Self test 3.

1.
The effectiveness of a TV ad education program along with increased visibibility of police on
reducing automobile accident injury rates and mortality was done in a small community.
Prospective data were collected for a 1 month period prior to the initiation of the program
on numbers of automobile accidents, number of people injured in those accidents, and
number of fatalities from those accidents. The community education program was
sponsored by a local TV station, which provided commercial public service announcements
indicating the increased presence of police during the indicated month of the study.
Billboards also announced this information. Data were collected on the same measures from
the same community during the month of increased visible police presence and TV ads. The
TV ad and police visibility intervention in this study was:

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. randomly
assigned

B. not 100% correct!

randomly
assigned
Score: 25/25

2.
Barry (1999) Reports a study in which IQ and language skills tests were given to 800 school
aged children in a local public school and compared the IQ's and language skills of those
who had been exposed to cocaine prenatally and those who had not. Children exposed to
cocaine prenatally had IQ scores of 3.6 points (average) lower than those not exposed, and
had significantly poorer language skills than those not exposed. Was the variable: cocaine
exposure randomly assigned?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A no 100% correct, they did not randomly assign mothers to

. use or not to use cocaine!

B. yes
General Attribute variables cannot be randomly assigned.
Feedback:
Score: 25/25

3.
Researchers investigated the potential of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate to ease the
pain of osteoarthritis. In their group of subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee, they
randomly assigned some to take glucosamine, others to take chondroitin sulfate, and
 others not to take either. After a 6 month time on the medications, they were asked to do
without any pain medication for 3 days, after which they rated their level of knee pain
during walking on a 0-10 scale, where 0 was no pain and 10 severe pain. They found no
significant differences in the pain of the three groups. Was the independent variable "drug"
a between groups or within groups variable in this study?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. within

B. between 100% yes - the subjects were different in each of the

groups
General Here, the investigators assigned the specific drug to individual subjects -
Feedback: randomly in this case, indicating that the investigators, not the subjects or their
doctors chose the medication they took for the study period.
Score: 25/25

4.
A coach wanted to find out what type of socks she should recommend to her runners. She
asked each of the runners how many blisters they had over the season (and verified this
with the trainers). She also asked what type of socks they wore. She compared the number
of blisters the runners had who wore cotten, nylon, or blended fiber type socks. She found
that the number of blisters were significantly lower in runners who wore nylon socks; and
those who wore cotten socks had significantly more blisters than either of the other 2
groups. In this study, was the independent variable "sock type" between or within groups?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A between 100% yes - different people were in each of the sock

. groups

B. within
Score: 25/25
3.3 a

1. attribute: lack of random assignment

If subjects are not randomly assigned to groups, this means that: select all that are true:

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. We cannot
assume that
the groups
are
 Student Value Correct Feedback
Response Answer

equivalent
at the
beginning of
the study,
before any
intervention
occurs.

B. Differences 50% If they are not equivalent at the beginning of

between the the study, and are different at the end of the
groups seen study, we cannot conclude that our
at the end of intervention caused the change.
the study
can NOT be
attributed to
the
independent
variable.
General If groups are not equivalent at the beginning of the study, and there are
Feedback: different at the end of the study, we CANNOT conclude that our intervention
caused the change.
Score: 5/10

2. breast/bottle ra
Purpose of Study: To analyze the factors associated with whether or not their infants are
breastfed. 489 mothers and partners were chosen from a central Scotland hospital to take
part in the study. The subjects were given questionnaires that included
sociodemographics, infant feeding attitude statements and infant feeding scenarios.

Results: Women who breastfed were more likely to be married, owner-occupiers and
smoke less. Breastfeeding mothers were more inclined than bottle-feeding mothers to
have decided on a feeding method before conception. Those that breastfed were also
more likely to have attended parenting classes, to be from a higher socioeconomic class,
to be older, and to have a longer education than that of bottle-feeding mothers. The study
revealed that breastfeeding mothers were much more supportive than their partners of
the feeding method. Is the variable "feeding method" randomly assigned?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. yes,
subjects
were
randomly
assigned to
groups

B. no, subjects 100% yes, since the researchers did not assign which
 Student Value Correct Feedback
Response Answer

chose which couples breast or bottle fed, the variable is

feeding passive, or attribute.
method was
used, not
the
researchers
General An attribute variable cannot be randomly assigned.
Feedback:
Score: 10/10

3. metabolic syndrome & cognition iv:ra

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cognitive decline.
DESIGN AND SETTING: A 5-year prospective observational study conducted at 2
community clinics. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2632 black and white elders (mean age, 74
years). Change in cognition was measured with the Modified Mini-Mental State
Examination [3MS] at 3 and 5 years. Cognitive impairment was defined as at least a 5-
point decline. RESULTS: Compared with those without the metabolic syndrome (n =
1616), elders with the metabolic syndrome (n = 1016) were more likely to have cognitive
impairment, relative risk [RR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.41). Was this
independent variable randomly assigned?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

1. yes

2 no 100% presence/absence of metabolic syndrome

. cannot be imposed by the investigators, so this
was an attribute independent variable. Attribute
independent variables cannot be randomly
assigned because they were not assigned by
the investigators.
General presence/absence of metabolic syndrome cannot be imposed by the
Feedback: investigators, so this was an attribute independent variable. Attribute
independent variables cannot be randomly assigned because they were not
assigned by the investigators.
Score: 10/10

4. mitral prolapse & stroke ra:no

Risk of stroke with mitral valve prolapse in population-based cohort study. The purpose of
this study was to clarify whether mitral valve prolapse increases the subsequent risk of
stroke. A historical cohort study was conducted on 1079 residents of Olmsted County,
Minnesota, who had an initial echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse
between 1975 and 1989 without prior stroke or transient ischemic attack and a reference
population from this same community who did not have this diagnosis. Subjects were
followed up for first stroke occurrence. RESULTS: There was an overall twofold increase in
 the incidence of stroke among individuals with mitral valve prolapse relative to the
reference population. Were subjects randomly assigned in this study?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. yes,
subjects
were
randomly
assigned
to groups

B. no, 100% yes, since the researchers did not assign

subjects subjects to the mitral valve/control groups, it
were not waas a "passive" independent variable.
randomly
assigned
to groups.
General Since the researchers did not assign subjects to the mitral valve/control
Feedback: groups, it was a an attribute independent variable. Attributes cannot be
randomly assigned.
Score: 10/10

5. preg.smoker:trt within bt
This study is an evaluation of relapse prevention interventions for smokers who quit
during pregnancy. 100 pregnant smokers were randomly assigned to receive a self-help
booklet only, prepartum relapse prevention, or prepartum and postpartum relapse
prevention. Follow-up surveys were conducted at 28 weeks of pregnancy and at 8 weeks,
6 months, and 12 months postpartum to determine whether subjects smoked or not at
that time. RESULTS: The pre/post intervention delayed but did not prevent postpartum
relapse to smoking. In this study, was the independent variable "time of testing" a within
or between groups independent variable?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. no -
different
individuals
were
tested at
the
different
times of
testing

B. within - 100% yes!

the same
individuals
 Student Value Correct Feedback
Response Answer

were
tested at
all times of
testing
Score: 10/10

6. Random assignment: reason

If subjects are randomly assigned to groups, this means that:

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A There is no 100% Yes, and this is critical - if they are not

. systematic equivalent at the beginning of the study, if
bias in the there are differences after the intervention, we
subjects in cannot tell if the change was due to the
the groups: intervention or due to the initial differences
the groups between the groups.
are
considered
equivalent,
prior to any
intervention.

B. subjects
were
randomly
selected
from a large
group to
participate in
the study.
General Yes, and this is critical - if they are not equivalent at the beginning of the
Feedback: study, if there are differences after the intervention, we cannot tell if the
change was due to the intervention or due to the initial differences between
the groups.
Score: 10/10

7. weight loss maint beh ra:no

The purpose of the present study was to compare the behaviors of individuals who have
achieved long-term weight loss maintenance with those of regainers and weight-stable
controls. Subjects were participants in a telephone survey. Eating, exercise, self-weighing,
and dietary restraint characteristics were compared among weight-loss maintainers:
individuals who had intentionally lost > or =10% of their weight and maintained it for > or
= 1 year (n = 69), weight-loss regainers: individuals who intentionally lost > or = 10% of
their weight but had not maintained it (n = 56), and weight-stable controls: individuals
 who had never lost > or = 10% of their maximum weight and had maintained their
current weight (+/-10 pounds) within the past 5 years (n = 113). RESULTS: Weight-loss
maintainers had lost an average of 37 pounds and maintained it for over 7 years. These
individuals reported that they currently used more behavioral strategies to control dietary
fat intake, have higher levels of physical activity (especially strenuous activity), and
greater frequency of self-weighing than either the weight-loss regainers or weight-stable
controls. Maintainers and regainers did not differ in reported levels of dietary restraint, but
both had higher levels of restraint than the weight-stable controls. DISCUSSION: These
results suggest that weight-loss maintainers use more behavioral strategies to control
their weight than either regainers or weight-stable controls. It would thus appear that
long-term weight maintenance requires ongoing adherence to a low-fat diet and an
exercise regimen in addition to continued attention to body weight. In this study, the
independent variable of weight loss maintenance (with the groups: weight loss-
maintainers, weight loss-reqainers, and weight stable controls). Was this independent
variable randomly assigned?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. yes

B. no 100% yes, since the researchers did not assign

subjects to these groups, the independent
variable was passive: the researchers studied
pre-existing characteristics
Score: 10/10

8. weight loss beh bet/within

The purpose of the present study was to compare the behaviors of individuals who
have achieved long-term weight loss maintenance with those of regainers and
weight-stable controls.
Eating, exercise, self-weighing, and dietary restraint characteristics were
compared among weight-loss maintainers: individuals who had intentionally lost >
or =10% of their weight and maintained it for > or = 1 year (n = 69), weight-loss
regainers: individuals who intentionally lost > or = 10% of their weight but had
not maintained it (n = 56), and weight-stable controls: individuals who had never
lost > or = 10% of their maximum weight and had maintained their current weight
(+/-10 pounds) within the past 5 years (n = 113). RESULTS: Weight-loss
maintainers had lost an average of 37 pounds and maintained it for over 7 years.
These individuals reported that they currently used more behavioral strategies to
control dietary fat intake, have higher levels of physical activity (especially
strenuous activity), and greater frequency of self-weighing than either the
weight-loss regainers or weight-stable controls. Maintainers and regainers did
not differ in reported levels of dietary restraint, but both had higher levels of
restraint than the weight-stable controls.

In this study, was the independent variable "weight status" between or within groups?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. within
 Student Value Correct Feedback
Response Answer

B. between 100% yes! Subjects were only in one of the levels of

the IV
Score: 10/10

9. breast/bottle b/w
Purpose of Study: To analyze the factors associated with whether or not their infants are
breastfed. 489 mothers and partners were chosen from a central Scotland hospital to take
part in the study. The subjects were given questionnaires that included
sociodemographics, infant feeding attitude statements and infant feeding scenarios.

Results: Women who breastfed were more likely to be married, owner-occupiers and
smoke less. Breastfeeding mothers were more inclined than bottle-feeding mothers to
have decided on a feeding method before conception. Those that breastfed were also
more likely to have attended parenting classes, to be from a higher socioeconomic class,
to be older, and to have a longer education than that of bottle-feeding mothers. The study
revealed that breastfeeding mothers were much more supportive than their partners of
the feeding method. Is the independent variable "feeding method" a between-groups or
within-groups variable?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A between- 100% yes - different couples were in the two groups

. groups

B. within-
groups
General An attribute variable cannot be randomly assigned.
Feedback:
Score: 10/10

10. preg.smoker:time bt/wn

This study is an evaluation of relapse prevention interventions for smokers who quit
during pregnancy. 100 pregnant smokers were randomly assigned to receive a self-help
booklet only, prepartum relapse prevention, or prepartum and postpartum relapse
prevention. Follow-up surveys were conducted at 28 weeks of pregnancy and at 8 weeks,
6 months, and 12 months postpartum to determine how many cigarettes the subjects
smoked during the previous week. In this study, was time of testing a between or within
groups independent variable?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A within 100% yes, since the same subjects were measured

 Student Value Correct Feedback
Response Answer

. each the time of measurement

B. between
Score: 10/10

3.3b

1. diet & chol: trt ra:yes

Residents of the rural South are at high risk for heart disease and are frequently identified
as having high blood cholesterol, but sources for nutrition counseling in rural areas are
often limited. To increase the availability of high quality nutrition counseling, the Food for
Heart Program was developed for public health nurses and is designed to circumvent
many of the obstacles common to dietary counseling. We conducted a randomized trial to
assess the effectiveness of this program to lower blood cholesterol. 455 subjects were
identified, 250 were assigned to the dietary counseling group and 205 were assigned to
the control group, which received no intervention. Cholesterol levels were measured in
subjects of both groups before and 6 months after the counseling was finished.

Were subjects randomly assigned to levels of the variable "treatment" ?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. yes 100% yes, it was a "randomized" trial

B. no
General The word "randomized" is a strong clue that the study had random assignment
Feedback: of subjects to groups: however, the term "random selection" has an entirely
different meaning, and does NOT mean the subjects were randomly assigned
to groups.
Score: 10/10

2. E1 wheelchair exericse ra: yes

The risks and benefits of exercise among people with disabilities was studied in a group of
young adults (ages 20-35) with traumatic lumbar spinal cord injuries. All subjects were
living independently and were proficient in wheelchair use. Twenty subjects were
randomly assigned to an exercise group, and 20 to a control group. The exercise group
met daily for wheelchair races and upper body strengthening exercises. The control group
met daily for discussion of political issues. The cardiovascular fitness was measured using
a modified treadmill test for wheelchairs at the beginning and the end of the study, and
the numbers of injuries and infections each subject had during the course of the study
were counted. The control group was asked not to change their level of activity during the
course of the experiment, and both groups were asked not to change their diets during
the experiment.

Did this study have random assignment of subjects to groups?

 Student Value Correct Feedback
Response Answer

A. yes 100% It even said so! - as it should.

B. no, they
couldn't
randomly
assign
subjects to
get spinal
cord
injuries
Score: 10/10

3. job sat. nurs:sites ra:no

Role identity and job satisfaction of community health nurses. This article reports a study
of the role identity and job satisfaction of 43 staff community health nurses practicing in
home health care, generalized public health nursing, combined public health/home health
care, and specialized programmes. Although differences were found, the home health,
generalized public health, and PH/HHC nurses shared a similar role identity. The major
differences were seen for the nurses working in specialized programmes. No significant
differences were found in job satisfaction among the four groups. Was the variable
"site/type of work" randomly assigned in this study?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. no 100% correct, because the researchers did not assign

the subjects to their site or type of work, they
simply compared pre-existing groups

B. yes
General Studies with attribute variables can't randomly assign subjects to those groups.
Feedback:
Score: 10/10

4. preg.smoker:trt ra:yes
This study is an evaluation of relapse prevention interventions for smokers who quit
during pregnancy. 100 pregnant smokers were randomly assigned to receive a self-help
booklet only, prepartum relapse prevention, or prepartum and postpartum relapse
prevention. Follow-up surveys were conducted at 28 weeks of pregnancy and at 8 weeks,
6 months, and 12 months postpartum to determine whether subjects smoked or not at
that time. RESULTS: The pre/post intervention delayed but did not prevent postpartum
relapse to smoking. In this study, were subjects randomly assigned to groups?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer
 Student Value Correct Feedback
Response Answer

B. no
Score: 10/10

5. Random assignment: reason 2

If subjects are randomly assigned to groups, this means that:

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. Differences
between the
groups seen
at the end of
the study
can be
attributed to
that
independent
variable.

B. Differences 0% No, and this is critical - if they are equivalent

between the at the beginning of the study, but are different
groups seen at the end of the study, we can conclude that
at the end of our intervention caused the change.
the study
cannot be
attributed to
that
independent
variable.
General If groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study, but are different at the
Feedback: end of the study, we can conclude that our intervention caused the change.
Score: 0/10

6. psa & mortality variables ap

The European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer was initiated in the
early 1990s to evaluate the effect of screening with prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) testing
on death rates from prostate cancer. METHODS: We identified 182,000 men between the
ages of 50 and 74 years through registries in seven European countries for inclusion in our
study. The men were randomly assigned to a group that was offered PSA screening at an
average of once every 4 years or to a control group that did not receive such screening.
The predefined core age group for this study included 162,243 men between the ages of
55 and 69 years. The primary outcome was the rate of death from prostate cancer. Is the
independent variable active or attribute?
 Student Value Correct Feedback
Response Answer

A. active 100% Yes, the PSA screening was randomly assigned,

so it had to be active

B. attribute
Score: 10/10

7. pulse oximetry bt/wt

Comparison of accuracy and signal consistency of two reusable pulse oximeter
probes in critically ill children
To control costs, our institution changed from disposable (DP) to reusable pulse
oximeter probes (RP). We compared the accuracy of the RPs with DPs and measures of
SaO2 (oxygen saturation of arterial blood) using indwelling arterial catheters
(the gold standard) in critically ill children. MATERIALS & METHODS: Children
with indwelling arterial catheters and continuous pulse oximetry were
prospectively enrolled. RPs and DPs were placed on the same extremity. Oximetry
measured saturations (SaO2), were obtained by indwelling arterial catheter, RP
and DP for each subject. Was the independent variable within-groups or between-groups
in this study?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. within
groups

B. between 0% no, all of the devices were used to take

groups measures on all of the subjects
Score: 0/10

8. activity promotion ra
Three hundred thirty-eight university seniors chose to participate in either a cognitive-
behavioral intervention course or a knowledge-oriented general health course during the
semester before graduation. Physical activity outcomes and mediating variables were
assessed at baseline, and at 2 years (93% retention rate).

Was the "course taken" independent variable in this study randomly assigned?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. yes

B. no 100% subjects chose which class to take

Score: 10/10
9. activity promotion bt/wt
Three hundred thirty-eight university seniors chose to participate in either a cognitive-
behavioral intervention course or a knowledge-oriented general health course during the
semester before graduation. Physical activity outcomes and mediating variables were
assessed at baseline, and at 2 years (93% retention rate).

Was the "course taken" independent variable in this study between groups or within
groups?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. within 0% different individuals were in the classes

groups compared

B. between
groups
Score: 0/10

10. activity promotion bt/wt 2

Three hundred thirty-eight university seniors chose to participate in either a cognitive-
behavioral intervention course or a knowledge-oriented general health course during the
semester before graduation. Physical activity outcomes and mediating variables were
assessed at baseline, and at 2 years (93% retention rate).

Was the "time of testing (or follow-up)" independent variable in this study between groups
or within groups?

Student Value Correct Feedback

Response Answer

A. within 100% the same individuals were assessed at each

groups time

B. between
groups
Score: 10/10
Quiz

1.
(Points: 10)
Edelman, Carole Lium and Carol Lynn Mandle(1999) Adult hypertension and obesity
linked to birth weight. Executive Health’s Good Health Report, 33(2).
The birth records and current health information of 71,100 women aged 30 to 55
enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study I, and 92,940 women aged 25 to 42 who
participated in the Nurses’ Health Study II, were utilized in this study.
They divided the women into 2 groups according to their birth weight: above or
 below 5.5 pounds, which was considered to be the limit between normal and low
birth weight. They then tallied (counted) the number of women in each group who
developed hypertension.

Results: They found that significantly (43%) more of the women who, as
infants weighed less than 5 pounds at birth, developed high blood pressure as
adults, compared to women who did not have low birth weight.

Was the independent variable in this study randomly assigned or not?

a. no

b. yes

Save Answer

2.
(Points: 10)
Edelman, Carole Lium and Carol Lynn Mandle(1999) Adult hypertension and obesity
linked to birth weight. Executive Health’s Good Health Report, 33(2).
The birth records and current health information of 71,100 women aged 30 to 55
enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study I, and 92,940 women aged 25 to 42 who
participated in the Nurses’ Health Study II, were utilized in this study.
They divided the women into 2 groups according to their birth weight: above or
below 5.5 pounds, which was considered to be the limit between normal and low
birth weight. They then tallied (counted) the number of women in each group who
developed hypertension.

Results: They found that significantly (43%) more of the women who, as
infants weighed less than 5 pounds at birth, developed high blood pressure as
adults, compared to women who did not have low birth weight.

Was the independent variable a between-groups or a within-groups variable in this study?

a. between-groups

b. within-groups

Save Answer

3.
(Points: 10)
 Selective seratonin receptor agonist LY334370 for acute migraine: a randomised controlled
trial. Was the independent variable from this study randomly assigned?

a. no

b. yes

Save Answer

4.
(Points: 10)
A study is done to examine the relationship between smoking and use of other drugs. Teens in
a local high school who (anonymously) reported use of illicit drugs were compared to those not
reporting use of illicit drugs on whether or not they smoked. All information was gathered on
the same anonymous questionnaire.
Was this independent variable between or within groups?

a. between groups

b. within groups

Save Answer

5.
(Points: 10)
This study was done to determine whether longer breastfeeding is associated with higher infant
lead concentrations. STUDY DESIGN: Data on duration of breastfeeding and lead levels were
obtained from 3 previous studies of health in infancy. RESULTS: Duration of breastfeeding as
sole milk source and total breastfeeding significantly associated with lead concentration in all
samples. CONCLUSIONS: Longer breastfeeding was associated with higher infant lead
concentration in 3 countries, in 3 different decades, in settings differing in breastfeeding
patterns, environmental lead sources, and infant lead levels.<p>Was this independent variable
randomly assigned to groups?

1. no

2. yes
 Save Answer

6.
(Points: 10)
ABSTRACT: This study investigated effects of ankle dorsiflexion range and pre-exercise calf
muscle stretching on relative risk of selected injuries in 1093 male Army recruits undertaking
12 weeks of intensive training. Prior to training, ankle dorsiflexion range was measured and
recruits were randomly assigned to stretch and control groups. The stretch group stretched calf
muscles under supervision prior to each session of intense exercise. The control group
stretched upper limb muscles instead. Forty-eight injuries were recorded. Lower ankle
dorsiflexion range was not significantly associated with injury (p= 0.76).

Was the stretching independent variable in this study randomly assigned or not?

a. yes

b. no

Save Answer

7.
(Points: 10)
ABSTRACT: This study investigated effects of ankle dorsiflexion range and pre-exercise calf
muscle stretching on relative risk of selected injuries in 1093 male Army recruits undertaking
12 weeks of intensive training. Prior to training, ankle dorsiflexion range was measured and
recruits were randomly assigned to stretch and control groups. The stretch group stretched calf
muscles under supervision prior to each session of intense exercise. The control group
stretched upper limb muscles instead. Forty-eight injuries were recorded. Lower ankle
dorsiflexion range was not significantly associated with injury (p= 0.76).

Was the pre-post independent variable in this study between groups or within groups?

a. within

b. between

Save Answer
8.
(Points: 10)
The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of both a hand-hygiene message
campaign and the use of an alcohol gel hand sanitizer in decreasing the incidence of upper-
respiratory illness among students living in university residence halls. METHOD: This study
involved a total of 430 students recruited from 4 residence halls. Dormitories were paired into
control and product groups. In the product groups, alcohol gel hand-sanitizer dispensers were
installed in every room, bathroom, and dining hall. The data were collected on reported
symptoms, illness rates, and absenteeism from classes. RESULTS: The hand hygiene group
had significantly lower illness rates, and absenteeism than the control group. dormitories. This
resulted in fewer upper respiratory-illness symptoms, lower illness rates, and lower
absenteeism.

Was the independent variable in this study within groups or between groups?

1. between-groups

2. within-groups

Save Answer

9.
(Points: 10)
The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of both a hand-hygiene message
campaign and the use of an alcohol gel hand sanitizer in decreasing the incidence of upper-
respiratory illness among students living in university residence halls. METHOD: This study
involved a total of 430 students recruited from 4 residence halls. Dormitories were paired ,
then one in each pair was randomly assigned to control/product groups. In the product groups,
alcohol gel hand-sanitizer dispensers were installed in every room, bathroom, and dining hall.
The data were collected on reported symptoms, illness rates, and absenteeism from classes.
RESULTS: The hand hygiene group had significantly lower illness rates, and absenteeism than
the control group. dormitories. This resulted in fewer upper respiratory-illness symptoms,
lower illness rates, and lower absenteeism.

Was the independent variable in this study randomly assigned?

1. no

2. yes

Save Answer
10.
(Points: 10)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short duration of acute static and
ballistic stretching on vertical jump (VJ), lower-extremity power, and quadriceps and hamstring
torque. Twenty-four subjects performed a 5-minute warm-up followed by each of the following
three conditions on separate days with order counterbalanced: static stretching, ballistic
stretching, or no-stretch control condition. The results of this study reveal that static and
ballistic stretching did not affect VJ, or torque output for the quadriceps and hamstrings. This
counterbalanced design makes the independent variable:

1. between groups

2. within groups

Yes, between, no, between, no, yes, within, between, yes, within