Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ON
“HEAT PIPE”
PIPE
SUBMITED BY
S. V. E. R.I.’s
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PANDHARPUR
2003-2004
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HEAT PIPE
S. V. E. R.I.’s
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PANDHARPUR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled
“ HEAT PIPE ”
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HEAT PIPE
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HEAT PIPE
ABSTRACT
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INDEX
1 HISTORY 1
2 INTRODUCTION 2
3 WORKING 3
4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 4
5 OPERATING LIMITATIONS 10
6 APPLICATIONS 13
7 ADVANTAGES 19
8 DISADVANTAGES 20
9 CONCLUSION 21
10 REFERENCES 22
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HISTORY
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Introduction
What is a Heat Pipe?
A heat pipe is a simple device that can quickly transfer heat from
one Point to another. By means of evaporation & condensation of fluid in
a sealed system they are often referred to as the "superconductors" of
heat as they possess an extra ordinary heat transfer capacity & rate with
almost no heat loss.
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Working
Inside the container is a liquid under its own pressure, that enters the
pores of the capillary material, wetting all internal surfaces. Applying
heat at any point along the surface of the heat pipe causes the liquid at
that point to boil and enter a vapor state. When that happens, the liquid
picks up the latent heat of vaporization. The gas, which then has a
higher pressure, moves inside the sealed container to a colder location
where it condenses. Thus, the gas gives up the latent heat of
vaporization and moves heat from the input to
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Design Considerations
1. the container
2. the working fluid
3. the wick or capillary structure
1. Container
The function of the container is to isolate the working fluid from the
outside environment. It has to therefore be leak-proof, maintain the
pressure differential across its walls, and enable transfer of heat to take
place from and into the working fluid.
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Most of the above are self-explanatory. A high strength to weight ratio
is more important in spacecraft applications. The material should be non-
porous to prevent the diffusion of vapor. A high thermal conductivity
ensures minimum temperature drop between the heat source and the
wick.
2. Working fluid
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wettability of wick and wall materials
vapour pressure not too high or low over the operating temperature
range
High latent heat
High thermal conductivity
Low liquid and vapor viscosities
High surface tension
Acceptable freezing or pour point
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Tabulated below are a few mediums with their useful
ranges of temperature.
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Fibrous materials, like ceramics, have also been used widely. They
generally have smaller pores. The main disadvantage of ceramic fibers is
that, they have little stiffness and usually require a continues support by a
metal mesh. Thus while the fiber itself may be chemically compatible with
the working fluids, the supporting materials may cause problems. More
recently, interest has turned to carbon fibers as a wick material. Carbon
fiber filaments have many fine longitudinal grooves on their surface, have
high capillary pressures and are chemically stable. A number of heat
pipes that have been successfully constructed using carbon fibre wicks
seem to show a greater heat transport capability.
Sintered Powder
Grooved Tube
Screen Mesh
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Operating Limitations
Since the heat pipe benefits from the phase change of the working
fluid, the thermodynamics of the process are critical. The operation of the
heat pipe is limited by several operating phenomena. Each of these
limitations is dependant on the wick structure, working fluid, temperature,
orientation, and size of the heat pipe. Below is a brief description of each
of the limitations:
Capillary Limit
The wick structure of the heat pipe generates a capillary pressure,
which is dependent on the pore radius of the wick and the surface tension
of the working fluid. The capillary pressure generated by the wick must be
greater than the sum of the gravitational losses, liquid flow losses through
the wick, and vapor flow losses. The liquid and vapor pressure drops are
a function of the heat pipe and wick structure geometry (wick thickness,
effective length, vapor space diameter, etc) and the fluid properties (latent
heat, density, viscosity, etc). A critical heat flux exists that balances the
capillary pressure with the pressure drop associated with the fluid and
vapor circulation. For horizontal or against gravity (evaporator at a higher
elevation than the condenser), the capillary limit is the heat pipe limit. For
gravity-aided orientations, the capillary limitation may be neglected, and
the flooding limit may be used if the heat pipe can have an excess fluid
charge.
Boiling Limit
As more heat is applied to the heat pipe at the evaporator, bubbles
may be formed in the evaporator wick. The formation of vapor bubbles in
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the wick is undesirable because they can cause hot spots and obstruct
the circulation of the liquid.
As the heat flux is increased, more bubbles are formed. At a certain
heat flux limit, the bubble formation completely blocks the liquid flow. This
limitation is associated to a radial heat flux (heat is applied to the
perimeter of the heat pipe). The boiling limitation is typically a high
temperature phenomenon. Heat flux limitations for various wick structures
should be used for design criteria. Sintered powder metal wick structures
have significantly more surface area, and can therefore handle higher
heat fluxes. Conservative values are 50 W/cm2 for powder metal wicks,
10 W/cm2 for screen wicks, 5 W/cm2 for bare wall thermosyphons.
Sonic Limit
In a heat pipe of constant vapor space diameter, the vapor flow
accelerates and decelerates because of the vapor addition in the
evaporator and the vapor removal in the condenser. The changes in vapor
flow also change the pressures along the heat pipe. As more heat is
applied to the heat pipe, the vapor velocities generally increase. A choked
flow condition will eventually arise, where the flow becomes sonic. At this
point, the vapor velocities can not increase and a maximum heat transport
limitation is achieved. The heat flux that results in choked flow is
considered the sonic limit. The addition of more heat will result in an un
proportional increase in the heat pipe temperature delta by an increase in
the evaporation temperature. This phenomenon is self-correcting as the
heat pipe warms up. An additional benefit of the high vapor velocities is
the very quick response to heat input.
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Entrainment Limit
Since the vapor and the liquid move in opposite directions in a heat
pipe, a shear force exists at the liquid-vapor interface. If the vapor velocity
is sufficiently high, a limit can be reached at which the liquid will be torn
from the pores of the wick and entrained in the vapor. When enough fluid
is entrained in the vapor that the condensate flow is stopped, abrupt dry-
out of the wick at the evaporator results. The corresponding heat flux that
results in this phenomenon is called the Entrainment Limit. The
Entrainment Limit is typically not the bounding value.
Flooding Limit
The flooding limit is only applicable to gravity aided orientations
with excess fluid. The wick structure is saturated and the excess fluid
results in a “puddle” flow on the surface of the wick structure. The flooding
limit, similar to the entrainment, occurs when high vapor velocities
preclude the fluid that is flowing on the surface of the wick to return to the
evaporator. The vapor shear hold up prevents the condensate from
returning to the evaporator and leads to a flooding condition in the
condenser section. This causes a partial dry-out of the evaporator, which
results in wall temperature excursions or in limiting the operation of the
system. By increasing the heat flux above the flooding limit, it is possible
to achieve liquid flow reversal leading to:
1) The accumulation of liquid in the condenser.
2) The accumulated liquid falling to the evaporator due to gravity.
3) The reestablishment of a flow reversal situation.
4) The repeat cycle of flooding and normal flow.
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Applications
Heat pipe has been, and is currently being, studied for a variety of
applications, covering almost the entire spectrum of temperatures
encountered in heat transfer processes. Heat pipes are used in a wide
range of products like air-conditioners, refrigerators, heat exchangers,
transistors, capacitors, etc. Heat pipes are also used in laptops to reduce
the working temperature for better efficiency. Their application in the field
of cryogenics is very significant, especially in the development of space
technology. We shall now discuss a brief account of the various
applications of heat pipe technology.
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Here heat pipe play very imp. role in theses cases heat pipe is
employed to transfer the heat from small area available on the component
to a larger area where the heat is released to atmosphere. This is
achieved by keeping the evaporator of the heat pipe .In contact with the
electronic device &the condenser gives the heat to the large surface area.
Heat Pipe
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Condenser Length
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4. Dry drilling
For the proper drilling the temperature of the drill must be low; for
this we are using coolant which Is very costly & goes waste after use .By
using heat pipe we can solve this problem .As here liquid is not used for
cooling, it is called dry drilling. Fig shows distribution of heat in drill & use
of heat pipe
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7. Cut mould and Moulding costs 8. Upgrade old moulds
9. Use damaged moulds 10. Eliminate hot spots
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Disadvantages
Like any other practical devices, heat pipe has also
disadvantages as listed below:
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Conclusion
Now days we requires the transfer of heat from one place
(source) to other place (sink) very fatly, without loss of energy &
economically. These requirements are fulfilled by heat pipe. Presently it
plays very important role in thermal science .it is widely used all over the
world for improving efficiency & rate of heat transfer. It is presently used in
space technology, thermal power stations, home applications etc has. It
has very bright future.
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References
BOOKS
WEBSITES
www.google.com
www.heat pipe .com
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