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J_., PROPULSION LABORATORY
September 6, 1960
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PASADENA, CALIFORNIA
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JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 3[:_;-31, VOL. I =_
PREFACE
Copyright © 1960
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
II
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
CONTENTS
I. Introduction ................... 1
A. General .................... 1
B. Reliability ................... 5
V°
The Propulsion System ............... 12
A. Description ................... 14
A. General .................... 15
III
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
CONTENTS (Cont'd)
A. Description ................... 29
B. Flight Test Results, Microlock Operation ........ 30
C. Telemetering .................. 31
IV
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
CONTENTS (Cont'd)
1. Doppler ................... 59
2. Signal Strength ................ 60
3. Interferometer ................. 63
D. Summary .................... 65
1. Apex Position ................. 65
2. Interferometer ................. 66
3. Doppler ................... 66
4. Event Times ................. 66
V
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
CONTENTS (Cont'd)
C. Tracking .................... 75
D. Orbit of Explorer IV ............... 75
Bibliography ...................... 82
VI
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
TABLES
6. Static test data for anti-spin motors being used for round 34 ..... 37
FIGURES
VII
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
FIGURES (Cont'd)
VIii
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32o31,VOL. I
FIGURES (Cont'd)
84. Explorer IV, variation of signal level with tumble angle ....... 76
IX
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
ABSTRACT
The 1uno program had for its objective the launching of satellites
and space probes. The vehicle configuration consisted of scaled-down
Sergeant solid-propellant motors and a booster of either a modified
Redstone or a modified ]upiter. Volume I covers the early history of the
program, a detailed description of the high-speed stages, the Microlock
tracking and telemetry system, and all of the 1uno I, or early Explorer,
firings.
I. INTRODUCTION
]uno was the name given to the general program for The material covered in these Reports represents the
launching satellites and space probes. This program was work of many people at JPL and ABMA.
built around the use of a cluster of scaled-down Sergeant
solid propellant motors for the upper stages of a vehicle The bulk of the material has been taken from the docu-
in which the booster was either a modified Redstone ments listed in the Bibliography; no attempt has been
(],no I) or a modified ]upiter (Juno II). made to make reference to specific documents.
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
2
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
The total effort on the re-entry test vehicle (RTV) sary to base the design upon theoretical analysis and past
program at this Laboratory lay in two major categories. experience. The test program, operating concurrently
The first category comprised the development of the high- with the design and development of the high-speed stages,
speed stages of the rocket vehicle for use as a suitable test had two purposes. The first purpose was to proof-test the
vehicle from which re-entry test data could be obtained, various components of the stages. The second purpose
and which would still retain the capability of handling was to indicate what minor modifications should be incor-
an orbiting payload. The second category comprised porated into the design. Any major modification, shown
the development of radio instrumentation. Because the by the test program to be necessary, could not be incor-
Laboratory's proposal for a trajectory measurement by porated into the design without serious changes in the
radio techniques had applications in the re-entry mission development schedule. No major modifications were
as well as the orbiting mission, development continued found to be necessary. Thus, on the basis of the design,
on suitable flight and ground equipment which was development, and testing, it appeared that the high-speed
adaptable to either purpose. stages, together with the Redstone missile as a boosting
rocket, was capable either of launching a 350-1b re-entry
Because of the extremely fast time schedules required
test missile along a suitable trajectory or of launching an
in the re-entry test program, the Jet Propulsion Labora-
tory was unable to follow the customary conservative orbiting payload of approximately 15 lb total weight
procedure of thoroughly testing each component before into a circular orbit around the earth at an altitude of
the completion of the final design. Instead, it was neces- approximately 200 miles.
3
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
a. SECOND-AND
b FOURTH-STAGE MOTOR ........
THI RD- STAGEMOTOR
4
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
B. Reliability !i i!
5
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL, I
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6
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
a relatively large number of readily available small rocket A speed regulator was developed by ABMA to program
motors, it was considered vitally important that the reli- the cluster rpm from the maximum allowable at launch
ability of the individual motors be high, so that there to the final desired rpm. The final rpm had to be reached
would be a high probability of success of the mission. prior to booster burnout in order that the roll control
As a by-product of the development work on the Ser- system employed after burnout would not be unduly
loaded.
geant program at JPL, there was available a 6-in.-diameter
solid-propellant motor, a scale model of the 31-in.-diam- The chlster was driven by two General Electric direct-
eter Sergeant motor. Over 1(30 static firings in the tem- current aircraft motors rated 28 v, 7700 rpm, and 3.5 hp.
perature range of from -30°F to 140°F had been made The motors worked in parallel by means of a toothed
on the scale motor without a single failure. The clustering belt. A synchro, connected by a flexible coupling to one
of many small motors created several potentially serious motor shaft, provided the data for the speed regulator
problems the solution of which required a great deal of and an indication for a counter for accurate speed meas-
effort in several areas. urement. The load on the motors varied from missile
take off to free flight, depending on acceleration and aero-
In order to ensure high accuracy, tile rocket motors in
dynamic pressure. Normally, the motors operated at about
stages 2 and 3 each had to fire simultaneously. The Solid
60_ full load, but during the flight an overload of about
Rockets Section at ]PL conducted many tests to deter-
200% was to be expected.
mine the potential differential, if any, in firing times of
the eleven motors in stage 2 and the three in stage 3. Because an armature voltage regulation system to
handle 200 amperes would be bulky and heavy, it was
Using squibs to ignite the motor igniters, they found
decided to control the speed of the motors by field regu-
tile differential was actually small, but could be reduced
lation. The system works in a closed loop as shown in
further by employing a manifold on stage 2 to use the
Fig. 6.
hot gases to fire all eleven motors at once.
7
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I.
The regulated motor showed a deviation of less than Tests showed that the system could be represented
3_, for a wide range of armature currents. At 750 rpm, essentially by a second-order system. The transient re-
where high accuracy is required, deviation was held to sponse in speed to a sudden change in load indicated an
less than 15. oscillation of about 0.1 cps with 40_ of critical damping.
8
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
9
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
Figure 8. Forward end of stage 2 flight of tile Redstone missile, and stage 2, axial loads are
carried into the stage-3 assembly through these support-
ing lugs. Extending forward of this bulkhead is a short
At tile position of tile aft bulkhead there are three conical section which supports the base of the conical
supporting lugs equally spaced around the inside cir- shell.
cumference of the tube. Slots are provided in these lugs
The center bulkhead of the stage-3 assembly is lighter
which match lugs on the aft bulkhead of stage 3. In this
manner tile aft portion of stage 3 is supported against in construction than any of the other bulkheads since it
transverse loads; no axial loads are taken by these lugs. is unnecessary to provide a rim around its outer cir-
// ....
- BATTERIES
10
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
cumference. The aft bulkhead has three supporting lugs stages 3 and 4. These flash units, which were fired by a
equally spaced around its outer circumference. These lugs timer at selected points during the burning program, were
fit into the slots of the three supports attached to the to provide trajectory information. The flash units provided
inside of the tube of the stage-2 ring structure. These for stage 3 were carried in the cone. Holes in the conical
lugs transmit transverse loads but no axial loads into the shell, through which the flashers could be fired, and fix-
stage-3 structure. tures to hold the flash units prior to their firing, were
located just behind the aft support ring.
The conical shell, bolted onto the forward bulkhead of
the stage-3 assembly, is fabricated from an aluminum A triangular hole was cut in the center of each of the
spinning. three bulkheads of stage 3. The dimensions of these holes
are such that a l_-in.-diameter cylinder could be carried
Three circular hand holes, 5_ in. in diameter, are cut on the centerline of stage 3, running through these holes
into the shell at a point just forward of the front ends of in the bulkheads. This space was used to hold the bat-
the stage-3 motors. These holes permit access to the motor teries which operate the ignition and timing circuits
heads for the purpose of installing igniters. Initial flights carried in stage 3. The position of such a battery case
carried pyrotechnic flash units which were located in both and timer is shown in Fig. 9.
I!
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
A. The Propellant
Physical Characteristics:
Diameter, in .............................................. 6
Performance Characteristics:
C. The Nozzle
Table 3. Performance and mechanical characteristics
Several nozzle designs were employed in the testing
of T17-E2 propellant
program of the RTV motor. The reason the several noz-
zle designs were tested is that under the combination of
Characteristic velocity, ft/sec ............................... 4150
centrifugal loads and heating from the propellant gas,
Specific impulse {1000 psi, sea level), sec ..................... 205
Elongation, % ............................................. 77 the nozzle deflects. Thus, an attempt was made to find
Breaking strength in tension, Ib ............................. 270 that nozzle design for each stage which would (1) mini-
Burning rate {70*F, 1000 psia), in./sec ....................... 0.31
mize the deflection and (2) cause the deflection to be
Specific impulse (vacuum), sec .............................. 218
reproducible from motor to motor, for minimum weight.
12
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
,Ji Im 0
D. Directional Accuracy and Reproducibility 3_. The within-batch variations were approximately 0.1_
of Motors for thrust, and 1.5_ for burning rate.
The requirement for minimum thrust and mass unbal-
ance could be met in either of two ways. First, all the The between-batch variation was reduced by a factor
motors of a high-speed stage could be manifolded of two by loading three motors at a time from two batches
together to ensure simultaneous ignition and operation. of propellant, each motor receiving one-half of its load
An analysis showed, however, that the development of from each batch. The weights of individual motors were
a reliable manifold would be a difficult task, and that carefully controlled by maintaining close tolerances on
the manifold would add undesirable inert weight to the metal parts and liners and by a final propellant-trimming
stages. Second, it might be possible, by special care in operation. Through analysis of between-batch variations
processing the propellant, to keep the motor-to-motor when this procedure was used, it was determined that
variation in thrust and impulse within acceptable limits. thrust and mass unbalance could be satisfactorily limited,
The average between-batch variations of both thrust and only very small inaccuracies would be produced in
and burning rate were determined to be approximately the flight-direction angle.
13
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
A. Description
14
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
6. Balancing of the high-speed stages where C I was the thrust coefficient corresponding to the
7. RF sensitivity of ignition system. nozzle expansion ratio, and 0.097 was the factor usually
employed to account for losses in the nozzle. The specific
impulse for the motor stages 2 and 3 was 216.4 sec.
B. Propulsion System
There was an alternative method for computing the
1. Pressure Testing of Motor Case vacuum specific impulse. In this second method Lv was
given by the total thrust-time integral, obtained from
A series of hydrostatic pressure tests was conducted
the static firing tests, divided by the weight of propellant.
on the motor ease to verify its structural integrity when
subjected to design loads and to determine its ultimate
The values so obtained were corrected to vacuum con-
structural strength.
ditions by the addition of a base drag term which was
Proof pressure testing of the motor case for design the pressure of the atmosphere times the effective area
structural loads was accomplished by hydrostatically of the exit times the duration of burning divided by the
applying 830 psi; this pressure was held for 5 min and weight of propellant. The correction factor due to sepa-
then reduced to atmospheric. The cycle was repeated ration effects of the flow through the nozzle was deter-
three times without any motor case deformation. Deflec- mined by a series of tests.
tion gages mounted on the motor rings proved that these
rings experienced no diameter change during the pres- 3. Spin Testing of Motors
sure rise in the chamber.
An extensive test program was undertaken on the 6-in.
After completion of the proof pressure test, the deflec- Sergeant rocket motors to solve three important problems
tion gages were removed and the pressure increased until in the motor design:
motor case failure occurred. Bursting occurred at 1730 psi,
. Because the stage 2 motors would be located well
which is more than twice the proof pressure and more
away from the spin axis in the spinning assembly,
than three times the actual pressure experienced by the
the effects which the centrifugal forces might have
motor under operating conditions.
on the integrity of the propellant grain or the uni-
formity of the combustion had to be determined.
2. Static Firing Tests
.
The extreme directional accuracy required in the
Static tests of the motors at atmospheric pressure were
launching of the high-speed stages made it necessary
also carried out in test facilities at the Laboratory. From
that the thrust axis misalignment and mass unbal-
these tests, numerical data were obtained for pressure,
ance be kept to a minimum during the launching of
thrust, and nozzle temperatures as functions of time. Each
these stages. Tests were required to ensure that
test provided information on the reliability of the motor.
variations in ignition time, thrust, and total impulse
Characteristics of the solid propellant were determined of the different motors could be kept within the
( 1 ) by direct measurements on the propellant (to deter- allowable limits.
15
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
3. As the high-speed stages would be required to and the deflection of the motor case. Tests were con-
ignite in vacuum characteristics of altitudes greater ducted at several spin rates up to and including 1200 rpm,
than 200 miles, the reliability of ignition under such and the grains were inspected by a high-speed movie
conditions had to be demonstrated. technique which employed a stroboscopic light to deter-
mine the degree of deflection of the grain ( Fig. 14). The
The spinning of the motors in the stage 2 ring sub- tests showed that although the grain was somewhat dis-
jects the solid propellant in the Sergeant motors to high torted, no cracks were formed, and the shape of the grain
centrifugal loads. A preliminary analysis of the effects
cross section was still acceptable for proper ballistic per-
on the propellant grain of loads such as 340 g at 1000 rpm formance. It was evident that the grain was sufficiently
indicated that the grain would not be damaged. How-
rigid to withstand the spinning loads.
ever, configuration of the grain cross section is so com-
plicated that a theoretical analysis can never be wholly
satisfactory. Furthermore, it was almost impossible to
predict what effect the spinning motion might have on
the burning performance of the solid propellant. For these
reasons, tests were made of both the structural integrity
of the propellant grain and the burning characteristics of
the propellant under spinning conditions.
Tile spin tests were carried out with a spin test fixture
(Fig. 13) composed of two transverse arms welded to a
central shaft rotated by an electric motor. A rocket motor
was bolted into the hole provided in each of the trans-
verse arms. The radius of the transverse arms from the
center of the rig to the center of each motor was 15 in.
16
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
17
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
Figure 16. Axial loading fixture installed operating frequency range, was measured by the acceler-
in stages 2 and 3 ometer. One critical frequency was found at 11-12 cps,
corresponding to approximately 700 rpm. On the basis of
this test, it was decided to limit the speed during testing
b. The axial loading J_xture. The axial loading fixture to 600 rpm.
used in the structural proof tests was a hydraulically actu-
e. Stage 1 conditions tests. Upon completion of the
ated whiffletree-type fixture. One half of the whiffletree
was attached to the structure of stage 2 by means of cir- shake test, the fixture for holding deflection gages was
mounted on the structural test stand, and stage 1 tests
cular plates screwed into the nozzle threads at the rear
18
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
were begun. Without spinning the assembly, loads simu- D. Dynamic Balancing and Cluster Alignment
lating the inertia loads over a range of 0 to 12 g accelera-
In order to solve the dynamics problem created by
tion were applied to the entire structure. The structure
spinning the cluster and minimizing the effects of vibra-
was inspected both during and after loading; no yielding
tion and precession, it was clearly necessary to have the
or deformation of any nature were observed.
stages precisely balanced.
Deflection gages, made using spring-loaded potentiom-
The Aerophysics Development Corporation was given
eters with roller-tipped shafts so that the roller would
a contract by ABMA to develop equipment to test the
follow a rotating surface, were mounted to run on the
balance of the cluster. The result was an ingenious rig in
payload shell and on the upper ring of the rotational
which the cluster was suspended on a rigid plate from
launcher and to measure the transverse deflection of these
cables surrounded by a rigid outer frame (Fig. 17).
surfaces. The assembly was then spun up to 600 rpm.
Axial loads simulating the inertia loads of the design
range of 0 to 8.5 g were applied while the deflections
were measured by means of the potentiometers. No
difficulties were encountered during the test, and visual
inspection of the structure disclosed no yielding under the
combined spin and axial loads. Inspection indicated little
or no transverse deflection under the loading condition.
19
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
tests. The following dynamic balancing and alignment cuits are exposed to high-energy electromagnetic fields.
procedure was used for each cluster: Since the high-speed stages of the RTV used electrical
squibs to initiate the firing sequence, a study was under-
1. Balancing of the launching tub by spinning it at taken to determine the susceptibility of tile RTV ignition
speeds up to 600 rpm and adding permanent weights
system to accidental firing. The squibs used in the igniters
to the bottom and top balancing planes as required.
were 1)u Pont type S-89, In the design of the squib-firing
2. Installation of stage 2 in tile launcher and alignment circuits, every reasonable effort was made to minimize
by controlling the runout of the forward bulkhead tile pickup of stray energy.
(measurements taken on the inner cylinder surface)
In one series, two tests were made: the first was to
by means of adjustable guides on the launcher,
excite the wiring harness with an approximately known
thereby making the forward bulkhead of stage 2
concentric with the rotational axis of tile launcher. field strength and note the power absorbed in a 50-ohm
thermistor element connected in place of a squib inside
3. Checking alignment of tile aft end of inner cylinder one of the motor cases; the second test consisted of
of stage 2 for proper mating with launcher. illuminating the harness as strongly as possible with the
antenna radiation in an attempt to ignite one of the
4. When alignment requirements are satisfied, the com-
squibs. All measurements possible in the time allotted
posite mass of stage 2 plus launcher was dynamically
were made under conditions that would provide the
balanced for the 600-rpm condition. Stage 2 was
greatest chance of igniting a squib. Although, in some
then pulled out and permanent balancing weights
of the tests, the thermistor indicated that sufficient power
attached to tile top and bottom bulkheads. Stage 2
for ignition was available in the circuit, no squib ignited
was reinstalled and check-balanced prior to stage 3
during any of the experiments with the harness. This was
tests.
interpreted as an indication of the lack of sufficient impe-
5. The stage 3 assembly was installed in the stage 2 dance transformation between the source (excited har-
cylinder and aligned. Alignment was accomplished ness) and the low-impedance igniter to effect ignition
by bringing the vertical axis of stage 3 parallel to of the squib.
the rotational axis of the launcher.
Approximate calculations and experimental measure-
6. After stage 3 alignment, the composite mass of
ments indicat(xl that the shielding and twisting of the
launcher, stage 2 and stage 3, was dynamically bal-
harness provided protection of the order of 20 db. Dis-
anced for the 600-rpm condition (Fig. 17). The
regarding this 20-db margin, a power density of 0.3 watt
temporary balance weights for the launcher, stage 2
per square meter is a potential hazard at any frequency.
condition, were removed and another set of tempo-
The safest way devised to prevent accidental ignition was
rary weights installed to effect a balance for the
to store the igniters in their sealed metal shipping con-
buildup to this point.
tainers; the second safest way was to keep them in the
7. Payload balancing was accomplished separately and motor case with the harness disconnected and the pins
the necessary permanent balancing weights installed. shorted.
Then tile payload was mounted on the complete
buildup in the dynamic balancer. The orientation As an example of tile calculations made to determine
of tile payload with respect to stage 4 was selected the danger from radio-frequency sources, two known
for minimum runout. The bolts attaching the pay- hazards at the Patrick Air Force Base firing range were
load to stage 4 were tightened and the entire unit considered: the 2-kw, 37-mc base DOVAP (Doppler
was check-balanced. For reproducibility, of align- Velocity and Position) transmitter located approximately
ment, the payload was dowel pinned to stage 4. 1,000 ft behind the launcher, and the traeking radars at
the Central Control. In the case of the DOVAP transmit-
8. All temporary weights were removed, and perma- ter, there is a shielding effectiveness of 2,3 db; with the
nent weights representing composite corrections for 25 dbm required for ignition, this gives an expected
the entire unit were installed.
safety margin of 31 db over the 17 dbm received by the
igniter harness. In the case of the tracking radars there
is a shielding effectiveness of 22 db which, with tile 25
E. Accidental Ignition of Igniters
dbm rcquir(xt for ignition, gives an expected safety mar-
There is always a danger of accidental ignition of sensi- gin of 34 db over the 13 dbm received by the igniter
tive electrical igniters when they or their connecting cir- harness.
2O
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
Other potential sources of accidental ignition were miles. When a storm was likely to occur within 2 miles,
considered, such as the static electrical charge on a the igniters were disconnected from tile harness and
human body, lightning storms, and high-power electrical shorted before the storm came within the 12-mile range.
machinery and lines. If a storm came within 2 miles and the harness was
As a safety precaution, no operations were performed still connected to the igniters, the area was cleared of
on the igniters when an electrical storm was within 12 personnel.
21
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
a< T
conditions. The missile payload transmitter consisted of
a crystal-controlled oscillator which was phase-modulated
by telemetering signals. The re-entry vehicle also included
five channels of minimum-weight telemetering for the TELEMETERING
RECEIVER RECEIVER DISCRIMINATORS
high-speed stages plus telemetry located in the Redstone
or first stage.
In addition to the
very low level and extracting
capability of tracking
telemetered
signals
information
at a
ANGLE
1' lPHASE-COHERENT
OF
REFERENCE
SIGNALS
22
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
receiver were used. A receiver was assembled and bench tracking stations can be correlated. Two complete ground
tests were performed as shown in Fig. 19. The signal from stations were proposed for tracking. The theory of phase-
the transistor oscillator was sent through a resistive atten- locked systems has been reported by Rechtin and Jaffe
uator which simulated the attenuation in free space for (see Bibliography). Phase-locked systems at frequencies
line-of-sight transmission. The receiver consisted of a ranging from low audio to X-band had been constructed
high-gain 30-mc amplifier and a mixer which produced and tested, providing a wealth of information on the
an audio beat frequency which was then detected in an practical performance of such systems. In general, per-
audio phase-locked system. The system was demonstrated formance was exactly as predicted by theory. Phase-
to operate satisfactorily with attenuation equivalent to as locked loops were a/so used successfully in guidance
much as 1000 miles of free space transmission. The same techniques developed by this Laboratory.. Details of such
transmitter was subsequently flown suspended from a systems may be found in the Corporal Bimonthly Sum-
weather balloon and the signal was tracked with the maries 39a through 44a and the Guided Missile Sum-
receiver as used in bench tests. Tile balloon went to a truTries beginning with No. 45 (see Bibliography).
maximum distance of 40 miles at an altitude of 100,000
feet. The signal received from the balloon-borne trans-
2. Phase-Locked Loop Receiver
mitter was 10 db above the ambient noise level in the
vicinity of this Laboratory. This ambient noise level has The simple phase-locked loop shown in Fig. 20 is a
been estimated to be more than 20 db above thermal servo system which locks a voltage-controlled oscillator
noise. This was the first demonstration of communication (VCO) in phase synchronism with a sine-wave signal
with a micropower beacon. input despite a large amount of noise that may also be
present at the input. If the system is assumed to be
initially in lock (i.e., the VCO has exactly tile same fre-
quency as the input signal ) the output of the phase detec-
tor will be directly proportional to the cosine of the phase
30me r
OSCILLATOR
50,u.w
ATTENUATOR --
._ 30-mc
AMPLIFIER
_
I v'T" _ I
AUDIO
LOCKED LOOP
difference between
phase detector
the signal and the VCO output. This
output, when filtered by the low-pass filter,
MISSILE SIMULATED is a control voltage which will maintain phase synchron-
RECEIVER ]
TRANSMITTER SPACE
ism with the VCO output 90 deg from the input signal.
AT TENUATtON
29
OSCI 997-mc
L LATOR l The low-pass filter effectively removes the noise from the
control voltage so that tile VCO output is very clean and
is a good measure of signal frequency and phase. In a
second channel, tile signal is shifted in phase by 90 deg
Figure 19. Bench test setup (Microlock)
so that it is in phase with the VCO output. The phase
detector in this channel then produces a dc voltage which
The primary unit of the ground station is a phase- is proportional to the signal amplitude. In this manner the
locked receiver which had been designed to detect the signal is completely detected by the phase-locked loop,
beacon signal and to track doppler shift automatically. i.e., the frequency, phase, and amplitude are determined.
The phase-locked receiver provides phase-coherent refer-
ence signals to an interferometer receiver, to allow corre-
lation detection of the signal received on a two-aerial
interferometer
omy. Correlation
law detection,
such as is commonly
detection,
used in radio astron-
rather than linear
in the interferometer receiver
or square-
results in
SIGNAL + NOISE
.,
q DETECTOR (LOW PASS) I
much less noise in the angle-of-arrival data. An accuracy
of 1 mil was expected for the angle data. VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED
OSCILLATOR(VCO)
The telemetering subcarriers are received in tile phase-
locked receiver and sent through discriminators to recover
the original data. Phase-locked discriminators were used,
DETECTOR
PHASE _ SIGNAL AMPLITUDE
in order to provide the best possible data outputs.
23
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
In this description of the phase-locked loop, it was measure the performance of the system when tracking
assumed that the loop was initially locked. Initial acqui- very small signals under essentially the conditions
assumed for the theoretical analysis of the system. In
sition of the signal may be accomplished by slowly sweep-
addition, much valuable experience was gained in the
ing the VCO frequency across the signal frequency. As
the beat between the signal and the VCO output goes to operation of the Microloek ground station equipment and
zero, the system acquires phase lock and thereafter retains a set of procedures for the checkout and calibration of
synchronism unless signal level becomes so small that the the equipment was generated.
available control voltage can no longer overcome the The general layout of the interferometer system is
effects of the small amount of noise which appears at the shown in Fig. 2t and 22. The three antenna units com-
output of the low-pass filter. prising the single-axis interferometer are constructed of
3. System Testing
The first field test of the system occurred 22 March 4 108' _ lOB' _"
INTERFEROMETER
1956 when the ground station was set up under simulated -_ _ ANTENNA rr'T_ 4_
_INTERFEROMETER II _ REFERENCE ANTENNA r_EAST
field conditions near this Laboratory. A beacon, towed INPUTI _ ANTENNA 20' ]INPUT _ IINPUT
by a helicopter, was used to check out the operation of 'rIL_\_ ' _ PREAMPLIFIER / rt_q
\ ._ • I00
tile ground station and to get a first measurement of the
PREAM-_ \, THEODOLITE _] I_) THEODOLITE/ ,/PREAM-
performance of the system when receiving very small PLIFIER '_. C'\ '_ _- /_ / PL_FIER
24
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
a rugged welded aluminum frame with a perforated conclusion of each tracking run, the theodolites were
sheet aluminum covering, and a fiberglass drum with a
sighted on the target cards. At this time, both static pic-
tape helix wound upon it. The structure is supported by tures of the card and sweeping pictures of the card were
two adjustable feet and two sets of telescoping tubes at taken, in order to have a measure of backlash in the
the rear; these latter permit the units to be tilted to any
theodolite gear train as well as card angular position.
prescribed angle between 45 and 90 deg, in addition to The interferometer output was continuously recorded dur-
the fiat position. The three antenna units were set on a
ing each test run, which together with a timing reference
baseline of twenty wavelengths, which at the operating
appearing on both the interferometer output recorder
frequency chosen required a little over 200-ft separation
and the theodolite film allowed a direct comparison of
between the end antennas. This separation causes nulls
expected null position and observed null position.
in the multilobed interferometer pattern at intervals of
about 50 angular mils. A null separation of 50 mils was Electrical calibrations of the station were performed by
thought to be a good compromise between the opposed inserting equal phase signals at tile preamps or antennas
problems of null ambiguity and system mismatch errors. by means of calibrated equal-length cables. The electrical
Phototheodolites (Fig. 23) were used for checking the portions of the system were then adjusted to provide a
system angular accuracy. As shown in Fig. 21, these were null indication. Such a procedure would result in a null
placed between and somewhat to the rear of the antennas. in the plane perpendicular to tile antenna axis.
Before emplacement at the site the theodolites were
adjusted and tested for accuracy at JPL. The tests indi- The airborne radio source used in the Earthquake Val-
cated that these instruments had no inherent source of ley field test was a low power crystal-controlled beacon
errors greater than 0.5 mil. One limitation of the theodo- transmitter mounted in a helicopter. The antenna was a
lites as used was in the lenses, which were found to quarter-wave stub mounted vertically in the rear section
of the helicopter. The helicopter was flown at an altitude
possess serious aberrations off axis. As the object being
of 5,000 ft. above the test site. In general the runs were
tracked does not necessarily lie in the center of the frame,
a data error could occur from this defect, depending on in a west-east direction, i.e., parallel to the line through
the centering of the object in the frame. the three interferometer antennas, and at a ground range
of roughly a mile. A few runs were made in a northeast
direction with the idea that a cyclical ground reflection
error might easily be identified in this type of run.
the positions of the antennas, the theodolites, and the tar- ELEVATION ANGLE, mils
get cards were accurately surveyed and recorded. Upon Figure 24. Azimuth error vs elevation angle
25
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
runs. Since there was evidence of a deleterious amount of In addition to the equipment described in the refer-
enced publications, interferometer lobe switching and a
leakage from the reference channel to the interferometer
total noise detector were incorporated in the receiving
channel, two runs labeled "interferometer detection" were
station at Grand Turk Island during the firing of round
taken with the reference antenna disconnected and the
27. The addition of this equipment provided for the use
receiver locked to the differencing junction output. Figure
of noise signals, received from known radio stars, in the
24 indicates less error with only a single channel in use.
calibration of the interferometer antenna system. With
The antennas were used in two different positions, fiat
and tilted to 45 deg. Less ground reflection error was this arrangement, the output of the receiver is a square
wave when a radio star appears in the region of a null
expected in the fiat position. This was apparently not the
in the interferometer antenna pattern, and is some dc
case, probably due to the fact that the terrain had a slight
voltage at other times. The receiver output and an indi-
slope in the easterly direction whereas the antennas were
cation of the switch position are recorded simultaneously.
laid in level. Figure 24 indicates that even when the
reference leakage is eliminated a bias on the order of In order to reduce the recorded data, the amplitude
one rail in the westerly direction was present. In addi-
and phase of the square wave component of receiver out-
tion, a cyclical ground reflection error of about one mil
put are taken as an indication of the apparent position of
peak-to-peak was present. the radio star. By comparing the apparent position with
In conclusion, the interferometer system with 20-wave- the known position as a function of time, it is possible
length spacing, as tested at Earthquake Valley, exhibited to arrive at a calibration correction for the interferometer
errors of 2 or 3 mils. Probable sources of the observed antenna system. Such a calibration is extremely useful in
errors are (1) antenna emplacement, (2) calibration determining the accuracy of angle measurement in such
procedures, and (3) cross-coupling between adjacent a system, under field conditions, where comparisons by
channels in the receiver. Work in these problem areas optical tracking of an airborne beacon may be particularly
succeeded in reducing angle measurement errors to less difficult and time consuming.
than 1 mil in subsequent operations.
Very good correlation existed between the expected
The sensiti_fty of the Microlock receiver was measured null times as predicted from the known positions of the
at Earthquake Valley on 22 May 1956. A Microlock bea- radio stars in Cassiopeia and Cygnus and the observed
con was placed in a bomb and towed approximately 500 times as indicated by the recordings. However, the reso-
ft behind the helicopter. The power output of the beacon lution available from the recorded data is equivalent to
was attenuated to - 50 dbm (0.01 microwatt) by placing an rms error of :2 angular mils. Therefore, least-squares
small resistors across the antenna gap. The power out-
averaging techniques are required in order to obtain
put was measured using a dipole signal generator and a satisfactory estimates of interferometer accuracy.
receiver. The position of the helicopter was determined
by an optical tracker while recordings were made of The radio-star calibration equipment used at Grand
appropriate voltages in the Microlock receiver. While the Turk Island in September 1956 was primitive and suffered
beacon was being towed at a distance of 5 miles, the sig- unnecessarily from the effects of noise, which made data
nal was observed to be 12 db above the threshold of the reduction very difficult.
receiver ( i.e., 12 db above the point at which the receiver
could no longer retain phase lock). Extrapolating from
4. Beacon Transmitter
this observation, the same received signal level would be
obtained from a beacon radiating one milliwatt (0 dbm) The Microlock system, as previously described, was a
at a distance of 1500 miles. Such a beacon would have to dual system involving two missile transmitters and two
proceed to a distance of 6,000 miles before the received receivers for the purpose of increasing system reliability.
signal would approach the threshold of the Mierolock Because of the pressure of time schedule and difficulty
receiver. in obtaining a suitable duplexing network to match the
two transmitters to a common antenna, and at the same
It should be noted that the performance of the receiver
time isolate them from each other, it was decided to use
would be severely degraded if the ground station were to
but one single frequency transmitter for round 27. Tele-
be located in a region of much higher ambient noise level.
metering of two temperature measurements was elimin-
As an example, if the receiver were located at JPL or
ated as a result of the reduction of one of the transmitters.
Cape Canaveral where the noise level has been measured
The beacon transmitter as flown in early rounds is shown
at :20 db above thermal noise, the threshold distance
would be reduced to 1,:200 miles with a 1-mw beacon. schematically in Fig. 25.
26
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
__ _ NOSE
mechanically interlocked parts instead of by glued joints.
In this way the structure could be partly disassembled
VC-I _I_ 74 mc (after wiring was completed) if necessary, for replacing
_GH-FREOUENCY_j_ VC-I
or checking of components. The battery ring was also
36 TURNS
t5 TURNS removable to simplify changing batteries for test purposes.
TRANSISTOR _ URN!
5O Subcarrier oscillators, for the purpose of telemetering tem-
2.2
6 CRYSTAL perature data, were designed for channels 2 through 5.
SCALE,in
27
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
6. Telemetering System
CURRENT- CONTROLLED
INPUTS
The telemetering system and battery pack was con- OSCILLATORS (ICO)
FLIP-FLOPS =
tained in a cylindrical package 4 in. in diameter and
approximately 18 in. in length. The entire telemetering IGNITER
LATERAL Ch-4
(888-1032) ]__
tion is to provide a memory circuit for each telemetered
ACCELERATION
signal. A memory device was necessary because the
Microlock tracking equipment is a phase-locked loop 0-_
system and in the event that the system was not in lock LATERAL
ACCELERATION
Lc
,2°2-13,B,
during the separation of the various stages of the missile,
or at the time that any of the measured functions oc-
curred, the memory circuit would retain and continue to Figure 27. Block diagram of RTV telemetering system
transmit the desired information throughout the missile
flight.
47K 470K IOOK
The battery pack for the telemetering system is com-
posed of two batteries in parallel, each consisting of 18
*.LT 680 l_°UT
IN c _ T _ .__YY_ l I.... I
Mallory RM-1R mercury cells in series. The life test on I 903¥ ..^qUf"'" V9o3 _.oo_s6o
one battery was observed to be about 27 hr for a 30 milli- 1,N,38 I __+ _'[_ f
ampere
mately
load.
0.88
The
watts
telemetering
of power,
system
excluding,
requires
of course,
approxi-
the :: [ I l! I0
I :_ +
28
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
IX. MISSILE 27
Figure 29. Jupiter-C, round 27 Figure 30. Launcher with assembled stages 2 and 3
29
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
Five channels of telemetry were superimposed on the The upper stage assembly enclosed in the tub was run
Microlock carrier. (Refer to Sec. VIII-A-5.) lip to a spin rate of 549 rpm, just before take-off, by two
electric motors mounted in the forward end of the booster
Microlock ground stations were set up at the launching unit. The motors continued to rotate the assembly until
site at Cape Canaveral and downrange at Grand Turk
separation of the booster from the high-speed stages, at
Island. The antenna at the Cape station consisted of a
which time tile speed reached 810 rpm. The rate of rota-
four-helix array directed down the firing azimuth (Fig. tion was automatically increased at chosen points of the
31). Grand Turk had a reference helix and two interfer- first-stage trajectory to avoid resonance with the natural
ometer helices each 100 ft. from the reference (Fig. 32).
frequency of the missile structure.
The interferometer array was installed with the zero or
center null directed true north. At 0147 EST, 20 September 1956, missile 27 was
launched at AFMTC, Cape Canaveral, Florida, with an
aiming azimuth 100 deg east of true north. The pyrotech-
nic flashes in the payload were completely lost because
of heavy cloud cover and an excess of light from the full
moon, but all other missions of the flight were exception-
ally successful. The missile attained an altitude of 682
miles and a distance of 3350 miles. The firing proved the
propulsive power of the A-5 engine, and verified the
aerodynamic design of the ]upiter-C configuration. Data
on the entire flight were received by tracking stations from
the transponder and transmitter and indicated fulfillment
of the desired objectives.
PREDICTED
RECEIVED
-13o
lugs. The overall weight was 1214 lb; the payload weighed
86.5 lb. Figure 33. Signal strength, round 27, Cape Canaveral
3O
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
saturation caused the large discrepancy between the curve indicates the doppler shift, and the received curve
predicted and received signal levels from 0 to 150 sec. indicates the doppler shift plus beacon-oscillator drift.
The model that was used to predict the flight antenna The indicated beacon-oscillator drift correlates nicely
pattern did not contain the shroud that was used on the between the two ground stations. The Grand Turk Island
final flight unit. The effect of this shroud was to broaden station measured the initial frequency at 2.3 kc lower than
the tail null and to increase the bandwidth of the side- the Cape Canaveral station measurement. The measure-
lobes. Since the antenna was looking down the tail null ment made from Cape Canaveral is believed to be the
at the Cape Canaveral station, the received signal was more accurate of the two.
about 10 db lower than was predicted from the pattern
measured on a model.
-10£ I
-160 E
o 2oo 400 600 Boo iooo izoo
TIME, sec
PREDICTED 107._
-- RECEIVED
>_."
(.3
Z
LLI
ZD
0
UJ
n,"
LL
,0,99,
z
uJ
0 500 I000 O
LIJ
107.99"
TIME,sec LL
levels correspond fairly well except for the predicted null _R_ _
at 345 sec and the periodic variations (as in Fig. 33).
The null was predicted on the basis of the model antenna
2O0 400 600 800 I000
pattern; the flight antenna did not have this null. This
TIME, sec
again is due to the addition of the shroud. The signal
was acquired at 196 sec at Grand Turk Island and was Figure 36. Frequency shift, round 27, Grand Turk Island
tracked until approximately 1170 sec. The signal level was
extremely low and the station dropped lock at 650 sec,
regaining lock at 690 sec. C. Telemetering
Figure 36 indicates the frequency shift as received Telemetering for this flight consisted of the first five
from the Grand Turk Island station. Again the predicted RDB channels, as shown in Fig. 27, received through the
31
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
Microlock system. Channel information was of the event not expected to trigger under normal conditions in the
type and since the noise level was expected to be high, a operation of the high-speed stages. The trigger level was
memory was included in the flight unit in the form of set by mounting the accelerometer on a shake table and
flip-flop circuits, which could be triggered only once. adjusting the trigger level with a 50 g peak sine wave.
Triggering of channel 5 occurred at stage 3 ignition,
As was expected, the data was extremely noisy. This whereas the channel-4 accelerometer (mounted at right
presented an excellent opportunity to try out data reduc- angles to that for channel 5) did not trigger. The exact
tion by use of the phase-locked loop discriminators or source of the observed shock cannot be determined. The
tracking filter recently designed specifically for telemetry. trigger might have been caused bv either the ignition of
Anticipation of this flight allowed enough lead time to a stage 3 motor located adjacent to the accelerometer or
procure filters for the occasion. Because of the limited by some mechanical interference during the separation of
available equipment, each channel had to be reduced stages 2 and 3.
singly. Data reduction consisted of two parts : these were
reduction with and without the tracking filter as shown
in Fig. 37. "- ,A IGNITION
, /" _o
GNITION - _i.i_'. 2-_i" ._..._i f L" _: ..........
I DATA co rr
REDUCTION
LABORATORY
nr
0
I<z
rr'_
VOLTAGE- I
CONTROLLED
OSC LLATOR
D
O <
==, LATERAL L _=-_ -_ .... -_ ............... ._ z
32
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
33
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
Ignition of the second stage is initiated from the booster determination systems are carried in packets in the
when cutoff of the booster occurs. Cutoff is effected using balloon cover and are activated by squibs sensitive to
an integrator cutoff control, which actuates cutoff after salt water immersion. The first of these is a small radio
the proper velocity has been attained by the booster. beacon ( SARAH ) which automatically broadcasts a hom-
Upon ignition of stage 2, there is an acceleration phase ing signal when the batteries are activated by salt water.
of approximately 5J_ to 6 sec until burnout occurs. Simul- This signal can be received by planes in the impact area.
taneously with the ignition and attainment of pressure in In addition, there is a small flashing light beacon activated
the motors of stage 2, a timer in stage 3 is activated by a by sea water, and there are several packets of dye marker.
pressure switch in stage 2. Exactly 8 sec after the ignition
of stage 2, stage 3 is ignited by a pulse from the timer. B. Estimated Dispersion for the High-Speed
With the ignition of stage 3, separation of stage 3 from
Stages of the RTV, Round 34
stage 2 occurs. Upon this separation, a lanyard from a
detonator block on stage 3 to an attachment on stage 2 To facilitate the recovery of the nose cone, an analysis
is pulled, arming the detonator block-primacord system of the dispersion to be expected from the flight of the
for separating the payload. Nominal burning time for high-speed stages of the RTV, round 34, was made. This
stage 3 is also 54 to 6 sec. At 64 sec after the ignition of analysis made use of currently available information on
stage 2, the antispin motors are fired (see Sec. X-C). the structural rigidity of the assembly of high-speed stages
These are two small rocket motors mounted in the stage 3 and of the launching tub. Statistics describing the uneven
structure to produce a torque impulse to despin stage 3 burning among the motors in the clusters of stages 2
and the payload. This despinning is necessary for the and 3 were used in the calculations.
successful operation of the recovery system. Four seconds
after the antispin motors are fired, the primacord is deto- Two types of effects make important contributions to
the dispersion. The first of these is a thrust-upsetting
nated separating the payload from stage 3. Upon separa-
moment which occurs when the line of thrust action, as
tion, two lanyards between the payload and stage 3 are
extended forward, passes a nonzero distance _x from the
pulled, arming the recovery system.
center of gravity of the missile. It is convenient to break
Upon completion of the re-entry portion of the trajec- down the possible causes for such a malalignment into
tory, but before impact, the nose cone will go from super- three groups, as follows:
sonic to subsonic velocities (at approximately 15,000 ft).
An accelerometer sensing the corresponding changes in 1. Malalignment of structural parts resulting in an off-
drag forces activates a number of powder delay trains set between the center of gravity of the missile and
within the recovery package. The first of these delay trains the nominal axis.
sets off a number of explosive bolts, blowing off the rear
2. Malalignment of the rocket nozzle (or nozzles) lead-
cover of the payload. A few seconds later, the second
ing to both an angularity between the thrust axis
delay train causes a parachute to be blown out the rear
and the axis of the missile, and a displacement (par-
of the payload. The air forces on the parachute cause a
allel to itself) of the thrust axis away from the axis
deflated balloon to be pulled out of the package as the
of the missile.
parachute inflates. A third delay train ruptures the seals
on two air bottles, inflating the balloon. Upon inflation of 3. For missiles using more than one rocket motor,
the balloon, the connecting air line is severed and the uneven burning among the various motors, which
balloon then trails above the inflated parachute on a lone
leads to a displacement of the total thrust vector,
line attached to the payload. Simultaneously with the
as well as (eventually) to a malalignment of weight.
inflation of the balloon, a SOFAR bomb is released from
the package, falling into the sea. The SOFAR bomb is a The second important effect contributing to the disper-
powder charge set off by a pressure-sensitive fuse preset sion of spinning missiles is a nonzero rate of yaw at launch
to go off when the bomb sinks to a prescribed depth. The (denoted by _i). Such a yaw rate will occur, for missiles
resultant shock wave can be picked up and a position
launched while spinning, whenever there is an angle
bearing taken using SONAR techniques with equipment between the axis about which the missile is constrained
aboard naval vessels stationed in the impact area. Upon
to spin in the launcher and the principal axis of inertia
entry into the water, the payload sinks until the balloon
of the missile itself. It is convenient to consider such an
strikes the water and slack in the connecting line is taken
up; the balloon then acts as a buoy, supporting the pay- angularity between the two axes as arising from two types
load and acting as a marker. Three additional location- of malalignment, which are:
34
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
80
1. Malalignment of the structural parts of the mis-
sile, which gives rise to an angularity between the
70 ',
principal axis of inertia and the nominal axis of \
symmetry. \
60
I
2. Tipping of the initial spin axis due to bending of
the launching structure or malalignment of the
3 IN DIRECTION
launching supports.
w, rpm
the spin rate from 380 to approximately 90 rpm. It was
decided that this could be done most easily and reliably Figure 42. Expected dispersion, initial
by using a pair of rocket motors placed 180 deg apart velocity = 2313 meters/sec
in the hardware immediately below the Cook re-entry
package.
ter to the spin direction, in order to lower the spin rate
The two motors (Fig. 43 and 44) are held in brackets as indicated above. The rocket motor jets exhausted to
which were positioned to produce sufficient torque, coun- the exterior through ceramic-coated steel ducts.
Table 4. Effects contributing to the dispersion of the flight 27 configuration (stages 2 and 3)
20 30 40 60 80 100
I _il, due to malallgnment of parts 0.08_ mil/sec 4.5 5.5 5.5 5 4.5 4
I _i I, due to launcher-support tolerances 0.35u_ mil/sec 20 22 24 21 20 18
(w/61.8) 2 X 1/40
*b(0_)
1 -- {_/61.8) _
35
,,'-rMM I=i r_m-_-s-i A i ....
IGNITER LEADS
PROPELLANT\ Length (overall), in ........................................ 4.20
\,
Outside diameter, in ...................................... 2.77
\ Weight, Ib
Loaded ............................................... 1.90
Design parameters
BORON PELLETS Nozzle diameter, in .................................... 0.280
/
Expansion ratio, in ....................................... 4.0
// Burning-surface-to-throat-area ratio, K, .................... 160
,/
Port-to-throat-area, ratio H ................................ 20
NOZZLE ", IGNITER CASE
DIAPHRAGM "X
8c ,/1
Figure 43. Cutaway view of assembled anti-spin motor
80°F
e 6c // -/--
-60°F
/Wiring _r
j, /_ _II
2oj
0 0.4 08 1.2 1.6 2.0 24 2,8 32
TIME, sec
36
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
Table 6. Static test data for anti-spin motors modulation is 0.1 radian or less, and this amount is too
being used for round 34* small to interfere with tile DOVAP system. The Micro-
lock system is easily capable of detecting this modulation
1. Total impulse, vacuum, avg, Ib-sec ....................... 116.7 since it was designed to track a transmitter with much
Estimate of standard deviation or, Ib-sec ................... 1.09
lower output than the DOVAP transponder. Figure 47
Standard deviation e, % ............................... 0.94
illustrates the operational theory of tile DOVAP-Micro-
Range, Ib-sec ......................................... 3.31
2. Burning time, avg, sec .................................. 2.62 lock system. The DOVAP station operates in the normal
Estimate of standard deviation _r, sec .................... 0.033 manner. The Microlock station receives both the signal
Standard deviation e,, % ................................ 1,26 from the missile and from the DOVAP ground station
3. Ignition-delay for all tests, millisec .................. less than 5
and is capable of producing the doppler tone; its main
'Conditions of tests were as follows: purpose, however, is to recover the telemetering informa-
All motors tested were cast from same batch of propellant. tion. The Microlock telemetering system was modified to
All squibs and igniters were from same lot.
operate at the DOVAP frequency of 73.88 mc instead of
Diaphragms, 100-psi burst pressure, installed in all motors.
Items 1, 2, and 3 hold for the four units used for round 34. the normal operating frequency of 108 inc.
Test temperature, 80°F.
MISSILE
for round 34. Four additional motors were delivered to CK RECEIVER
D. Telemetry System
36.94-mc DOVAP
SIGNAL
7588-mc DOVAP
SIGNAL MODULATED
BY TELEMETERING
37
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
38
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
SUMMIT 354 ml
ACTUAL
SUMMIT 251 mi
PREDICTED
200 CAPE
CANAVERAL
n.m
TIME: 827 se TIME: 944
39
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
Upon water impact, the battery activated by salt water, Although ablation type re-entry heat protection pro-
actuated release and erection of the antenna, closure of tected the nose cone from overheating, the reduced angle
a number of other circuits, illumination of the beacon, of attack diminished nose cone heating conditions.
and radio transmission. In addition, dye markers were Examinations and tests made on the recovered nose
released, and shark repellant was expelled. cone showed that ablation of the glass fiber laminate was
The nose cone was recovered by the U.S.S. Escape essentially uniform and was approximately 1_ of the
at a range of 1160 miles (57 miles greater than predicted) radius. No detrimental effects on joints or adhesive lines
with an almost negligible lateral deviation of 1.36 miles were noted except for a slight pitting tendency in the
to the right. cross-laminate flow areas near the stagnation point.
4O
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
Following the successful completion of the re-entry The first experiment was to be performed at the earliest
test program, the Department of Defense authorized the possible date; its objective was to: (1) gather environ-
Army and JPL to modify the lupiter-C into a satellite- mental data, (2) flight-test major items of hardware, and
launching vehicle. Such satellites were to carry scientific (3) make certain measurements of scientific value. The
payloads as part of the IGY program. total electronic payload weight was to be 11.8 lb. The
total payload weight including structure and antennas
The name Juno was given to the satellite program. was 18.2 lb. The total weight of the orbiting satellite,
This program was divided into two series of space flights. including the empty stage 4 motor, was 31 lb.
The first series, Juno I, used Redstone missiles as the first
stage to place Earth satellites in orbit which were desig- The second experiment, originally planned for the
nated Explorer I--V. See Table 7 for a summary of RTV Vanguard as part of the IGY program, was the State
and Juno I launchings. The second series, 1uno II, used University of Iowa (SUI) cosmic-ray experiment modi-
the Jupiter IRBM instead of the Redstone as the first fied for the ]upiter-C configuration. The major objective
stage. of the SUI cosmic-ray experiment was to make an exten-
sive survey of primary cosmic-ray intensity. The payload
The DOD authorization called for the preparation of
and its total weight was approximately the same as for
two satellite vehicles and payloads. JPL was to supply
the first experiment.
the cluster of high-speed stages and the payloads. Plans
for the two payloads were approved by the Technical A micrometeorite experiment was included in each
Panel on the Earth Satellite Program on 6 November 1957. payload. This experiment, originally planned as part of
41
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
RTV Round 34, Jupiter-C 3 Hose cone test and recovery No recovery of nose cone
5/15/57
RTV Round 40, Jupiter-C 3 Nose cone test Successful recovery of nose cone
8/8/57
Juno 1 Round 26, Jupiter-C Explorer I1 4 Earth satellite 4th stage did not function
3/5/58
Juno 1 Round 49, Jupiter-C Deaf 111 4 Earth satellite Failed to orbit
10/22/58 Beacon
the SUI experiment, was performed in cooperation with this one more stringent requirement, the ]upiter-C envi-
the Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC). ronment approximated that of Vanguard. Environmental
The ]upiter-C launcher rotated the payload at a higher testing of the payload for the first experiment was com-
speed ( 750 rpm) than the Vanguard launcher. Except for pleted at this Laboratory by 31 December 1957.
42
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
PAYLOAD
,qI_-FOURTH STAGE
HIGH-SPEED ASSEMBLY _ ]_
II-_-.I
THIRD STAGE
UE
,91_SECOND STAGE
MODIFIED REDS'I'ONE
FIRST STAGE
GUIDANCE SECTION
43
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
The first stage consisted of two major parts: (1) the B. Stage 4 Support Cone
main body with its propulsion system, which also was
The support cone for stage 4 is shown in Fig. 51. The
the chief source of power during the initial phase of flight,
forward ring, made of steel, projects outside the forward
and (2) the guidance section which houses the guidance,
diameter of the conical shell. This increased diameter
spatial-attitude control, and cluster drive systems.
was necessary from strength considerations. The conical
The second and third stages were similar to the shell, an aluminum alloy, was tapered down to and riv-
]upiter-C and consisted of clusters of RTV motors as eted to the inner diameter of this ring, thus providing
described in Part One of this volume. Stage 3 did have a smooth continuous inner surface for the cone-ring com-
bination. This decreased the possibility that stage 4 will
a support cone designed to support the fourth stage. This
hang up in the cone during launch.
cone, described in Sec. XII-B, was similar to that flown
on round 27. Axial thrust applied to stage 4 during the burning of
earlier stages was carried on the front surface of the for-
The fourth stage used a regular RTV motor case, but ward support ring. The aft support ring carried only
differed from the stage 2 and 3 motors in the propellant, transverse loads and was fabricated from aluminum as a
igniter, size of nozzle, and support attachment. webbed structure. It was riveted to the conical shell, and
STAGE 5 MOTORS
44
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
the joint between the ring and shell was reinforced by of the lip were carefully machined to permit accurate
buttresses between the aft face of the ring and the inner
alignment of stage 4 in stage 3. Three shear pins pre-
surface of the shell. The skin thickness of the shell tapered vented stage 4 from working its way out of the support
from 0.09 in. at the base to 0.06 in. at the forward end.
cone due to vibration. The aft ring was welded to the
aft domehead. Only a .cylindrical bearing surface was
C. The Stage 4 Assembly machined on this ring since it is to carry only transverse
loads.
Figure l shows a comparison between the stage 4 and
stages 2 and 3 motors. The two rings near the aft end The nozzle of the stage 4 motor is slightly shorter and
slightly smaller in its maximum (aft) diameter than the
of the stage 4 motor support this stage in the matching
rings of the stage 4 support cone. The forward ring, motors of the other stages. This is to permit adequate
clearance, during the launching of stage 4, between the
which was welded to the outside of the motor case, had
stage 4 nozzle and the stage 3 cone.
a cylindrical surface to transmit transverse loads and a lip
on the forward edge of the cylinder to transmit axial The propellant in stage 4 was a higher performance
loads. Both the cylindrical surface and the bearing surface JPL 136 propellant. Table 8 shows the 136 formulation.
Component Percent
by weight
D. The Shroud
E. Ignition System
Figure 52. Second and third stages of The igniters for the stage 2 and 3 motors were identical
high-speed assembly to the earlier RTV igniters and were installed through
45
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
46
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
After burnout of the booster at about 100 km the motor rotating by the action of the spatial-attitude control posi-
and tank section separated from the rest of the vehicle. tioning air jets. If the guidance section were to rotate,
The guidance section with the high-speed stages and the guidance gyros would tumble and the guidance refer-
payload then coasted to the apex of the preprogrammed ence would be lost.
trajectory (approximately 360 km). During the time
between the first separation and the time that the vehicle The operation and orientation of the instrument com-
reached the apex of its trajectory (free-coast period), partment and the spatial-attitude system were continu-
the spatial-attitude control located in the guidance unit ously telemetered until the launching of the second stage.
positioned the high-speed cluster so that the spin axis Using prepared nomographs, the exact point of apex was
was approximately parallel to the Earth's suface at the computed, based on information received from radar,
trajectory apex (Fig. 55). DOVAP, etc. When the apex had been achieved, a radio
signal from the launching site was used to relay the fire
The spatial-attitude control system used compressed
order to the launching vehicle to fire the second-stage
air nozzled through the eight air jets, tangentially located
rockets.
on four fin-like protuberances at the aft end of the guid-
ance compartment.
A typical gain in velocity from the three solid-
As with the ]upiter-C, two electric motors housed propellant high-speed stages amounted successively to:
within the guidance section were used to spin the high- II-- 1571 m/sec; III = 1534 m/sec; and IV= 2189 m/sec,
speed stages at about 750 rpm in order to provide direc- which resulted in a total velocity at final burnout of
tional stability. The guidance section was prevented from 7684 m/sec.
i
36 _ FLIGH
47
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
SUBCARRIER OSCIL
LOW-POWER TRANS
SUBCARRIER
ExFRETWORK
TERNALOSCILLATORS
SHELL// ___E" --- !
LAST STAGE
LAUNCHING SURFACE ----.-.
_" MOTOR CASE
48
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
tion permits the rocket motor case and the nose cone to
count. Ground observations of the satellite were expected
become an integral part of the orbiting vehicle. The
to provide additional data about the Earth's ionosphere,
attached motor case increases the overall size of the
geomagnetic field intensity, and atmospheric density•
satellite, which aids in visual sightings. It also serves as
These observations were to be made by both radio and
part of the antenna system for the low-power transmitter. optical means.
The instrumentation section and integral nose cone
of the first satellite were coated with Rokide-A (alumi- C. Satellite Communications
num oxide) stripes, for purposes of temperature control
with a ratio of 25/75 and 30/70 of Rokide/steel on the Because of the restrictions imposed by weight, size,
body and nose cone, respectively. The pattern of this and power consumption, it is necessary for the communi-
coating is shown in Fig. 57. cation system that is used with a small satellite to be as
efficient as possible. It should be noted that in terms of
satellite application, efficient circuit design means high-
est radiated power and longer instrumentation life per
battery weight• In the case of the Explorer satellite, the
Microlock system developed by the Jet Propulsion Labo-
ratory, and described in Part One, was used. The essen-
tial feature of the Microlock system is the phase-locked
receiver which allows a very narrow bandwidth to be
used and therefore made it possible for a very sensitive
system to be built•
49
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
LOW-POW ER
TRANSMITTER
H I G H- POWER
TRANSMITTER
5O
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. i
This signal was to be received by the Minitrack net and by the Minitrack system or by any comparable sensitive
used for precise orbit determination. The life expectancy receiver. However, to obtain the telemetering informa-
of the high-power transmitter was approximately 2 weeks. tion from the low-power phase-modulated transmitter
The second, or low-power transmitter, which was it was necessary to use a Microlock type of system.
phase-modulated to a level of 45 deg rms delivered 10 mw In order to improve the sensitivity of the Microlock
of power to its linearly polarized dipole antenna at a fre- system, phase-locked discriminators were used to recover
quency of 108.00 mc. One of the unique features of the the telemetry data, and bandwidths as low as about 1 cps
low-power transmitter was its long (approximately 1500 were used. It was possible to effect this improvement
hr) operating-life-to-battery-weight ratio. Signals from the because, except for the cosmic-ray count, the information
high-power transmitter could be satisfactorily received rate of the telemetering channels was quite low.
51
.,ll.lr dp_ _ .---_ --
--v-,._, 11 Ii./r--I1 I !1"1t.1_
A. Mechanical Environmental Tests for 1 min around the thrust axis, whereas type-approval
Mechanical tests prescribed by this specification were units were required to withstand a spin rate of 1500 rpm
performed on complete Explorer payloads. for 10 min in order to pass their tests.
The payload was expected to experience static accel- Tests of the satellites were based on estimates of the
erations as great as 60 g during the launching phase. vibration which the fourth-stage rocket motor would pro-
Type-approval tests were therefore made on a centrifuge duce at the joint between the motor case and the payload.
( Fig. 59) in order to produce stresses greater than 60 g for Estimates of this vibrational data were determined by
periods of up to 5 rain. several restrained motor test firings. Calculations to deter-
mine the effects of the test stand measured data and the
2. Rotation
loading effects on the payload structure by the rocket
The high-speed stages of the 1upiter-C were spin- motor vibration were also made.
stabilized. Since the effect of this rotation on the payload
Some of the most severe vibration experienced by the
components should be independent of total time, units
were tested at the expected spin rates (Fig. 60) for short Explorer payloads was expected to be produced by the
times. Flight-acceptance test units were spun at 750 rpm stage 4 motor. Since little was known about the coupling
52
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
53
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
transmitters.
14(
B. Doppler Station
TIME, sec
The equipment was installed and operated by three
JPL men. It was operated only during the launching and Figure 64. Shroud end motor dome temperatures
54
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
5_
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I.
56
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
IANTENNA I
r- .... -I_
/LOOP AUDIO LOCKED-
DISCRIMINATOR J
I
V
I FREQUENCY
= REFERENCE AND DIGITAL RECORDER
COUNTER _ -- TELEMETERING
DOPPLER ON
1 pps T PLAYBACK
1 I
MICROLOCK
RECEIVER - TIME BASE I
REFERENCE
CHANNEL
J GENERATOR I DIGITAL CLOCK 18 36 06 1058
TTT T
I JPL CODE[ TIME hr rnin sec cps
UNIVERSAL VCO
TI ME FREQUENCY
, _1 4-CHANNEL
SANBORN
,
I
I
I
] PAPER RECORDER
I ON
tPLAYBAC_J AMPEX
2-TRACKS
TAPE RECORDER
effect, the VCO frequency followed it. The VCO fre- c. Gold Station. This Microlock station at AFMTC had
quency was then recorded by a counter and a digital the following five basic requirements: (1) to perform the
recorder. The recorder then printed out the last four
preflight checkouts of the payloads, (2) to provide the
digits of the VCO frequency on a paper tape. A plot
azimuth angle of the payload near the point of injec-
of the frequency shift vs time provided the data required
tion and near the horizon, (3) to provide doppler infor-
for orbital calculations.
mation during and after high-speed stage burning, (4) to
monitor performance of the telemetering channels during
The frequency counter also provided a 1-pps signal
launch, and (5) to obtain doppler and telemetering infor-
which drove a time-base generator and a digital clock.
mation on subsequent passes.
The time-base generator provided timing for the other
recorders. A digital clock controlled six printing wheels
This station was installed in two Helicop-Huts (Fig.
in the digital recorder which in turn printed out in
67). The doppler printout equipment such as installed
Universal-time units of hours, minutes, and seconds. The
in the Red Station was added and the Ampex (two-track)
printed time represented the end of a 1-sec counting inter-
magnetic tape recorder was replaced by a seven-track
val and agreed with the time signals from the station
machine. A block diagram of the system is shown in
WWV to within a few millisec.
Fig. 68. The system included a single-axis interferometer
receiver (108.00 mc) for the angle determination.
A further addition to Red Station for the Explorer oper-
ations was the incorporation of a radio set (transmitter
The Gold Station received and recorded (on magnetic
and receiver) to enable communication with and through tape) telemetering information from both 108.00- and
the JPL message center.
108.03-mc transmitters of Explorer I. For Explorers II and
57
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
l INTERFEROMETER
I ANTENNA I I ANTENNA ] I ANTENNA I I ANTENNA
IPREAMPL,FIER
I IPREAMP_,FIER] PREAMPLIFIER
.... i LooPAUDIO LOCKED-
DISCRIMINATOR
l F-J
[HYbRID'MIXER'
T,MEI
I
I
(4-CHANNEL)
PAPER
SANBORN
RECORDER
iJPL
I
i COl )ED I
TI AE
GENER_O"
] -ICLOCK
I
TELEMETER,NO+
(18-CHANNEL) M,CROPHONE
ONPLAY_CK
II
lOB.OO-mc
CONSOLIDATED
GREEN PHONE
AFMTC DOPPLER
BLACK PHONE
rBRUSH RECORDER
(LAUNCH FOR OBSERVERS
ONLY) !
58
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
III only the data from the low-power (108.00-mc) trans- orbit. For Explorer I, the IBM-704 computer group at
mitter was recorded. Doppler information of launch was ABMA calculated these theoretical doppler curves for
also provided by the Gold Station to the JPL computing the first pass of the satellite. Calculations were made for
center at AFMTC. about 40 different sets of initial conditions near nominal.
During the actual first pass of the satellite, data were
B. Spheredop Net transmitted in real time to the central data center and
compared to each of the theoretical doppler curves. The
1. Description orbital elements of the orbit best matching the observed
The JPL Spheredop network was a group of tracking data were then chosen to be the best approximation to
stations possessing equipment capable of rapidly deter- the actual orbital elements. In this manner it was found
mining the exact nature of the doppler shift of signals that a fairly accurate idea of the orbital elements could
transmitted from satellite vehicles. be obtained within a few minutes after the first pass.
At the time of the first Explorer, the Spheredop net- In addition to the above computing scheme, which was
work consisted of the following stations: Naval Ordnance used only on the first pass, subsequent doppler data was
Test Station (NOTS), China Lake, California; San Gabriel used at JPL to refine the original orbit determination.
Valley Radio Club, Temple City, California; Ballistic Within the required accuracy, this could be done by
Research Laboratory, (BRL), White Sands Missile Range, using an analog interpreter consisting of a tabletop repre-
New Mexico; Collins Radio Company, Cedar Rapids, sentation of the Earth, combined with simple hand com-
Iowa; ABMA, Huntsville, Alabama. In addition, data were puting methods. Reduced doppler data were also sent
available from the prime Microlock station located at to ABMA, where a more sophisticated orbit computation
Earthquake Valley, California. The NOTS, San Gabriel, was made by the IBM-704 computer group, using times
and Collins installations consisted of amateur Microlock of nearest approach and maximum slope of the doppler
systems. The BRL, White Sands, installation consisted of curve as program input. This technique was employed
for Explorers I and II.
the normal BRL doppler tracking setup. The ABMA oper-
ation employed the JPL audio lock-loop system that was
For the operation involving the launchings of Explorers
used on Antigua Island. All the stations used modifica-
IV and V, similar data reduction and analysis schemes
tions of the JPL Microlock system. All stations used some
were used. Data from the Spheredop network were trans-
form of phase coherent detection in conjunction with a mitted to the JPL message center. At JPL the maximum
device for automatically printing out in digital form num- slope and time of nearest approach was determined, and
bers related to the satellite carrier frequencies. The prime
immediately transmitted to ABMA followed by trans-
purpose of the network was to provide data on satellite
mission of the raw data. ABMA had primary responsi-
trajectories immediately following launch and during the bility for orbit determination. The ABMA computations
first few passes around the Earth, in order to establish
were based on a program which had been prepared for
orbital parameters at the earliest possible time. The sta- the IBM-704 computer. Less extensive orbital computa-
tions were tied to a data center at the Jet Propulsion tion was also made at JPL.
Laboratory, by teletype, radio, and telephone. This net-
work was located in such a manner that it covered an
extensive area of the United States. The stations were C. System Operation
located so that the base line distance between stations I. Doppler
was comparable with the expected orbital altitude of the
satellite. The Microloek doppler system, being a one-way sys-
tem, does not have the inherent accuracy of the two-way
2. Computational Technique system commonly encountered at missile ranges. Neglect-
The basic computing scheme of the Spheredop network ing the frequency drift of the transmitter, the limiting
as performed at JPL was to make use of as much com- factor of the system accuracy is the stability of the refer-
puting before the firing time as possible. A nominal orbit ence oscillator used in the Microlock frequency counter
which is within several parts in 10'. Since the counter
was specified before the firing and predictions were then
counts the VCO frequency, it can introduce 20-to-30 cps
calculated as to the exact frequency of the doppler shifted
error in the doppler shift data. The 455- and 5.455-mc
satellite tracking signal at the location of each Spheredop
reference oscillators in the Microlock receiver (Fig. 69)
station. Other such calculations were run on orbits that
contribute approximately 1 and 5 cps error, respectively,
represented small deviations from the so-called nominal
during a pass. Therefore a total error of about 35 cps out
59
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
73 88- mc 36 94_nc
ANTENNA ANTENNA
VCO SYSTEM
FIXED AGC
RANGE TIME
VOICE LABEL
DOPPLER
EPUT, IOkc
73 88-mc
L PREAMPL FIER
/
/
// TO
/ DATA
REDUCTION
I /
t/
LIGHTS
/
/
/
EPUT METER
TELE DiSC
WWV ANTENNA
of about 5600 cps total frequency shift for Explorer orbits 2. Signal Strength
amounts to less than 1% error. Figures 70 and 71 show The AGC voltage of the Microlock receiver was
the data collected for Explorers I, II, and IlL All curves recorded as a measure of receiver signal strength. Fig-
are corrected to a nominal frequency of 108.00 mc, since ures 72, 73, and 74 show the received signal strength for
the low-power transmitters of each payload had slightly the three Explorer launchings. The low-power transmit-
different frequencies. Figure 71 also shows the burning ters had a nominal output power of 10 mw, and all three
periods of the high-speed stages; the horizontal sections were less than 1 db below this figure. The high-power
between the steep portions are the coasting periods. beacon on Explorer I had a power output of 60 mw; the
Although analog data covering Explorer burning and subsequent rounds used interrogated transmitters and
coasting periods are far less accurate, they show the were not tracked by Microlock, except to measure carrier
doppler signal as continuously functioning and verify frequency during preflight checkouts.
the digital lengths of the coasting and burning periods.
The motion of the payload after injection can be ana-
Digital information was averaged over 1-sec intervals
( every other second) and this fact was taken into account lyzed to some degree by examination of the variations
when calculating the satellites' velocities. in signal strength. The graphs shown are not plotted in
60
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
108.00050
108.00000
107.99950
Z
r STAGE 2 IGNITIOh
0
uJ
rr I STAGE I CUTOFF
107.99900
ILl
I---
"_--_ -- _ STAGE :3 IGNITION
Z 107.99850
I--
EXPLORER I_
0 107.99800
l
_I
107.'
p/- EXPLORER 1_
107.9970q
....
1 EXPLORER I
0 50 I00 150 200
250 500 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
TIME A_TER LIFTOFF, sec
107.99925
107.99900 \
" \
10799875
107.99_
\
\
>._-
(.3
Z EXPLORER JT"
LU 107,998Z!
0
hi
k
tY
LL $
\
107.99800
\ \\
\ /"-- EXPLORER ]"
107.99775
\
\
EXPLORER j_ J\_
, \
' \
l
\
---.--.. ,.....,...__
•---.,-,_ .__.._,_
1079972. =
390 395 400 405
410 415 420 425 4:50 435 4 40 445 450 455
TIME, sec
Figure 71.
Explorer doppler shift during burning of high speed stages
61
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
20-db
l
ATTENUATION
_1 CARRIER FREQUENCY
-150
------ 108.05 mc
1 _ 108.00 mc
1
660
180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
6O 120
-45
- 6C
E -75
1:}
z"
I--
(.9
Z
L,U -20-db ATTENUATOR REMOVED
oc -90
-STAGE 2 IGNITION
-120
\\C_%,
-155
CARRIER FREQUENCY,108.00mc
I
I
600 660 72'(;
-150 180 240 :500 560 420 480 540
0 60 120
62
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
I
-75
E
J_ STAGE _ IGNITION
_" -105
F--
F STAGE 5 IGNITION
I/- STAGE
Z
LLI 4 IGNITION
rY
I'--
O3 h A A _ _ ._
.j -I 20
2"
(.9
VVVV v I11
INJECTION _,
V
(3
b..J
>
i";3 -135
'I
V AA,.
L) ' v vvlI
ILl LOSS OF LOCK-
,,y
-150
-165
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660
sufficient detail to indicate all the variations. The spin the nulls in the antenna patterns of the interferometer.
rate of the payload can be read from the fluctuations in The central null lay in a plane perpendicular to the axis
the AGC voltage which are due to asymmetry of the of the antenna system. For the Explorer launchings, this
antenna pattern. After fourth stage burning, the signal null plane was oriented so that the firing azimuth lay in
strength varied in a periodic manner. The period varied this plane (Fig. 75). With the null plane lying along the
with time, and this effect has been correlated with pre-
cession of the payload.
3. Interferometer
63
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
nominal firing azimuth of 110 deg, deviations from the pattern null. Between the first two side nulls in the differ-
expected trajectory could be measured. The actual tra- ence pattern, the ratio is ambiguous in magnitude, but
jectory did not lie in this plane because of Coriolis accel- the ambiguity may be resolved as shown in Fig. 77. The
eration, drift errors, and guidance corrections. polarity of the signals depends on the relative phases of
the two signals. In each of the quadrants I to IV, the
Explorers I and H were fired from ABMA Pad No. combination of polarities of the two signals is unique,
26A at the AFMTC. The Microlock station was located so and the appropriate quadrant may be selected. This infor-
that the center null plane of the antenna passed almost mation and the magnitude of the ratio determine the
directly through the pad. The mechanical axis of the angle. Outside the first two difference pattern nulls, the
antenna was accurately surveyed and the electrical axis combination of polarities is repeated. This ambiguity must
was adjusted to coincide with it within ±0.1 deg by be resolved by prior information.
adjusting phase lengths in cables between the antennas
and the differencing networks. After this adjustment the
QUADRANT
position of the null plane was measured by flying a trans- POLARITY
I ]I TIT I_
mitter in a helicopter, which was observed by a theodolite
as it crossed the null plane. This boresighting technique A + + - -
T. + - - +
supplied a number of check points as the helicopter flew 1
pattern is the difference pattern with the central null in Figure 77. Microlock channel output
the vertical plane and aligned with the firing azimuth.
signal vs azimuth angle
The dotted line is the sum pattern and has a maximum
where the difference pattern has a minimum. At a switch-
ing point, the ratio of difference to sum signal is pro- In the case of Explorers I and II, the angle always
portional to the angular displacement from a difference remained in the central four quadrants. Explorer III was
fired from ABMA Pad No. 5. The Microlock station was
not moved because of lack of time to properly set up the
VERTICAL NULL PLANE OF antennas. Therefore the missile was tracked with con-
PATTERN
siderable parallax during the early portion of flight when
the azimuth angle was initially far outside the central
four quadrants. In order to resolve this ambiguity, the
expected appearance of the output of the interferometer
channel for both sum and difference patterns was pre-
S .... ,_-_ nATTERN F-- DIFFERENCE (A}
calculated as shown in Fig. 78. The flight data were
u,*, _; r _ // PATTERN
examined to ascertain times of null crossings and positive
and negative maxima. These were then plotted and a
curve sketched through these points. These data con-
verted to azimuth angle are shown in Fig. 79 and show
how the parallax error decreased as the range increased.
The curves clearly show how the missile was brought
back to the firing azimuth after drifting slightly to the
left. This method was successful in accounting for all the
Figure 76. Microlock interferometer antenna pattern null crossings and resolving the ambiguities.
64
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
:6
o_ 0
f .lzl[_ J/ftl, ;! __ . ¢ _ , _, ] \ _llOde, g _-OBSERVED LATER IN FLIGHT-I_
/ . f
/ I_ _,_-. JPREDIOTED
__-i.o ..... I1_' I l",.Jl/ "'4-_-__J L__---I
.... 4.... 4....
if I iJl] I / 1 --1 / / /
1I ]11 ]I I ]]ZI_IIIIVnl ]I ]1 I ,, IV" Ill
AMBIGUI'FIES " " ,_. I, I_E III 1I,,[
4th 3;d 2nd lit CENTER QUADRANT
-(
F-D "]_Z" mff I ]]Z]I[II]_ZmII I 1_ _I ]I 1"" ro" m II "
D-
l--
E)
0
1.0
I [ I! !] I I I I/ ' I
J
Z
N o
Ak - ._ ,EO,OTED
" ,,! /i \_ // "_I : - '_ _"''"_OBiERVED
0
I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 I00 I10 120 130 140 150
Figure 78. Explorer I1! Microlock interferometer predicted and observed null crossings and maxima
108
I10 deg
112 AXIS
I/ _-- INTERFEROMETER
=-
I- 116
n-
O
Z
LLJ
120
rr
F-
_E
0
tY 124
h
"r
I--
128
132
. g
136
0
60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Figure 79. Explorer III Microlock interferometer observed azimuth angle vs time
65
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
mation from the payload during and after the launch Indications of the ignition times of the high-speed
sequence. These data were in the form of automatically stages were obtained by the Microlock Gold Station.
printed frequencies counted over 1-sec intervals with These times, together with the time at which the signal
5-sec spacings between counts. Immediately after the was lost by this station, were transmitted to the JPL
signal was lost at the Gold Station, the data were trans- Message Center at AFMTC, as were the times at which
mitted to the JPL Message Center at AFMTC. the signal was received and lost by the Antigua Sta-
The doppler station at Antigua, B.W.I., received a tion. This timing information also assisted in the early
doppler frequency tone from the Minitrack receiving sta- determination of the orbit.
66
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. i
67
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
68
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
XIX. EXPLORER I
A. General
Cluster rotation occurred in three steps as scheduled, Cluster stages performance was obtained by subtract-
beginning with a speed of 560 rpm prior to liftoff, and ing the data at second stage ignition from those at injec-
reaching 751 rpm at 115 sec. Speed regulation of the tion into orbit. The difference between predicted and
cluster was maintained as desired. actual performance was very small.
69
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
Apogee, miles ........................ 1580 Patrick Air Force Base ................ 28°N
One very pronounced variation in signal strength had The radiation data were received only in the portions
a fundamental period of about 7 sec. It is significant that of the orbital band which were above ground stations.
the signals from the fixed linear antenna (but not the Since much of the surface of the Earth, particularly large
four flexible antennas) were of approximately the same bodies of water, over which Explorer I orbited had no
strength when received by an east-west antenna as when receiving stations, the data were not representative of the
received by a north-south' antenna. Also, the 108.00-mc total orbit.
and the 108.03-mc signals were usually, but not always,
4. Micrometeorites
out of phase. It was tentatively assumed that these fluc-
tuations in signal strength were due to tumbling of the The telemetered data indicated that one or two of th_
satellite. wire grids were fractured during the launching of the las!
7O
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
5o 1 I I I I
_ -PREDICTED TEMPERATURE 5o
, I JL " i. (J
25 , i - ; - o
o o
rr S o | l
ILl _ 25
w
I t°
M
o o
I---
rr"
hi
t
0
o 0 0
:: T
_ O0
C
{:L
0
2/I 2/2 2/:5 2/4 2/5 2/6 2/7 2/8 2/9 2/102/11 2/12 LU
I-- o
DAYS OF MEASUREMENT
G
satellite were indicated by changes in the frequency of interval of about two minutes.
71
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
XX. EXPLORER II
Missile 26, carrying Explorer II, was fired on schedule Table 1 1. Stage 2 ignition conditions
at Cape Canaveral at 1327:59 hours EST on 5 March
1958 and was intended to place a second satellite in orbit. Condition Predicted Actual
72
IV
A. General
Table 12. Flight data for Explorer III
and a 115.65 min nodal period. Table 12 presents addi- Stage 2 ignition, sec {timer) 396.0 396.0
The large deviation in local path resulted in high orbital Altitude at injection, miles 218 241
Explorer III weighed 18.53 lb and carried instrumenta- Local path angle at injection, deg 90 84.5
Perigee distance, miles 218 117
tion for the following measurements:
Apogee distance, miles 1270 1740
2. Meteorite erosion, using wire gages similar to those making a full orbit around the Earth, the tape recorder
Explore¢ I. The data were telemetered in the same at what moment a given event occurred. The metal tape
moves at a very slow rate of 0.005 in./sec. Less than 3 ft
manner as for Explorer I. Tracking was done by
of tape is required for an entire trip around the Earth.
Microlock and Minitrack stations (for signals from
When the satellite passes over or near one of the Mini-
the transmitters on the satellite) and by radar.
track stations along the 75th meridian, a coded command
radio signal from the ground starts the tape over the play-
back head and simultaneously switches on the high-power
B. Data Transmitted from Explorer III
transmitter. Thus, all the cosmic-ray information gathered
1. Communication during the entire orbit is sent to the ground station within
Explorer III carried two minimal-weight radio- 5 sec. The tape is then automatically erased and reset.
frequency transmitters: the high-power transmitter hav-
Explorer III thereby provided a comprehensive survey
ing a power of 50 mw and a frequency of 108.03 mc, and
of the total cosmic-ray intensity at its orbital altitude
the low-power transmitter having a power of 10 mw and
above the Earth with respect to both time and position.
a frequency of 108.00 mc.
3. Temperature
The high-power transmitter used a dipole antenna in
In contrast to Explorer I, which had four temperature
place of the turnstile antenna which had been employed
sensors, the number of temperature sensors in Explorer
in Explorer I. This was done by using the satellite itself
IH was reduced to two, one for external and one for
as an antenna: a glass fiber ring in the midsection of
internal readings. The internal sensor was located in the
Explorer III served as an insulator to divide the satellite
cylindrical body of the satellite.
in half, so that each half was one pole of the antenna.
This system also served as the antenna for the radio 4. Micrometeorites
receiver for the coded ground signal to activate the high- An impact microphone of the type carried in Explorer
power transmitter. A similar dipole antenna in the for- I was not used in Explorer III. However, the latter carried
73
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
an erosion gage, similar to that previously used, on the erratic, stopped sending signals in response to the
exterior of the instrument section. During the first week interrogation command.
of May at approximately the time Explorer Ill was pass- Because these systems had independent power supply
ing through an intense meteorite swarm called Eta Aqua- units, the failure was presumed due to some occurrence
rids, two of the wire grids on the micrometeorite detector common to both transmitters. From this evidence, it has
were broken. been concluded that, between May 1 to May 7, when
the Earth and Explorer III were in the meteorite belt,
Shortly afterwards, the cosmic-ray measuring device
tiny meteor particles penetrated the instrumentation
started to behave erratically and acted as if a wire had
compartment.
come loose. On May 10, the low-power beacon stopped
sending signals, and on the same day the high-power On May 15, however, the low-power beacon returned
transmitter, which had been growing weaker and more to operation for a short period.
74
_!11 I _J J J Jal/ I----, J _JJ J J /--'[ _ --
XXIh EXPLORER IV
Earth-flxed velocity, mph 18,000 17,750 The general arrangement of the instrumentation, includ-
Altitude, miles 179 161
ing antennas and transmitters, of Explorer IV is shown in
Pitch angle (local), dog 90.0 89.6
Fig. 83. The whip antenna was no longer used; the anten-
Yaw angle, deg 0.8 0.8
179 161
nas were formed by cutting completely around the metal-
Perigee altitude, miles
Apogee altitude, miles 1,755 1,388 lie cylindrical body in two places, and insulating the
Inclination of orbit plane to equatorial sections so formed from each other by structural phenolic
plane, deg 50.8 50.5 plastic, similar to Explorer III. The front and rear anten-
nas were used for the low- and high-power beacons,
respectively. Radiation patterns of these antennas were
C. Tracking such that the attitude of the satellite could be determined
Initial tracking of missile 44 (Explorer IV) was done by studying the signal strength variations, which were
in the same manner as for previous satellite-carrying periodic and corresponded to the tumbling periods of the
missiles, using the permanent camera, Microlock, and satellite, as shown in Fig. 84. The radiation pattern for
radar installations in conjunction with the radio beacons the forward antenna is illustrated in Fig. 85. The pattern
on the missile and payload. for the rear antenna was similar but had only two lobes.
Further orbital tracking was done by the Astrophysical Explorer IV contained four separate radiation counters,
Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, and complete instead of the single Geiger-Mueller counters carried by
75
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
HIGH-POWER
)NT ANTENNA GAP
SCALER
NOSE CONE
SHELL
CAN
SUBCARRI ER OSCI
• IW--PERIOD OF TUMBLE_
G. Data Transmitted from Explorer IV
76
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
equipment used, so new types of equipment were devel- new instruments could record up to 60,000 particles/
oped for Explorer IV by the State University of Iowa sq cm/sec, several thousand times as many as previously
Physics Department under Dr. James A. Van Allen. The measured.
-5
/ \//
¢0
-J -10
tn
-15
\
-2O
-25
-3O
420 390 360 330 300 270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 -30 -60
ANGULAR POSITION
3 - 60 °
270 ° 90 °
240 °. 120 °
210_50 °
180 °
77
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
XXllh EXPLORER V
Explorer V, originally scheduled for August 9, 1958, Table 14. Composition of JPL 532A
was reseheduled for August 21 and was actually fired on
Constituent Amount,
August 24. The initial reschedule was to allow time for wt%
78
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
XXIV. ROUND 49
A. General
79
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
Figure89. Two-pound
solid-propellant
motor
Figure90. Low-powerbeacon
2. Balloon Ejection
To permit the balloon package ejection from the pay-
load package, separation of the fourth stage motor was
required, since the kick motor is located in the forward
end of the payload. A timer simultaneously ignited the
kick motor and a time delay mechanism which separated
the payload from the stage 4 motor.
3. Transmitter
4. Failure to Orbit
Round 49 (Fig. 91) was fired on 22 October as sched-
uled; however, at approximately 111.5 sec after liftoff,
the payload, still attached to the fourth stage, broke off Figure 91. Round 49
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
from the cluster. This was deduced from interpretation of of the cluster, thermo buckling and differential expansion
booster telemetering records and payload transmitter sig- effects due to aerodynamic heating, and/or unbalance in
nal records. Cause of the failure may be due to resonance the cluster due to failure of a payload component.
81
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. i
BIBLIOGRAPHY
3. Pickering, W. H., Results of the IGY Satellite Program, 169, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, October 15,
External Publication No. 574, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1959.
8. Shipley, W. S., Absorptances to Solar and Terrestrial Publication No. 115, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasa-
Radiation of Surface Considered for Use on the dena, December 2, 1957.
82
IPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
23. Juno I and II Stage 2 Rocket Motor, Publication No. 37. Corporal Bimonthly Summary No. 34A (for the period
169, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, October 15, January 1 to March 1, 1953), Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
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24. Mathison, Richard P., Equations for the Radio System 38. Corporal Bimonthly Summary No. 35A {for the period
of the Juno II Downrange Tracking Station, Section March 1 to May 1, 1953), Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Report No. 16-61, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Pasadena, June 1, 1953 (SECRET).
July 8, 1958.
39. Corporal Bimonthly Summary No. 36A (for the period
25. Aeroballistics Evaluation of Jupiter C Test Flight C-26, May 1 to July 1, 1953) Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
RTV 53710-13, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., April 19, 1950 Pasadena, August 1, 1953 (SECRET).
(SECRET).
40. Corporal Bimonthly Summary No. 37A (for the period
26. Explorers in Orbit, No. 58472-91 and 58519, ABMA,
July 1 to September, 1953), Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Huntsville, Ala., November 10, 1958 (SECRET).
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28. Koelle, Heinz H., and Pauli, Fritz, Secret Title on Per-
42. Corporal Bimonthly Summary No. 39A (for the period
formance and Design Considerations for the Jupiter-C
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Laboratory, Pasadena, February 1, 1954 (SECRET).
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62960, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., April 1957 {SECRET). Pasadena, June 1, 1954 (SECRET).
31. Geissler, E. D., ABMA Space Vehicles, No. 70686, 45. Corporal Bimonthly Summary No. 42A (for the period
ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., November 24, 1959 (CON- May 1 to July 1, 1954), Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
32. Potts, C. M., Microlock Diary-Cape Canaveral, Section 46. Corporal Bimonthly Summary No. 43A (for the period
Report No. 8-561, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasa- July 1 to September 1,1954), Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
dena, 1956 (CONFIDENTIAL). Pasadena, October 1, 1954 {SECRET).
33. Sola, Louis, Two-Pound Motor Development (Kick 47. The Sergeant, Report No. 20-76, Jet Propulsion Labora-
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48. A Proposed Radio-Inertial Guidance System for a 1500-
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tion No. 61, January 11, 1956 (SECRET).
34. Guided Missile Summary No. 45 (for the period Novem-
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Naval Research Laboratory and Jet Propulsion Labora-
35. Guided Missile Summary No. 54 (for the period May 1,
tory Enclosure 3, March 13, 1956 (SECRET).
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50. Errors at Impact as Functions of Dispersion at Cutoff for
36. Corporal Bimonthly Summary No. 33A (for the period Ballistic Rockets, R. A. E. Technical Note G. W. 383,
November 1, 1952, to January I, 1953), Jet Propulsion Farnborough, Hants, Great Britain, October, 1955
Laboratory, February 1, 1953 {SECRET). (SECRET).
83
JPL TECHNICAL REPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd) 64. Owens, J. D. and Clarke, W. G., Jupiter C-RS 27 Flight
Evaluation: Propulsion and Associated Systems, RTV
51. Cuccia, C. L., Harmonics, Sidebands, and Transients in
51290, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., September 20, 1956
Communications Engineering, p. 308, McGraw-Hill,
(CONFIDENTIAL).
New York, 1952.
65. Saucier, Sidney P., Jupiter C-RS 34 Flight Evaluation
52. Valley, G. E., Jr., and Wallman, H., Vacuum Tube
Propulsion and Associated Systems Launching No. 25
Amplifiers, Radiation Laboratory Series, Vol. 18,
on May 15, 1957, RTV 51291, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala.,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958.
August 29, 1957 (CONFIDENTIAL).
53. Hessel, J., Goubau, G., and Battersby, L. R., Microwave 66. Donehoo, Larry K., and Bacchus, David L., Control
Filter Theory and Design, Proceedings of the IRE; Vol. Factors for First Stage of Propelled Flight for Jupiter C
37, 990-1002, September, 1949. Missile RS 34, No. 60449, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala.,
April 9, 1957 (SECRET).
54. A Feasibility Study of the High-Velocity of a Minimum
Orbiting Missile, Publication No. 47, Jet Propulsion 67. Dovap Flight Data: Jupiter C No. 40, No. 60454,
Laboratory, Pasadena, 15 July 1955 (SECRET). ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., September 20, 1957 (SECRET).
55. Sampson, W. F., A Feasibility Study for Minimum- 68. Miner, W. E., and Neighbors, Alice, Trajectory Data for
Weight Radio Instrumentation of a Satellite, Publica- Firing of Jupiter C Missile No. 27, No. 60455, ABMA,
tion No. 48, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, 21 Huntsville, Ala., August 30, 1956.
56. Sampson, W. F., MICROLOCK: A Minimum-Weight Missile No. 40, No. 60467, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala.,
July 1, 1957 (SECRET).
Radio Instrumentation System for a Satellite, Publica-
tion No. 63, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, 13 70. Observation of Jupiter C Re-Entry-Recovery Configura-
April 1956 (SECRET). tion fMissile No. 40] From Aboard Destroyer Escort USS
H. D. Crow, No. 60474, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., August
57. Jaffee, R. M., and Rechtin, E., Design and Performance
22, 1957 (SECRET).
of Phase-Lock Circuits Capable of Near-Optimum Per-
formance Over a Wide Range of Input Signals and 71. Schwaneger, Arthur J., Jr., and Miner, William E.,
Noise Levels, Transactions and Information Theory, Trajectory Data for Firing of Jupiter C Missile RS-34
IRE, IT-l, No. 1, March 1955. Azimuth of 105 Degrees, No. 61497, ABMA, Huntsville,
Ala., March 21, 1957 (SECRET).
58. Jupiter Bimonthly Summary No. 2, Jet Propulsion Labo-
ratory, Pasadena, California, 1 October 1956 (SECRET). 72. Remarks on Optical Tracking of Missile No. 27, No.
63525, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., September 11, 1956
59. Jupiter Bimonthly Summary No. 1, Jet Propulsion Labo- (SECRET).
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73. Emanuel, Garvin R., Performance Evaluation Unit Sys-
60. Jupiter Bimonthly Summary No. 6, Jet Propulsion Labo- tems Report of Propulsion and Associated Systems of
ratory, Pasadena, California, 1 June 1957 (SECRET). Jupiter C Missile CC-40, Launching No. 29 on August
8, 1957, No. 64849, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., June 30,
61. Explorers in Orbit, Army Ballistic Missile Agency, Red-
1959 (SECRET).
stone Arsenal, Alabama, 10 November 1958 (SECRET).
84
JPL TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 32-31, VOL. I
76. Randolph, L. W., Choate, R. L., Calibration Record for 89. Choate, Robert L., Calibration Records for the IGY
the ICY Earth Satellite 1958 Alpha, Publication No. Earth Satellite 1958 Gamma, Publication No. 126, Jet
130, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, February 5, Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, June 27, 1958.
1958.
90. Trostle, H. G., and Scott, M. P., Doppler Data on Cluster
77. Preliminary Mass Characteristic Values for Jupiter-C No. 26 (RS 24), Section Report No. 1-41, Jet Propulsion
Missile RS 29, RTV 50653, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala.,
Laboratory, Pasadena, August 4, 1958 (CONFIDENTIAL).
January 8, 1958 (SECRET).
91. Ernanuel, Garvin, R., Jupiter C Missile RS-26 Thermal
78. Donehoo, Larry K., Control Factors for First Stage of
Environment Analysis Systems Report. Temperature and
Propelled Flight for Jupiter-C Missile RS-29, RTV 50997-
Pressure Control Systems, Special Measurements and
98, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., January 23, 1958 (SECRET).
Skin Temperature Data Launching No. 38 on March 5,
79. Jupiter C No. 29 Safety Analysis Data Azimuth 110 1958. RTV 54891-93, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., May 23,
Degree RTV 51360, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., January 1958 (CONFIDENTIAL).
6, 1958 (SECRET).
92. Emanuel, Garvin E., and Vaughan, Otha, H. Jr., Per-
80. Crenshaw, Joseph N., Expected Normal Modes and formance Evaluation Unit Systems Report of Propulsion
Bending Frequencies of Jupiter C Missile No. 29 After Unit and Associated Systems of Jupiter C Missile RS-26
Separation of Booster Section, RTV 50999 and RTV Launching No. 38 on 5 March 1958, No. 70847, ABMA,
51000, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., January 21, 1958 Huntsville, Ala., January 21, 1960 (SECRET).
(SECRET).
83. Jupiter C No. 29 Safety Analysis Data Azimuth 110 ° 1958 (SECRET).
86. Miner, William E., and Jean, O. C., Jupiter C No. 29 97. Aeroballistics Evaluation of Test Flight Jupiter C-24, RTV
Preliminary Trajectory Data, No. 60494, ABMA, Hunts- 55250, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., June 14, 1958 (SECRET).
ville, Ala., November 19, 1957 (SECRET).
98. Trosfle, H. G., and Scott, M. P., Doppler Data on Cluster
87. Preliminary Mass Characteristic Values for Jupiter C
No. 26 (RS-24), Section Report No. 1-41, Jet Pro-
Missile RS 29, No. 60866, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., Janu-
pulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, August 13, 1958
ary 8, 1958 (SECRET). (CONFIDENTIAl.).
85
JPL TECHNICALREPORTNO. 32-31, VOL. I
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd) 111. Missiles No. 44 and 47 Preliminary Data, RI"V 54308,
ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., June 2, 1958 (SECRET).
I00. Missile No. 44, Final Trajectory Data, RTV 55161,
ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., July 3, 1958 (SECRET).
107. Speer, Fridtjof, First Result Test Flight Jupiter C 47 117. Hopkins, Chester L., and Vaughan, Otha H., Jr., Per-
Explorer V, No. 56220-22, ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., formance Evaluation Unit Systems Report on Propulsion
August 29, 1958 (SECRET). and Associated Systems of Jupiter C Missile C-49
Launching No. 47 on 22 October 1958, No. 65764,
108. Missile No. 47, Final Trajectory Data, RTV 57656-8,
ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., July 31, 1959 (SECRET).
ABMA, Huntsville, Ala., August 8, 1958 (SECRET).
109. Speer, Fridtjof, Aeroballistics Evaluation of Test Flight 118. Schracler, Martin J., and Jean, Otha C., Jupiter C
Jupiter C 44 and 47, RTV-58022-23, ABMA, Huntsville, Missile No. 49 Final Trajectory, No. 69939, ABMA,
Ala., September 26, 1958 (SECRET). Huntsville, Ala., October 13, 1958.
110. Speer, Fridtjof, Aeroballistics Evaluation of Test Flight 119. Actual Trajectory for Jupiter Flight Test C-49, No.
Jupiter C 44 and 47, No. 69949, ABMA, Huntsville, 15265, ABMA, Redstone Arsenal, January 22, 1959
Ala., September 26, 1958 (SECRET). (SECRET).
86