre-packing
pharmaceuticals; computer processing; and clerical and other duties as necessary.

• Job scope for the Pharmacists around the world:

There are some examples in below of the job advertisement in various web sites for
the pharmacists has given which ultimately show that the pharmacists has well job
scopes or demand in job sector.

Job Title Company/Addre Job salary country

ss/Ads by location/Addres
s

Pharmacist - Full Pharmasave Health Valemount, BC To be negotiated Canada

Time Centre #039

Pharmacist - Full GUELPH GENERAL Guelph, ON To be negotiated Canada

Time HOSPITAL

Pharmacy Technician Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA 38,633.00 - USA

(Pharmaceutical Veterans Health 49,922.00 USD
Waste/Inpatient) Administration per year

Clincial Veterans Affairs, Martinsburg, 86,333.00 - USA

Pharmacist Veterans Health WV 103,226.00
Administration USD per year
Pharmacy Pharmaceutics & Northern £15,000 to UK
Technician Pharmaceutical England £19,999
Chemistry

School of Life
Sciences

Pharmaceutical Novo Nordisk Hampshire £Competitive UK

Territory Sales / (Southampton, Salary plus
Field Sales Winchester, Excellent
officer Basingstoke) Benefits
including
Company Car,
Laptop &
Mobile Phone

Pharmacy CPL Cork 5th Floor, 70 c€30 – 35K Ireland

Quality South Mall, Co.
Technician Cork

Pharmacist- ICON Moscow Unspecified Russia

Study
Authorisation
Country Expert

Clinical Research Espoirbridge Paris 40500 GBP France

Associate Recruiters

Contract Clinical Abraxas Switzerland Unspecified Switzerland

Research
Manage

Clinical Research Espoirbridge Berlin 40000 GBP Germany

Associate Recruiters

Marketing Prophex Chennai To be India

Manager - Healthcare negotiated
Pharmaceutical Private Limited

PHAMACIST- PharmEvo (Pvt.) Karachi To be Pakistan

QUALITY Ltd negotiated
CONTROL
MANAGER

As an Army Royal Australian Australia

Pharmacist-Full Army Medical
Time Corps.

Pharmaceutical Bayside Group Melbourne CBD, Salary not Australia

Microbiologist VIC 3000 specified

Pharmaceutical Advertiser: Auckland Salary not New Zealand

Compliance Technical specified
Officer Recruitment
Solutions Ltd.

Medical Yahmaa Medical Riyadh To be Saudi Arabia

Representative- Co. negotiated
Full time

Pharmacist-Full Dar Al Afia Dubai To be UAE

time negotiated

Pharmaceutical Gojo Japan, Inc. Chiyoda-ku 7.0M - /Year Japan

Affair-Medical Tokyo
Officer Negotiable

Medical Amoun Cairo Unspecified Egypt

Rep/Secretary/ Pharmaceutical
Sales Co.

Executive, Novartis Tongi Unspecified Bangladesh

Quality Control (Bangladesh)
Limited

Pharmacist-Full Pharmaceutical Selangor To be Malaysia

time MNC negotiated

Chief Medical Hays Specialist SINGAPORE To be SINGAPORE

Officer Recruitment Pte negotiated
Ltd

Also Canada has dozens of licensed Internet pharmacies, many which sell their lower-cost prescription
drugs to U.S. consumers, who pay the world's highest drug prices. In recent years, many consumers in
the US and in other countries with high drug costs, have turned to licensed Internet pharmacies in
India, Israel and the UK, which often have even lower prices than in Canada. And really in the develop
countries there are a lot of job scopes in those area of pharmacy classified above and one can easily
find out the information about job scopes by web search.

Conclusion:
From the above consideration, it is clear that the Pharmacists have definite beneficial roles regarding
health matters. A Pharmacist is the legally qualified and professionally competent person to handle
drugs and allied supplies required for the patients within and outside the hospital. It is a matter of
regret that the government of our country is taking very little effort to employ highly skilled pharmacy
personnel in different sectors of the health services. But in the developed countries, Pharmacists are in
unique position in this regard and there have a lot of job scopes for them. So, the governmental health
policy should be modified by incorporation Pharmacist and increase their job scopes in different sectors
to improve and ensure the health service for the well being of people of our country.

Reference: Mostly from http://en.wikipedia.org/ and various search engine.