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Outline 11
Yield Line Theory for Slabs
Loads and load effects
x qdxdy Vy dx
y Vx dy
⎛ ∂Vx ⎞
z ⎛ ∂Vy ⎞ ⎜ Vx + dx ⎟ dy
⎜ Vy + dy ⎟ dx ⎝ ∂x ⎠ dy
⎝ ∂y ⎠
h
dx
dx
x
x
myx dx N y dx
y N yx dx
y my dx
mx dy ⎛ ∂mx ⎞ ⎛ ∂N xy ⎞
⎜ mx + dx ⎟ dy ⎜ N xy + dx ⎟ dy
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
N x dy
dy
mxy dy ⎛ ∂mxy ⎞
⎜ mxy + dx ⎟ dy ⎛ ∂N x ⎞
⎝ ∂x ⎠ N xy dy ⎜ Nx + dx ⎟ dy
⎝ ∂x ⎠
⎛ ∂my ⎞
⎜ my + dy ⎟ dx ⎛ ∂N yx ⎞
⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎜ N yx + dy ⎟ dx
⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎛ ∂N y ⎞
⎜ Ny + dy ⎟ dx
⎛ ∂m yx ⎞ ⎝ ∂y ⎠
⎜ m yx + dy ⎟ dx
⎝ ∂y ⎠
Moments Membrane forces
1 /9
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Spring 2004
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Outline 11
o Load effects to be solved: Vx , Vy , mx , m y , mxy , m yx , N x , N y , N xy , N yx
Analysis methods:
o Elastic theory
o Elastic-plastic analysis
– Finite element analysis (FEA)
o Approximate methods of analysis
o Limit analysis – Yield Line Theory
– Lower & upper bound analysis
Elastic theory
o Lagrange’s fourth-order PDE governing equation of isotropic plates
loaded normal to their plane:
∂4w ∂4w ∂4w q
+2 2 2 + 4 =
∂x 4 ∂x ∂y ∂y D
where
w = deflection of plate in direction of loading at point ( x , y ).
Eh3
D = flexural rigidity of plate, D =
12(1 − µ 2 )
E = Young’s modulus
h = plate thickness
2 /9
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Spring 2004
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Outline 11
µ = Poisson’s ratio.
Approximate methods
o Direct design method
o Equivalent frame method
o Assignment of moments
Types of slabs
o According to the structural action
3 /9
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Spring 2004
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Outline 11
–– One-way slabs
–– Two-way slabs
l1 l1
l2 <2 l2 ≥2
l2 l2
l1 l1
Two-way slab One-way slab
4 /9
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Spring 2004
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Outline 11
o Moment-curvature relationship
φu
– Curvature ductility factor:
φy
– ε E << ε Plastic
o Orthotropic slabs
A slab is said to be orthotropically reinforced if its ultimate strengths
are different in two perpendicular directions. In such cases, yield lines
will occur across these orthogonal directions.
5 /9
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Spring 2004
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Outline 11
mx (AB) = mx L cos α
my (BC) = mx L sin α
mn (AC) = mn L
my L sin α mnt L
mnt (AC) = mnt L
x
mn L = ( mx L cos α ) cos α + α
( my L sin α ) sin α
mn = mx cos2 α + my sin2 α mn L
mnt L = ( mx L cos α ) sin α - n
( my L sin α ) cos α
mnt = ( mx - my ) L sin α cos α mx L cos α
6 /9
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Spring 2004
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Outline 11
In analyzing orthotropic plates it is usually easier to deal separately
with the x and y direction components of the internal work done by
the ultimate moments: ∑m θ ln n
x
Rotations
x0
y θy = θn sin α
A
mx
θx = θn cos α α
y0 α my
θn
l n
C
Equilibrium:
Virtual Work:
∑W ∆ = ∑ m θ x x y0 + ∑ myθ y x0
7 /9
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Spring 2004
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Outline 11
Impose the condition that work done by the external loads must
equal the work done by the resisting forces.
If the correct mechanism is chosen the method leads to the correct
value, otherwise, the predicted load is unconservative.
This is explained with the following example:
A fixed ended beam has a positive and negative moment capacity of
M u . Assume the following collapse mechanism,
P
θ ∆
λL
Conservation of energy:
∆
Pu ∆ = 4 M uθ = 4 M u
λL
4M u
⇒ Pu =
λL
8M u
The correct collapse load is found for λ = 0.5, Pu = . For any
L
other value of λ < 0.5, Pu is unconservative.
8 /9
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Spring 2004
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Outline 11
Limitations on yield line theory:
1. Analysis is based on rotation capacity at the yield line, i.e., lightly
reinforced slabs.
2. The theory focuses attention on the moment capacity of the slab. It is
assumed an earlier failure would not occur due to shear, bond, etc.
3. The theory does not give any information on stresses, deflections, or
service load conditions.
9 /9