A Comparative Study

of
UMTS (WCDMA) and
cdma2000 Networks

Neerav Dalal
Award Solutions, Inc.

IEEE METROCON-2001
 Outline
! Currentscene of Cellular Wireless
! 3G Technology Landscape
! Comparative Study
– Network Architecture
– Air Interface
– Network Interfaces
– End-to-End Service Flow
! Beyond3G
! Summary
Evolution of Wireless Technologies
• Analog-based cellular technology
1st Generation
• Services
(1G)
" Voice

• Introduction of digital technologies

2nd Generation • Services
(2G) " Voice
" Low-rate data

• Next generation digital systems

3rd Generation • Services
(3G) " Voice
" High speed data services
 2G Technologies
AMPS D-AMPS GSM CDMA
Operating 800 MHz 800 & 1900 900 & 1800 MHz (Europe) 800 & 1900
Spectrum MHz 800 & 1900 MHz (US) MHz
Frequency

Channel 30 kHz 30 kHz 200 kHz 1.25 MHz

Width
Users Per 1 3 8 About 20
Channel
Channel Frequency Frequency Frequency and Time Frequency
Separation and Time and Code
Network IS-41 IS-41 GSM-MAP IS-41
Architecture
GSM Network Architecture
PSTN

MSC/VLR

HLR SS7

GSM PLMN
MSC

BSS

BTS
A Interface
BSC
 IS-95-Based 2G Network
CDMA Proprietary IS-634
(IS-95) (IOS)

VLR

BSC
IS-41 HLR
MSC SS7

AC
BSC
PSTN
IWF

Internet
 2G Limitations
Uni-service
network
Capacity

Limited
Bandwidth
roaming
14.4-64
capabilities
Kbps

Limited
No
support for
multimedia
packet data
 3G Requirements
! Radio Network requirements
– Support up to 2 Mbps data rates
– Support flexible operating environments
– High spectral efficiency/capacity
– Support multimedia services
! Core Network requirements
– Packet Data Network and IP Mobility
– Global Roaming
– Virtual Home Environment
– Quality of Service
– Interoperability with 2G Networks
 3G Network Architecture
Internet PSTN

PS-CN CS-CN

RAN

UIM
 IP Mobility
! Ability to move with an IP address while the
connection using the IP address is active
! IP Mobility may be provided by a combination
of “RAN mobility” and “CN mobility”
! Radio Access Network IP mobility
– Handoff/handover
– Cell selection/reselection
! Core Network IP mobility
– Mobile IP, GPRS
 Always Connected
Logical Connections
remain intact

RAN Wireless
Core Services
Network
Application Logical Connection e-mail

IP
CN Logical Connection
CC TV
RAN Physical
Connection

Physical Connection
comes and goes
 Circuit Core
Services Network
Network IS-41/MAP

PSTN Intelligent
Network Location
MSC Gateway Call Server Based
IP Telephony Services
Services
CS IP
Customer Network
Relationship
BTS Management M Commerce
PS Push
BSC PDSN Services
RAN

Packet Core
Network
Billing
Enterprise
Services Network Services
 3G Technology Landscape
1G AMPS

2G GSM IS-136 IS-95A / B

D-AMPS

2.5G GPRS/EDGE Voice: IS-136 Voice: GSM IS-2000

Data: EDGE Data: GPRS (1x)

IS-2000
3G UMTS ? UMTS (3x)

FDMA TDMA CDMA

 GSM # GPRS
Summary of Changes
Packet Core Network Nodes
New (SGSN, GGSN)
New Interface – Gb (BSC – SGSN)
Modification BSC Hardware and Software
Circuit Core Network (MSC/HLR/AuC)
No Changes Air Interface (MS, BTS)
A-Interface (BSC-MSC)
 2.5G GSM/GPRS Networks
BSS

BTS
BSC

A Interface Gb Interface
IP
GPRS GGSN
PLMN
SGSN
MSC/VLR Intra
PLMN IP
HLR SS7 Back bone GGSN
SGSN

GSM PLMN
MSC
 GSM/GPRS # UMTS
Summary of Changes
WCDMA Air Interface (UE–Node B)
RAN Interfaces
New
Iub (Node B – RNC), Iur (RNC – RNC)
CN Interface – Iu (MSC–RNC & SGSN–RNC)

Modification MSC and SGSN for Iu Interface

Circuit Core Network (HLR/AuC)

No Changes
Packet Core Network (GGSN)
 UMTS Networks
GSM

Node B
UTRAN Iu 3G MSC/VLR G-MSC

RNC
W-CDMA PSTN /
Node B Iub ISDN
UE Iur

Iub
Node B RNC

3G SGSN GGSN
Inter
GPRS net
 IS-95 # cdma2000
Summary of Changes
Packet Core Network (PDSN, AAA,
New HA/FA)
New Interface (R-P) – BS - PDSN
Air Interface (MS – BS)
Modification
Network Interface (BS – MSC)

No Changes Core Network Nodes (HLR, AC)

cdma2000 Network Architecture
Circuit Switched-CN
HLR
MSC/VLR IS-41
AC

RAN Packet Switched-CN

AAA Server
BSC

PDSN/ FA Private IP Network HA

MS
BTS Internet
 W-CDMA Protocol Stack
Upper Manages
Signaling Data User Data
Layers Radio
Resources

L3 Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Increases
Radio Link Control (RLC) reliability
UTRAN

Link L2
Layer
Controls user
Media Access Control (MAC)
access to the
medium
Physical L1 Physical Layer
Layer

Transports
data over-the-air
 cdma2000 Protocol Stack
Signaling Traffic
Signaling

Voice
Upper Layers Packet Circuit
Layer 3 – IS-2000.5 Services
Data Data
Service Service

Link Access Control (LAC) – IS-2000.4

Link Layer
Medium Access Control (MAC) – IS-2000.3

Physical Layer Physical Layer – IS-2000.2

 CDMA Physical Layer Functions

Digital Coding Channelization

Techniques Code BS
Downlink

User Channel Source ID

Data Protect Data
Separation Separation

Uplink
Digital Coding Channelization
Techniques Code
MS
 Bandwidth and spreading
Bandwidth Spreading Channelization
codes
cdma2000 1.25 MHz (1x) 1.2288 Mcps 4-128 bits (1x)
3.75 MHz (3x) 4-256 bits (3x)

UMTS 5 MHz 3.84 Mcps 4-256 bits

 Air Interface Parameters (1)

UMTS cdma2000
Spreading rate 3.84 Mcps 1.2288 Mcps

Bandwidth 5 MHz 1.25 MHz

Synchronization
Asynchronous Synchronous
between cell sites
Direct spread (1x)
Direct spread
Configuration Multi-carrier (3x forward
configuration
link)
Convolutional
Convolutional
Turbo
Channel coding Turbo
(Parameters fixed in the
(Parameters flexible)
standard)
 Air Interface Parameters (2)

UMTS cdma2000
QPSK in forward
Modulation QPSK in both directions
BPSK in reverse

10 msec for physical layer 5 (for signaling), 20, 40

Frame size 10,20,40 and 80 msec for and 80 msec physical
transport layer layer frames

Modes FDD and TDD Mode Only FDD Mode

Time Switched Transmit

Orthogonal Transmit
Diversity Diversity
Diversity
schemes Space Time Block Coded
Space Time Diversity
Transmit Diversity
 Channelization &
Source Identification Codes
UMTS
Orthogonal Variable
Channelization
Spreading Factor (OVSF)
codes
codes from 4-256 bits
Source 512 unique scrambling
identification codes each identifying a
code for Sector sector (38,400 bits)
Source
Unique scrambling codes
identification for
assigned by sector
mobiles
cdma2000
Walsh codes (same as
OVSF) codes from 4-128
bits
One PN code (32,768 bits)
512 unique offsets are
generated using PN offsets
One long PN code (242
bits). Unique offsets are
generated based on ESN.
Not assigned by sector
 Asynchronous Cell Operations
GPS CDMA2000 UTRA-FDD

S2
PNt2
S1
PNt1
S3
PNt3
S0
PNt0 S4
PNt4 S7
PNt7 S3
PNt3
S6
PNt6
S5
PNt5

PNt0-n - Time offset scrambling code S1-n - Scrambling codes

! Cell sites transmission and reception
are synchronized through GPS timing
! Adjacent cell sites use different time
offsets of same scrambling code for
spreading
! Cell sites are not synchronized
! Each cell site uses a different
scrambling code for spreading
 Power Control
UMTS cdma2000
Open loop Power control for
√ √
System Access
Forward link Power control 1500/sec 800/sec
Reverse link Power control 1500/sec 800/sec
 UMTS Packet data Network
Architecture
R Uu
Iu Gi
TE MT UTRAN SGSN GGSN PDN TE
Gn
Ga
Ga

Gp Billing
Gn CGF System

GGSN
SGSN
Other PLMN Gf
EIR

Signaling Interface
Signaling and Data Transfer Interface
 UMTS protocol model
Application
E.g., IP, E.g., IP,
PPP, OSP PPP, OSP
Relay Relay

PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U

PDCP GTP-U

RLC RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP

MAC MAC AAL5 AAL5 L2 L2
UMTS RF UMTS RF ATM ATM L1 L1
Uu Iu-PS Gn Gi
UE UTRAN 3G-SGSN 3G-GGSN
cdma2000 Packet Data Network
Architecture
5 HTTP/TCP/Others
Services

4 MIP: RFC 2002 4 MIP: RFC 2002

HA
3 PPP: RFC 1661

2 IS-707: CDMA 6
IP
Data Services
PDSN
3GPP2:IOS
1 IS-2000 AIR I/F
BSC (R-P)

AAA
MS RADIUS
7 RADIUS
BTS Server
 Logical
connection
between UE and
UMTS Call Flow
UTRAN
1. Establish RRC
Connection 2. Establish
Iu Signaling
Connection

3. Authentication UTRAN

GGSN
SGSN
UE

4. Attach

Logical
connection UE
and SGSN
ATM IP
 Request
dynamic IP UMTS Call Flow
address
5. Activate PDP
Context

6. Establish 6. Establish 6. Establish

Radio Bearer Iu Bearer PDP Context

7. Allocate
UTRAN

GGSN
SGSN
UE

IP Address

Radio Bearer GTP GTP

8. PDP Response

9. UE can
now send and ATM IP
receive IP
datagrams
 cdma2000 call flow
Origination CM Service
Request

IS-41
RAN Authentication

MSC
Radio Link Setup
R-P Session HLR/AC
Setup
BSC/ BTS
Service Connect and
MS

Synchronization

PDSN
Radio Channel R-P Session Link

IP

HA
Point-to-Point Connection Setup
Network
Mobile IP related connection/setup (if required)
Status of UMTS standards
Release 5
Open Services Architecture
All-IP Multimedia Subsystem
Release 4 All-IP UTRAN
Optimization of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Quality of Service Quality of Service
Preparation for All-IP

Release ’99 R4 R5
R 99
Voice Services
Emergency Calls
Short Message Service
Internet Access

Developed by 3GPP
Status of cdma2000 standards
cdmaOne
IS-95A/
IS-95B
1x/3x RTT
Proposal
cdma2000
IS-2000

IS-2000A

IS-856 IS-2000B IS-XXXX

1xEV-DO (HDR) 1xEV-DV

Developed by 3GPP2
 MHz
2200

Proposed
2000

Auction
Satellite
2170

PCS (2G)
1800

Terrestrial paired
Spectrum allocation

band
2110
1600

Europe and Asia

North America
1400

2025
Terrestrial
unpaired band
1200

1980 2010
1000 Satellite
Terrestrial paired
band

1885 1900 1920

Cellular (2G)
Terrestrial

800
Planned Auction
(10-20 MHz) unpaired band

600
 3G Deployment
New Operator, New Spectrum 2G Operator, New Spectrum
Operator A Operator B

2G
2G 2G 3G
3G 3G
3G
3G

Core
Core Core Network
Network Network 3G
3G 2G
2G Operator
3G Operator
 3G Deployment
2G Operator, Existing Spectrum

GSM → UMTS IS-95 → cdma2000

Clear some part of the spectrum Same Spectrum

GSM 200 kHz

200 kHz
IS-95
200 kHz 1.25MHz
UMTS cdma2000
200 kHz

! Shared Infrastructure (Core Network, Management Systems, Billing System)

! Dual Mode phone (2G and 3G)
 Deployment Status
UMTS cdma2000
Japan Oct-2001 2002

SKT – Oct 2000

Korea 2003
KTF – Dec 2000
GPRS Started
Europe Not announced
UMTS in 2002

GPRS in trials
USA 2001
UMTS Not
announced
 Major Players
! UMTS (3GPP) ! cdma2000 (3GPP2)
– Vendors – Vendors
! Ericsson ! Qualcomm

! Nokia ! Lucent

! Nortel ! Nortel

! Motorola ! Motorola

! Alcatel, Lucent, … ! Samsung, Ericsson, …

– Operators – Operators
! NTTDoCoMo ! Sprint PCS

! Vodafone, … ! Verizon, KDDI, SKT…

 3G and Beyond - UMTS
Air Interface Network

MSC &
WCDMA (FDD)
SGSN/GGSN

TD-CDMA (TDD) IP to RAN

High Speed
Downlink Packet All-IP Multimedia
Access (HSDPA)
 3G and Beyond – cdma2000
Air Interface Network

MSC &
cdma2000 (1x)
PDSN/AAA

cdma2000 (3x)
1x Evolution IP to RAN
(Data Only) –
1xEV-DO
1x Evolution
(Data & Voice) – All-IP Multimedia
1xEV-DV
 Summary – Air Interface
UMTS cdma2000
Technology WCDMA CDMA
(Bandwidth) (5 MHz) (1.25 MHz)
Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps 1.2288 Mcps
Synchronous
Mode of Operation Asynchronous
(GPS)
Peak Data Rate 2 Mbps 614 kbps
Backward
GSM – UMTS
Interoperability Compatible
Handover
w/IS-95
 Summary – Core Network
UMTS cdma2000
GSM-MAP IS-41
Circuit Switched
MSC/HLR/AuC MSC/HLR/AC
GPRS Based IETF Based
Packet Switched
SGSN/GGSN PDSN/AAA/HA/FA

Multimedia Yes Yes

Global Roaming SIM Card Limited (R-UIM)