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Nutritional Approaches
Anuraga Jayanegara#1
#
Departement of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry
Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680, Indonesia
1
anuraga@daad-alumni.de
Abstract— Livestock, particularly ruminant animals produce dehydrogenations. During oxidation, NAD is reduced to
methane which plays an important role in global warming and in NADH. NADH has to be re-oxidized to NAD to complete the
the destruction of ozone layer. Furthermore, methane production fermentation of sugars:
is also associated with considerable energy losses from ruminant
and lead to decreasing energy gain and productivity. In this
2H + NAD+ ↔ NADHH+
paper, a review is presented of nutritional approaches for
mitigating methane production from livestock. The objective can NADHH+ ↔ NAD+ + H2
be achieved by ration manipulation, the use of additives or
supplements, and biotechnological interventions. Increasing The hydrogen gas (H2) formed has to be eliminated to
proportion of concentrate and decreasing proportion of maintain the hydrogenase activity and to avoid negative
roughage in the diet may reduce methane production. Some feedback on microbial organic matter degradation. The
additives that can be used are lipids, antibiotics and plant reduction of CO2 with H2 via methanogenesis keeps the partial
extracts. The use of leaves from tannins and saponin-containing pressure of hydrogen very low, and this has an important
plants are also promising options. Some biotechnological effect on the overall fermentation: hydrogenase activity can
interventions are adding probiotics, defaunation, and
proceed towards hydrogen production, thus avoiding the
introduction of reductive acetogenesis in the rumen. However,
some of these options often cause detrimental effects to the formation of lactate or ethanol as major end products and
productivity of livestock and its environment. Therefore, allowing more acetate to be produced [1]. The removal of H2
methanogenesis and its inhibition can not be considered as a can be through methanogenesis and acetogenesis in the
separate part of rumen fermentation, but rather to the livestock following pathways:
production as an entire system. Moreover, reasonable options
and cost effectivity should be taken into account when applying CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O methanogenesis
these methods in the developing countries such as Indonesia. 2CO2 + 4H2 → CH3COOH + 2H2O acetogenesis
Index Term— methane, livestock, nutrition
REFERENCES
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