ICE DB V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019

ICE (Inventory of Carbon & En
Authors: Dr Craig Jones*
Affiliation:
*corresponding author. Contact details: http://www.circulareco
Version Control
Version: V3.0 - 10 Nov 20
This ver
Is this version still Check link below, to see if a
valid? newer version is available. Please downloa
Check if this copy is up to

http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-ene
date at:
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the below organisations, who have provided fundin
Version Funded by:
The latest version was funded by (app

alphabetically):
Environment Agency
ICE V 3.0
Heathrow Airport
Rail Safety and

Standards Board
(RSSB)
This original ICE database was joint funded under the Carbon
Previous versions Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSR
became a private organisation).
This original ICE database was joint funded under the Carbon
Previous versions Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSR
became a private organisation).
Carbon & Energy)
Professor Geoffrey
Hammond
ails: http://www.circularecology.com/contact.html
Control
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
This version has expired.
Please download a new version using the

link below.
ogy.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
dgments
o have provided funding to update the ICE database.
Funded by:
was funded by (appearing
t funded under the Carbon Vision Buildings program by the

Research Council (EPSRC) and the Carbon Trust (before they
ICE (Inventory of Carbon & Energy) Terms of Us
TERMS OF USE
These are the terms of use for the Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) database, which mu
- The ICE database must not be distributed nor uploaded to websites without the written pe
the link to the download website should be referred to, which will always contain the most re
http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
- The data contained within the ICE database may be used on projects and within carbon to
the database is provided and with a link to the download website to ensure readers can che
the ICE database
- The ICE database shall not be reproduced, copied, distributed, published, modified or in a
part
- The disclaimer below shall be adhered to
DISCLAIMER
Whilst efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in the In
the content is subject to change and the authors and their affiliated organisations cannot gu
The right is reserved to make changes to the information without notice.
The information is consequently provided "as is" without any representation or warranty as
quality or fitness for purpose of any kind. You should independently verify any information c
it.
The authors and their affiliated organisations do not make any representation nor give any
the copyright of any material forming part of ICE and does not accept any liability for any di
consequential losses arising from the infringement of any third party rights in relation to any
Energy) Terms of Use
CE) database, which must be abided by:
es without the written permission of the authors. Instead

ways contain the most recent version of the database,
print-database.html
ects and within carbon tools - so long as full reference to

ensure readers can check for the most recent version of
ublished, modified or in any way exploited, in whole or in
mation contained in the Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE),

organisations cannot guarantee its accuracy or currency.
otice.
sentation or warranty as to accuracy, currency,

y verify any information contained in ICE before relying on
esentation nor give any warranty as to the ownership of

ept any liability for any direct, indirect, incidental or
y rights in relation to any material in ICE.
ICE (Inventory OF Carbon & Energy) Conten
Attention is drawn to these areas of the ICE database:
Content Description
Terms of use See terms of use worksheet.
Glossary of terms A glossary of terms.
Method Notes on the method and boundaries.
Update Notes Notes on the key changes in this version of the IC
Data Quality Matrix A data quality matrix is applied to judge data qua
This summaries all of the data in the ICE databa

Main ICE Database Summary Table
information on each material, see the material pr
A material profile is presented for each of the ma

Material profiles concrete, steel, timber…etc. Here you will find a
references and further information.
For the references in this version of ICE, see the

references section on each worksheet.
References
For references from ICE V2.0, see the workshee
Calculator for cement,

See separate excel file, distributed with the ICE d
mortar and concrete
Calculator for steel, to modifySee

recycled
the material
contentprofile
and recyclability
for steel. assumptions
Calculator for precast concrete
See material profile for concrete. Also see concr
Data quality scores See the material profiles

ntory OF Carbon & Energy) Contents
ICE database:
Description
of use worksheet.
of terms.
he method and boundaries.
he key changes in this version of the ICE database.
ality matrix is applied to judge data quality.
maries all of the data in the ICE database, on one worksheet. For more
n on each material, see the material profiles.
profile is presented for each of the main materials, such as cement,

steel, timber…etc. Here you will find a lot more data, such as statistics,
and further information.
erences in this version of ICE, see the material profiles, there is a

section on each worksheet.
nces from ICE V2.0, see the worksheet at the end of this workbook.
ate excel file, distributed with the ICE database.
aterial profile for steel.

ial profile for concrete. Also see concrete on the main summary table.
aterial profiles
Background Information
>>>
ICE (Inventory of Carbon & Energy) Glossary
Find below a glossary of terms.
Term Description
The sub-division of input and output flows between o

Allocation
Also applies to recycling methodology.
Derived from living organisms, but not from fossil orig

Biogenic
considered biogenic, but coal is not.
A set of criteria that defines which processes are incl

(System) Boundaries
of) assessment.
Material that is a sub-derivative of the processing op

By-product
have an economic value (e.g. facilitated by an applic
The energy content of a fuel (as may be released thr

expressed as a Gross Calorific Value (GCV) or Net C
Calorific Value (CV) of former is always larger than (or equal to) the latter. T
energy heat (energy) remaining in condensation (water vapo
difference is typically 5-12 per cent (examples, 11 pe
cent for coal).
Capital carbon is a term that is mainly used for intras

embodied carbon of the infrastructure construction p
Capital carbon
when reading older background literature, who would
as described below.
Energy required to manufacture capital inputs (e.g. a

Capital energy
as buildings, machinery, tools). See also capital carb
Carbon dioxide
See Global Warming Potential (GWP).
equivalent (CO2e)
Carbon storage See carbon sequestration.
Carbon sequestration The extraction of carbon from the atmosphere, for ex
Material or product that is produced alongside the inv

Co-product
production.
Cradle The cradle is defined as being the earth, i.e. material
Encompasses all input and output flows (as applicab

Cradle to gate boundaries) between the confines of the cradle up to
processing operation.
Cradle to gate + end

Cradle to gate plus the end of life processes. This ex
of life
Cradle to grave Cradle to gate plus operation plus end of life process
Cradle to gate plus delivery to the site of use (installa

Cradle-to-site condition is ambiguous when it comes to construction
waste.
Cradle to Cradle to gate plus delivery to the site of use (installa

practical completion embodied carbon of material waste.
Energy that is delivered to a consumer, e.g. a barrel

Delivered energy
electricity, m3 natural gas, all at the point of use.
Impacts associated with processes that occur at futu
Downstream impacts system relative to the process under investigation. Fo
finished product sitting in storage its eventual deliver
Embodied carbon is the sum of fuel related carbon e

energy which is combusted – but not the feedstock e
Embodied carbon the material) and process related carbon emissions (
(EC) emissions which may arise, for example, from chemi
measured from cradle-to-gate, cradle-to-grave, or fro
data is cradle-to-gate.
Is defined here as the total primary energy consumed

processes associated with a product or service and w
Embodied energy
Cradle-to-gate. This includes all activities from mater
(EE)
(quarrying/mining), manufacturing, transportation and
processes until the product is ready to leave the final
Feedstock energy is derived from fuel inputs that hav

rather than a fuel. For example, petrochemicals may
Feedstock Energy materials to make plastics and rubber. The energy is
and therefore feedstock energy may often be (partial
product lifetime (e.g. through incineration).
Fuel related carbon

Carbon dioxide emissions emanating from the combu
dioxide emissions
A reference unit of study normally used for comparat

Functional unit carpet over a lifetime of 10 years”. A fair functional u
assessments. See Section 5.1 for further discussion.
The release of GHGs into the atmosphere gives rise

many GHGs and each has a different level of potenc
Global Warming relative to the impacts of one unit of carbon dioxide.
Potential (GWP) AR4 report from the IPCC, each unit of methane was
more harmful than a single unit of carbon dioxide (on
consequently it had a global warming potential of 25
Gases that when released into the atmosphere abso
Greenhouse gases
radiation. These gases trap heat within the atmosphe
(GHGs)
climate change.
See Calorific Value (CV). An alternative name for GC

Heating Value (HV) of
(HHV). NCV is equivalent to Lower Heating Value (LH
energy
often expressed in Joules.
A ‘tool’ where the energy and materials used and pol

Life Cycle into the environment as a consequence of a product
Assessment (LCA) the whole life-cycle (ideally) from cradle-to-grave. LC
over 20 different environmental impacts, of which car
Electricity that has been generated without the need

Primary electricity
inputs, e.g. hydro, PV, wind.
Energy that has been traced back to the cradle. Deliv

Primary energy upstream into its primary equivalents i.e. including th
delivery, refining, extraction.
Non-fuel related carbon dioxide emissions, i.e. derive

Process carbon
reactions during manufacturing processes, such as t
dioxide emissions
limestone in the kiln of cement clinker production.
The fraction of material retained within the product th

materials. This differs from end of life material recycl
Recycled content metal recycling rates), which would need to consider
quantity of material recovered and the changes in tot
material.
Energy (including electricity) extracted from renewab

Renewable energy
solar, water.
The expansion of system boundaries to include othe
System expansion indirectly affected activities). This is often applied to a
burdens.
Impacts associated with processes that occurred at p

(upstream). For example, in the case of a finished pr
Upstream impacts
material extraction, processing, transportation and fa
processes.
Material that is a sub-derivative of the processing op

Waste product
have no economic value (i.e. with no application or m
A European wide standard on Environmental Produc

EN 15804
construction products. It is a sister standard to EN 15
A European wide standard on sustainability assessm
defines method and boundaries for assessing whole
EN 15978 including embodied impacts and comparing with ope
standards cover over 20 different environmental and
which carbon footprint is one of them.
This is a boundary of cradle to gate, as defined unde

Module A1-3
standards EN 15804 and EN 15978.
This is use in the European wide standards EN 1580

Module D
benefits and burdens to future lifecycles and is partic
Embodied + operational carbon, over the lifetime of a

Whole life carbon speaking, it would consider the whole life embodied c
replacements and refurbishments.
EOL End of life

& Energy) Glossary
Description
tput flows between one or more product systems.

dology.
but not from fossil origin, e.g. biomass is

not.
ch processes are included within the (boundaries
of the processing operations but is considered to

cilitated by an application and market demand).
may be released through combustion). It may be

Value (GCV) or Net Calorific Value (NCV). The
equal to) the latter. The difference is due to latent
ensation (water vapour) after combustion. The
ent (examples, 11 per cent for natural gas, 5 per
mainly used for intrastate projects, to denote

ucture construction project. It can be confusing
literature, who would use the term capital energy,
capital inputs (e.g. ancillary infrastructure, such

See also capital carbon.
GWP).
e atmosphere, for example from trees and plants.
ced alongside the investigated product, i.e. co-
he earth, i.e. material deposits within the ground.
ut flows (as applicable from the system

es of the cradle up to the factory gate of the final
e processes. This excludes the use phase.
us end of life processes. A complete study.
he site of use (installation site). This boundary

comes to construction site energy and material
he site of use (installation site), site energy and

aste.
nsumer, e.g. a barrel of oil, kWh of delivered

the point of use.
ses that occur at future, downstream, points in the
nder investigation. For example, in the case of a
e its eventual delivery is a downstream process.
fuel related carbon emissions (i.e. embodied

ut not the feedstock energy which is retained within
d carbon emissions (i.e. non-fuel related
example, from chemical reactions). This can be
cradle-to-grave, or from cradle-to grave. The ICE
ary energy consumed from direct and indirect

oduct or service and within the boundaries of
activities from material extraction
ng, transportation and right through to fabrication
ady to leave the final factory gate.
m fuel inputs that have been used as a material

petrochemicals may be used as feedstock
ubber. The energy is not released but retained
may often be (partially) recovered at the end of
cineration).
nating from the combustion of fossil fuels.
ly used for comparative purposes, e.g. “1 m2 of

s”. A fair functional unit is necessary for such
or further discussion.
mosphere gives rise to global warming. There are

ferent level of potency. Each gas is normalised
it of carbon dioxide. For example, according to the
unit of methane was considered to be 25 times
of carbon dioxide (on a 100 year timescale),
rming potential of 25 (kgCO2e).
he atmosphere absorbs and emits thermal infrared
t within the atmosphere thus contributing to
ernative name for GCV is Higher Heating Value

wer Heating Value (LHV). They are equal metrics
aterials used and pollutants or wastes released

quence of a product or activity are quantified over
m cradle-to-grave. LCA can be used to calculate
impacts, of which carbon is only one of them.
ted without the need for secondary (fossil) fuel
ck to the cradle. Delivered energy is traced

lents i.e. including the upstream impacts of
emissions, i.e. derived from chemical or physical

processes, such as the carbon released from
clinker production.
within the product that was derived from recycled

of life material recycling and recovery rates (i.e.
uld need to consider the difference between the
nd the changes in total market demand of
racted from renewable resources, such as wind,

aries to include other processing operations (e.g.
s is often applied to assess the benefit of avoided
ses that occurred at previous points in the system

case of a finished product sitting in storage
transportation and fabrication are all upstream
of the processing operations and is considered to

th no application or market demand).
nvironmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for

ter standard to EN 15978.
ustainability assessment of construction works. It
for assessing whole life impacts of buildings,
d comparing with operational impacts. The
nt environmental and resource use impacts, of
them.
gate, as defined under the European wide

978.
e standards EN 15804 and EN 15978. It covers

fecycles and is particularly relevant to metals.
over the lifetime of a building asset. Strictly

whole life embodied carbon, including material
ts.
ICE (Inventory OF Carbon & E
Note on scope of this update: This version of the ICE database has updated
bitumen, bricks, cement and mortar, concrete, glass, timber and steel. Plastics
Data for other materials is presented from the previous version of the ICE data
data from ICE V2.0 was published in 2011.
ICE (Inventory OF Carbon & Energ
The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) was initially created by Craig Jones
whilst working as a researcher at the University of Bath. Work started in 2004.
2011.
The original research project was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sci
(before they became a private company). The project involved assessing the i
for new UK buildings.
The Inventory was created to provide a freely available, robust and reliable so
process for the project partners. It soon became obvious that this data would b
partners.
Subsequently, in 2006 the ICE database was made available for download fro
by over 25,000 professional users from industry, academia, government depa
ICE (Inventory OF Carbon & En

The ICE database is essentially a meta-database. It is based upon a large lite
embodied carbon of construction materials.
There is a background database, which stores embodied carbon datapoints co

available. That version of the database stores a lot of meta data, which logs in
boundaries, age, level of peer review, ...etc. It also categorises each datapoint
aluminium > cast aluminium. This database gives us a good basis for analysin
This available version of the ICE database is compiled from the background d
has now been able to focus on collecting data with a more consistent method
In fact, the background ICE database has been completely rebuilt from scratch
needed because the carbon footprint landscape has changed considerably sin
database was released.
Notably, there has been an increase of carbon footprint standards. For examp
considerable and more consistent dataset than was previously available. EN 1
Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs).
In fact, EN 15804 EPDs has been be main source of data for this version of th
ICE (Inventory OF Carbon & Energy
A diagram showing the approach to developing the ICE database is shown be

modern data brings, it was possible to introduce the quality filter earlier in the d
literature resources.
ICE (Inventory OF Carbon & Energy)
The ICE database retains a cradle to (factory) gate scope. This is known as M
15804, on sustainability assessment of construction works.
The ICE database is a meta database, e.g. a database storing metadata abou
database contains datapoints with a wide range of method and boundaries. Th
The boundaries and methodological consistency of the data collected is much

increase in carbon footprint standards. There is also considerable overlap betw
method and boundaries.
Despite this improved consistency, variations in method do still exist in the bac
this, the ICE database now implements data quality indicators (DQs). As a par
method is judged. See the Data Quality Matrix worksheet for more information
The ICE database DQI for method rates EN 15804 studies the highest score o
However, the background database logs data with a wider range of methods.
footprint standards.
The results of the DQI's are published alongside each datapoint. This allows u
The ICE database now also incudes links to hundreds of Environmental Produ
This offers a further data resource for users to apply to their assessments.
Stats on Method
Statistics on the average carbon footprint calculation method of all data collect
Method Stated Fraction of All Data Collec
EN 15804 Data 88.8%

ISO 14067 4.4%
ISO 14044 Only 5.2%
No standardised method claimed 6.7%
ICE (Inventory OF Carbon & Energ
V3.0 Beta
The ICE database version 3.0 Beta contains a number of important updates o
main changes are logged here.
General update notes
Description
The background database, whic

No data from previous version o
Background database rebuilt
the target data is now EN 1580
was published.
Data Quality Indictors introduced Data quality indicators have bee
The material profiles have a com

New format for material profiles
data, more statistics, more char
Embodied energy is no longer i
Embodied energy removed from database assessed as part of modern stu
indicator.
The material profiles have data

More detailed statistics introduced
statistics and distribution charts
Following on from the above, th

All datapoints provided as a list
most materials. This will allow u
The material profiles now conta

material. This offers improved u
Links to EPDs and references provided on
materials. The references also
each material profile
This includes links to hundreds
resource to users.
For example, data for brick wall

Data for some building elements added
thickness of glass and per m2 i
Cement, mortar and concrete model See the separate excel file, whi
provided to users for first time cement, mortar and concrete m
Data on recycled and virgin me
to results. It was often found tha
Data for primary and recycled metals content, rather than basing it on
removed from database. Replaced with construction project). To avoid s
data that can be used to calculate these. content is now provided. Region
quality LCA resource. Users are
embodied carbon of virgin and
tory OF Carbon & Energy) V3.0
atabase has updated data for aggregates and sand, aluminium, asphalt,
ber and steel. Plastics will be added soon too.
ersion of the ICE database, V2.0, for completeness. Users should consider that
OF Carbon & Energy) Background
eated by Craig Jones, under the supervision of Professor Geoffrey Hammond,

Work started in 2004. Versions were released periodically over the period 2005-
ing and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Carbon Trust
olved assessing the implications of embodied energy and carbon in construction
obust and reliable source of data for the materials used in the construction
that this data would be of interest to a wide range of users beyond the project
able for download from the authors website. Since then it has been downloaded
ia, government departments and agencies around the world.
ory OF Carbon & Energy) Method

sed upon a large literature review, where data is collected and compiled on the
carbon datapoints collected from the literature. That version is not publicly
ta data, which logs information for each datapoint, such as the method,
orises each datapoint according to main and sub-material categories, e.g.
ood basis for analysing the data.
om the background database. The data collection for this updated version of ICE
e consistent method and boundaries than was previously available.
ly rebuilt from scratch and now contains only newly collected data. This was
nged considerably since 2011, which is when the previous version of the ICE
tandards. For example, the EU wide standard EN 15804 has offered a

ously available. EN 15804 has offered a large amount of data from
a for this version of the ICE database.
F Carbon & Energy) Method Diagram
atabase is shown below. Due to the increased methodological consistency that

ty filter earlier in the data collection process, before data is extracted from
Carbon & Energy) Scope and Method
e. This is known as Module A1 to A3 in the EU wide standards EN 15978 and EN
s.
oring metadata about datapoints. As a meta database, the background ICE

d and boundaries. These are logged as meta data in the background database.
ata collected is much improved over previous versions of ICE, due mainly to an
siderable overlap between many of the main footprinting standards in regards to
do still exist in the background database. In order to improve the understanding of

ators (DQs). As a part of the data quality assessment, the carbon footprint
for more information on this.
s the highest score of 5 out of 5. This is the ideal method of data collected.
r range of methods. Studies outside of Europe are more likely to refer to wider
tapoint. This allows users to judge methodological consistency with their study.
Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs), predominantly EN 15804 EPDs.
eir assessments.
Stats on Method
hod of all data collected in this version of the ICE database are presented below.
n of All Data Collected
88.8% Totals will not add to 100%. This is because

some studies claim adherence to multiple
Totals will not add to 100%. This is because
some studies claim adherence to multiple
4.4%
5.2%
6.7%
OF Carbon & Energy) Update Notes
V3.0 Beta
important updates over the previous version, V2.0 (2011). A summary of the
Update Notes
round database, which is not publicly accessible, has been rebuilt from scratch.
om previous version of ICE is used in the background database. This is because
data is now EN 15804, which wasn’t released when the previous versions of ICE
hed.
y indicators have been introduced. See the data quality matrix worksheet.
al profiles have a completely new format. On the profiles now appears more
statistics, more charts and more links to the references used for each material.
energy is no longer included in the database. Embodied energy is typically not
as part of modern studies. Embodied carbon is considered as a more useful
al profiles have data on the values at various percentiles, as well as detailed

nd distribution charts.
on from the above, the values of all datapoints collected is now published for
rials. This will allow users a better understanding of uncertainty.
al profiles now contains the reference details used to create the data for each
his offers improved understanding of which references are applicable to which
The references also includes links to webpages where they can be obtained.
es links to hundreds of EN 15804 EPDs, which will offer a valuable additional
o users.
le, data for brick walls, concrete block walls, single, double and triple glazing by
of glass and per m2 is now presented.
parate excel file, which allows users to model the embodied carbon of specific
ortar and concrete mixtures, including precast concrete.
cycled and virgin metals is not provided in ICE V3. It created too much variability
It was often found that different studies made broad assumptions on recycled
ther than basing it on actual primary data (e.g. actual recycled content used on a
on project). To avoid such variability, the data using world average recycled
now provided. Regional data are only presented where there is data from a high
A resource. Users are instead presented with enough information to calculate the
carbon of virgin and recycled metals.
Data Quality Indicato
DQI Version: V1.0 Beta
Is this version still valid? Check link below, to see if a newer version is availa
Check if this copy is up

http://www.circularecology.com/em
to date at:
Introductio
Data quality indicators are used in this version of the ICE database, to assess the d
matrix is used and is applied to all of the data collected.
Data quality for individua
These criteria are applied to all datapoints collected.
Score 5 (Best)
Method compatibility EN 15804

External panel review (e.g. ISO
Assurance 14040 panel review with 3 or more
people)
Temporal correlation -
<= 5 years
Age of study
Geographical
Data from UK
compatibility
Full calculation model and detailed

Transparency
report available (very rare)
These criteria are not applicable to the individual datapoints collected in the backgro
of '50' datapoints collected, the below additional data quality indicator will be applied
it to be reflected in the DQI score.
For datapoints that were selected based upon a specific reference, this data quality
Score 10 (Best)
Sample size >=250 data points
Data Quality Indicator (DQI) Matrix
Date DQI matrix last updated: May-19

if a newer version is available.
Please download a new version using the link below
/www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Introduction
E database, to assess the data quality of each datapoint collected. In order to do this, a data qua
.
Data quality for individual data, e.g. EPDs
4 3 2
Recognised
ISO 14067 or ISO 21930 method, but not
or PAS 2050 or GHG standardised,
Other standardised
Protocol for Products e.g. ISO
method recognised
(not including any of the 14040/44 only,
nationally or internationally
other GHG Protocol which is not a
standards) prescriptive
method.
2 External reviewers
1 external reviewer (e.g.
(e.g. academic papers Internal review
EPDs)
often have two reviewer)
<= 6 years <= 7 years < 10 years
European Data or World

North American -
Average
Detailed report (e.g. full

Summary report
LCA report,
covering an
documenting
overview of
assumptions in detail),
- method inc key
but no calculation
data (most
model. Or transparent
EPDs will be this
calculation model, but
rating)
no detailed report.
Data quality on material sub-categorie
oints collected in the background ICE database. They are applied to material categories and sub-
uality indicator will be applied. This is so that where statistical average data is used, the sample s
c reference, this data quality indicator is not applied.
9 8 7
>=150 data points >=100 datapoints >=75 data points
May-19
xpired.
using the link below.
html
o do this, a data quality
1 (Worst) Notes
No recognised
or standardised
method
No review
process stated
>= 10 years
Note: Ideal boundaries of ICE

All other DB are UK. This DQI is not a
countries and statement on quality of LCA
regions data from various regions
around the world.
Limited details
on method, or
key information
missing
terial sub-categories:
categories and sub-categories that have used the average of all data collected. For example, if t
s used, the sample size can be considered as a part of the data quality score. Larger datasets sho
6 5 4
>=50 data points >=25 data points >=10 data points
ollected. For example, if the data for a material was the average
score. Larger datasets should be more accurate and this allows
3 2 1 (Worst)
>=5 data points <5data points 1 data point
Main ICE Database Summary Table
>>>
e
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per tonne
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per 1
m2, per 100mm depth surface or
binder course
2 Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2
>>>
>>>
Per kg of concrete
kg of concrete
Per kg of concrete Per kg of concrete
Per kg of concrete Per kg of
Per kg of concrete
Per kg of concrete
Per kg of concrete
Per kg of concrete
Per kg of concrete
>>>
>>>
Select From Drop Down List
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per one
- kgCO2e per one block
block
Embodied Carbon -
Embodied Carbon -
kgCO2e per one Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per
kgCO2e per one block
block
Embodied Carbon - Embodied Carbon -
ied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2
kgCO2e per m2 kgCO2e per one block
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per Embodied Carbon -
Embodied Carbon - kgC
m2 kgCO2e per m2
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e
per m2
mbodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2 Embodied Carb
e per m2 Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2 Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2
INVENTORY O
ICE DB Version: V3.0 - 10 Nov
Is this version still valid? Check link below, to see
Check if this copy is up to date at: http://www.circularecology
Introduction
The updated ICE databas

as the 80:20 rule, to updat
construction projects.
It is appreciated that there

Materials covered in ICE V3.0 some projects. In order for
has been copied to this su
The content section below
Aggregates and Sand

Materials Embodie
general UK, mixture of land won, marine,

secondary and recycled, bulk, loose
general, virgin mixture of land won and marine,

bulk, loose
from virgin land won resources, bulk, loose
from virgin marine resources, bulk, loose
from recycled resources, no heat treatment, bulk,

loose
from recycled resources, with heat treatment,
bulk, loose
expanded clay, bulk, loose
expanded foamed glass, bulk, loose
from secondary resources, bulk, loose
mixture of recycled and secondary resources,

bulk, loose
Aluminium
The data for aluminium are based upon detailed LCAs from the World Aluminium Instit
aluminium.eu/, as well as the North American Aluminium Association, https://www.alum
extrusion. The below data has combined the data in the LCA's, to produce the values b
http://www.world-aluminium.org/publications/. This approach of using world averages f
aluminium.
European consumption - Includes European production and imports - At world a
Materials Embodie
Aluminium General, European Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium sheet, European Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium foil, European Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium extruded profile, European Mix, Inc

Imports
Aluminium, cast, European Mix, Inc Imports
Worldwide production - At world average recycled content
Materials Embodie
Aluminium General, Worldwide
Aluminium sheet, Worldwide
Aluminium foil, Worldwide

Aluminium extruded profile, Worldwide
Aluminium cast, Worldwide
Regional aluminium - At world average recycled content
Materials Embodie
Aluminium, produced in Europe

Aluminium, North American
Aluminium, Africa
Aluminium, China
Aluminium, Japan
Aluminium, Middle East
Aluminium, Oceania
Aluminium, Other Asia
Aluminium, Russia
Aluminium, South America

Aluminium, South Korea
Asphalt
The boundaries of this data is cradle to mixed asphalt. It includes the asphalt mixing e
Materials Embodied C
Asphalt, 3% (bitumen) binder content (by mass)
Asphalt, 3.5% binder content

Asphalt, 4% binder content
Road surfaces - Asphalt

The boundaries of this data is cradle to laid road surface. It includes the cradle to mixe
Materials Embodied Carbon - kgC
Road surface, asphalt, 3% (bitumen) binder

14.2
content (by mass)
Road surface, asphalt, 3.5% binder content 14.4

Road surface, asphalt, 4% binder content 14.7
Road surface, , asphalt, 6% binder content 15.7
Bitumen
Materials Embodie
Straight-run bitumen
Polymer modified bitumen (PMB)
Bitumen emulsion
Brass
Materials Embodie
General
Virgin
Recycled
Bricks
Materials Embodie
General (Common Brick)
A Single Brick
Single skin walls - 102.5mm thick
Materials Declared Units
with Mortar 1:3 cement:sand mix (Using CEM I

1
cement)

1
cement)

1
cement)

1
cement)
with Mortar (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix)

1
(Using CEM I cement)
with Mortar (1:1:6 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using

1
CEM I cement)

1
CEM I cement)
Double skin walls

1
cement)

1
cement)

1
cement)

1
cement)
with Mortar (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix)

1

1
CEM I cement)

1
CEM I cement)
Bronze
Materials Embodie
General
Carpet
Materials Embodie
General Carpet 3.9 (9.
Felt (Hair and Jute) Underlay
Nylon (Polyamide), pile weight 300 g/m2 6.

Nylon (Polyamide), pile weight 500 g/m2 9.
Nylon (Polyamide), pile weight 700 g/m2 12
Carpet tiles, nylon (Polyamide), pile weight 300

7.7
g/m2

10
g/m2
13
g/m2
16
g/m2
19
g/m2
Polyethylterepthalate (PET)
Polypropylene
Polyurethane
Rubber 3.6
Saturated Felt Underlay (impregnated with
Asphalt or tar)
Wool
Cement and Mortar
Cement
Materials Embodie
General (UK average)
Average CEM I, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
CEM II-A-S - 13% GGBs

CEM II/B-S - 28% GGBs
CEM II/A-P - 13% natural pozzolanic ash
CEM II/B-P 28% natural pozzolanic ash
CEM II/A-V - 13% fly ash siliceous

CEM II/B-V - 28% fly ash siliceous
CEM II/A-W - 13% fly ash calcareous
CEM II/B-W - 28% fly ash calcareous
CEM II/A-L - 13% limestone

CEM II/B-L- 28% limestone
CEM II/A-LL - 13% limestone
CEM II/B-LL - 28% limestone
CEM II/A-M - 16% cement replacement

CEM II/B-M - 28% cement replacement
CEM III/A - 50.5% GGBS

CEM III/B - 73% GGBS
CEM III/C - 88% GGBS
CEM IV/A - 23% cement replacement

CEM IV/B - 46% cement replacement
CEM V/A - 24% GGBS and 24% cement

replacement
CEM V/B - 36% GGBS and 36% cement
replacement
Mortar
Mortar (1:3 cement:sand mix)

Mortar (1:4)
Mortar (1:5)
Mortar (1:6)
Mortar (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix)
Mortar (1:1:6 Cement:Lime:Sand mix)
Mortar (1:3 cement:sand mix)
Mortar (1:4)
Mortar (1:5)
Mortar (1:6)
Mortar (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix)
Admixtures
General concrete admixtures – Average of data

collected
Concrete admixtures – Air entrainers, Europe
Concrete admixtures – Hardening Accelerators
Concrete admixtures – Plasticisers and

Superplasticisers
Concrete admixtures – Retarders
Concrete admixtures – Set Accelerators
Concrete admixtures – Water Resisting
Admixtures
Ceramics
Materials Embodie
General
Fittings
Sanitary Products
Tiles and Cladding Panels
Clay
Materials Embodie
General (Simple Baked Products)
Tile
Vitrified clay pipe DN 100 & DN 150
Vitrified clay pipe DN 200 & DN 300
Vitrified clay pipe DN 500
Concrete
SELECT declared unit kg

Important Note on Data By Strength Class:
To model the embodied carbon of concrete by strength class, assumptions

More cement is also often added into a mixture, e.g. to cure quicker, than is
The data below has been modelled using the ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete
influences the total cementitious content, e.g. if using PFA or GGBS, often t
This adds additional uncertainty to this data by strength class. There i

content used by the contractor). The cement content for your mixture at this
In-Situ Concrete Pe
Materials Embodied C
General
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)

GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
20/25 MPa
25/30 MPa
28/35 MPa
32/40 MPa
35/45 MPa
40/50 Mpa
PAV1
PAV2
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)

RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa)
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa)
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa)
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa)
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa)
RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa)
PAV1
PAV2
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)

GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa)
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa)
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa)
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa)
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa)
RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa)
PAV1
PAV2
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)

GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa)
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa)
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa)
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa)
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa)
RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa)
PAV1
PAV2
% Cement Replacement - Fly Ash 15%
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa) 0.064

GEN 1 (8/10 MPa) 0.128
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa) 0.096
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa) 0.103
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa) 0.111
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa) 0.118
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa) 0.126
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa) 0.139
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa) 0.149
RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa) 0.159
PAV1 0.126
PAV2 0.139
% Cement Replacement - Blast Furnace Slag 25%
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa) 0.055
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa) 0.103
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa) 0.081
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa) 0.087
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa) 0.094
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa) 0.100
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa) 0.107
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa) 0.120
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa) 0.129
RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa) 0.138
PAV1 0.108
PAV2 0.120
Note on Data By Volume and Cementitious Content:
This data has a lower uncertainty than the data by strength class. It requires
1:1:2 Cement:Sand:Aggregate
1:1.5:3
1:2:4
1:2.5:5
1:3:6
1:4:8
NOMINA
1:1.5:3
1:2:4
1:2.5:5
1:3:6
1:4:8
100 kg CEM I per m3 concrete

120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
100 kg average UK cement per m3 concrete
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
% Cement Replacement - pfa 0%
100 kg total cementitious content per m3

0.052
concrete
120 0.060
140 0.068
160 0.075
180 0.083
200 0.091
220 0.099
240 0.106
260 0.114
280 0.122
300 0.130
320 0.138
340 0.145
360 0.153
380 0.161
400 0.169
420 0.177
440 0.184
460 0.192
480 0.200
500 0.208
% Cement Replacement - Blast Furnace Slag 0%

100 kg total cementitious content per m3
0.052
concrete
120 0.060
140 0.068
160 0.075
180 0.083
200 0.091
220 0.099
240 0.106
260 0.114
280 0.122
300 0.130
320 0.138
340 0.145
360 0.153
380 0.161
400 0.169
420 0.177
440 0.184
460 0.192
480 0.200
500 0.208
Precast concrete model

Here you can model any type of concrete from the ICE database, as a preca
The model adds precasting energy, eg. to power a precast factory. It assum
The boundaries are cradle to precast factory gate.
Notes:
This model offers a guideline only. It isn't capable of modelling reinfor
There is no substitute for knowing the exact cement content of concrete. Lik
cement content, e.g. 'X' kg cement (of specified type, CEM I...etc) per m3 co
This is because to estimate the embodied carbon of concrete by a strength

strength class of concrete can have a wide variation. It is also often seen as
Please consider the above notes on accuracy when using this tool.
If you have an exact concrete mixture, broken down by all constituents, it ca
SELECT concrete type (scroll up on drop down list)

Declared Units
Concrete - Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
concrete - CEM I based - with total cementitious m3
content of 300 kg per m3 of concrete
Concrete - 50% ggbs cement replacement - with

total cementitious content of 320 kg per m3 of m3
concrete
Concrete - 30% pfa cement replacement - with total

m3
cementitious content of 320 kg per m3 of concrete
m3
m3
m3
m3
NOTE: The below data has multiple units. Check each datapoint for the units
precast concrete pipe, DN600 unreinforced m
precast concrete pipe, DN600 unreinforced per kg kg
precast concrete paving (Blocks, Slabs, Channels

kg
and Kerbs)
precast concrete beams and columns -steel

kg
reinforced with world average steel
As above but with European recycled steel

kg
rebar
precast hollowcore concrete flooring, 150mm,

prestressed steel reinforced with world average m2
steel
As above but with European recycled steel

m2
rebar
per kg of block

concrete block, medium density solid, average
kg
strength, per kg
concrete block, high density solid, average

kg
strength, per kg
AAC concrete block kg
Medium density concrete blocks
75 mm thickness, 440 mm length, 215 mm width. each
High density concrete blocks - Solid

High density concrete blocks - Cellular
High density concrete blocks - Hollowcore
Lightweight concrete blocks - AAC - Autoclaved Aerated Concrete(AAC)

440 mm length, 215 mm width. each
Concr
With medium density solid blocks
75 mm thickness wall m2
With high density solid blocks
With cellular high density solid blocks
With hollowcore high density solid blocks

With lightweight AAC blocks
Copper
Materials Embodie
EU Tube & Sheet

Virgin
Recycled
Recycled from high grade scrap 1
Recycled from low grade scrap 3
Glass
Materials Embodie
Glass, General, per kg
Glass, Glazing, Double, per kg

Glass, Glazing triple, per kg
Glass, Toughened, per kg
Glass, Multi layer safety, filled core, fire resistant,

toughened, per kg
Glass, Multi layer safety, unfilled, per kg
Glass, sky light or roof, with frame, per kg
These values apply to the thickness of pure glass. The specified thickness does not in
of glass. Be careful to multiply this by the thickness of glass that you require. For exam
(20mm in this case) is not used in this data.
Materials Embodie
per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex frame
3 mm of glass, ex frame
Materials Embodie
per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex cavity and ex
frame
8 mm of glass, ex cavity and ex frame
Materials Embodie
per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex cavity and ex

frame

Materials Embodie
Materials Embodie

Materials Embodie

Materials Embodie
Roof or skylight, inc frame
Insulation
Materials Embodie
General Insulation
Cellular Glass No GWP d
Cellulose No GWP d
Cork
Fibreglass (Glasswool)
Flax (Insulation)
Mineral wool
Paper wool
Polystyrene
Polyurethane
Rockwool
Woodwool (loose) No GWP d
Woodwool (Board)
Wool (Recycled) No GWP d
Iron
Materials Embodie
General
Lead
Materials Embodie
General
Virgin
Recycled
Lime
Materials Embodie
General
Linoleum
Materials Embodie
General
Miscellaneous
Materials Embodie
Asbestos No GWP d
Calcium Silicate Sheet
Chromium
Cotton, Padding
Cotton, Fabric
Damp Proof Course/Membrane 4
Felt General No GWP d
Flax
Fly Ash
Grit
Ground Limestone
Carpet Grout No GWP d
Glass Reinforced Plastic - GRP - Fibreglass
Lithium
Mandolite
Mineral Fibre Tile (Roofing)
Manganese
Mercury
Molybedenum
Nickel
Perlite - Expanded
Perlite - Natural
Quartz powder
Shingle
Silicon No GWP d
Slag (GGBS)
Silver
Straw
Terrazzo Tiles
Vanadium
Vermiculite - Expanded
Vermiculite - Natural
Vicuclad No GWP d
Water 0
Wax No GWP d
Wood stain/Varnish
Yttrium
Zirconium
Paint
Materials Embodie
General
EXAMPLE: Single Coat

EXAMPLE: Double Coat
EXAMPLE: Triple Coat
Waterborne Paint
Solventborne Paint
Paper
Materials Embodie
Paperboard (General for construction use)
Fine Paper
EXAMPLE: 1 packet A4 paper
Wallpaper
Plaster
Materials Embodie
General (Gypsum)
Plasterboard
Plastics
Materials Embodie
General
ABS
General Polyethylene
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Resin
HDPE Pipe
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Resin
LDPE Film
Nylon (Polyamide) 6 Polymer
Nylon (polyamide) 6,6 Polymer

Polycarbonate
Polypropylene, Orientated Film
Polypropylene, Injection Moulding
Expanded Polystyrene
General Purpose Polystyrene
High Impact Polystyrene
Thermoformed Expanded Polystyrene
Polyurethane Flexible Foam
Polyurethane Rigid Foam
PVC General
PVC Pipe
Calendered Sheet PVC
PVC Injection Moulding

UPVC Film
Rubber
Materials Embodie
General
Sealants and Adhesives
Materials Embodie
Epoxide Resin
Mastic Sealant No GWP d
Melamine Resin
Phenol Formaldehyde
Urea Formaldehyde
Soil
Materials Embodie
General (Rammed Soil)
Cement stabilised soil @ 5%
Cement stabilised soil @ 8%
GGBS stabilised soil
Fly ash stabilised soil
Steel
worldsteel Data - World Average - See material profile (and Annex on recycling m
Steel, UO Pipe
Steel, Tin-free Electrolytic Chrome Coated Steel

Sheet - Tin-free (ECCS)
Steel, electrogalvanized steel
Steel, welded pipe

Steel, Organic coated sheet
Steel, Tinplate
Steel, finished cold-rolled coil
Steel, hot-dip galvanized steel

Steel, Plate
steel, Cold Rolled Coil
Steel, pickled hot-rolled coil
Steel, Wire rod

Steel, Hot Rolled Coil
Steel, Rebar
Steel, Section
Steel, Engineering steel

Steel, global seamless tube
The data above has been extracted from the worldsteel LCI, see https://www.wor
Data on recycled and virgin steel types is not provided in ICE V3. It created too m
basing it on actual primary data (e.g. actual recycled content used on a construc
Users wishing to calculate the embodied carbon of different recycled content ste
Stone
Materials Embodie
General
Granite
Limestone
Marble
Marble tile
Sandstone
Shale
Slate
Timber
The data in this section excludes the carbon stored in the timber. Carbon storage can on
Materials Embodied Carbon -
Timber - Average of all data - No Carbon Storage 0.493
Timber, Chipboard - No Carbon Storage 0.400
Timber, Closed panel timber frame system - No

0.452
Carbon Storage
Timber, CLT - No Carbon Storage 0.437
Timber, Fibreboard - No Carbon Storage 0.715
Timber, Glulam - No Carbon Storage 0.512
Timber, Hardboard - No Carbon Storage 0.815
Timber, Hardwood - No Carbon Storage 0.306
Timber, Laminate - No Carbon Storage 0.698

Timber, Laminated strand lumber - No Carbon
0.504
Storage
Timber, Laminated veneer lumber - No Carbon

0.390
Storage
Timber, MDF - No Carbon Storage 0.856
Timber, Open panel timber frame system - No

0.345
Carbon Storage
Timber, OSB - No Carbon Storage 0.455
Timber, Parquet - No Carbon Storage 0.811
Timber, Particle Board - No Carbon Storage 0.664
Timber, Plywood - No Carbon Storage 0.681
Timber, Softwood - No Carbon Storage 0.263
Timber, Wood I-Beam - No Carbon Storage 0.483
Timber, Wood-plastic composite - No Carbon

1.44
Storage
The data in this section includes the carbon stored in the timber. Carbon storage can o
timber. However, users should be aware that the end of life (EOL) stage for timber is p
The amount of stored carbon will be given back to the atmosphere. The amount given
particularly important to also model the EOL impacts.
The carbon storage values are presented as negative in magnitude (-, minus). To prov
embodied carbon with carbon storage, in this example, would be -1.0 kg CO2e per kg
Embodied carbon data with carbon storage is typically a negative in magnitude numbe
waste material. It is also vital that the end of life stage is considered.
Materials Embodied Carbon -
Timber - Average of all data - Including Carbon

-1.03
Storage
Timber, Chipboard - Including Carbon Storage -1.12
Timber, Closed panel timber frame system -

-1.10
Including Carbon Storage
Timber, CLT - Including Carbon Storage -1.20
Timber, Fibreboard - Including Carbon Storage -0.86
Timber, Glulam - Including Carbon Storage -0.90
Timber, Hardboard - Including Carbon Storage -0.82
Timber, Hardwood - Including Carbon Storage -1.29

Timber, Laminate - Including Carbon Storage -0.58
Timber, Laminated strand lumber - Including

-1.08
Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminated veneer lumber - Including

-1.25
Carbon Storage
Timber, MDF - Including Carbon Storage -0.64
Timber, Open panel timber frame system -

-1.27
Timber, OSB - Including Carbon Storage -1.05
Timber, Parquet - Including Carbon Storage -0.81
Timber, Particle Board - Including Carbon Storage -0.81
Timber, Plywood - Including Carbon Storage -0.93
Timber, Softwood - Including Carbon Storage -1.29
Timber, Wood I-Beam - Including Carbon Storage -1.05
Timber, Wood-plastic composite - Including

0.58
Carbon Storage
Tin
Materials Embodie
Tin Coated Plate (Steel) 1.0
Tin
Titanium
Materials Embodie
Virgin 2
Recycled
Vinyl flooring
Materials Embodie
General
Vinyl Composite Tiles (VCT) No GWP d
Zinc
Materials Embodie
General
Virgin
Recycled
Materials E
PV Modules
Monocrystalline 242 (1
Polycrystalline 208 (
Thin Film 67 (
Roads
Asphalt road - Hot construction method - 40 yrs
Construction 3
Maintenance - 40 yrs 1
Operation - 40 yrs 5
Asphalt road - Cold construction method - 40 yrs

Construction 2
Maintenance - 40 yrs 1
Operation - 40 yrs 5
NVENTORY OF CARBON & ENERGY (ICE) SUMMARY
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
ck link below, to see if a newer version is available.
/www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
updated ICE database, to ICE V3.0, has focused on what was considered as the main
e 80:20 rule, to update the database within the level of resource that was available. T
truction projects.
appreciated that there are materials that haven't been updated, but which are still an im
e projects. In order for users to be able to model the embodied carbon of these materi
been copied to this summary.
content section below highlights which version of ICE the material belongs to.
Version: ICE V 3.0 Beta
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e/kg
0.00747
0.00493
0.00438
0.00904
0.00610
0.11877
0.39321
0.27763
0.06332
0.01418
Version: ICE V 3.0 Beta 2019

e World Aluminium Institute, http://www.world-aluminium.org/. Their LCA model is used as the ba
ciation, https://www.aluminum.org/. The source LCAs reports generally don't combine the data fo
, to produce the values below. All data is modelled at the world average recycled material input, t
f using world averages for all regions is to avoid market distortions. Should any users require dat
nd imports - At world average recycled content
6.67
6.58
7.47
6.83
6.72
13.1
13.0
13.8
13.2
13.2
6.67
5.58
13.1
5.65
12.4
14.6
10.6
10.8
12.8
15.9
5.55
8.32
11.9
Asphalt, mixed at plant
des the asphalt mixing energy, transport of constituents to asphalt mixing plant and the embodied
50.1
51.1
52.2
53.2
54.2
55.3
56.3
57.3
58.4
oad surfaces - Asphalt surface or binder course, including laying and compacting, per 1m2
cludes the cradle to mixed asphalt data above, as well as transport of mixed asphalt to site, road l
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per unit Units
14.2
14.4
14.7
1 m2, per 100mm depth
14.9
surface or binder course
15.2
15.4
15.7
15.9
16.2
0.191
0.326
0.222
Version: ICE V 2.0 2011
2.64 (?)
4.80 (?)
1.20 (?)

0.21
0.45
Clay brick walls - per m2 of wall including mortar, not including w
Mass per declared unit -

EC - kgCO2e per unit
kg
40.5 m2
38.0 m2
36.4 m2
35.2 m2
38.5 m2
37.3 m2
36.1 m2

kg
88.1 m2
81.9 m2
77.7 m2
74.6 m2
82.9 m2
80.0 m2
76.8 m2
4.0 (?)

3.9 (9.8 per sq m) CO2 only
0.97 CO2 Only
6.7 (GWP) per sqm

9.7 (GWP) per sqm
12.7 (GWP) per sqm
15.6 (GWP) per sqm
18.4 (GWP) per sqm
7.75 (GWP) per sqm
10.7 (GWP) per sqm
13.7 (GWP) per sqm
16.7 (GWP) per sqm
19.7 (GWP) per sqm

5.56 CO2 Only
4.98 CO2 Only
3.76 CO2 Only
3.61 to 7.48 CO2 Only
1.65 CO2 Only
5.53 CO2 Only
0.832
0.912
CEM II - Portland-slag cement
0.803
0.672
CEM II - Portland-pozzolana cement
0.798
0.661
CEM II - Portland-fly ash cement
0.798
0.661
0.798
0.661
CEM II - Portland-limestone cement
0.799
0.664
0.799
0.664
CEM II - Portland-composite cement
0.774
0.666
CEM III - Blast furnace cement
0.475
0.278
0.147
CEM IV - Pozzolanic cement
0.707
0.501
CEM V - Composite cement
0.489
0.284
Mortar and Screed - CEM I

0.200
0.163
0.138
0.120
0.169
0.152
0.133
Mortar and Screed - Average UK Cement Mix
0.183
0.149
0.127
0.110
0.157
0.142
0.127
Admixtures
1.67
0.527
2.28
1.88
1.31
1.33
2.67

0.700
1.14
1.61
0.780

0.240
0.480
0.460
0.500
0.550
In-Situ Concrete
This unit is only applied to the in-situ concrete section
By Strength Class
h class, assumptions need to be made on cement content per unit volume of concrete
cure quicker, than is needed to reach the stated strength class.
ment, Mortar, Concrete model with an estimate of realistic cement contents, not minim
PFA or GGBS, often the total cementitious content is increased over a CEM I mixture.
ength class. There is no substitute for finding out the actual cement content us
or your mixture at this strength class might be a very different value than assumed her
Per kg of concrete
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per kg
0.103
0.065
0.090
0.097
0.104
0.112
0.119
0.126
0.138
0.149
0.159
0.126
0.138
With CEM I
0.07044
0.097
0.105
0.113
0.121
0.129
0.136
0.149
0.161
0.172
0.136
0.149
Portland Limestone Concrete - 14% Limestone
0.061
0.154
0.090
0.097
0.104
0.111
0.117
0.129
0.140
0.153
0.117
0.129
35% natural pozzolanic ash
0.056
0.076
0.081
0.087
0.094
0.100
0.106
0.117
0.124
0.133
0.106
0.117
30% 40%
0.057 0.052
0.144 0.071
0.085 0.076
0.092 0.081
0.099 0.088
0.105 0.093
0.113 0.099
0.125 0.109
0.133 0.115
0.142 0.123
0.113 0.098
0.125 0.109
50% 70%
0.041 0.034
0.092 0.044
0.058 0.047
0.062 0.050
0.068 0.053
0.072 0.056
0.078 0.058
0.089 0.063
0.095 0.068
0.102 0.072
0.078 0.058
0.089 0.063
By Volume and Cementitious Content

t:
ngth class. It requires users to understand more about the actual cement content of th
NOMINAL PROPORTIONS METHOD (Volume) - With CEM I
0.209
0.155
0.125
0.105
0.092
0.074
NOMINAL PROPORTIONS METHOD (Volume) - With Average UK Ce

0.192
0.143
0.115
0.085
0.085
0.069
By Cementitious Content with CEM I
0.052
0.060
0.068
0.075
0.083
0.091
0.099
0.106
0.114
0.122
0.130
0.138
0.145
0.153
0.161
0.169
0.177
0.184
0.192
0.200
0.208
By Cementitious Content with Average UK Cement
0.049
0.056
0.063
0.070
0.077
0.084
0.091
0.098
0.105
0.112
0.120
0.127
0.134
0.141
0.148
0.155
0.162
0.169
0.176
0.184
0.191
By Cementitious Content with pfa
30% 40%
0.040 0.037
0.046 0.041
0.051 0.046
0.057 0.051
0.062 0.055
0.068 0.060
0.073 0.065
0.079 0.069
0.084 0.074
0.090 0.079
0.095 0.083
0.101 0.088
0.106 0.093
0.112 0.098
0.117 0.102
0.123 0.107
0.128 0.112
0.133 0.116
0.139 0.121
0.144 0.126
0.150 0.131
By Cementitious Content with ggbs
50% 70%
0.034 0.026
0.038 0.029
0.042 0.031
0.046 0.034
0.050 0.036
0.054 0.039
0.058 0.042
0.062 0.044
0.066 0.047
0.070 0.050
0.074 0.052
0.078 0.055
0.083 0.058
0.087 0.060
0.091 0.063
0.095 0.065
0.099 0.068
0.103 0.071
0.107 0.073
0.111 0.076
0.115 0.078
Precast Concrete
database, as a precast concrete.
cast factory. It assumes that constituents travel an average of 30 miles to the precast
of modelling reinforced precast concrete.
ontent of concrete. Likewise, the exact mix of constituents will give the greatest accura
CEM I...etc) per m3 concrete, than by selecting a strength class (e.g. RC40/50 MPa...e
oncrete by a strength class, such as RC 40/50 MPa, it requires assumptions on the am

is also often seen as a minimum strength class.
sing this tool.
y all constituents, it can be modelled in the full ICE Cement, Mortar and Concrete mod
Results for precast concrete of s
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per Mass per declared unit -

unit kg
353 2380
231 2380
283 2380
point for the units
Precast concrete products

unit kg
71.3 488
0.146 1.0
0.132 1.0
0.249 1.0
0.194 1.0
55.9 300
51.3 300
Precast concrete blocks

unit kg
0.0931 1.00
0.093 1.00
0.280 1.00
Per single block of specified dimensions

unit kg
0.931 10
1.07 11.5
1.28 13.8
1.80 19.3
2.28 24.5

unit kg
1.33 14.3
1.60 17.2
1.75 18.8
2.48 26.6
3.35 35.95
3.77 40.5

unit kg
1.38 14.8
1.98 21.3

unit kg
1.82 19.6
2.19 23.5
2.42 26
oncrete(AAC)
unit kg
1.59 5.676
2.22 7.9464
2.38 8.514
3.42 12.2034
Concrete block walls - per m2 of wall including mortar, not including was

kg
11.0 110.5
12.8 127.6
15.1 152
21.2 212.6
27.1 271.6

kg
15.0 154
18.1 185
19.8 202
28.0 286
37.8 386
42.6 435

kg
16.1 162
23.0 233

kg
21.4 216
26.2 262
29.1 290
kg
20.0 78
30.5 119
35.4 138
54.7 213
2.71
3.81
0.84
1.1 (?) CO2 Only
3.1 (?) CO2 Only
1.44
1.63
1.75
1.67
2.08
1.56
3.10
Glazing by thickness of glass - Per m2
ed thickness does not include any spacers, voids, cavity…etc. The values exclude any framing m
at you require. For example, if a double glazing unit is made up of 4mm glass, 12 mm spacer, 4m
Single glass pane - no frame
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e/m2
3.59
10.8
14.4
18.0
21.6
25.1
28.7
35.9
43.1
Double glazing - no frame
4.06
32.5
40.6
48.8
56.9
65.0
81.3
Triple glazing - no frame
4.37
52.4
65.5
78.6
87.3
105
Multi layer safety glass, filled core - fire resistant - no frame
5.20
52.0
62.5
72.9
83.3
Multi layer safety glass, not a filled core - no frame
3.89
31.1
38.9
46.7
62.2
Toughened glass - no frame
4.17
8.34
12.5
16.7
20.8
25.0
33.3
41.7
50.0
62.5
Skylight or roof light - with frame
268

1.86 CO2 Only
No GWP data, embodied energy only
0.19 CO2 Only
1.35 CO2 Only
1.7 CO2 Only
1.28
0.63 CO2 Only
See plastics
See plastics
1.12
0.98 CO2 Only

2.03

1.67
3.37
0.58

0.78

1.21 CO2 Only

0.13 CO2 Only
5.39 CO2 Only
1.28 CO2 Only
6.78 CO2 Only
4.2 (?) CO2 Only
1.7 CO2 Only
0.008 CO2 Only
0.007 CO2 Only
0.032 CO2 Only
8.1 CO2 Only
5.3 CO2 Only
1.4 CO2 Only
2.7 CO2 Only
3.5 CO2 Only
4.94 CO2 Only
30.3 CO2 Only
12.4 CO2 Only
0.52 CO2 Only
0.03 CO2 Only
0.023 CO2 Only
0.3 CO2 Only
0.083 CO2 Only
6.31 CO2 Only
0.01 CO2 Only
0.118 CO2 Only
228 CO2 Only
0.52 CO2 Only
0.032 CO2 Only
0.0008 CO2 Only
5.35 CO2 Only
84 CO2 Only
97.2 CO2 Only
2.91
0.44
0.87
1.31
2.54
3.76

1.29 CO2 Only
1.49 CO2 Only
3.73 CO2 Only
1.93 CO2 Only
0.13
0.39
Version: ICE V 2.0 2011 [Note: Data for ICE V3 will be added soon]
3.31
3.76
2.54
1.93
2.52
2.08
2.60
9.14
7.92
7.62
3.43
4.49
3.29
3.43
3.42
4.39
4.84
4.26
3.10
3.23
3.19
3.30
3.16

2.85

5.7 CO2 Only
4.19 CO2 Only
2.98 CO2 Only
2.76 CO2 Only

0.024
0.061
0.084
0.047
0.041
d Annex on recycling methods) for usage guide and for data on recycled steel
3.02
2.89
3.03
2.78
3.06
2.85
2.73
2.76
2.46
2.53
2.42
2.27
2.28
1.99
1.55
1.27
2.13
CI, see https://www.worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/life-cycle-thinking. It is provided with thei
ICE V3. It created too much unnecessary variability to results. It was often found that diffe
ent used on a construction project). To avoid such variability, the data on world average s
ent recycled content steel and for Module D, end of life, recyclability benefits, should refer

0.079
0.70
0.09
0.13
0.21
0.06
0.002
0.007 to 0.063
Data excluding carbon storage

. Carbon storage can only be claimed for sustainably sourced timber. For data on carbon storage
Of which carbon storage

- kg CO2e/kg
0.493 0.00
0.400 0.00
0.452 0.00
0.437 0.00
0.715 0.00
0.512 0.00
0.815 0.00
0.306 0.00
0.698 0.00
0.504 0.00
0.390 0.00
0.856 0.00
0.345 0.00
0.455 0.00
0.811 0.00
0.664 0.00
0.681 0.00
0.263 0.00
0.483 0.00
1.44 0.00
Data including carbon storage

er. Carbon storage can only be claimed for sustainably sourced timber. The data in this section is
OL) stage for timber is particularly important.
here. The amount given back depends upon the EOL route, such as incineration, landfill, recyclin
itude (-, minus). To provide an example, if -1.5 kg CO2 is stored per kg of wood, and 0.5 kgCO2e
be -1.0 kg CO2e per kg of wood.
ive in magnitude number and therefore must be used with care. Carbon storage can only be app
dered.
Of which carbon storage

- kg CO2e/kg
-1.03 -1.52
-1.12 -1.52
-1.10 -1.55
-1.20 -1.64
-0.86 -1.58
-0.90 -1.41
-0.82 -1.64
-1.29 -1.59
-0.58 -1.28
-1.08 -1.59
-1.25 -1.64
-0.64 -1.50
-1.27 -1.61
-1.05 -1.50
-0.81 -1.62
-0.81 -1.48
-0.93 -1.61
-1.29 -1.55
-1.05 -1.53
0.58 -0.86

1.04 to 2.95 CO2 Only
14.47

20.6 to 42.5 (??)
14.7 (??)
3.19

3.09
4.18
0.52
Miscellaneous (No material profiles):

Embodied Carbon
Kg CO2/sqm
242 (132 to 440) CO2 Only
208 (99 to 289) CO2 Only
67 (40 to 92) CO2 Only
99 KgCO2/Sqm
32.8 KgCO2/Sqm
12.3 KgCO2/Sqm
54.0 KgCO2/Sqm
97 KgCO2/Sqm
28.2 KgCO2/Sqm
14.8 KgCO2/Sqm
54.0 KgCO2/Sqm
Y (ICE) SUMMARY - V 3.0 Beta
Please download a new version using the link below.
n-footprint-database.html
at was considered as the main construction materials. This is following a pareto princip
esource that was available. Those materials should cover the majority of embodied ca
dated, but which are still an important part of a materials inventory in construction, pa
bodied carbon of these materials, the data from the previous version of ICE, V2.0 pub
e material belongs to.

0 Beta
Comments
This is an estimate of a market average aggregate. It models a mixture of 64.2% land

recycled and secondary, and 8.3% marine aggregates. Consumption statistics have be
report, by British Marine Aggregates Producer Association, a member of the Mineral P
Association (MPA). [Tenth sustainable development report for the British marine aggre
2016]. These results are sensitive to the embodied carbon of secondary aggregates, w
where data would benefit from improvement. If you know the specific type of aggregate
it is recommended to use a more specific category of aggregates.
Excludes recycled and secondary aggregate. This has been modelled with 89% land w
marine won aggregate. Consumption statistics have been taken from a report, by Britis
Aggregates Producer Association, a member of the Mineral Products Association (MP
sustainable development report for the British marine aggregate industry, Dec 2016].
marine aggregate was taken to be the total marine aggregate production. Of the total,
in the GB market, 11% are sent to the European market and 21% used as beach reple
Based upon the stastical average of all data collected for virgin aggregates in the ICE
Consumption statistics have been taken from a report, by British Marine Aggregates P
Association, a member of the Mineral Products Association (MPA). [Tenth sustainable
report for the British marine aggregate industry, Dec 2016]. The consumption of marin
taken to be the total marine aggregate production. The data has been modelled with th
consumption for extracting marine aggregates in the UK. The original data did not use
factors, instead just scope 1 and 2. The data was therefore used to estimate the full sc
emissions. The impacts to produce aggregates has a particularly large variation in emb
Based upon the stastical average of all data collected for recycled aggregates with no
the ICE Database. Recycled aggregates include aggreagates from construction and de
does not cover secondary aggregates, such as blaast furnace slag, or bottom ash (see
for these). Data for recycled aggregates is more difficult to obtain than for virgin aggreg
a large range in results for recycled aggregates, adding uncertainty into the results.
Based upon the stastical average of all data collected for recycled aggregates that hav
heat treatment in the ICE Database. Recycled aggregates include aggreagates from c
demolition waste. It does not cover secondary aggregates such as blaast furnace slag
seperate category for these). Data for recycled aggregates is more difficult to obtain th
aggregates. There is also a large range in results for recycled aggregates, adding unc
results.
Based upon the stastical average of all data collected for expanded clay aggregates in
Based upon the stastical average of all data collected for expanded foamed glass agg
Database.
Including blast furnace slag, bottom ashes, road planings, mining spoil and other aggre
manufacturered from secondary resources. Limited data on the embodied carbon of se
aggregates was available. There was also limited data on the consumption mixture of
aggregates in the UK. The mixture was estimated based upon two sub-regional report
Minerals survey2015 (AM15). See the references [Table 6.1 in Ref: North East Aggreg
Annual Aggregates Monitoring report 2015, Dec 2016 ] and [Table 10B in South East A
Party, South East Aggregates Monitoring report 2014 & 2015, Sept 2016]. The data wo
covering a wider share of the UK secondary aggregate market,
Data on recycled and (particularly) secondary aggregates would benefit from improvem
on the embodied carbon of secondary aggregates was available. There was also limite
consumption mixture of recycled and secondary aggregates in the UK. The mixture wa
33% secondary and 67% recycled aggregates. [Estimated from Ref: Aggregates, cem
concrete market investigation, Working paper on market definition for aggregates, cem
ND67. Available from:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5329dfb440f0b60a730002cf/market_de
.pdf]
Beta 2019
heir LCA model is used as the basis for LCA's from the European Aluminium Institute, https://www
enerally don't combine the data for ingot with the semi-fabrication processes, such as casting, she
average recycled material input, taken from the "Global Aluminium Flow Model 2016", available fr
ns. Should any users require data for other recycled contents, there is further information on the
Comments
This data has been derived from the world aluminium LCA's. They have produced LCA
Europe, North America and worldwide aluminium. Modelled at worldwide average scra
avoid market distortions. Modelled with 25.6% extrusions, 55.7% rolled and 18.7% cas
European production and the import of aluminium consumed in Europe. Module D = -3
unit. EOL recovery rate of 95%, based upon DU Telft study of European construction s
material loss yield on the scrap recovered.
avoid market distortions. Based upon European production and the import of aluminium
Europe. Module D = -3.09 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 95%, based upon D
European construction sector. With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap recovered.
Europe. Module D = -3.12 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 83%, based upon w
aluminium flow model and for the building and construction sector. With a 2% material
scrap recovered.
Comments
-8.69 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 83%, based upon worldwide global alum
and for the building and construction sector. With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap
avoid market distortions. Module D = -8.69 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 83
worldwide global aluminium flow model and for the building and construction sector. W
loss yield on the scrap recovered.
Comments
European production and the import of aluminium consumed in Europe. Module D = -3
unit. EOL recovery rate of 95%, based upon DU Telft study of European construction s
avoid market distortions. This entry doesn’t consider aluminium imported into Europe.
must be made in Europe. Modelled with 25.6% extrusions, 55.7% rolled and 18.7% ca
-8.9 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 83%, based upon worldwide global alumin
for the building and construction sector. With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap rec
Beta 2019
t plant
alt mixing plant and the embodied carbon of ingredients.
Comments
Straight run bitumen content by mass. Using ICE DB average aggregates. Cradle to m
Includes asphalt mixing energy (which was estimated based upon MPA sustainable de
but had to be converted to an all 3 scopes emissions factor - the MPA metrics do not in
emissions), transport of constituents by road to asphalt plant (assumed 250km for bitu
aggregates [Ref: MPA Sustainable Development Report 2018]) and embodied carbon
transport of mixed asphalt to site is not included, e.g. cradle to mixed asphalt boundary
compacted asphalt. Embodied carbon of bitumen from EuroBitume, 2012.
aying and compacting, per 1m2 at 100mm thickness

ort of mixed asphalt to site, road laying and compacting energy and a small allowance for constru
Comments
Surface or binder course, at the stated average straight run bitumen content by mass.
constructed road surface. Using ICE DB average aggregates. Includes embodied carb
Also includes transport of mixed asphalt to site, distance 30.2 miles [Ref: Mineral Prod
Sustainable Development Report 2018]. Density is for compacted asphalt. Includes ro
compacting energy [Ref: TRL, report PRP575 (V4), Protocol for the calculation of who
greenhouse gas emissions generated by asphalt, M Wayman et al., 2014.]. Assumed
road construction (assumption - specific data was not available). Embodied carbon of
EuroBitume, 2012.
Beta 2019
Comments
Source: Eurobitume, 2012. Life cycle inventory, bitumen, 2nd edition, Published by the
Association.
The value covers the embodied carbon excluding embodied carbon from infrastructur
make machines that make machines, or embodied carbon of buildings). GWP factors f
applied, wihtout carbon feedback.
Bitumen with 3.5% SBS polymer. Polymer modified bitumen has a higher embodied ca
higher impact of the polymer. However, the use of a polymer in asphalt mixtures is con
the road lifetime. There wasn't sufficient evidence to place the additional lifetime in num
research would be needed. PMB is therefore best judged on a whole life basis.
Association.
applied, without carbon feedback.
Bitumen emulsion contains a large volume of water, which evaporates during the settin
data here is for the quantaity of set bitumen, e.g. after the water has evaporated.
Association.
applied, without carbon feedback.
0 2011
Comments
Poor data availability. It is believed that the data may be largely dependent upon ore g
data, making estimate of embodied carbon difficult.
Beta 2019
Comments
Density needs to consider voids in the finished bricks. Average UK brick weighs 2.13 k
The Brick Development Association].
Average UK brick weighs 2.13 kg per brick [Source: The Brick Development Associatio
ncluding mortar, not including waste
Comments
1900 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses CEM I, e.g. no cement replacements in the
consider if this strength of mortar is suitable for your application. Average UK brick we
brick [Source: The Brick Development Association].
Comments
1500 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses CEM I, e.g. no cement replacements in the
consider if this strength of mortar is suitable for your application. Average UK brick we
0 2011
Comments
Average of the only two references
0 2011
Comments
For per square meter estimates see material profile. Difficult to estimate, taken from R
Ref. 94.
Total weight of this carpet 1,477 g/m2. See Refs. 277 & 279. These carpets (inc. below
surface pile made of 100% nylon (polyamide) with a woven textile backing and flame p
of aluminium hydroxide.
Total weight of this carpet 1,837 g/m2. See Refs. 277 & 279.
Total weight of this carpet 4,123 g/m2. See Refs. 277 & 279. These carpet tiles (inc. b
surface pile made of 100% nylon (polyamide) fleece-covered bitumen backing and flam
basis of aluminium hydroxide
Includes feedstock energy
Includes feedstock energy, for per square meter see material profile
Includes feedstock energy
Ref. 94.
For per square meter see material profile. See Refs. 63, 201, 202 & 281 (Same author
Beta 2019
Comments
Mixture taken from average UK sector cement EPD. 86.1% clinker, 0.04% ggbs, 3.4%
gypsum, 5.1% limestone, 0.56% MACs. By weight.
This is a standard cement with no cementitious additions (i.e. fly ash or blast furnace
94% clinker, 5% gypsum, 1% minor additional constituents (mac's).
ag cement
This cement permits between 6-20% ggbs
olana cement
This cement permits between 6-20% natural pozzolanic ash
ash cement
This cement permits between 6-20% siliceous fly ash
This cement permits between 21-35% siliceous fly ash
This cement permits between 6-20% calcareous fly ash
This cement permits between 21-35% calcareous fly ash
tone cement
This cement permits between 6-20% limestone
osite cement
This cement permits between 12-20% cement replacements
This cement permits between 21-35% cement replacements
ce cement
c cement
This cement permits between 11-35% pozzolanic materials, e.g. fly ash, pozzolanic as
This cement permits between 38-55% pozzolanic materials, e.g. fly ash, pozzolanic as
e cement
This cement permits between 18-30% ggbs and 18-30% pozzolanic materials.
This cement permits between 31-49% ggbs and 31-49% pozzolanic materials.
- CEM I
Modelled with CEM I

e UK Cement Mix
Uses the General UK Average cement mixture.
s
Average from EPDs collected for admixtures
European EPD, from European Federation of Concrete

Admixtures Associations Ltd. (EFCA). Density of 1-1.6 kg/l in accordance
with the IBU PCR 07.2014 Part B for concrete
admixtures
0 2011
Comments
Very large data range, difficult to select values for general ceramics.
Ref. 1.
Limited data.
Difficult to select, large range, limited data. See Ref. 292.
0 2011
Comments
General simple baked clay products (inc. terracotta and bricks)
Beta 2019
ete
<<<
<<<
lass
nt per unit volume of concrete. These vary considerable, even at the same specified s
h class.
c cement contents, not minimum cement contents. The use of lower carbon cement re
reased over a CEM I mixture.
e actual cement content used in a mixture (not specified min cement content - actu
erent value than assumed here. It is worth finding out more details on actual cement c
Comments
It is strongly recommended to avoid selecting a 'general' value for concrete.

for a specific cement content in the concrete type will give much greater acc
from EPD-RMC-20180095-CBG1-EN, for average UK concrete, produced b
Ready-Mixed Concrete Association (BRMCA) part of the Mineral Products A
(MPA). Concrete mixture is 200kg CEM I, 95 kg ggbs, 15 kg fly ash, 1915kg
kg water and 1.55 kg admixture.
Assumed 150 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete.

Assumed 150 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete. Compressive stren

C6/8 Mpa. 28 day compressive strength under British cube method of 8 MP
European cylinder method 6 MPa. Possible uses: Kerb bedding and backing
cradle to factory gate.
Assumed 220 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete.Possible uses: mas

fill, mass foundations, trench foundations, blinding, strip footing.
Assumed 260 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete. Possible uses: gara

Assumed 305 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete. Possible uses: rein

foundations.
Assumed 325 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete. Possible uses: rein
foundations, ground floors.
Assumed 360 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete. Possible uses: stru
in situ floors, walls, superstructure.
Assumed 420 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete. Possible uses: high

applications, precasting.
Assumed 325 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete. Possible uses: dom
and outdoor paving.
Assumed 360 kg cementitious content per m3 concrete. Possible uses: hea
paving.
te - 14% Limestone

lanic ash

Fly Ash
Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model with an estimate of re

contents, not minimum cement contents. More cement is often added into a
cure quicker. Concrete has a wide variation of cement contents for the same
of concrete.
This adds additional uncertainty to this data by strength class. There is no s

finding out the actual cement content used in a mixture (not specified m
content - actual cement content used by the contractor). The cement conten
at this strength class might be a very different value than assumed here.
of concrete.

GGBS
Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model with an estimate of re

of concrete.

tious Content
he actual cement content of their mixtures. However, the increase in accuracy of resu
OD (Volume) - With CEM I
High strength concrete. All of these values were estimated assuming the UK
content of cementitious additions (i.e. fly ash, GGBS) for factory supplie
the UK, according to the Mineral Products Association, plus the proportions
constituents.
Often used in floor slab, columns & load bearing structure.

Often used in construction of buildings under 3 storeys.
Non-structural mass concrete.
ume) - With Average UK Cement

High strength concrete. All of these values were estimated assuming the UK
content of cementitious additions (i.e. fly ash, GGBS) for factory supplie
the UK, according to the Mineral Products Association, plus the proportions
constituents.
Often used in floor slab, columns & load bearing structure.

Often used in construction of buildings under 3 storeys.
ent with CEM I
These mixtures were modelled with a CEM I content, e.g. 300 kg per m3 eq
cementitious content, which is from CEM I cement.
Average UK Cement
These mixtures were modelled with the UK average cement blend, e.g. 300
equals the total cementitious content, which is modelled with the data for "G
Average" cement.
tent with pfa

pfa
These mixtures were modelled with some pfa as cement replacement, e.g. 3
equals the total cementitious content. The % pfa replacement rate is applied
ent with ggbs
GGBS
These mixtures were modelled with some ggbs as cement replacement, e.g
equals the total cementitious content. The % ggbs replacement rate is appli
amount.
rete
age of 30 miles to the precast factory.
s will give the greatest accuracy. In that regards, the results will be more accurate with
h class (e.g. RC40/50 MPa...etc). In fact, they will be a lot more accurate.
quires assumptions on the amount of cement per m3 of concrete. The cement conten
ent, Mortar and Concrete model, to give the greatest accuracy.
esults for precast concrete of selected type
Embodied Carbon per kg - kg CO2e per kg

0.148
0.097
0.119
products
Comments
per m pipe. Not including installation, such as bedding materials. Modelled with 17% c
replacement rate) content. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
per kg pipe. Not including installation, such as bedding materials. Modelled with 17% c
cement replacement rate) content. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete mod
Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
includes steel reinforcement, 100 kg rebar per m3 concrete. Assuming world average
rebar in Europe is considered to have a notably lower embodied carbon. Estimated fro
Mortar, Concrete model.
Includes steel reinforcement, 100 kg rebar per m3 concrete. Assuming steel rebar from
recycled stock. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
includes steel reinforcement, 2.77 kg rebar per 1 m2 of 150mm slab. Assuming world a
rebar in Europe is considered to have a notably lower embodied carbon. Estimated fro
Includes steel reinforcement, 2.77 kg rebar per 1 m2 of 150mm slab. Assuming steel
European EAF recycled stock. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
blocks
Comments
Based upon IBU EPD number, EPD-BPC-20170093-CCD1-EN, produced by British Pr
ied dimensions
Comments
Assumes 84.7% aggregates, 8% cement, 5% PFA and 2.3% water. Stated as average
mixture in EPD number EPD-BPC-20170092-CCD1-EN. EPD from the UK Concrete B
Association (CBA), a product group of British Precast. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mo
model.
Comments
model.
Comments
model.
Comments
model.
Comments
Density 600 kg per m3. Average UK mixture of 61% pfa aggregate, 14% other aggrega
8% quicklime, 3% water. Also contains small amounts of aluminium powder as the exp
These results are based upon an EPD, number EPD-BPC-20170093-CCD1-EN, produ
Products Association (APA) a product group of British Precast.
ding mortar, not including waste
Comments
block size 440 mm length, 215 mm width. Mortar type Mortar or screed (1:4 cement:sa
CEM I cement). Doesn't include any material waste rate. Estimated from ICE Cement,
model.
Comments
model.
model.
Comments
model.
Comments
model.
Comments
CEM I cement). Doesn't include any material waste rate.
0 2011
Comments
EU production data, estimated from Kupfer Institut LCI data. 37% recycled content (
average). World average data is expected to be higher than these values.
Uncertain, difficult to estimate with the data available.
Beta 2019
Comments
2.5kg glass per mm thickness, per m2. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average o
from 109 datapoints
from 10 datapoints
from 6 datapoints
from 43 datapoints
from 6 datapoints
from 8 datapoints
from 5 datapoints
glass - Per m2
he values exclude any framing material, unless otherwise specified. Some of the values are to be
of 4mm glass, 12 mm spacer, 4mm glass. This gives a total glass thickness of 8mm.The thicknes
no frame
Comments
Single panel of glass. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data collected, f
o frame
Comments
Total thickness of glass excludes any spacer thickness. Air or argon filled.. Embodied
is the average of data collected, from 10 datapoints
o frame
Comments
- fire resistant - no frame
Comments
Monolithic glass, core filled with fire resistant material, e.g. gel.. Embodied carbon of th
average of data collected, from 6 datapoints
illed core - no frame
Comments
Monolithic glass. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data collected, from 8
Monolithic glass. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data collected, from 8
no frame
Comments
Toughened. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data collected, from 43 da
with frame
Comments
Includes frame and glazing unit.. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data
datapoints
0 2011
Comments
Estimated from typical market shares. Feedstock Energy 16.5 MJ/kg (Included)
Ref. 54.
Ref. 55.
Poor data difficult to select appropriate value
Ref. 2. 5.97 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included)
Ref. 2
see plastics
see plastics
Cradle to Grave
Ref. 205.
Ref. 55.
Refs. 63, 201, 202 & 281.
0 2011
Comments
It was difficult to estimate the embodied energy and carbon of iron with the data availa
0 2011
Comments
Allocated (divided) on a mass basis, assumes recycling rate of 61%
Scrap batteries are a main feedstock for recycled lead
0 2011
Comments
Embodied carbon was difficult to estimate
0 2011
Comments
Data difficult to select, large data range.
0 2011
Comments
Ref. 4.
Ref. 55.
Ref. 22.
Ref. 38.
Ref. 38.
Uncertain estimate.
Ref. 2.
No allocation from fly ash producing system.
Ref. 114.
Ref. 169.
Ref. 1.
Ref. 22.
Ref. 1.
Ref. 1.
Ref. 22.
Ref. 22.
Ref. 22.
Ref. 114.
Ref. 114.
Ref. 114.
Ref. 114.
Ref. 70.
Ref. 167.
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), economic allocation.
Ref. 148.
Refs. 63, 201, 202 & 281.
Ref. 1.
Ref. 22.
Ref. 114.
Ref. 114.
Ref. 1.
Ref. 169.
Ref. 1.
Ref. 22.
Ref. 22.
0 2011
Comments
Large variations in data, especially for embodied carbon. Includes feedstock energy. W
have a 70% market share. Water based paint has a lower embodied energy than solv
Assuming 6.66 Sqm Coverage per kg

Waterborne paint has a 70% of market share. Includes feedstock energy.
Solventborne paint has a 30% share of the market. Includes feedstock energy. It was
carbon emissions for Solventborne paint.
0 2011
Comments
Excluding calorific value (CV) of wood, excludes carbon sequestration/biogenic carbon
Excluding CV of wood, excludes carbon sequestration
Standard 80g/sqm printing paper, 500 sheets a pack. Doesn't include printing.
0 2011
Comments
Problems selecting good value, inconsistent figures, West et al believe this is because
of EE with cement
See Ref [WRAP] for further info on GWP data, including disposal impacts which are si
Plasterboard.
r ICE V3 will be added soon]
Comments
35.6 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Determined by the average use of each typ
the European construction industry.
48.6 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included)
54.4 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Based on average consumption of types of
European construction
54.3 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Doesn’t include the final fabrication.
51.6 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Doesn't include the final fabrication
38.6 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Doesn’t include final fabrication. Plastics Eu
thirds of nylon is used as fibres (textiles, carpets…etc) in Europe and that most of the
injection mouldings. Dinitrogen monoxide and methane emissions are very significant
GWP.
50.7 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Doesn’t include final fabrication (i.e. injectio
comments for Nylon 6 polymer.
36.7 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Doesn’t include final fabrication.
55.7 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included).
54 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). If biomass benefits are included the CO2 may
kgCO2/kg, and GWP down to 4.41 kg CO2e/kg.
33.47 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Poor data availability for feedstock energy
37.07 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Poor data availability for feedstock energy
28.1 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Based on market average consumption of ty
European construction industry
24.4 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). If biomass benefits are included the CO2 m
0 2011
Comments
40 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included)
0 2011
Comments
42.6 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Source: www.plasticseurope.org
Feedstock energy 18 MJ/kg - estimated from Ref 34.

0 2011
Comments
Assumed 5% cement content.

Assumed 8% stabiliser content (6% cement and 2% lime).
Assumed 8% stabiliser content (8% GGBS and 2% lime).
Assumed 10% stabiliser content (8% fly ash and 2% lime).
Beta 2019
a on recycled steel
World average steel. UO pipe is usually large in diameter and produced one piece at a
plates. The plate is first pressed into a U shape by the U-press, and then into an O sha
Because relatively thick material is used for making UO pipes, submerged arc welding
UO pipe is mainly used as line pipe for transporting petroleum and natural gas in large
distances. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and oth
The influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GW
recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.35 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a ben
a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.67 kg CO2e per kg.
World average steel. Also known as Electrolytic Chrome Coated Steel (ECCS). Obtain
plating a thin finished cold rolled coil with a thin layer of chrome. It can be found on the
sheets and is further processed into finished products by the manufacturers. ECCS is
food cans, industrial packaging (e.g. small drums). Typical thickness between 0.13 - 0
width between 600 - 1100 mm. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast
other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is
GWP. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.33 kg CO2e per kg ('-' m
benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.56 kg CO2e
World average steel. Obtained by electro plating finished cold rolled steel with a thin la
nickel to provide corrosion resistance. It can be found on the market in coil or in sheets
processed into finished products by the manufacturers. Hot Dip Galvanized Steel featu
forming properties, paintability, weldability, and is suitable for fabrication by forming, pr
bending. Applications include domestic applications, building applications (e.g. wall ele
applications), automotive applications (e.g. body in white for vehicles underbody auto p
fixtures, drums and various kinds of sections applications, profiled sheets, etc. Typical
0.3 - 3 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was used on th
blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GW
products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL re
85%. Module D impact of -1.41 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitud
gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.62 kg CO2e per kg.
World average steel. A flat plate steel coil that is bended and welded into a tube. It can
market for final use. A heavy-wall pipe is technically used to transport fluids (e.g. oil, g
chemicals). System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and o
Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of
kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mo
CO2e per kg.
World average steel. Obtained by coating a steel substrate with organic layers such as
film. The substrate is mainly hot dip galvanized coil but may also be electrogalvanized
rolled coil or tin-free steel. It can be found on the market in coil or in sheets and is furth
finished products by the manufacturers. Organic coated Steel is use in all activity secto
(roof, wall and ceiling claddings, lighting, radiators etc), general industry (e.g. office fur
ventilating, air conditioning), domestic appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, sm
appliances, computer casings, VCR & DVD casings, etc) and packaging. Typical thickn
1.5 mm. Typical width between 600 - 1300 mm. System expansion was used on the st
furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GWP fo
to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate
impact of -1.27 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). Th
cycle inc Mod D, of 1.79 kg CO2e per kg.
World average steel. Obtained by electro plating a thin finished cold rolled coil with a th
can be found on the market in coil or in sheets and is further processed into finished p
manufacturers. Tin plated steel is used primarily in food cans, industrial packaging (e.g
Typical thickness between 0.13 - 0.49 mm. Typical width between 600 - 1100 mm. Sys
used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of sy
the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more inform
World average steel. Obtained by heat treatment (annealing) and strain-hardening of c
way to achieve final mechanical properties making the steel suitable for further uses (f
bending). Finished Cold Rolled Steel includes a wide range of different steels which ca
the following main groups: formable steels, high strength formable steels, weathering s
structural steels, hardenable steels. It can be found on the market in coil or in sheets a
processed into finished products by the manufacturers. Finished Cold-rolled Steel feat
forming properties, electromagnetic properties, paintability, weldability, and is suitable
forming, pressing and bending. Applications include domestic applications, automotive
lighting fixtures, electrical components (stators, rotors) and various kinds of sections ro
profiled sheets, wall elements, etc. Typical thickness between 0.3 - 3 mm. Typical widt
2100 mm. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and oth
Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of
kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mo
CO2e per kg.
World average steel. Obtained by passing cold rolled coil through a molten zinc bath, i
steel with a thin layer of zinc to provide corrosion resistance. It can be found on the ma
sheets and is further processed into finished products by the manufacturers. Hot Dip G
features excellent forming properties, paintability, weldability, and is suitable for fabrica
pressing and bending. Applications include domestic applications, building applications
elements, roofing applications), automotive applications (e.g. body in white for vehicles
parts), lighting fixtures, drums and various kinds of sections applications, profiled shee
thickness between 0.3 - 3 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expans
the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system ex
GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more informatio
World average steel. A flat steel sheet rolled on a hot rolling mill. It can be found on the
and is further processed into finished products by the manufacturers. Heavy plate is us
number of sectors: structural steels, shipbuilding, pipes, pressure vessels, boilers, hea
offshore structures etc. Typical thickness between 2 to 20 mm. The maximum width is
expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. Th
system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worl
information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.16 kg CO2e per k
World average steel. Obtained by a further thickness reduction of a pickled hot rolled c
achieved at low temperature in a cold-reduction mill. It can be found on the market in c
further heating process before being manufactured into finished products. The various
steel are used as primary material for finished cold rolled coils & coated coils. Typical t
0.15 - 3 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was used on t
blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GW
products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL r
85%. Module D impact of -1.27 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitud
World average steel. Hot rolled steel from which the iron oxides present at the surface
removed in a pickling process. It can be found on the market in coil or in sheets and is
into finished products by the manufacturers. The various types of pickled hot rolled ste
in virtually all sectors of industry: transport, construction, shipbuilding, gas containers,
energy pipelines, etc. Typical thickness between 2 - 7 mm. Typical width between 600
expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. Th
system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worl
information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.26 kg CO2e per k
World average steel. Wire rod is a rolled steel product, produced from a semi and havi
rectangular or other cross-section. Particularly fine cross-sections may be achieved by
forming (drawing). Wire rod is wound into coils and transported in this form. System ex
on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system
World average steel. Steel coil rolled on a hot-strip mill. It can be found on the market
and is further processed into finished products by the manufacturers. The various type
have applications in virtually all sectors of industry: transport, construction, shipbuilding
pressure vessels, energy pipelines, etc. Hot rolled steel sheet with an anti-slip surface
teardrop pattern are typically used for stairs, industrial floors and tailboards for goods v
thickness between 2 - 7 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expansio
steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expan
steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an E
of 85%. Module D impact of -1.21 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magni
This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.07 kg CO2e per kg.
World average steel. For European rebar see seperate data. A steel reinforcing bar is
rolling mill. It can be found on the market for direct use or is further processed into finis
the manufacturers. This product is used to strengthen concrete in highway and buildin
as primary product for the wire rod process. System expansion was used on the steel,
furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GWP fo
to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate
impact of -0.79 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). Th
cycle inc Mod D, of 1.2 kg CO2e per kg.
World average steel. A steel section rolled on a hot rolling mill. Steel Sections include
wide-flange beams, and sheet piling. It can be found on the market for direct use. This
construction, multi-story buildings, industrial buildings, bridge trusses, vertical highway
riverbank reinforcement. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnac
co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7
Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D im
CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life c
1.21 kg CO2e per kg.
World average steel. Engineering Steel is rolled on a Hot Rolling mill. It can be found o
further processed into finished products by the manufacturers This steel is used in the
tools, dies, components for engines, drives, equipment, transmissions, etc. System ex
on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system
recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of 0.31 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a ben
burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.58 kg CO2e per kg.
World average steel. seamless tube. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impa
per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle in
CO2e per kg.
hinking. It is provided with their permission.
ts. It was often found that different studies made broad assumptions on recycled content,
y, the data on world average steel is now provided.
clability benefits, should refer to the material profile and to the reference report from world
0 2011
Comments
ICE database average (statistic), uncertain. See material profile.
Estimated from Ref 116.
Estimated from Ref 188.
Ref. 40.
Uncertain estimate based on Ref. 262.
Large data range
Beta 2019
on storage
mber. For data on carbon storage in timber, see further below.
Comments
Average of data collected, 211 datapoints. This is not a weighted average. It is an ave
collected on timber. Excludes Carbon Storage.
Average of data collected, 6 datapoints. Excludes Carbon Storage.
Average of data collected, 1 datapoints. This dataset is based upon a single datapoint
subject to larger uncertainty than normal. Excludes Carbon Storage.
Average of data collected, 3 datapoints. This dataset is based upon a small sample siz
be subject to larger uncertainty than normal. Excludes Carbon Storage.

on storage
timber. The data in this section is more aligned with how most EPDs have been reporting the carb
h as incineration, landfill, recycling or reuse. If including carbon storage in calculations for Module
per kg of wood, and 0.5 kgCO2e is the embodied carbon of a wood (Mod A1-3) without carbon s
Carbon storage can only be applied to timber that ends up in a product - not to excess timber tha
Comments
Average of data collected, 211 datapoints. This is not a weighted average. It is an ave
collected on timber. Includes Carbon Storage.
Average of data collected, 6 datapoints. Includes Carbon Storage.
subject to larger uncertainty than normal. Includes Carbon Storage.
be subject to larger uncertainty than normal. Includes Carbon Storage.

0 2011
Comments
lack of modern data, large data range

0 2011
Comments
lack of modern data, large data range, small sample size
lack of modern data, large data range, small sample size
0 2011
Comments
23.58 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included), Same value as PVC calendered sheet. No
of ICE contains the wrong values. These values are up to date
Ref. 94.
0 2011
Comments
Uncertain carbon estimates, currently estimated from typical UK industrial fuel mix. Re
general Zinc 30%.
erial profiles):
0 2011
Comments
Embodied carbon estimated from typical UK industrial fuel mix. This is not an ideal me
730 MJ/Sqm Feedstock Energy (Included). For more detailed data see reference 147
The data in this report was modified to fit within the ICE framework. Includes all sub-ba
construct a road. Sum of construction, maintenance, operation.
480 MJ/Sqm Feedstock Energy (Included)
Swedish scenario of typical road operation, includes street and traffic lights (95% of to
clearing, sweeping, gritting and snow clearing.
1,290 MJ/kg Feedstock Energy (Included). Sum of construction, maintenance, operati

See hot rolled asphalt.
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
Name Exactly as in m
Aggregates and sand, general UK, mixture of land won, marine, secondary and recycl
Aggregates and sand, general, virgin mixture of land won and marine, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, from virgin land won resources, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, from virgin marine resources, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, from recycled resources, no heat treatment, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, from recycled resources, with heat treatment, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, expanded clay, bulk, loose
Aggregates, expanded foamed glass, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, from secondary resources, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, mixture of recycled and secondary resources, bulk, loose
Aluminium sheet, European Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium foil, European Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium extruded profile, European Mix, Inc Imports

Aluminium, cast, European Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium sheet, Worldwide
Aluminium foil, Worldwide

Aluminium extruded profile, Worldwide
Aluminium cast, Worldwide
Aluminium, produced in Europe

Aluminium, North American
Aluminium, Africa
Aluminium, China
Aluminium, Japan
Aluminium, Middle East
Aluminium, Oceania
Aluminium, Other Asia
Aluminium, Russia
Aluminium, South America

Aluminium, South Korea
Asphalt, 3% (bitumen) binder content (by mass)

Road surface, asphalt, 3% (bitumen) binder content (by mass)
Road surface, asphalt, 3.5% binder content

Road surface, asphalt, 4% binder content
Road surface, , asphalt, 6% binder content
Polymer modified bitumen (PMB)
Bitumen emulsion
Clay, Brick
Clay brick, one brick, 215 x 65 x 102.5mm
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5 mm with Mortar 1:3 cement:sand mix (Using CEM I
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5 mm with Mortar (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (U
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5 mm with Mortar (1:1:6 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Usin
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5 mm with Mortar (1:2:9 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Usin
wall, clay brick, double skin, 215 mm with Mortar 1:3 cement:sand mix (Using CEM I c
wall, clay brick, double skin, 215 mm with Mortar (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Us
wall, clay brick, double skin, 215 mm with Mortar (1:1:6 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Usin
wall, clay brick, double skin, 215 mm with Mortar (1:2:9 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Usin
Cement - Average UK additions
Cement CEM I - Portland cement

Cement CEM II-A-S - 13% GGBs - Portland-slag cement
Cement CEM II/B-S - 28% GGBs - Portland-slag cement
Cement CEM II/A-P - 13% natural pozzolanic ash - Portland-pozzolana cement
Cement CEM II/B-P 28% natural pozzolanic ash - Portland-pozzolana cement
Cement CEM II/A-V - 13% fly ash siliceous - Portland-fly ash cement
Cement CEM II/B-V - 28% fly ash siliceous - Portland-fly ash cement
Cement CEM II/A-W - 13% fly ash calcareous - Portland-fly ash cement
Cement CEM II/B-W - 28% fly ash calcareous - Portland-fly ash cement
Cement CEM II/A-L - 13% limestone - Portland-limestone cement
Cement CEM II/B-L- 28% limestone - Portland-limestone cement
Cement CEM II/A-LL - 13% limestone - Portland-limestone cement
Cement CEM II/B-LL - 28% limestone - Portland-limestone cement
Cement CEM II/A-M - 16% cement replacement - Portland-composite cement
Cement CEM II/B-M - 28% cement replacement- Portland-composite cement
Cement CEM III/A - 50.5% GGBS - Blast furnace cement
Cement CEM III/B - 73% GGBS - Blast furnace cement
Cement CEM III/C - 88% GGBS - Blast furnace cement
Cement CEM IV/A - 23% cement replacement - Pozzolanic cement
Cement CEM IV/B - 46% cement replacement - Pozzolanic cement
Cement CEM V/A - 24% GGBS and 24% cement replacement - Composite cement
Cement CEM V/B - 36% GGBS and 36% cement replacement - Composite cement
Mortar or screed (1:3 cement:sand mix) (Using CEM I cement)
Mortar (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using CEM I cement)
Mortar (1:1:6 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using CEM I cement)
Mortar (1:2:9 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using CEM I cement)
Mortar or screed (1:3 cement:sand mix) (Using average UK Cement Mix)
Mortar or screed (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using average UK Cement Mix)
Mortar (1:1:6 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using average UK Cement Mix)
Mortar (1:2:9 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using average UK Cement Mix)
General concrete admixtures – Average of data collected
Concrete admixtures – Air entrainers, Europe
Concrete admixtures – Hardening Accelerators
Concrete admixtures – Plasticisers and

Superplasticisers
Concrete admixtures – Retarders
Concrete admixtures – Set Accelerators
Concrete admixtures – Water Resisting Admixtures
Concrete, average UK mix
Concrete GEN0 with average UK additions cement
Concrete GEN1 with average UK additions cement
Concrete GEN 2 with average UK additions cement

Concrete GEN 3 with average UK additions cement
Concrete RC20/25 with average UK additions cement
Concrete PAV1 with average UK additions cement
Concrete PAV2 with average UK additions cement
Concrete GEN0 with CEM I cement
Concrete GEN1 with CEM I cement
Concrete GEN 2 with CEM I cement
Concrete GEN 3 with CEM I cement

Concrete RC20/25 with CEM I cement
Concrete PAV1 with CEM I cement
Concrete PAV2 with CEM I cement
Concrete GEN0 with 14% limestone cement
Concrete GEN1 with 14% limestone cement
Concrete GEN 2 with 14% limestone cement
Concrete GEN 3 with 14% limestone cement
Concrete RC20/25 with 14% limestone cement

Concrete PAV1 with 14% limestone cement
Concrete PAV2 with 14% limestone cement
Concrete GEN0 with 35% natural pozzolanic ash cement
Concrete GEN1 with 35% natural pozzolanic ash cement
Concrete GEN 2 with 35% natural pozzolanic ash cement
Concrete GEN 3 with 35% natural pozzolanic ash cement
Concrete RC20/25 with 35% natural pozzolanic ash cement
Concrete PAV1 with 35% natural pozzolanic ash cement
Concrete PAV2 with 35% natural pozzolanic ash cement
Concrete GEN0 with 15% PFA cement
Concrete GEN 2 with 15% PFA cement
Concrete RC20/25 with 15% PFA cement

Concrete PAV1 with 15% PFA cement
Concrete GEN0 with 25% GGBS cement
Concrete GEN 2 with 25% GGBS cement
Concrete RC20/25 with 25% GGBS cement
Concrete PAV1 with 25% GGBS cement

1:1:2 cement:sand:aggregate with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) - CEM I
1:1.5:3 cement:sand:aggregate with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) - CEM I
1:2.5:5 cement:sand:aggregate with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) - CEM I
1:1:2 cement:sand:aggregate with UK average cement replacement rate
1:1.5:3 cement:sand:aggregate with UK average cement replacement rate
Concrete - Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete - CEM I based - with total ceme
Concrete - average UK cement replacement rate - with total cementitious content of 10

precast concrete pipe, DN600 unreinforced
precast concrete pipe, DN600 unreinforced per kg
precast concrete paving (Blocks, Slabs, Channels and Kerbs)
precast concrete beams and columns -steel reinforced with world average steel
precast concrete beams and columns -steel reinforced with European recycled steel
precast hollowcore concrete flooring, 150mm, prestressed steel reinforced with world a
precast hollowcore concrete flooring, 150mm, prestressed steel reinforced with Europ
concrete block, medium density solid, average strength, per kg
concrete block, high density solid, average strength, per kg
AAC concrete block
concrete block, solid, medium density, average strength, 75 mm thickness, 440 mm le
concrete block, solid, medium density, average strength, 90 mm thickness, 440 mm le
concrete block, solid, medium density, average strength, 100 mm thickness, 440 mm l
concrete block, solid, high density, average strength, 75 mm thickness, 440 mm length
concrete block, solid, high density, average strength, 90 mm thickness, 440 mm length
concrete block, solid, high density, average strength, 100 mm thickness, 440 mm leng
concrete block, cellular, high density, average strength, 100 mm thickness, 440 mm le
concrete block, cellular, high density, average strength, 140 mm thickness, 440 mm le
concrete block, hollowcore, high density, average strength, 140 mm thickness, 440 mm
AAC concrete block, average strength, 100 mm thickness, 440 mm length, 215 mm wi
75 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, solid, medium density, average stren
90 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, solid, medium density, average stren
100 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, solid, medium density, average stre
75 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, solid, high density, average strength
90 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, solid, high density, average strength
100 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, solid, high density, average strengt
100 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, cellular, high density, average stren
140 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, cellular, high density, average stren
140 mm thickness wall, single skin concrete block, hollowcore, high density, average s
100 mm thickness wall, single skin AAC concrete block, average strength, inc. mortar,

Glass, Multi layer safety, filled core, fire resistant, toughened, per kg
Glass, sky light or roof, with frame, per kg
Single pane, per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex frame
Single pane, 3 mm of glass, ex frame

Double glazed unit, per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex cavity and ex frame
Double glazed unit, 8 mm of glass, ex cavity and ex frame
Triple glazed unit, per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex cavity and ex frame
Triple glazed unit, 12 mm of glass, ex cavity and ex frame

Multi layer safety, filled core, fire resistant, toughened, per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, e
Multi layer safety, filled core, fire resistant, toughened, 10 mm of glass, ex frame
Multi layer safety, per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex frame

Multi layer safety, 8 mm of glass, ex frame
Toughened, per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex frame

Toughened, 2 mm of glass, ex frame

Steel, UO Pipe
Steel, Tin-free Electrolytic Chrome Coated Steel Sheet - Tin-free (ECCS)
Steel, welded pipe

Steel, Tinplate

Steel, Plate
Steel, Wire rod

Steel, Rebar
Steel, Section

Timber - Average of all data - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Chipboard - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Closed panel timber frame system - No Carbon Storage
Timber, CLT - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Fibreboard - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Glulam - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Hardboard - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Hardwood - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminate - No Carbon Storage

Timber, Laminated strand lumber - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminated veneer lumber - No Carbon Storage
Timber, MDF - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Open panel timber frame system - No Carbon Storage
Timber, OSB - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Parquet - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Particle Board - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Plywood - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Softwood - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Wood I-Beam - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Wood-plastic composite - No Carbon Storage

Timber - Average of all data - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Chipboard - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Closed panel timber frame system - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, CLT - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Fibreboard - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Glulam - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Hardboard - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Hardwood - Including Carbon Storage

Timber, Laminate - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminated strand lumber - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminated veneer lumber - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, MDF - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Open panel timber frame system - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, OSB - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Parquet - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Particle Board - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Plywood - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Softwood - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Wood I-Beam - Including Carbon Storage
Timber, Wood-plastic composite - Including Carbon Storage

30%

50%

30%
Concrete - 30% pfa cement replacement - with total cementitious content of 100 kg pe
50%
Concrete - 50% ggbs cement replacement - with total cementitious content of 100 kg p
40%

70%

40%
70%
Material Profiles
ICE DB Version:
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Check if this copy is up to date at:
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Data for aggregates has a particularly notable embodied ca

won, marine, recycled and secondary aggregates. The dat
data suggests that virgin aggregates may have a lower em
It is important to consider with aggregates that carbon is on

embodied carbon does not consider any of the wider resou
won, marine, recycled and secondary aggregates. The dat
data suggests that virgin aggregates may have a lower em
It is important to consider with aggregates that carbon is on

embodied carbon does not consider any of the wider resou
Embodied carbon data for recycled and secondary aggrega

improvement.
Boundaries:
There is a notable embodied carbon range for most types o

data on secondary and recycled aggregates influences the
Materials
Aggregates and sand, general UK,
mixture of land won, marine,
secondary and recycled, bulk,
loose
Aggregates and sand, general,

virgin mixture of land won and
marine, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, from virgin

land won resources, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, from virgin
marine resources, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, from

recycled resources, no heat
treatment, bulk, loose

recycled resources, with heat
treatment, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, expanded

clay, bulk, loose
Aggregates, expanded foamed

glass, bulk, loose
secondary resources, bulk, loose
Aggregates and sand, mixture of

recycled and secondary
resources, bulk, loose
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (modu
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Pro

Considerations specific to this material:
No comments on wider life cycle impacts.
Considerations for all materials:
The ICE database contains data on the cradle to gate, Mod

this can be a significant contribution to embodied carbon o
fair comparative assessment. Finally, end of life relies on a
analysis should be used where possible. Finally, users are
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the se
These statistics have come from the data collected for ICE
available ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too low for tw
These statistics are provided for information. It is recomme

average embodied carbon of that material. This may be be
of the material and sub-material categories in the main ICE
available ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too low for tw

average embodied carbon of that material. This may be be
Main Material
1 AggregateSand - All Data Collected

AggregateSand, Land won gravel
2 and sand
AggregateSand, Recycled
3 aggregate, no heat treat
4 aggregate, heat treat
AggregateSand, Secondary
5 manufactured
AggregateSand, Expanded clay agg
6 and sand
AggregateSand, Marine sand and
7 aggregate
AggregateSand, Expanded foamed
8 glass
AggregateSand, General aggregate
9
10
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample
Main Material
Main Material
1 AggregateSand - All Data Collected
AggregateSand, Land won gravel

2 and sand
3 aggregate, no heat treat
4 aggregate, heat treat
5 manufactured
6 and sand
7 aggregate
8 glass
9
10
For some of the sub-categories there are histograms and d
1 -Profile of data for:

This chart isn't available in your version of Excel.
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file form
2 - Profile of data for:


Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format w
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format wi


Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will
DQI Version
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. T
Main Material
AggregateSand
AggregateSand, Land won gravel and
sand
AggregateSand, Recycled aggregate,
no heat treat
heat treat
manufactured
and sand
aggregate
glass
The material properties below were originally from CIBSE g
Material
aggregate
aggregate (sand, gravel or stone)
sand
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this m

cement, mortar and concrete model.
Datapoint No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
Below you will find a list of the references used to compile
Item
1
5
6
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Mater
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
n still valid? Check link below, to see if a newer vers
is up to date at: http://www.circularecology.com/embodie
<< Go To Main Data >>
Section - Click to Go
ticularly notable embodied carbon range. There are also many different types of aggre
condary aggregates. The data suggests that for most types of aggregates there is a w
egates may have a lower embodied carbon of production. However, every case shoul
aggregates that carbon is only one of many environmental and resource use indicato
nsider any of the wider resource use benefits. The use of recycled resources, reduces
condary aggregates. The data suggests that for most types of aggregates there is a w
egates may have a lower embodied carbon of production. However, every case shoul
aggregates that carbon is only one of many environmental and resource use indicato
nsider any of the wider resource use benefits. The use of recycled resources, reduces
ycled and secondary aggregates would benefit from improvement. Data for secondary
Cradle to Gate = A1-

Date Last Updated
A3
Se
arbon range for most types of aggregates, as well as for different types of aggregates
ed aggregates influences the average notably.
<<<
Embodied Carbon -
Comments
kgCO2e/kg
This is an estimate of a market average aggregate. It
27.5% recycled and secondary, and 8.3% marine ag
been taken from a report, by British Marine Aggregat
Mineral Products Association (MPA). [Tenth sustaina
0.00747
marine aggregate industry, Dec 2016]. These results
secondary aggregates, which is a material where dat
know the specific type of aggregates you will use, the
specific category of aggregates.
Excludes recycled and secondary aggregate. This ha

11% marine won aggregate. Consumption statistics h
Marine Aggregates Producer Association, a member
0.00493 (MPA). [Tenth sustainable development report for the
2016]. The consumption of marine aggregate was ta
production. Of the total, 68% are consumed in the GB
market and 21% used as beach replenishment or fill.
Based upon the stastical average of all data collected

0.00438
Database.
Consumption statistics have been taken from a repor
Association, a member of the Mineral Products Asso
development report for the British marine aggregate
marine aggregate was taken to be the total marine ag
0.00904
modelled with the average energy consumption for e
The original data did not use all scope emissions fac
was therefore used to estimate the full scope 1, 2 an
aggregates has a particularly large variation in embo

treatment in the ICE Database. Recycled aggregates
and demolition waste. It does not cover secondary ag
0.00610
bottom ash (see seperate category for these). Data fo
obtain than for virgin aggregates. There is also a larg
aggregates, adding uncertainty into the results.

through heat treatment in the ICE Database. Recycle
construction and demolition waste. It does not cover
0.119
furnace slag, or bottom ash (see seperate category f
more difficult to obtain than for virgin aggregates. The
recycled aggregates, adding uncertainty into the resu

0.393
Database.

0.278
in the ICE Database.
Including blast furnace slag, bottom ashes, road plan
manufacturered from secondary resources. Limited d
aggregates was available. There was also limited da
secondary aggregates in the UK. The mixture was es
0.0633 reports for the Aggregate Minerals survey2015 (AM1
North East Aggregates Working Party, Annual Aggre
and [Table 10B in South East Aggregates Working P
report 2014 & 2015, Sept 2016]. The data would ben
secondary aggregate market,
Data on recycled and (particularly) secondary aggreg

Limited data on the embodied carbon of secondary a
limited data on the consumption mixture of recycled a
mixture was modelled with 33% secondary and 67%
0.0142
Ref: Aggregates, cement and ready-mix concrete ma
market definition for aggregates, cement and RMX. N
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5329d
housestyled.pdf]
<<<
Wid
to gate data resource (module A1 to A3). Modules B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (be
nks to the Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) further below. Many EPDs hav
his material:
cle impacts.
ials:
ta on the cradle to gate, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to consider t

bution to embodied carbon of a construction building. Users will need to consider if a m
Finally, end of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse
e possible. Finally, users are directed to the references section, which contains links t
ICE Databas
ed carbon data. See the section 'Selected embodied carbon coefficients' for the
m the data collected for ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data collected in
sample size is too low for two similar categories. They may therefore give different da
or information. It is recommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rather than
hat material. This may be because of sub-material types that have an unusually high
al categories in the main ICE Database considers the consumption mixture of various
m the data collected for ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data collected in
sample size is too low for two similar categories. They may therefore give different da
or information. It is recommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rather than
hat material. This may be because of sub-material types that have an unusually high
al categories in the main ICE Database considers the consumption mixture of various
Average
Embodied Min Embodied Carbon
Sample Size
Carbon (kg (kg CO2e/kg)
CO2e/kg)
164 0.017 0.000
134 0.004 0.000
15 0.006 0.002
6 0.119 0.002
4 0.063 0.040
2 0.393 0.390
1 0.009 0.009
1 0.278 0.278
1 0.007 0.007
s, mainly with larger sample sizes, the percentiles are shown below
Per
10 20 25
0.002 0.002 0.002
0.002 0.002 0.002
0.002 0.002 0.002
0.003 0.004
0.040 0.044
s there are histograms and distribution charts provided below. The individual datapoin
f data for: AggregateSand - All Data Collected

le in your version of Excel.
aving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
f data for: AggregateSand, Land won gravel and sand

le in your version of Excel.
aving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
f data for: AggregateSand, Recycled aggregate, no heat treat

n your version of Excel.
ng this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
f data for: AggregateSand, Recycled aggregate, heat treat
g this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
f data for: AggregateSand, Secondary manufactured
f data for: AggregateSand, Expanded clay agg and sand
your version of Excel.
f data for: AggregateSand, Marine sand and aggregate

your version of Excel.
f data for: AggregateSand, Expanded foamed glass

our version of Excel.
his workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
to our data quality matrix. The below DQI scores are the average data quality collect
DQI Method
Sample Size DQI Assurance (Max 5)
(Max 5)
164 3.46 2.74
134 3.62 2.72
15 2.40 2.67
6 1.00 3.67
4 5.00 3.00
2 5.00 2.00
1 1.00 1.00
1 5.00 2.00
1 5.00 3.00
N/A
were originally from CIBSE guide (insert ref). The densities of most materials varies w
Material Properties (CIBSE
Thermal conductivity
rial Condition
(W-m-1 K-1)
Undried 1.8
e) Oven dried 1.3
Undried 1.74
datapoints collected for this material, along with data for various sub-categories. This i
model.
1 2 3
Aggregate
AggregateSand,
AggregateSand - All Sand, Land
Recycled aggregate,
Data Collected won gravel
no heat treat
and sand
0.3967 0.0357 0.0155

0.3897 0.0340 0.0124
0.2776 0.0340 0.0123
0.2608 0.0193 0.0110
0.2429 0.0158 0.0075
0.1174 0.0085 0.0062
0.0854 0.0084 0.0041
0.0850 0.0077 0.0039
0.0717 0.0077 0.0038
0.0562 0.0076 0.0036
0.0400 0.0066 0.0033
0.0357 0.0064 0.0024
0.0340 0.0062 0.0021
0.0340 0.0061 0.0018
0.0193 0.0061 0.0016
0.0158 0.0061
0.0155 0.0061
0.0124 0.0061
0.0123 0.0059
0.0110 0.0058
0.0090 0.0058
0.0085 0.0055
0.0084 0.0053
0.0077 0.0053
0.0077 0.0053
0.0076 0.0052
0.0075 0.0052
0.0067 0.0052
0.0066 0.0052
0.0064 0.0052
0.0062 0.0050
0.0062 0.0050
0.0061 0.0049
0.0061 0.0048
0.0061 0.0047
0.0061 0.0047
0.0061 0.0046
0.0059 0.0046
0.0058 0.0045
0.0058 0.0045
0.0055 0.0045
0.0053 0.0045
0.0053 0.0045
0.0053 0.0044
0.0052 0.0044
0.0052 0.0041
0.0052 0.0041
0.0052 0.0040
0.0052 0.0039
0.0050 0.0039
0.0050 0.0038
0.0049 0.0038
0.0048 0.0037
0.0047 0.0036
0.0047 0.0036
0.0046 0.0036
0.0046 0.0036
0.0045 0.0035
0.0045 0.0035
0.0045 0.0035
0.0045 0.0035
0.0045 0.0034
0.0044 0.0033
0.0044 0.0033
0.0044 0.0032
0.0041 0.0031
0.0041 0.0031
0.0041 0.0031
0.0040 0.0031
0.0039 0.0030
0.0039 0.0029
0.0039 0.0029
0.0038 0.0029
0.0038 0.0029
0.0038 0.0029
0.0037 0.0029
0.0036 0.0029
0.0036 0.0029
0.0036 0.0028
0.0036 0.0028
0.0036 0.0028
0.0035 0.0027
0.0035 0.0027
0.0035 0.0026
0.0035 0.0026
0.0034 0.0026
0.0033 0.0026
0.0033 0.0026
0.0033 0.0026
0.0032 0.0026
0.0031 0.0025
0.0031 0.0025
0.0031 0.0024
0.0031 0.0024
0.0030 0.0024
0.0029 0.0023
0.0029 0.0023
0.0029 0.0023
0.0029 0.0023
0.0029 0.0023
0.0029 0.0022
0.0029 0.0022
0.0029 0.0022
0.0028 0.0022
0.0028 0.0022
0.0028 0.0022
0.0027 0.0021
0.0027 0.0021
0.0026 0.0021
0.0026 0.0021
0.0026 0.0021
0.0026 0.0021
0.0026 0.0021
0.0026 0.0021
0.0026 0.0020
0.0025 0.0020
0.0025 0.0020
0.0024 0.0020
0.0024 0.0020
0.0024 0.0019
0.0024 0.0017
0.0023 0.0017
0.0023 0.0017
0.0023 0.0016
0.0023 0.0016
0.0023 0.0016
0.0022 0.0015
0.0022 0.0014
0.0022 0.0013
0.0022 0.0009
0.0022 0.0005
0.0022 0.0003
0.0022 0.0003
0.0021 0.0003
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
0.0019
0.0018
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0015
0.0014
0.0013
0.0009
0.0005
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
references used to compile this material profile.
ICE DB Ref Number EPD? Referen

Closing the loop: What type of conc
315 No option? Technical report A-2015/18
Sebastian Palm, 2015
EVA025 –Final Report: Aggregates

316 No Modelling Tools and Case Studies,
Durucan – Imperial College London
Strength from the depths - Tenth su

317 No British marine aggregate industry. D
aggregate producers association M
Energy and CO2 from high perform

318 No
Marco Quattrone, Sergio C. Angulo
EPD Number: EPD-059

319 Yes
published by ASTM International ,
EPD Number: EPD-063
320 Yes
published by ASTM International ,
EPD Number: BREG EN EPD No.: 0

321 Yes
Environmental Product Declaration
EPD Number: BREG EN EPD No.: 0

322 Yes
Environmental Product Declaration
EPD Number: BREG EN EPD 00020

323 Yes
Product Declaration, 2018
EPD Number: S-P-00528

324 Yes
published by Environdec, 2014
EPD Number: No EPD number prov

325 Yes
ASTM International, 2016
EPD Number: epd-norge.no NEPD-1

326 Yes
Norwegian EPD Foundation, epd-no
327 Yes EPD Number: S-P-00842 published
Life-cycle assessment of construct

333 No
of higher recycled content in constr
518 Yes EPD Number: BREG EN EPD 00010
929 No Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the In
1021 Yes EPD Number: environdec EPD S-P-

Material Profile: Aggregates & Sand
Date last updated this material profile:
e if a newer version is available.
ology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Main Data >>
Comments
Notes on the embodied carbon of this material. It may include some importa
These are the main embodied carbon footprint coefficients for the mat
Notes on wider life cycle impacts.
Here you will find detailed statistics on the data collected. For the full datapo
further below.
For some of the sub-material categories, there are histograms and embodie
The data in the ICE Database is rated for data quality. The average data qu
link to the data quality matrix.
Information on material density, specific heat, and more.
Here you will find all of the datapoints collected. These are used to produce
useful for further statistical analysis.
The ICE Database uses data from multiple resources. However, EPDs have
data resource. Here you will find reference details and links to EPDs for this
Introduction to Material
ifferent types of aggregates. ICE V2.0 only contained data for general aggregates. Th
gregates there is a wide range of embodied carbon. There is also a notable difference
ver, every case should be judged on an individual basis.
esource use indicators. Whilst there are cases here recycled or secondary aggregate
d resources, reduces the burden on virgin resources. This is something that embodie
May-19
Selected Embodied Carbon Coefficients
Comments
t types of aggregates. It is therefore recommended to use data on specific types of ag
<<< Start of Main Embodied Carbon Data >>>
Comments
average aggregate. It models a mixture of 64.2% land won,
and 8.3% marine aggregates. Consumption statistics have
tish Marine Aggregates Producer Association, a member of the
MPA). [Tenth sustainable development report for the British
2016]. These results are sensitive to the embodied carbon of
a material where data would benefit from improvement. If you
gates you will use, then it is recommended to use a more
ry aggregate. This has been modelled with 89% land won and
nsumption statistics have been taken from a report, by British
ssociation, a member of the Mineral Products Association
lopment report for the British marine aggregate industry, Dec
ine aggregate was taken to be the total marine aggregate
e consumed in the GB market, 11% are sent to the European
replenishment or fill.
ge of all data collected for virgin aggregates in the ICE

en taken from a report, by British Marine Aggregates Producer
Mineral Products Association (MPA). [Tenth sustainable
sh marine aggregate industry, Dec 2016]. The consumption of
be the total marine aggregate production. The data has been
gy consumption for extracting marine aggregates in the UK.
scope emissions factors, instead just scope 1 and 2. The data
the full scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions. The impacts to produce
rge variation in embodied impacts.
ge of all data collected for recycled aggregates with no heat

Recycled aggregates include aggreagates from construction
ot cover secondary aggregates, such as blaast furnace slag, or
ory for these). Data for recycled aggregates is more difficult to
s. There is also a large range in results for recycled
into the results.
ge of all data collected for recycled aggregates that have been

E Database. Recycled aggregates include aggreagates from
ste. It does not cover secondary aggregates such as blaast
e seperate category for these). Data for recycled aggregates is
virgin aggregates. There is also a large range in results for
certainty into the results.
ge of all data collected for expanded clay aggregates in the ICE
ge of all data collected for expanded foamed glass aggregates

tom ashes, road planings, mining spoil and other aggregates
resources. Limited data on the embodied carbon of secondary
e was also limited data on the consumption mixture of
K. The mixture was estimated based upon two sub-regional
als survey2015 (AM15). See the references [Table 6.1 in Ref:
Party, Annual Aggregates Monitoring report 2015, Dec 2016 ]
ggregates Working Party, South East Aggregates Monitoring
. The data would benefit from covering a wider share of the UK
ly) secondary aggregates would benefit from improvement.

arbon of secondary aggregates was available. There was also
mixture of recycled and secondary aggregates in the UK. The
secondary and 67% recycled aggregates. [Estimated from
ady-mix concrete market investigation, Working paper on
, cement and RMX. ND67. Available from:
.gov.uk/media/5329dfb440f0b60a730002cf/market_definition_
<<< End of Main Embodied Carbon Data >>>
Wider Lifecycle Notes (Modules B, C and D)
(end of life) and D (benefits to future lifecycles) are beyond the scope of the ICE Data
low. Many EPDs have data for wider lifecycles

mportant to consider the amount of construction waste in a building project. The mater
need to consider if a material or product has a notable in-use of end of life impact, bas
uch as landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase should consider that it can't b
which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated impacts of installation, in-use
ICE Database Embodied Carbon (EC) Statistics - kg CO2e/kg
coefficients' for the main data.
f the data collected in the backend ICE database, which is not publicly available. The
efore give different data for similar sounding material sub-categories, in some instanc
bon data, rather than the statistical averages presented here. For example, for some
ve an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-material types may have a low market
on mixture of various sub-material types.
Max Embodied Carbon (kg CO2e/kg)
0.397
0.036
0.015
0.261
0.085
0.397
0.009
0.278
0.007
ow
Percentiles - Where Available - kgCO2e per kg

50
0.004
0.003
0.004
0.101
0.064
0.393
0.009
0.278
he individual datapoints may be found further below.

el and sand
egate, no heat treat
egate, heat treat
nufactured
agg and sand
nd aggregate
med glass
Data Quality
e data quality collected for each material category. They use the same pool of data a
DQI Temporal (Max 5)

4.62
4.58
4.53
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Material Properties
ost materials varies within a sensible range. Densities within the ICE Database may d
al Properties (CIBSE Data)
Density (kg m -3)
2240
2240
2240
All Data Points
sub-categories. This is used to produce the histograms. It could be used for further sta
AggregateSand, Recycled aggregate, heat treat
0.2608
0.2429
0.1174
0.0850
0.0044
0.0022
References
Reference Details
p: What type of concrete re-use is the most sustainable
cal report A-2015/1860, Christoph Müller, Jochen Reiners,
2015
Report: Aggregates Industry Life Cycle Assessment Model:

and Case Studies, Dr Anna Korre & Professor Sevket
rial College London, 2009
he depths - Tenth sustainable development report for the

ggregate industry. December 2016, bmapa british marine
ucers association Mineral Products Association, 2016
2 from high performance recycled aggregate production,

e, Sergio C. Angulo, Vanderley M.John, 2014
PD-059
STM International , 2017
PD-063
STM International , 2017
REG EN EPD No.: 000206 published by BRE

REG EN EPD No.: 000199 published by BRE

REG EN EPD 000205 published by BRE Environmental

tion, 2018
-P-00528
nvirondec, 2014
o EPD number provided published by Climate Earth and

nal, 2016
pd-norge.no NEPD-1537-527-EN published by The

Foundation, epd-norge.no, 2018
-P-00842 published by International EPD System, 2017
-P-00843 published by International EPD System, 2017
sment of construction product data. Environmental impact

ed content in construction projects, WRAP, 2007
REG EN EPD 000105 published by Bre, 2016
al Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community, 2017
nvirondec EPD S-P-00427 published by Environdec, 2015

REG EN EPD 000199 published by Bre, 2018
<<< End of Material Profile >>>

s & Sand
profile: May-19
atabase.html
Comments
It may include some important information.
rint coefficients for the material types.

a collected. For the full datapoints, there is a separate section
are histograms and embodied carbon distribution charts.
quality. The average data quality is shown here, along with a
and more.
d. These are used to produce the histograms and may be
ources. However, EPDs have become the most important

ails and links to EPDs for this material.
ta for general aggregates. The ICE database now contains data for many different typ
re is also a notable difference in the embodied carbon of virgin and non-virgin aggreg
ycled or secondary aggregates may be higher embodied carbon than virgin aggregate
is is something that embodied carbon assessment doesn't consider adequately.
ICE DB Version
cients
e data on specific types of aggregates, over the data for UK general aggregates, whe
Data >>>
DQI Total - %
64%
65%
70%
43%
56%
53%
57%
54%
60%
63%
Data >>>
and D)
nd the scope of the ICE Database. However, some important information is provided
a building project. The material wasted has an embodied carbon impact which should
-use of end of life impact, based upon their application. Durability and lifetime should a
should consider that it can't be guaranteed what will happen at the end of the lifetime,
mpacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
cs - kg CO2e/kg
is not publicly available. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes merged
b-categories, in some instances.
here. For example, for some materials the average embodied carbon of all data collec
ypes may have a low market share. In such cases, they influence the statistical avera
Standard
Deviation Variance Based on a Sample
Embodied (Excel Var Function) Embodied
Carbon (kg Carbon (kg CO2e/kg)
CO2e/kg)
0.056 0.003
0.005 0.000
0.004 0.000
0.103 0.011
0.017 0.000
0.003 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
O2e per kg
75 80
0.005 0.006
0.005 0.005
0.011 0.012
0.247 0.254
0.082 0.085
Em b o d ie d C arb o n - kg C O 2 e p e r kg
AggregateSand - All Data Co
0.4500
0.4000
0.3500
0.3000
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Datapoints
Em b o d ie d C arb o n - k g C O 2 e p e r k g
AggregateSand, Land won grave
0.0400
0.0350
0.0300
0.0250
0.0200
0.0150
0.0100
0.0050
0.0000
0 20 40 60 80
Datapoints
AggregateSand, Recycled aggregate, no
0.0180
0.0160
0.0140
0.0120
0.0100
0.0080
0.0060
0.0040
0.0020
0.0000
0 2 4 6 8 1
Datapoints
Em b o d ie d C arb o n - kg C O 2 e p e r k g

0.3000
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
E
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
0 1 2 3 4
Datapoints
AggregateSand, Secondary manuf

0.0900
0.0800
0.0700
0.0600
0.0500
0.0400
0.0300
0.0200
0.0100
0.0000
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Datapoints
0.3980
0.3960
0.3940
0.3920
0.3900
0.3880
0.3860
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Datapoints
AggregateSand, Marine sand and ag
0.0100
0.0090
0.0080
0.0070
0.0060
0.0050
0.0040
0.0030
0.0020
0.0010
0.0000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
Em b o d ie d C arb o n - k g C O 2 e p e r kg
0.3000
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
Go to Data Quality Matrix
use the same pool of data as for the summary statistics further above.
DQI
Geographic DQI Transparency (Max 5)
(Max 5)
3.68 2.00
3.60 2.00
3.93 2.00
4.00 2.00
4.00 2.00
4.00 2.00
5.00 2.00
4.00 2.00
5.00 2.00
ithin the ICE Database may differ.
Specific heat (J
Thermal Diffusivity (M^2 S-1)
kg-1 K-1)
840 9.56632653061224E-07
920 6.3082298136646E-07
840 9.24744897959184E-07
t could be used for further statistical analysis. These values do not include any model
5 6
AggregateSa
nd,
AggregateSand, Expanded clay
Secondary
agg and sand
manufacture
d
0.0854 0.3967
0.0717 0.3897
0.0562
0.0400
Description
Technical report from the European Cement
Research Academy.
LCA report from WRAP - Waste Resources

Action Programme
Annual report from the British Marine

aggregates industry. They report their annual
carbon emissions, but not as a true all 3
scopes carbon footprint.
Journal paper on carbon emissions from

recycling aggregates.
EPD for three types of concrete aggregates

EPD for 64 types of aggreagtes
EPD for granite aggregates.
EPD for limestone aggregates.
EPD for granite aggregates.
EPD of aggregates
EPD for 12 concrete aggregate products
EPD for crushed stone construction aggregate

products
EPD for aggregates from mobile crushing plants
EPD for aggregates in stationary crushing

plants
LCA report from WRAP - Waste Resources

Action Programme
EPD for 58.1% crushed rock, 35.3% sand and

gravel, 6.6% slag gravel. Mixture of aggregates
land won, marine and recycled or slag
aggregates. Covers Tarmac's 132 aggregate
production sites.
A German database for LCA of buildings by the

Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and
Community.
EPD for Secondary raw materials or aggregates

of industrial origin - Bottom Ash aggregate -
unusually high transport
EPD for secondary raw materials or aggregates
of industrial origin - Bottom ash sand 2-4mm -
EPD for secondary raw materials or aggregates
of industrial origin - Bottom ash sand 0-4mm -
EPD for Aggregate Industries, Limestone
aggregate
>
sing the link below.
ains data for many different types of aggregates, including land
of virgin and non-virgin aggregates (recycled and secondary). The
d carbon than virgin aggregates, it should also be considered that

esn't consider adequately.
V3.0 Beta
or UK general aggregates, where possible. This is because the

portant information is provided here.
ed carbon impact which should not be neglected. In many cases
Durability and lifetime should also be considered as a part of a
ppen at the end of the lifetime, and there scenarios with sensitivity
al types are sometimes merged in the final version of the publicly
bodied carbon of all data collected is a poor indicator of the

y influence the statistical average unfairly. For this reason, some
Comments
This data doesn’t include any modelled datapoints, e.g.

datapoints that have modelled a consumption mixture of
sub-material types. It is all data collected from the
literature.
All sub-categories may not be shown.
Comments
Comments
90
0.016
0.006
0.014
For small sample sizes data for a

particular percentile may not be
available.
AggregateSand - All Data Collected
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Datapoints
AggregateSand, Land won gravel and sand
0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Datapoints
gateSand, Recycled aggregate, no heat treat
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Datapoints
regateSand, Recycled aggregate, heat treat

2 3 4 5 6 7
Datapoints
AggregateSand, Secondary manufactured
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Datapoints
ggregateSand, Expanded clay agg and sand
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Datapoints
ggregateSand, Marine sand and aggregate
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
ggregateSand, Expanded foamed glass
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
cs further above.
DQI Sample Size

DQI Total - % (Max 100%)
(Max 10)
9.00 73%
8.00 70%
4.00 56%
3.00 53%
2.00 60%
2.00 57%
1.00 43%
1.00 54%
1.00 60%
N/A N/A
alues do not include any modelled data, e.g. no data from the
7 8
AggregateSand,
AggregateSand, Expanded
Marine sand and
foamed glass
aggregate
0.0090 0.2776
Hyperlink
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ICE DB Version: V3.0 - 10
Section Navigation
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
For all metals, embodied carbon is sensitive to assumptions on

Boundaries:
A3
Data on recycled and virgin aluminium is not provided in ICE V

construction project). To avoid such variability, the data using w
World aluminium Institute. This was combined with data on rec
Users wishing to calculate the embodied carbon of different rec
Users are also directed to the list of references, which contains

The data for aluminium are based upon detailed LCAs from the
for LCA's from the European Aluminium Institute, https://www.e
https://www.aluminum.org/. The source LCA reports generally
extrusion. The below data has combined the data in the LCA's
Aluminium Flow Model 2016", available from http://www.world-
distortions. Should any users require data for other recycled co
European consumption - Includes European production an
Embodied Carbon -
Materials
kgCO2e/kg
Aluminium General,
6.67
European Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium sheet, European

6.58
Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium foil, European
7.47
Mix, Inc Imports
Aluminium extruded profile,

6.83
Aluminium, cast, European

6.72
Mix, Inc Imports
Worldwide production - At world average recycled content
Embodied Carbon -
Materials
kgCO2e/kg
Aluminium General,
13.1
Worldwide
Aluminium sheet, Worldwide 13.0
Aluminium foil, Worldwide 13.8
Aluminium extruded profile,

13.2
Worldwide
Aluminium cast, Worldwide 13.2
Regional aluminium - At world average recycled content
Embodied Carbon -
Materials
kgCO2e/kg
Aluminium General,
6.67
Aluminium, produced in
5.58
Europe
Aluminium General,
13.1
Worldwide
Aluminium, North American 5.65

Aluminium, Africa 12.4
Aluminium, China 14.6
Aluminium, Japan 10.6
Aluminium, Middle East 10.8

Aluminium, Oceania 12.8
Aluminium, Other Asia 15.9
Aluminium, Russia 5.55
Aluminium, South America 8.32

Aluminium, South Korea 11.9
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (module A
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Product
For all metals, embodied carbon is sensitive to assumptions on

There are also carbon footprint methods which define what rec
Regardless of the method chosen for recycling aluminium, use
The modular approach of the EU wide standards EN 15978 an

Module B is in-use. Module C is end of life. Module D is benefi
Module D is particularly relevant for aluminium and users are e

to judge the benefits of both recycled content and end of life re
It is recommended to read the recycling methodology guide fro

Annex A on recycling methods).
Module D is particularly relevant for aluminium and users are e
to judge the benefits of both recycled content and end of life re
It is recommended to read the recycling methodology guide fro

The ICE database contains data on the cradle to gate, Module

significant contribution to embodied carbon of a construction bu
Finally, end of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route,
Finally, users are directed to the references section, which con
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the sectio
These statistics have come from the data collected for ICE V3.
database, e.g. if sample size is too low for two similar categorie
These statistics are provided for information. It is recommende

carbon of that material. This may be because of sub-material ty
categories in the main ICE Database considers the consumptio
Main Material Sample Size

1 Aluminium - All Data Collected
84
Aluminium profile
2 38
Aluminium, Cast
3 5
Aluminium, sheet
4 7
Aluminium, primary ingot
5 22
Aluminium, secondary ingot

6 8
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample size
Main Material
10
1 Aluminium - All Data Collected

1.267
2 Aluminium profile 1.684
3 Aluminium, Cast
4 Aluminium, sheet
5 Aluminium, primary ingot 6.790
6 Aluminium, secondary ingot
7
For some of the sub-categories there are histograms and distri



Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will pe
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will per
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will perm


Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will perma
DQI Version:
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. The b

Aluminium 84
Aluminium profile 38
Aluminium, Cast 5
Aluminium, sheet 7
Aluminium, primary ingot 22
Aluminium, secondary ingot 8
N/A
The material properties below were originally from CIBSE guid
Material
aluminium
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this mate
and concrete model.
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this mate
and concrete model.
Aluminium - All Data

Datapoint No.
Collected
1 22.078
2 21.600
3 21.000
4 20.800
5 20.240
6 20.000
7 19.000
8 18.000
9 17.788
10 17.600
11 17.578
12 17.080
13 17.000
14 16.987
15 16.950
16 16.415
17 16.193
18 15.000
19 14.770
20 14.510
21 13.005
22 13.005
23 11.788
24 11.178
25 11.122
26 10.848
27 10.619
28 10.050
29 9.960
30 9.816
31 9.306
32 9.110
33 9.098
34 9.064
35 8.940
36 8.938
37 8.635
38 8.600
39 8.550
40 8.500
41 8.400
42 8.170
43 8.070
44 8.047
45 7.400
46 7.327
47 7.210
48 7.178
49 7.157
50 7.000
51 6.990
52 6.870
53 6.700
54 6.570
55 5.782
56 5.330
57 5.000
58 4.529
59 4.444
60 3.930
61 3.394
62 3.394
63 3.072
64 2.530
65 2.274
66 2.259
67 1.994
68 1.924
69 1.910
70 1.687
71 1.660
72 1.657
73 1.385
74 1.344
75 1.333
76 1.304
77 1.230
78 1.113
79 1.054
80 0.896
81 0.673
82 0.624
83 0.510
84 0.330
85
The below resources are recommended for further information
ICE DB Ref Number Title
Embodied Impact Assessmen

The Methodological Challeng
Recycling at the End of Build
Lifetime
Life Cycle Inventory Data and

Environmental Metrics for the
Primary Aluminium Industry,
Aluminium, 2017
2
Addendum to the Life Cycle

Inventory Data and Environm
Metrics for the Primary Alumi
Industry, World Aluminium, 2
3
Environmental Profile Report
Cycle inventory data for alum
production and transformatio
processes in Europe, Europe
Aluminium, 2018
4
European and IAI Life Cycle

for Cars 2019vs21, European
Aluminium and World Alumin
2018
5
6
Below you will find a list of the references used to compile this
Item ICE DB Ref Number
1 371
2 372
3 373
4 374
5 375
6 376
7 377
8 450
9 453
10 965
11 929
12 993
13 1015
14 1192
15 1193
16 1194
17 1195
18 1196
19 1197
20 1198
21 1199
22 1200
23 1201
24
Materia
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
Check link below, to see if a newer version is available.
http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-an
Click to Go
Int
assumptions on recycled content and end of life recyclability. See the notes on wider
Date Last Updated
Selected E
ovided in ICE V3. It created too much variability to results. It was often found that diff
the data using world average recycled content is now provided. Regional data are on
with data on recycled aluminium and modelled at the world average recycled content.
n of different recycled content aluminium and for Module D, end of life, recyclability be
, which contains links to EPDs. Many of those EPDs have data for aluminium from va
<<< Start of M
d LCAs from the World Aluminium Institute, http://www.world-aluminium.org/. Their LC

e, https://www.european-aluminium.eu/, as well as the North American Aluminium As
ports generally don't combine the data for ingot with the semi-fabrication processes, s
ata in the LCA's, to produce the values below. All data is modelled at the world averag
ttp://www.world-aluminium.org/publications/. This approach of using world averages fo
ther recycled contents, see the references identified in further reading.
n production and imports - At world average recycled content
Comments
This data has been derived from the world aluminium LCA's. They have pro
America and worldwide aluminium. Modelled at worldwide average scrap in
distortions. Modelled with 25.6% extrusions, 55.7% rolled and 18.7% casting
and the import of aluminium consumed in Europe. Module D = -3.13 kg CO2
95%, based upon DU Telft study of European construction sector. With a 2%
recovered.
distortions. Based upon European production and the import of aluminium c
-3.09 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 95%, based upon DU Telft stu
With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap recovered.
-3.12 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 83%, based upon worldwide g
the building and construction sector. With a 2% material loss yield on the sc
cycled content
Comments
unit. EOL recovery rate of 83%, based upon worldwide global aluminium flo
construction sector. With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap recovered.
distortions. Module D = -8.69 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 83%,
aluminium flow model and for the building and construction sector. With a 2%
recovered.
recovered.
recovered.
recovered.
cled content
Comments
and the import of aluminium consumed in Europe. Module D = -3.13 kg CO2
95%, based upon DU Telft study of European construction sector. With a 2%
recovered.
distortions. This entry doesn’t consider aluminium imported into Europe. The
Europe. Modelled with 25.6% extrusions, 55.7% rolled and 18.7% castings.
EOL recovery rate of 83%, based upon worldwide global aluminium flow mo
<<< End of M
Wider Lifecy
ource (module A1 to A3). Modules B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits to future l
nmental Product Declarations (EPDs) further below. Many EPDs have data for wider l
assumptions on recycled content and end of life recyclability. This is a topic that has
define what recycling method to apply.
aluminium, users are strongly encouraged to report results with transparency.
ds EN 15978 and EN 15804 is particularly encouraged, due to the transparency it brin

dule D is benefits and burdens beyond the lifecycle.
and users are encouraged to estimate module D benefits in addition to the Module A-
nd end of life recyclability.
dology guide from ICE V2.0 (Annex A on recycling methods) before using this data, w
to gate, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to consider the amount of co
a construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or product has a notab
disposal route, such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase should cons
ction, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated impacts of installation, i
ICE Database Embod
See the section 'Selected embodied carbon coefficients' for the main data.
cted for ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data collected in the backend IC
similar categories. They may therefore give different data for similar sounding materia
is recommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rather than the statistical av
of sub-material types that have an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-material ty
s the consumption mixture of various sub-material types.
Average
CO2e/kg)
8.719 0.330
8.781 0.896
6.164 1.385
5.545 1.054
13.611 5.000
0.895 0.330
ger sample sizes, the percentiles are shown below
Percentiles - Wh
20 25
1.924 2.665
2.912 3.394
1.507 1.690
1.418 1.660
7.267 7.884
0.474 0.539
grams and distribution charts provided below. The individual datapoints may be found
Aluminium - All Data Collected

.
different file format will permanently break the chart.
Aluminium profile
.
Aluminium, Cast
fferent file format will permanently break the chart.
Aluminium, sheet
erent file format will permanently break the chart.


0
0
nt file format will permanently break the chart.
V0.2 Beta
ity matrix. The below DQI scores are the average data quality collected for each mate
DQI Method
DQI Assurance (Max 5)
(Max 5)
3.32 3.61
4.63 2.92
2.60 3.60
2.71 4.00
2.05 4.36
2.25 4.25
om CIBSE guide (insert ref). The densities of most materials varies within a sensible
Material Properties (CIBSE Data)
Condition
(W-m-1 K-1)
230
ed for this material, along with data for various sub-categories. This is used to produc
2 3
Aluminium
Aluminium, Cast
profile
21.600 11.122
21.000 9.110
20.800 7.210
17.600 1.994
16.987 1.385
16.950
16.193
13.005
13.005
11.788
10.848
10.050
9.816
9.306
9.098
8.938
8.635
8.550
8.500
8.400
8.170
7.400
6.990
6.870
6.570
5.782
4.529
4.444
3.394
3.394
3.072
2.274
2.259
1.910
1.687
1.657
1.304
0.896
ther information.
Title Author / Publisher
pact Assessment:
ological Challenge of
Craig Jones, Construction Information Quarterly, 11(3), 2009
he End of Building
entory Data and

al Metrics for the
World Aluminium Institute
inium Industry, World
017
the Life Cycle

a and Environmental
e Primary Aluminium
ld Aluminium, 2018
al Profile Report - Life-
ry data for aluminium
nd transformation European Aluminium Institute
Europe, European
018
d IAI Life Cycle Model

9vs21, European
nd World Aluminium,
References and Envi
to compile this material profile.
EPD? Reference Details
EPD Number: EPD-SÜC-20170133-IBC1-DE published by

Yes
e.V., 2017
Yes
e.V., 2017

Yes
e.V., 2017
Yes EPD Number: EPD-STA-0.3 published by IBU - Institut B
Yes EPD Number: published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwe
Yes EPD Number: EPD-SRR-5.0 published by IBU - Institut B
EPD Number: EPD-FVS-2014067-IBA1-DE published by I

Yes
2014
Yes EPD Number: environdec EPD S-P-01205 published by E
No Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and C
Yes EPD Number: 4786092064.101.1 published by UL Environ

The Environmental Footprint of Semi-Finished Aluminium

No
Life Cycle Assessment Report, The Aluminium Associati
Life Cycle Inventory Data and Environmental Metrics for

No
World Aluminium, 2017
Addendum to the Life Cycle Inventory Data and Environm

No
Aluminium Industry, World Aluminium, 2018
Environmental Profile Report - Life-Cycle inventory data
No
transformation processes in Europe, European Aluminiu
European and IAI Life Cycle Model for Cars 2019vs21, Eu

No
Aluminium, 2018
<<< En
Material Profile: Aluminium
ircularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Main Data >>
Comments
quality matrix.
statistical analysis.
A list of recommended reading.
you will find reference details and links to EPDs for this material.
d of life recyclability. See the notes on wider life cycle considerations and also the ICE
May-19
Comments
iability to results. It was often found that different studies made broad assumptions on
ntent is now provided. Regional data are only presented where there is data from a h
elled at the world average recycled content. The data is presented below.
and for Module D, end of life, recyclability benefits, should refer to the resources in th
hose EPDs have data for aluminium from various countries.

e, http://www.world-aluminium.org/. Their LCA model is also used as the basis

as well as the North American Aluminium Association,
r ingot with the semi-fabrication processes, such as casting, sheet production or
low. All data is modelled at the world average scrap input, taken from the "Global
s/. This approach of using world averages for all regions is to avoid market
s identified in further reading.
erage recycled content
Comments
m the world aluminium LCA's. They have produced LCA reports for Europe, North
um. Modelled at worldwide average scrap input of 31%, to avoid market
% extrusions, 55.7% rolled and 18.7% castings. Based upon European production
nsumed in Europe. Module D = -3.13 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of
y of European construction sector. With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap
an production and the import of aluminium consumed in Europe. Module D =
covery rate of 95%, based upon DU Telft study of European construction sector.
the scrap recovered.
covery rate of 83%, based upon worldwide global aluminium flow model and for
ctor. With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap recovered.
Comments
% extrusions, 55.7% rolled and 18.7% castings. Module D = -8.69 kg CO2e per
based upon worldwide global aluminium flow model and for the building and
g CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of 83%, based upon worldwide global
e building and construction sector. With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap
Comments
% extrusions, 55.7% rolled and 18.7% castings. Based upon European production
nsumed in Europe. Module D = -3.13 kg CO2e per unit. EOL recovery rate of
y of European construction sector. With a 2% material loss yield on the scrap
onsider aluminium imported into Europe. The aluminium must be made in
xtrusions, 55.7% rolled and 18.7% castings. Module D = -3.64 kg CO2e per unit.
ed upon worldwide global aluminium flow model and for the building and
se), C (end of life) and D (benefits to future lifecycles) are beyond the scope of the ICE
her below. Many EPDs have data for wider lifecycles
d of life recyclability. This is a topic that has generated considerable debate over seve
d to report results with transparency.
encouraged, due to the transparency it brings to method for recycling. These standa
e lifecycle.
odule D benefits in addition to the Module A-C results - but to always report them tran
recycling methods) before using this data, which also contains guidance on end of life
It is important to consider the amount of construction waste in a building project. The
consider if a material or product has a notable in-use of end of life impact, based upo
recycling. The end of life phase should consider that it can't be guaranteed what will h
of the EPDs stated impacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
arbon coefficients' for the main data.
m all of the data collected in the backend ICE database, which is not publicly available
ve different data for similar sounding material sub-categories, in some instances.
ed carbon data, rather than the statistical averages presented here. For example, for
lly high or low impact. Those sub-material types may have a low market share. In suc
material types.

22.078
21.600
11.122
10.619
22.078
1.344
wn below
50
8.120
8.450
7.210
5.330
14.885
0.893
0.000
low. The individual datapoints may be found further below.
Data Quality
average data quality collected for each material category. They use the same pool of

4.94
4.89
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.88
Material Properties
s of most materials varies within a sensible range. Densities within the ICE Database
Density (kg m -3)
2700
All Data Points
rious sub-categories. This is used to produce the histograms. It could be used for furt
4
Aluminium, sheet
10.619
9.064
7.157
5.330
3.930
1.660
1.054
Further Reading
Author / Publisher
nstruction Information Quarterly, 11(3), 2009
Institute
Institute
ium Institute
Institute
References and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs
Reference Details
PD-SÜC-20170133-IBC1-DE published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt

PD-STA-0.3 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2011
published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2014
PD-SRR-5.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2013
PD-FVS-2014067-IBA1-DE published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V.,

al Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community, 2017
786092064.101.1 published by UL Environment, 2014

ntal Footprint of Semi-Finished Aluminium Products in North America - A

ssment Report, The Aluminium Association, 2013
tory Data and Environmental Metrics for the Primary Aluminium Industry,
m, 2017
e Life Cycle Inventory Data and Environmental Metrics for the Primary
stry, World Aluminium, 2018
Profile Report - Life-Cycle inventory data for aluminium production and
processes in Europe, European Aluminium, 2018
AI Life Cycle Model for Cars 2019vs21, European Aluminium and World
8

m
May-19
.html
ents
me important information.
or the material types.
e full datapoints, there is a separate section further below.
nd embodied carbon distribution charts.
ge data quality is shown here, along with a link to the data
to produce the histograms and may be useful for further
EPDs have become the most important data resource. Here

lso the ICE Annex A, from ICE V2.0, which contains guidance on methods for recyclin
ICE DB Version
umptions on recycled content, rather than basing it on actual primary data (e.g. actual
ta from a high quality LCA resource. In the case of aluminium, regional data was ava
urces in the section "further reading" below.

>>>
DQI Total - %
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
DQI Total - %
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
DQI Total - %
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
>>>
D)
e of the ICE Database. However, some important information is provided here.
e over several decades. The choice of method for recycling should be made on the ba
ese standards requires that the lifecycle results are broken down by lifecycle stage. M
t them transparently, e.g. results broken down by the EN 15978 modules. This gives u
n end of life issues for aluminium. The ICE data is 'cradle to gate', which excludes the
roject. The material wasted has an embodied carbon impact which should not be neg
based upon their application. Durability and lifetime should also be considered as a p
d what will happen at the end of the lifetime, and there scenarios with sensitivity analy
kg CO2e/kg
cly available. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes merged in the final
ances.
ample, for some materials the average embodied carbon of all data collected is a poo
hare. In such cases, they influence the statistical average unfairly. For this reason, som
Standard
CO2e/kg)
6.213 38.607
5.802 33.659
3.862 14.916
3.352 11.235
5.237 27.429
0.378 0.143
kg
75 80
13.005 16.193
12.092 13.643
10.116 10.719
9.064 9.686
17.841 18.400
1.307 1.335
Aluminium - All Data Col
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0 10 20 30 40
Datapoints
Aluminium profile
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0 5 10 15 20
Datapoints
Aluminium, Cast
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3
Datapoints
Aluminium, sheet
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
E
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
0 1 2 3 4
Em b o d ie d C arb o n - k g C O 2 e p e r k g Datapoints
Aluminium, primary ingo

25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0 5 10
Datapoints
Aluminium, secondary ing
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5
Datapoints
Chart below not used - Placeholder for future content

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
me pool of data as for the summary statistics further above.
DQI Geographic
DQI Transparency (Max 5)
(Max 5)
3.63 3.17
3.97 2.26
4.00 3.60
3.71 3.71
2.82 4.00
3.75 4.00
E Database may differ.
Specific heat (J
kg-1 K-1)
880 9.68013468013468E-05
sed for further statistical analysis. These values do not include any modelled data, e.g
5 6
Aluminium,
primary ingot
22.078 1.344
20.240 1.333
20.000 1.230
19.000 1.113
18.000 0.673
17.788 0.624
17.578 0.510
17.080 0.330
17.000
16.415
15.000
14.770
14.510
11.178
8.940
8.600
8.070
7.327
7.178
7.000
6.700
5.000
Description
A journal paper providing an overview of method for

recycling. Including explanations of the recycled
content method, substitution method and the 50:50
method
An LCA of worldwide primary aluminium production.

Report based upon 2015 data, report dated 2017
Addendum to the main aluminium LCA from World

Aluminium, originally 2017
LCA report for European aluminium
An LCA model for cars. The data is based upon a

detailed LCA model. V2.0. Date: 16.06.2015 (Data
Update December 2018)
ons (EPDs)
Description
EPD for SCHÜCO ADS 80 FR 60

EPD for SCHÜCO ADS 75.SI
EPD for SCHÜCO AWS 75.SI +
EPD for Sectionaltor_Alu_HM
EPD for Sektionaltor_BVT
EPD for Industriesectionaltor_TT C
EPD for Door fittings made of aluminum

EPD for Aluminium profile, primary - extruded
EPD for Aluminium profile, secondary
EPD for Aluminium profiles - mill finished

Community.
EPD for aluminium profiles
EPD for Aluminium window profiles - planet Neo

62 / Planet Neo 62 Plus
EPD for North American cold rolled aluminium
EPD for North American extruded aluminium

EPD for North American hot rolled aluminium
EPD for North American primary aluminium ingot
EPD for North American secondary aluminium

ingot
An LCA of average North American aluminium
An LCA of worldwide primary aluminium

production. Report based upon 2015 data, report
dated 2017
Addendum to the main aluminium LCA from

World Aluminium, originally 2017
LCA report for European aluminium
An LCA model for cars. The data is based upon a

detailed LCA model. V2.1. Date: 16.06.2015 (Data
Update December 2018)
ing the link below.
dance on methods for recycling (see further reading).
V3.0 Beta
tual primary data (e.g. actual recycled content used on a

nium, regional data was available for primary aluminium from the
ation is provided here.
ng should be made on the basis of the goal and scope of study.
ken down by lifecycle stage. Module A being cradle to gate.
N 15978 modules. This gives users all the information they require
e to gate', which excludes the important end of life stage (see

pact which should not be neglected. In many cases this can be a
uld also be considered as a part of a fair comparative assessment.
enarios with sensitivity analysis should be used where possible.
ometimes merged in the final version of the publicly available ICE
n of all data collected is a poor indicator of the average embodied

e unfairly. For this reason, some of the material and sub-material
Comments
literature.
Comments
90
17.894
17.920 For small sample sizes data for a
available.
20.168
Aluminium - All Data Collected
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Datapoints
Aluminium profile
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Datapoints
Aluminium, Cast
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Datapoints
Aluminium, sheet
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Datapoints
5 10 15 20 25
Datapoints
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Datapoints
holder for future content

0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints

0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
ve.
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
7.00 73%
5.00 68%
3.00 62%
3.00 63%
4.00 64%
3.00 63%
N/A N/A
nclude any modelled data, e.g. no data from the cement, mortar
7 8
N/A N/A
0.000 0.00
Hyperlink
Go To Resource
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Go To Resource
ICE DB Version: V3.0 - 10 N
Section Navigation
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Asphalt is a blend of bitumen, which is the binder, and aggrega

bitumen emulsion blends.
Boundaries:
A3
Modelled from the bitumen binder content. The fuel consumptio

asphalt mixing. However, their data is not reported as an all 3 s
The boundaries of this data is cradle to mixed asphalt. It includ

ingredients.
Embodied Carbon -
Materials
kgCO2e per tonne
onne
Asphalt, 3% (bitumen)
50.1
binder content (by mass)
Asphalt, 3.5% binder content 51.1
Asphalt, 4% binder content 52.2
Road surfaces - Asphalt surface
The boundaries of this data is cradle to laid road surface. It includ

compacting energy and a small allowance for construction waste
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per 1 m2, per 100mm depth surface or
Embodied Carbon -
Materials
kgCO2e per unit
Road surface, asphalt, 3%

(bitumen) binder content (by 14.2
mass)
Road surface, asphalt, 3.5%

14.4
binder content
binder course
14.7
binder content
14.9
binder content
15.2
binder content
15.4
binder content
Road surface, , asphalt, 6%
15.7
binder content
15.9
binder content
16.2
binder content
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (module A1
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Product
At the end of life of a road surface made from asphalt, the surfa
can reduce the amount of bitumen needed in a new mixture. Ho
The ICE database contains data on the cradle to gate, Modules

can be a significant contribution to embodied carbon of a const
comparative assessment. Finally, end of life relies on assumpti
analysis should be used where possible. Finally, users are dire
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the section
These statistics have come from the data collected for ICE V3.0
available ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too low for two sim
These statistics are provided for information. It is recommended

embodied carbon of that material. This may be because of sub
and sub-material categories in the main ICE Database conside
1 Asphalt - All Data Collected

21
Asphalt, for roads
2 18
Asphalt, for roads with polymer

3 2
Mastic asphalt
4 1
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample size
Main Material
10
1 Asphalt - All Data Collected

0.023
2 Asphalt, for roads 0.022
3
4 Mastic asphalt
5
6
7
8
9
For some of the sub-categories there are histograms and distrib

Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will perman
DQI Version:
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. The b
Asphalt 21
Asphalt, for roads 18
Asphalt, for roads with polymer 2
Mastic asphalt 1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
The material properties below were originally from CIBSE guide
Material
Asphalt A
Asphalt B
poured
reflective coat
roofing, mastic
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this mater
mortar and concrete model.
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this mater
Asphalt - All Data

Datapoint No.
Collected
1 0.098
2 0.080
3 0.077
4 0.071
5 0.070
6 0.064
7 0.049
8 0.037
9 0.031
10 0.031
11 0.031
12 0.030
13 0.029
14 0.028
15 0.027
16 0.027
17 0.025
18 0.024
19 0.024
20 0.023
21 0.021
22
1 364
2 367
3 457
4 929
5 987
6
Material P
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
Check link below, to see if a newer version is available.
http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-ca
ick to Go
Introdu
er, and aggregates. There is sometimes a small amount of filler, wax or polymers. Th
Date Last
Updated
Selected Embo
fuel consumption of asphalt mixing operations was taken from the Mineral Products A
rted as an all 3 scopes carbon footprint factor. The data was therefore uplifted to acco
<<< Start of Main
Asphalt, mixed at plant
asphalt. It includes the asphalt mixing energy, transport of constituents to asphalt mixi
Comments
Straight run bitumen content by mass. Using ICE DB average aggregates. C
Includes asphalt mixing energy (which was estimated based upon MPA sus
but had to be converted to an all 3 scopes emissions factor - the MPA metri
emissions), transport of constituents by road to asphalt plant (assumed 250
aggregates [Ref: MPA Sustainable Development Report 2018]) and embodi
transport of mixed asphalt to site is not included, e.g. cradle to mixed aspha
compacted asphalt. Embodied carbon of bitumen from EuroBitume, 2012.
sphalt surface or binder course, including laying and compacting, per 1m2 at 1
surface. It includes the cradle to mixed asphalt data above, as well as transport of mi
nstruction waste.
Units Comments
Surface or binder course, at the stated average straight

Cradle to constructed road surface. Using ICE DB avera
embodied carbon of ingredients. Also includes transpor
1 m2, per 100mm distance 30.2 miles [Ref: Mineral Products Association,
depth surface or Report 2018]. Density is for compacted asphalt. Include
binder course energy [Ref: TRL, report PRP575 (V4), Protocol for the
greenhouse gas emissions generated by asphalt, M Wa
1% waste during road construction (assumption - specif
Embodied carbon of bitumen from EuroBitume, 2012.
<<< End of Main E
Wider Lifecycle N
ource (module A1 to A3). Modules B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits to future l
nmental Product Declarations (EPDs) further below. Many EPDs have data for wider l
asphalt, the surface layers of the road can be planed off. The material recovered from
new mixture. However, the amount of bitumen that it is reduced by depends upon the
to gate, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to consider the amount of co

arbon of a construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or product ha
ies on assumptions on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The en
y, users are directed to the references section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of
ICE Database Embodied C
See the section 'Selected embodied carbon coefficients' for the main data.
cted for ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data collected in the backend IC
oo low for two similar categories. They may therefore give different data for similar sou
is recommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rather than the statistical av
because of sub-material types that have an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-
atabase considers the consumption mixture of various sub-material types.
Average Min Embodied

Embodied Carbon Carbon (kg
(kg CO2e/kg) CO2e/kg)
0.043 0.021
0.037 0.021
0.067 0.064
0.098 0.098
ger sample sizes, the percentiles are shown below
Percentiles - Where
20 25
0.024 0.026
0.024 0.025
Asphalt - All Data Collected

Asphalt, for roads

fferent file format will permanently break the chart.

Mastic asphalt

0
0

0

D
V0.2 Beta
ity matrix. The below DQI scores are the average data quality collected for each mate
DQI Method (Max DQI Assurance

5) (Max 5)
5.00 2.81
5.00 2.83
5.00 3.00
5.00 2.00
Mate
om CIBSE guide (insert ref). The densities of most materials varies within a sensible
Thermal
Condition conductivity
(W-m-1 K-1)
0.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.15
All
ed for this material, along with data for various sub-categories. This is used to produc
2 3
Asphalt, for
Asphalt, for
roads with
roads
polymer
0.080 0.070
0.077 0.064
0.071
0.049
0.037
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.027
0.025
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.021
R
to compile this material profile. The sample size of literature is small. However, the d
Yes EPD Number: BREG EN EPD 000103 published by B
Yes EPD Number: BREG EN EPD 000108 published by B
Yes EPD Number: environdec EPD S-P-01317 published
No Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building a

Yes EPD Number: environdec EPD S-P-00844 published
<<< End of
Material Profile: Asphalt
see if a newer version is available.
rcularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Main Data >>
Comments
data quality matrix.
Here you will find reference details and links to EPDs for this material.
es a small amount of filler, wax or polymers. The data presented here is for pure bitum
May-19
Comments
perations was taken from the Mineral Products Association sustainable development i
t factor. The data was therefore uplifted to account for the all scope emissions, e.g. fu
mixed at plant
energy, transport of constituents to asphalt mixing plant and the embodied carbon of
Comments
by mass. Using ICE DB average aggregates. Cradle to mixed asphalt.
gy (which was estimated based upon MPA sustainable development data,
n all 3 scopes emissions factor - the MPA metrics do not include scope 3
stituents by road to asphalt plant (assumed 250km for bitumen. 27.7 miles for
inable Development Report 2018]) and embodied carbon of ingredients. The
site is not included, e.g. cradle to mixed asphalt boundary. Density is for
ed carbon of bitumen from EuroBitume, 2012.
cluding laying and compacting, per 1m2 at 100mm thickness
d asphalt data above, as well as transport of mixed asphalt to site, road laying and
Comments
or binder course, at the stated average straight run bitumen content by mass.
o constructed road surface. Using ICE DB average aggregates. Includes
d carbon of ingredients. Also includes transport of mixed asphalt to site,
30.2 miles [Ref: Mineral Products Association, Sustainable Development
018]. Density is for compacted asphalt. Includes road laying and compacting
Ref: TRL, report PRP575 (V4), Protocol for the calculation of whole life cycle
use gas emissions generated by asphalt, M Wayman et al., 2014.]. Assumed
e during road construction (assumption - specific data was not available).
ed carbon of bitumen from EuroBitume, 2012.

n-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits to future lifecycles) are beyond the scope of the
further below. Many EPDs have data for wider lifecycles
can be planed off. The material recovered from this is known as Recycled Asphalt Pla
bitumen that it is reduced by depends upon the properties of the RAP recovered.
on. It is important to consider the amount of construction waste in a building project. T

s will need to consider if a material or product has a notable in-use of end of life impac
ute, such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase should consider that it c
section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated impacts of installatio
d carbon coefficients' for the main data.

from all of the data collected in the backend ICE database, which is not publicly avail
may therefore give different data for similar sounding material sub-categories, in som
odied carbon data, rather than the statistical averages presented here. For example,
ve an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-material types may have a low marke
xture of various sub-material types.
0.098
0.080
0.070
0.098
shown below
50
0.031
0.029
0.067
0.098
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Data Quality
he average data quality collected for each material category. They use the same pool
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Material Properties
sities of most materials varies within a sensible range. Densities within the ICE Databa
Density (kg m -3)
1700
2300
2100
2300
2330
All Data Points
r various sub-categories. This is used to produce the histograms. It could be used for
4
Mastic asphalt
0.098
References
ample size of literature is small. However, the data for asphalt has been modelled from
Reference Details
mber: BREG EN EPD 000103 published by Bre, 2016
mber: environdec EPD S-P-01317 published by Environdec, 2018
u, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community, 2017

mber: environdec EPD S-P-00844 published by Environdec, 2017

lt
e: May-19
ase.html
ments
e some important information.
nts for the material types.

r the full datapoints, there is a separate section further below.
ms and embodied carbon distribution charts.
verage data quality is shown here, along with a link to the
sed to produce the histograms and may be useful for further
ver, EPDs have become the most important data resource.

material.
is for pure bitumen and aggregate blends. It doesn’t cover blends using polymer mod
ICE DB Version
ents
e development indicators, see https://mineralproducts.org/sustainability/reports.html, it

missions, e.g. fuel production, well to tank, emissions.
ta >>>
died carbon of
DQI Total - %
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
d laying and
DQI Total - %
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
ta >>>
nd D)
he scope of the ICE Database. However, some important information is provided here
led Asphalt Planings, otherwise known as RAP. RAP can be added to a new asphalt
recovered.
uilding project. The material wasted has an embodied carbon impact which should not
nd of life impact, based upon their application. Durability and lifetime should also be c
onsider that it can't be guaranteed what will happen at the end of the lifetime, and the
cts of installation, in-use and end of life.
s - kg CO2e/kg
ot publicly available. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes merged in th
egories, in some instances.
. For example, for some materials the average embodied carbon of all data collected
ve a low market share. In such cases, they influence the statistical average unfairly. F
Standard
CO2e/kg)
0.023 0.001
0.019 0.000
0.003 0.000
0.000 0.000
er kg
75 80
0.067 0.071
0.040 0.053
Asphalt - All Data Collect

0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
0 5 10
Datapoints
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
0 5 10
Datapoints
Asphalt, for roads

0.090
0.080
0.070
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.010
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Datapoints
0.080
E
0.070
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.010
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Datapoints
Asphalt, for roads with polyme

0.071
0.070
0.069
0.068
0.067
0.066
0.065
0.064
0.063
0.062
0.061
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Datapoints
E
0.069
0.068
0.067
0.066
0.065
0.064
0.063
0.062
0.061
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Datapoints
Mastic asphalt
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
Em b o d ie d C arb o n - kg C O 2 e p e r kg 0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
E
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
E
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
e the same pool of data as for the summary statistics further above.
DQI
(Max 5)
4.10 2.00
4.00 2.00
5.00 2.00
4.00 2.00
the ICE Database may differ.
Specific heat (J
kg-1 K-1)
1000 2.94117647058823E-07
1700 3.0690537084399E-07
920 6.2111801242236E-07
1700 3.0690537084399E-07
840 5.87574085428163E-07
uld be used for further statistical analysis. These values do not include any modelled d
5 6
N/A N/A
0.000 0.00
n modelled from the constituent ingredients. The data in the literature provides data fo
Description
EPD for Asphalt, Tarmac
EPD for ULTILOW (Low Temperature Asphalt),

Tarmac
EPD for ECO-ASFALT® Plus

Community.
EPD for NCC Green Asphalt - ABb 22 50/70
over blends using polymer modified bitumen and does cover
V3.0 Beta
rg/sustainability/reports.html, it represents average UK data for

ant information is provided here.
can be added to a new asphalt mixture, as recycled material. This
carbon impact which should not be neglected. In many cases this

ty and lifetime should also be considered as a part of a fair
the end of the lifetime, and there scenarios with sensitivity
pes are sometimes merged in the final version of the publicly
ed carbon of all data collected is a poor indicator of the average

e statistical average unfairly. For this reason, some of the material
Comments

literature.
Comments
90
0.079

0.078

available.
Asphalt - All Data Collected
5 10 15 20 25
Datapoints
5 10 15 20 25
Datapoints
Asphalt, for roads
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Datapoints
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Datapoints
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Datapoints
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Datapoints
Mastic asphalt
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints

0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
rther above.
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
4.00 65%
4.00 65%
2.00 63%
1.00 54%
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
s do not include any modelled data, e.g. no data from the cement,
7 8
N/A N/A
0.000 0.00
in the literature provides data for comparison.
Hyperlink
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
ICE DB Version:
Section Navigation
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Bitumen is a black/brown, sticky substance that is often use

fractional distillation of crude oil. Naturally occurring crude b
Bitumen must not be confused with asphalt, which is a mine

to asphalt (Bitumen is used to make asphalt), but with a sm
different ways.
Bitumen is a black/brown, sticky substance that is often use
fractional distillation of crude oil. Naturally occurring crude b
Bitumen must not be confused with asphalt, which is a mine

to asphalt (Bitumen is used to make asphalt), but with a sm
different ways.
Boundaries:
There is a notable embodied carbon range for most types o

where possible. This is because the data on secondary and
Materials
Polymer modified bitumen

(PMB)
Bitumen emulsion
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (modul

provided here.
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Prod


should not be neglected. In many cases this can be a signif
their application. Durability and lifetime should also be cons
should consider that it can't be guaranteed what will happen
links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated impacts of installat
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the sec
merged in the final version of the publicly available ICE data
These statistics are provided for information. It is recommen

collected is a poor indicator of the average embodied carbo
cases, they influence the statistical average unfairly. For thi
Main Material
1 Bitumen - All Data Collected
Bitumen, membrane
2
Bitumen, emulsion
3
Bitumen, Straight-run
4
Bitumen, PMB
5
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample s
Main Material
1 Bitumen - All Data Collected
2 Bitumen, membrane
3 Bitumen, emulsion
4 Bitumen, Straight-run
5 Bitumen, PMB
6
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file forma


Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format wil


Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will p
DQI Version:
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. Th
Main Material
Bitumen
Bitumen, membrane
Bitumen, emulsion
Bitumen, PMB
Material
Bitumen, composite, flooring

Bitumen, insulation, all types

modelled data, e.g. no data from the cement, mortar and co
Datapoint No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Below you will find a list of the references used to compile t

Below you will find a list of the references used to compile t
Item
6
Materia
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
sion still valid?

Check link below, to see if a newer vers
available.
opy is up to date at: http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-
Introd
n, sticky substance that is often used in paving roads or for waterproofing. Bitumen m
rude oil. Naturally occurring crude bitumen is the prime feed stock for petroleum prod
nfused with asphalt, which is a mineral aggregate with a bituminous binder, however
sed to make asphalt), but with a smaller sample size. There was additional confusion
n, sticky substance that is often used in paving roads or for waterproofing. Bitumen m
rude oil. Naturally occurring crude bitumen is the prime feed stock for petroleum prod
nfused with asphalt, which is a mineral aggregate with a bituminous binder, however
sed to make asphalt), but with a smaller sample size. There was additional confusion

Date Last Updated
A3
Selected Embo
odied carbon range for most types of aggregates, as well as for different types of aggr
because the data on secondary and recycled aggregates influences the average nota
<<< Start of Main
Embodied Carbon -
Comments
kgCO2e/kg
Source: Eurobitume, 2012. Life cycle inventory, bitum
edition, Published by the European Bitumen Associa
0.191 The value covers the embodied carbon excluding em

carbon from infrastructure (i.e. carbon to make mach
make machines, or embodied carbon of buildings). G
factors from IPPC AR5 applied, wihtout carbon feedb
Bitumen with 3.5% SBS polymer. Polymer modified b

has a higher embodied carbon due to the higher imp
polymer. However, the use of a polymer in asphalt m
considered to increase the road lifetime. There wasn
sufficient evidence to place the additional lifetime in n
Further research would be needed. PMB is therefore
judged on a whole life basis.
0.326
The value covers the embodied carbon excluding em

factors from IPPC AR5 applied, without carbon feedb
Bitumen emulsion contains a large volume of water,
evaporates during the setting process. The data here
the quantaity of set bitumen, e.g. after the water has
evaporated.

0.222
The value covers the embodied carbon excluding em

factors from IPPC AR5 applied, without carbon feedb
<<< End of Main
Wider Lifecycle
cradle to gate data resource (module A1 to A3). Modules B (in-use), C (end of life) and
the links to the Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) further below. Many EPD
ic to this material:
life cycle impacts.

life cycle impacts.
materials:
ains data on the cradle to gate, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to con
. In many cases this can be a significant contribution to embodied carbon of a constru
lity and lifetime should also be considered as a part of a fair comparative assessment
an't be guaranteed what will happen at the end of the lifetime, and there scenarios wit
he EPDs stated impacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
ICE Database Embodied
mbodied carbon data. See the section 'Selected embodied carbon coefficients' f
me from the data collected for ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data colle
on of the publicly available ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too low for two similar
vided for information. It is recommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rathe
ator of the average embodied carbon of that material. This may be because of sub-ma
e statistical average unfairly. For this reason, some of the material and sub-material c
Average
Sample Size
CO2e/kg)
15 0.554 0.079
5 0.898 0.435
3 0.296 0.222
2 0.219 0.191
2 0.353 0.326
egories, mainly with larger sample sizes, the percentiles are shown below
Percentiles - Where
10 20 25
0.146 0.227 0.246

0.453 0.480
0.222
egories there are histograms and distribution charts provided below. The individual da
e of data for: Bitumen - All Data Collected
n't available in your version of Excel.
shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
e of data for: Bitumen, membrane

e of data for: Bitumen, emulsion

available in your version of Excel.
pe or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
e of data for: Bitumen, Straight-run
vailable in your version of Excel.
e or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
e of data for: Bitumen, PMB
e of data for: 0
e of data for: 0
e of data for: 0
lable in your version of Excel.
or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
ording to our data quality matrix. The below DQI scores are the average data quality
DQI Method
(Max 5)
15 3.80 2.53
5 5.00 2.20
3 3.00 2.67
2 2.00 3.00
2 2.00 3.00
N/A
Mat
below were originally from CIBSE guide (insert ref). The densities of most materials v
aterial Condition
(W-m-1 K-1)
ng 0.85
pes 0.2
of the datapoints collected for this material, along with data for various sub-categories.
data from the cement, mortar and concrete model.
1 2 3
Bitumen - All Data Bitumen,

Bitumen, emulsion
Collected membrane
1.531 1.531 0.389

1.085 1.085 0.277
1.050 0.912 0.222
0.912 0.524
0.661 0.435
0.524
0.435
0.389
0.380
0.326
0.277
0.246
0.222
0.191
0.079
of the references used to compile this material profile.

ICE DB Ref Number EPD? Reference Details
345 No LCA for asphalt binder, Oekobau, 2
EPD Number: EPDCCM20120287IB

378 Yes published by IBU - Institut Bauen &
e.V., 2016
EPD Number: EPDDBC2013211DE

856 Yes published by IBU - Institut Bauen &
e.V., 2013
Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the In

929 No
Building and Community, 2017
Life Cycle Inventory: Bitumen, Euro

1258 No
2012
<<< End o
Material Profile: Bitumen
Date last updated this material

profile:

e if a newer version is
Please download a new version using t
m/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Main Data >>
Comments
Notes on the embodied carbon of this material. It may include some

important information.
These are the main embodied carbon footprint coefficients for the
material types.
Here you will find detailed statistics on the data collected. For the full
datapoints, there is a separate section further below.
For some of the sub-material categories, there are histograms and
embodied carbon distribution charts.
The data in the ICE Database is rated for data quality. The average data
quality is shown here, along with a link to the data quality matrix.
Here you will find all of the datapoints collected. These are used to
produce the histograms and may be useful for further statistical analysis.
The ICE Database uses data from multiple resources. However, EPDs
have become the most important data resource. Here you will find
reference details and links to EPDs for this material.
rproofing. Bitumen may be natural (crude bitumen) or synthetic (refined). Refined bitu
ck for petroleum production from tar sands, of which the largest know reserves are in
ous binder, however in the US the term 'asphalt' is used as the term for 'bitumen'. For
s additional confusion as a result of the English speaking languages (British, America
May-19
Comments
ifferent types of aggregates. It is therefore recommended to use data on specific type

ces the average notably.
ents DQI Total - %

cycle inventory, bitumen, 2nd
ean Bitumen Association.
carbon excluding embodied 64%

arbon to make machines that
arbon of buildings). GWP
wihtout carbon feedback.
r. Polymer modified bitumen

due to the higher impact of the
polymer in asphalt mixtures is
lifetime. There wasn't
additional lifetime in numbers.
ed. PMB is therefore best
64%
carbon excluding embodied

without carbon feedback.
ge volume of water, which
ocess. The data here is for
g. after the water has

64%
carbon excluding embodied

without carbon feedback.

d carbon of a construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or produc
parative assessment. Finally, end of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route,
nd there scenarios with sensitivity analysis should be used where possible. Finally, us
Database Embodied Carbon (EC) Statistics - kg CO2e/kg
oo low for two similar categories. They may therefore give different data for similar so
be because of sub-material types that have an unusually high or low impact. Those su
al and sub-material categories in the main ICE Database considers the consumption
Standard
Max Embodied Deviation
Carbon (kg Embodied
CO2e/kg) Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
1.531 0.399
1.531 0.397
0.389 0.070
0.246 0.028
0.380 0.027
wn below
50 75
0.389 0.912
0.912 1.308
0.277 0.389
0.219
0.353
0.000
low. The individual datapoints may be found further below.
Data Quality
DQI
DQI Temporal (Max
Geographic
5)
(Max 5)
4.13 4.00
5.00 4.00
3.67 4.00
3.00 4.00
3.00 4.00
Material Properties
(CIBSE Data)
Specific heat (J
Density (kg m -3)
kg-1 K-1)
2400 1000
1000 1700
All Data Points
4 5
Bitumen, Straight- Bitumen,

run PMB
0.246 0.380
0.191 0.326
References
erence Details Description
t binder, Oekobau, 2016 LCA for asphalt binder
PDCCM20120287IBD1DE
U - Institut Bauen & Umwelt EPD for RESITRIX® MB and CL Plastics
PDDBC2013211DE EPD for Plastic modified bitumen thick coatings

U - Institut Bauen & Umwelt Plastics / Dichtmassen / Bitumen average
dataset

al Ministry of the Interior,
mmunity, 2017
Community.
tory: Bitumen, Eurobitume,

LCA of bitumen
n
May-19
version has expired.
e download a new version using the link below.
Comments
n of this material. It may include some
d carbon footprint coefficients for the

cts.
stics on the data collected. For the full

section further below.
ategories, there are histograms and
charts.
is rated for data quality. The average data

ith a link to the data quality matrix.
y, specific heat, and more.
apoints collected. These are used to

ay be useful for further statistical analysis.
rom multiple resources. However, EPDs

ant data resource. Here you will find
EPDs for this material.
e bitumen) or synthetic (refined). Refined bitumen is the residual (bottom) fraction ob

ds, of which the largest know reserves are in Canada.
asphalt' is used as the term for 'bitumen'. For selection of best values we experienced
English speaking languages (British, American, Australian and Canadian) using the te
ICE DB Version V3.0 Beta
fficients
re recommended to use data on specific types of aggregates, over the data for UK ge
n Data >>>
n Data >>>
, C and D)
ure lifecycles) are beyond the scope of the ICE Database. However, some important in
der lifecycles
f construction waste in a building project. The material wasted has an embodied carb
rs will need to consider if a material or product has a notable in-use of end of life impa
relies on assumptions on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The
is should be used where possible. Finally, users are directed to the references sectio
stics - kg CO2e/kg
d ICE database, which is not publicly available. The categories of sub-material types a
may therefore give different data for similar sounding material sub-categories, in some
al averages presented here. For example, for some materials the average embodied c
ve an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-material types may have a low marke
in ICE Database considers the consumption mixture of various sub-material types.
Variance Based on a Sample
(Excel Var Function) Embodied Comments
Carbon (kg CO2e/kg)
0.159
0.158 This data doesn’t include any modelle

datapoints that have modelled a consu
0.005 sub-material types. It is all data coll
literature.
0.001
All sub-categories may not be
0.001
O2e per kg
80 90
1.022 1.263
1.442
und further below.

Bitumen - All Data Collected

1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Datapoints
Bitumen, membrane
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Datapoints
Bitumen, emulsion
0.450
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1
Datapoints
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
E
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Datapoints
Bitumen, PMB
0.390
0.380
0.370
0.360
0.350
0.340
0.330
0.320
0.310
0.300
0.290
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Datapoints
0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Datapoints
material category. They use the same pool of data as for the summary statistics furthe
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
2.80 4.00
2.00 3.00
3.33 2.00
4.00 2.00
4.00 2.00
N/A
ble range. Densities within the ICE Database may differ.
3.54166666666667E-07
1.17647058823529E-07
oduce the histograms. It could be used for further statistical analysis. These values do
6 7
N/A N/A
0.000 0.00
Description Hyperlink
or asphalt binder
r RESITRIX® MB and CL Plastics Go To Resource
r Plastic modified bitumen thick coatings

s / Dichtmassen / Bitumen average Go To Resource
t
man database for LCA of buildings by the

l Ministry of the Interior, Building and Go To Resource
unity.
bitumen Go To Resource
>>>
ow.
idual (bottom) fraction obtained by
st values we experienced similar problems

nd Canadian) using the term 'Bitumen' in
s, over the data for UK general aggregates,
owever, some important information is
d has an embodied carbon impact which
in-use of end of life impact, based upon
, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase
d to the references section, which contains
es of sub-material types are sometimes

sub-categories, in some instances.
the average embodied carbon of all data

s may have a low market share. In such
us sub-material types.
Comments
esn’t include any modelled datapoints, e.g.

at have modelled a consumption mixture of
al types. It is all data collected from the
literature.
ub-categories may not be shown.
Comments

available.
ta Collected
10 12 14 16 18
ints
mbrane
10 12 14 16 18
ints
ion
10 12 14 16
ht-run
4 5 6 7
MB
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
s
1.6 1.8 2 2.2
s
1.4 1.6 1.8 2
s
1.4 1.6 1.8 2
summary statistics further above.

61%
61%
53%
51%
51%
N/A
nalysis. These values do not include any

8
N/A
0.000
Hyperlink
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
ICE DB Version: V3.0 - 10 No
Section Navigation
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
The high range is due to the fact that the embodied carbon is
material and is important in the manufacture of concrete. The
This should only be applied in the absence of knowing the sp
Boundaries:
A3
The high range is due to the fact that the embodied carbon is
material and is important in the manufacture of concrete. The
This should only be applied in the absence of knowing the sp
Cement
Embodied Carbon -
Materials
kgCO2e/kg
General (UK average) 0.832
CEM I, Ordinary Portland

0.912
Cement (OPC)
CEM II - Portlan
CEM II-A-S - 13% GGBs 0.803
CEM II/B-S - 28% GGBs 0.672
CEM II - Portland-
CEM II/A-P - 13% natural

0.798
pozzolanic ash
CEM II/B-P 28% natural

0.661
pozzolanic ash
CEM II - Portlan
CEM II/A-V - 13% fly ash

0.798
siliceous
CEM II/B-V - 28% fly ash
0.661
siliceous
CEM II/A-W - 13% fly ash

0.798
calcareous
CEM II/B-W - 28% fly ash

0.661
calcareous
CEM II - Portland-
CEM II/A-L - 13%
0.799
limestone
CEM II/B-L- 28%
0.664
limestone
CEM II/A-LL - 13%
0.799
limestone
CEM II/B-LL - 28%
0.664
limestone
CEM II - Portland-
CEM II/A-M - 16% cement

0.774
replacement
CEM II/B-M - 28% cement

0.666
replacement
CEM III - Blast
CEM III/A - 50.5% GGBS 0.475
CEM III/B - 73% GGBS 0.278
CEM III/C - 88% GGBS 0.147

CEM IV - Pozz
CEM IV/A - 23% cement

0.707
replacement
CEM IV/B - 46% cement

0.501
replacement
CEM V - Com
CEM V/A - 24% GGBS and

0.489
24% cement replacement
CEM V/B - 36% GGBS and

0.284
36% cement replacement
Mortar
Mortar and S
Mortar (1:3 cement:sand

0.20
mix)
Mortar (1:4) 0.16

Mortar (1:5) 0.14
Mortar (1:6) 0.12
Mortar (1:½:4½
0.17
Cement:Lime:Sand mix)
Mortar (1:1:6
0.15
Mortar (1:2:9
0.13
Mortar and Screed - A
Mortar (1:3 cement:sand

0.18
mix)
Mortar (1:4) 0.15
Mortar (1:5) 0.13
Mortar (1:6) 0.11
Mortar (1:½:4½
0.16
Mortar (1:1:6
0.14
Mortar (1:2:9
0.13
Admixtures
Admi
General concrete
admixtures – Average of 1.67
data collected
Concrete admixtures –
0.53
Air entrainers, Europe
2.28
Hardening Accelerators
Plasticisers and 1.88
Superplasticisers
1.31
Retarders
1.33
Set Accelerators
Water Resisting 2.67
Admixtures
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (module

here.
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Produ

The ICE database contains data on the cradle to gate, Modul

not be neglected. In many cases this can be a significant con
Durability and lifetime should also be considered as a part of
can't be guaranteed what will happen at the end of the lifetime
EPDs stated impacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the secti
These statistics have come from the data collected for ICE V3
the final version of the publicly available ICE database, e.g. if
These statistics are provided for information. It is recommend

collected is a poor indicator of the average embodied carbon
they influence the statistical average unfairly. For this reason,

1 Cement - All Data Collected
70
2 Cement, Mortar 42
3 Cement, General 14
4 Cement, Admixtures 6
5 Cement, Screed 4
6 Cement, Grout 3
7 Cement, Fibreboard 1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample siz
Main Material
10
1 Cement - All Data Collected

0.193
2 Cement, Mortar 0.308
3 Cement, General 0.382
4 Cement, Admixtures
5 Cement, Screed
6 Cement, Grout
7 Cement, Fibreboard
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
For some of the sub-categories there are histograms and dist




DQI Version:
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. The

Cement 70
Cement, Mortar 42
Cement, General 14
Cement, Admixtures 6
Cement, Screed 4
Cement, Grout 3
Cement, Fibreboard 1
N/A
The material properties below were originally from CIBSE gui
Material
cement
cement blocks, cellular
cement fibreboard, magnesium oxysulphide binder
Cement mortar
cement mortar
cement mortar
cement/lime plaster
cement panels, wood fibres A
cement panels, wood fibres B
cement panels, wood fibres C
cement panels, wood fibres D
Cement Screed
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this mat
modelled data, e.g. no data from the cement, mortar and conc
Cement - All Data

Datapoint No.
Collected
1 2.670
2 2.280
3 1.880
4 1.812
5 1.578
6 1.330
7 1.310
8 1.174
9 1.110
10 1.110
11 1.110
12 1.110
13 1.110
14 1.110
15 1.110
16 1.110
17 1.110
18 1.110
19 0.930
20 0.930
21 0.930
22 0.930
23 0.930
24 0.930
25 0.930
26 0.930
27 0.930
28 0.930
29 0.930
30 0.930
31 0.930
32 0.868
33 0.830
34 0.809
35 0.791
36 0.778
37 0.735
38 0.721
39 0.720
40 0.587
41 0.578
42 0.554
43 0.527
44 0.506
45 0.503
46 0.465
47 0.465
48 0.465
49 0.465
50 0.465
51 0.465
52 0.465
53 0.465
54 0.465
55 0.465
56 0.465
57 0.465
58 0.465
59 0.465
60 0.465
61 0.391
62 0.373
63 0.241
64 0.188
65 0.156
66 0.141
67 0.132
68 0.123
69 0.111
70 0.088
71
Below you will find a list of the references used to compile thi
1 346
2 347
3 348
4 349
5 350
6 352
7 353
8 354
9 355
10 502
11 929
12 1167
13 1173
14 1174
15 1175
16 1176
17 1177
18 1178
19 1179
20
Material Profile: Cemen
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
Check link below, to see if a newer version is

available.
http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-
Click to Go
Introduction to Mater
mbodied carbon is highly dependent upon the clinker content of cement, manufacturin
e of concrete. There are a wide range of cement types with a large variation in the em
of knowing the specific type of cement. However, greater accuracy will be achieved b
Date Last Updated
Selected Embodied Carbon C
Comments
mbodied carbon is highly dependent upon the clinker content of cement, manufacturin
e of concrete. There are a wide range of cement types with a large variation in the em
of knowing the specific type of cement. However, greater accuracy will be achieved b
<<< Start of Main Embodied Car
Comments
Mixture taken from average UK sector cement EPD. 86.1% clinker,
0.04% ggbs, 3.4% fly ash, 4.8% gypsum, 5.1% limestone, 0.56%
MACs. By weight. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete
model.
CEM I is a 'pure' cement, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Estimated

from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
CEM II - Portland-slag cement
This cement permits between 6-20% ggbs Estimated from ICE

Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
EM II - Portland-pozzolana cement
This cement permits between 6-20% natural pozzolanic ash Estimated


CEM II - Portland-fly ash cement
This cement permits between 6-20% siliceous fly ash Estimated from
ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
This cement permits between 21-35% siliceous fly ash Estimated from
This cement permits between 6-20% calcareous fly ash Estimated from
This cement permits between 21-35% calcareous fly ash Estimated

CEM II - Portland-limestone cement

This cement permits between 6-20% limestone Estimated from ICE
EM II - Portland-composite cement
This cement permits between 12-20% cement replacements Estimated

This cement permits between 21-35% cement replacements Estimated

CEM III - Blast furnace cement

CEM IV - Pozzolanic cement
This cement permits between 11-35% pozzolanic materials, e.g. fly

ash, pozzolanic ash. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete
model.
This cement permits between 38-55% pozzolanic materials, e.g. fly

ash, pozzolanic ash. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete
model.
CEM V - Composite cement
This cement permits between 18-30% ggbs and 18-30% pozzolanic

materials. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
This cement permits between 31-49% ggbs and 31-49% pozzolanic

materials. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
Mortar and Screed - CEM I
Modelled with CEM I

Modelled with CEM I
r and Screed - Average UK Cement Mix
Uses the General UK Average cement mixture.

Admixtures
Average from EPDs collected for admixtures
European EPD, from European Federation of Concrete

Admixtures Associations Ltd. (EFCA). Density of 1-1.6 kg/l in
accordance
with the IBU PCR 07.2014 Part B for concrete
admixtures
<<< End of Main Embodied Carb
Wider Lifecycle Notes (Modules
esource (module A1 to A3). Modules B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits to futu
ironmental Product Declarations (EPDs) further below. Many EPDs have data for wid
dle to gate, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to consider the amount of
e a significant contribution to embodied carbon of a construction building. Users will ne
dered as a part of a fair comparative assessment. Finally, end of life relies on assump
end of the lifetime, and there scenarios with sensitivity analysis should be used wher
and end of life.
ICE Database Embodied Carbon (EC) St
ata. See the section 'Selected embodied carbon coefficients' for the main data.
ollected for ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data collected in the backend
E database, e.g. if sample size is too low for two similar categories. They may therefor
. It is recommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rather than the statistica
embodied carbon of that material. This may be because of sub-material types that hav
y. For this reason, some of the material and sub-material categories in the main ICE D
Average
Min Embodied
Embodied
Carbon (kg
Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
CO2e/kg)
0.795 0.088
0.727 0.088
0.869 0.373
1.666 0.527
0.133 0.111
0.620 0.465
0.554 0.554
larger sample sizes, the percentiles are shown below
Percentiles - Where Available - kgCO
20 25
0.465 0.465
0.465 0.465
0.587 0.687
0.840 1.114
0.111 0.114
0.465
stograms and distribution charts provided below. The individual datapoints may be fou
Cement - All Data Collected
Excel.
nto a different file format will permanently break the chart.
Cement, Mortar
Excel.
nto a different file format will permanently break the chart.
Cement, General
cel.
o a different file format will permanently break the chart.
Cement, Admixtures
el.
a different file format will permanently break the chart.

Cement, Screed
el.

Cement, Grout
l.
Cement, Fibreboard
l.
0
ifferent file format will permanently break the chart.
Data Quality
V0.2 Beta
uality matrix. The below DQI scores are the average data quality collected for each m
DQI Method DQI Assurance

(Max 5) (Max 5)
5.00 2.17
5.00 2.02
5.00 2.29
5.00 3.00
5.00 2.25
5.00 2.00
5.00 2.00
Material Properties
y from CIBSE guide (insert ref). The densities of most materials varies within a sensib
Thermal
Condition conductivity (W-m-1
K-1)
0.72
0.33
0.082
0.72
Dry 0.93
Moist 1.5
0.8
Dry 0.08
Moist 0.12
0.12
Dry 0.35
1.4
All Data Points
ected for this material, along with data for various sub-categories. This is used to prod
t, mortar and concrete model.
2 3
Cement,
Cement, General
Mortar
1.110 1.812
1.110 1.578
1.110 1.174
1.110 0.868
1.110 0.830
1.110 0.809
1.110 0.791
1.110 0.778
1.110 0.735
1.110 0.721
0.930 0.720
0.930 0.587
0.930 0.391
0.930 0.373
0.930
0.930
0.930
0.930
0.930
0.930
0.930
0.930
0.578
0.506
0.503
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.241
0.188
0.132
0.088
References
sed to compile this material profile.
EPD Number: EPDDIV20130122IBE1DE published by

Yes
IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2013
EPD Number: EPDPCI20140153IBE1DE published by

Yes

Yes
Yes
EPD Number: EPD-VDZ-20170026-IAG1-DE

Yes published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V.,
2017

Yes

Yes

Yes
EPD Number: BRE GEN EPD 000155 published by

Yes
BRE, 2017
EPD Number: environdec EPD S-P-00895 published

Yes
by Environdec, 2016
Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building
No
and Community, 2017
EPD Number: BREG EN EPD 000156 published by

Yes
BRE, 2015
EPD Number: EPD-MPA-20170159-CAG1-EN

2017
EPD Number: EPD-EFC-20150086-IAG1-EN

2015

2015

2015
2015
2015
2015
<<< End of Material Profi
Material Profile: Cement & Mortar

see if a newer version is
Please download a new versi
com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Go To Main Data >>
Comments
information.
a separate section further below.
distribution charts.
shown here, along with a link to the data quality matrix.
histograms and may be useful for further statistical analysis.
most important data resource. Here you will find reference details and links
this material.
pon the clinker content of cement, manufacturing technology and if additions have be
of cement types with a large variation in the embodied energy and carbon. The "gen
t. However, greater accuracy will be achieved by using data on the specific cement m
May-19
Comments
pon the clinker content of cement, manufacturing technology and if additions have be
of cement types with a large variation in the embodied energy and carbon. The "gen
t. However, greater accuracy will be achieved by using data on the specific cement m
Comments DQI Total - %

UK sector cement EPD. 86.1% clinker,
4.8% gypsum, 5.1% limestone, 0.56%
76%
d from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete
rdinary Portland Cement (OPC). Estimated

76%
oncrete model.
DQI Total - %
en 6-20% ggbs Estimated from ICE

75%
model.
75%
model.
DQI Total - %
en 6-20% natural pozzolanic ash Estimated

74%
oncrete model.
en 21-35% natural pozzolanic ash

72%
, Mortar, Concrete model.
DQI Total - %
en 6-20% siliceous fly ash Estimated from

76%
ete model.
en 21-35% siliceous fly ash Estimated from
75%
ete model.
en 6-20% calcareous fly ash Estimated from

76%
ete model.
en 21-35% calcareous fly ash Estimated

75%
oncrete model.
DQI Total - %
en 6-20% limestone Estimated from ICE
75%
model.
75%
model.
75%
model.
75%
model.
DQI Total - %
en 12-20% cement replacements Estimated

76%
oncrete model.
en 21-35% cement replacements Estimated

75%
oncrete model.
DQI Total - %

74%
model.
73%
model.
72%
model.
DQI Total - %
en 11-35% pozzolanic materials, e.g. fly

ted from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete 76%
en 38-55% pozzolanic materials, e.g. fly

ted from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete 75%
DQI Total - %
en 18-30% ggbs and 18-30% pozzolanic

75%
CE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
en 31-49% ggbs and 31-49% pozzolanic

74%
CE Cement, Mortar, Concrete model.
DQI Total - %
76%
76%
delled with CEM I

75%
delled with CEM I 75%
72%
69%
65%
Mix DQI Total - %
76%
76%
75%
al UK Average cement mixture. 75%
71%
68%
64%
DQI Total - %
ed for admixtures 66%
80%
80%
ean Federation of Concrete 80%

d. (EFCA). Density of 1-1.6 kg/l in
Part B for concrete 80%
80%
80%
B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits to future lifecycles) are beyond the scope of
Ds) further below. Many EPDs have data for wider lifecycles
carbon. It is important to consider the amount of construction waste in a building proje
d carbon of a construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or produc
ssessment. Finally, end of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route, such as la
os with sensitivity analysis should be used where possible. Finally, users are directed
died carbon coefficients' for the main data.
are from all of the data collected in the backend ICE database, which is not publicly a
ow for two similar categories. They may therefore give different data for similar sound
embodied carbon data, rather than the statistical averages presented here. For examp
s may be because of sub-material types that have an unusually high or low impact. Th
al and sub-material categories in the main ICE Database considers the consumption m
Standard
Deviation
Max Embodied Carbon (kg
Embodied
CO2e/kg)
Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
2.670 0.481
1.110 0.319
1.812 0.389
2.670 0.703
0.156 0.017
0.930 0.219
0.554 0.000
are shown below
50 75
0.785 1.110
0.930 0.975
0.785 0.945
1.605 2.378
0.132 0.152
0.465 0.930
0.554
0.000
ded below. The individual datapoints may be found further below.

Data Quality
are the average data quality collected for each material category. They use the same p
DQI
DQI Temporal (Max 5) Geographic
(Max 5)
4.74 3.97
4.60 4.00
5.00 3.43
5.00 5.00
5.00 4.00
4.67 4.00
5.00 4.00
Material Properties
densities of most materials varies within a sensible range. Densities within the ICE Da
Properties (CIBSE Data)
Specific heat (J
Density (kg m -3)
kg-1 K-1)
1860 840
520 2040
350 1300
1650 920
1900 840
1900 840
1600 840
350 1890
350 3040
400 1470
1650 840
2100 650
All Data Points
a for various sub-categories. This is used to produce the histograms. It could be used
4 5
Cement,
Cement, Admixtures
Screed
2.670 0.156
2.280 0.141
1.880 0.123
1.330 0.111
1.310
0.527
References
Reference Details Description
r: EPDDIV20130122IBE1DE published by EPD for PCI Flexfug® - Polymer mod

Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2013 grout
r: EPDPCI20140153IBE1DE published by
EPD for PCI Carrafug® - Special join
Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2014
EPD for PCI Carrament® white or gra

bed mortar for natural stones and fu
coverings
EPD for PCI Durafug® NT - Cementit
groutfor commercially used areas, s
pools and potable water reservoirs
r: EPD-VDZ-20170026-IAG1-DE
y IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., EPD for Average cement
EPD for Modified mineral mortar of g
r: EPDPCI20160139IBE1DE published by EPD for Modified Group 3 mineral m

Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2016 leveling compounds for walls and ce
r: EPDPCI20150189IBE1DE published by EPD for Modified mineral mortar of g

Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2015 jointing mortar
r: BRE GEN EPD 000155 published by

EPD for Mortar
r: environdec EPD S-P-00895 published

EPD for CP II E 40 Cement
ec, 2016
A German database for LCA of build
ederal Ministry of the Interior, Building
Federal Ministry of the Interior, Build
nity, 2017
Community.
r: BREG EN EPD 000156 published by

EPD for Screed
r: EPD-MPA-20170159-CAG1-EN
EPD for UK Average Portland Cemen
y IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V.,
Products Association (MPA) UK
r: EPD-EFC-20150086-IAG1-EN
y IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., EPD for Concrete admixtures – Air e
EPD for Concrete admixtures – Hard
Accelerators
EPD for Concrete admixtures – Plast
Superplasticisers
y IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., EPD for Concrete admixtures – Reta
y IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., EPD for Concrete admixtures – Set A
EPD for Concrete admixtures – Wate
Admixtures
Mortar
May-19
ments
ial. It may include some important
tprint coefficients for the material types.

ata collected. For the full datapoints, there is
re are histograms and embodied carbon
ta quality. The average data quality is

ality matrix.
t, and more.
ted. These are used to produce the

tistical analysis.
esources. However, EPDs have become the

find reference details and links to EPDs for
nology and if additions have been added, such as fly ash, slag…etc. Cement is an im
d energy and carbon. The "general" cement category provides an estimate of the UK
g data on the specific cement mixture needed for your projects.
ients
nology and if additions have been added, such as fly ash, slag…etc. Cement is an im
d energy and carbon. The "general" cement category provides an estimate of the UK
g data on the specific cement mixture needed for your projects.
Data >>>
ata >>>
and D)
cycles) are beyond the scope of the ICE Database. However, some important informa
cycles
ruction waste in a building project. The material wasted has an embodied carbon imp
consider if a material or product has a notable in-use of end of life impact, based upo
on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase should
sible. Finally, users are directed to the references section, which contains links to EPD
cs - kg CO2e/kg
database, which is not publicly available. The categories of sub-material types are som
e different data for similar sounding material sub-categories, in some instances.
ages presented here. For example, for some materials the average embodied carbon
unusually high or low impact. Those sub-material types may have a low market share
ase considers the consumption mixture of various sub-material types.

Carbon (kg CO2e/kg)
0.232
0.102
0.151
0.495
0.000 This data doesn’t include any modelle
0.048 datapoints that have modelled a consu
0.000 sub-material types. It is all data coll
literature.
All sub-categories may not be
er kg
80 90
1.110 1.296
1.110 1.110
1.174 1.695
2.514
0.156
rther below.
Cement - All Data Collected

3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Datapoints
Cement, Mortar
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Datapoints
Cement, General
2.000
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1
Datapoints
Cement, Admixtures
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
E
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Datapoints
Cement, Screed
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Datapoints
Cement, Grout
1.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Datapoints
Cement, Fibreboard
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Datapoints
l category. They use the same pool of data as for the summary statistics further abov
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
2.00 6.00
2.00 5.00
2.00 4.00
2.00 3.00
2.00 2.00
2.00 2.00
2.00 1.00
N/A
nge. Densities within the ICE Database may differ.
4.60829493087558E-07
3.11085972850679E-07
1.8021978021978E-07
4.74308300395257E-07
5.82706766917293E-07
9.39849624060151E-07
5.95238095238095E-07
1.20937263794407E-07
1.12781954887218E-07
2.04081632653061E-07
2.52525252525253E-07
1.02564102564103E-06
he histograms. It could be used for further statistical analysis. These values do not inc
6 7
Cement,
Cement, Grout
Fibreboard
0.930 0.554
0.465
0.465
r PCI Flexfug® - Polymer modified joint

Go To Resource
r PCI Carrafug® - Special joint grout Go To Resource
r PCI Carrament® white or gray - medium

ortar for natural stones and fully vitrified Go To Resource
ngs
r PCI Durafug® NT - Cementitious joint
or commercially used areas, swimming Go To Resource
and potable water reservoirs
r Average cement Go To Resource
r Modified mineral mortar of group 3 Go To Resource
r Modified Group 3 mineral mortars as

Go To Resource
g compounds for walls and ceilings
r Modified mineral mortar of group 3 as

Go To Resource
g mortar
r Mortar Go To Resource
r CP II E 40 Cement Go To Resource
unity.
r Screed
r UK Average Portland Cement Mineral

Go To Resource
ts Association (MPA) UK
r Concrete admixtures – Air entrainers Go To Resource
r Concrete admixtures – Hardening

Go To Resource
rators
r Concrete admixtures – Plasticisers and

Go To Resource
lasticisers
r Concrete admixtures – Retarders Go To Resource
r Concrete admixtures – Set Accelerators Go To Resource
r Concrete admixtures – Water Resisting

Go To Resource
ures
>
ow.
ag…etc. Cement is an important building
es an estimate of the UK average cement.
cts.
ag…etc. Cement is an important building
es an estimate of the UK average cement.
cts.
, some important information is provided
an embodied carbon impact which should
of life impact, based upon their application.
e end of life phase should consider that it
hich contains links to EPDs. Many of the
ub-material types are sometimes merged in

n some instances.
verage embodied carbon of all data

have a low market share. In such cases,
al types.
Comments
literature.
Comments

available.
ta Collected
40 50 60 70 80
ints
Mortar
25 30 35 40 45
ints
ral
10 12 14 16
tures
4 5 6 7
eed
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
s
out
2 2.5 3 3.5
s
board
1.4 1.6 1.8 2
s
1.4 1.6 1.8 2
ary statistics further above.

68%
65%
62%
66%
58%
56%
54%
N/A
. These values do not include any
N/A
0.000
Hyperlink
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
ICE DB Version:
Section Navigation
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Clay products release process related carbon dioxide emiss

within the data.
Clay products release process related carbon dioxide emiss
within the data.
Boundaries:
There is data for both bricks and also brick walls. The data f
houses were constructed with mortar that was too weak and
Materials
Clay, Brick
Clay brick, one brick, 215 x
65 x 102.5mm
Clay brick
Single skin walls - 102.5mm thick
Materials
with Mortar 1:3 cement:sand mix

with Mortar (1:½:4½
Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using
CEM I cement)
with Mortar (1:1:6
CEM I cement)
with Mortar (1:2:9
CEM I cement)
Double skin walls
Materials
CO2e per m2

with Mortar (1:½:4½
CEM I cement)
with Mortar (1:1:6
CEM I cement)
with Mortar (1:2:9
CEM I cement)
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (module
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Prod
Bricks have a particularly long lifetime. However, when asse

basis]. This shows how important it is to consider the whole
Bricks have a particularly long lifetime. However, when asse
basis]. This shows how important it is to consider the whole

cases this can be a significant contribution to embodied car
a part of a fair comparative assessment. Finally, end of life r
scenarios with sensitivity analysis should be used where po
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the sec
These statistics have come from the data collected for ICE V
publicly available ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too lo
These statistics are provided for information. It is recommen

average embodied carbon of that material. This may be bec
some of the material and sub-material categories in the mai
Main Material
1 Clay - All Data Collected
Clay, Brick Hollowcore

2
Clay, Brick
3
4 insulated
Clay, Tile
5
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample s
Main Material
1 Clay - All Data Collected
2 Clay, Brick Hollowcore
3 Clay, Brick
4 insulated
5 Clay, Tile
6
For some of the sub-categories there are histograms and di


Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format



DQI Version:
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. Th
Main Material
Clay
Clay, Brick
Clay, Brick Hollowcore insulated
Clay, Tile
Material
Brick A
Brick B
brickwork, outer leaf

burned A
burned B
burned C
mud
reinforced
the cement, mortar and concrete model.
Datapoint No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Below you will find a list of the references used to compile th
Item
4
5
8
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
sion still valid? Check link below, to see if a newer vers
opy is up to date at: http://www.circularecology.com/embodie
rocess related carbon dioxide emissions during their manufacture. These carbon emis
rocess related carbon dioxide emissions during their manufacture. These carbon emis
Cradle to Gate = A1- Date Last

A3 Updated
icks and also brick walls. The data for brick walls is presented by different mortar type
d with mortar that was too weak and presented issues that needed to be fixed post co
<<
Embodied Carbon -
Comments
kgCO2e/kg
Density needs to consider voids in the finished bricks

0.213
0.454 Average UK brick weighs 2.13 kg per brick [Source: T
Clay brick walls - per m2 of wall including mortar, not including
EC - kgCO2e Mass per declared

Declared Units
per unit unit - kg
1 40.5 m2
1 38.0 m2
1 36.4 m2
1 35.2 m2
1 38.5 m2
1 37.3 m2
1 36.1 m2
EC - kgCO2e Mass per declared

Declared Units
per unit unit - kg
1 88.1 m2
1 81.9 m2
1 77.7 m2
1 74.6 m2
1 82.9 m2
1 80.0 m2
1 76.8 m2
<
y long lifetime. However, when assessing options for cradle to construction, bricks ca
important it is to consider the whole life carbon for bricks. With the long lifetime of a b
y long lifetime. However, when assessing options for cradle to construction, bricks ca
important it is to consider the whole life carbon for bricks. With the long lifetime of a b
materials:
ificant contribution to embodied carbon of a construction building. Users will need to c
ive assessment. Finally, end of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route, such
y analysis should be used where possible. Finally, users are directed to the reference
ICE Datab
atabase, e.g. if sample size is too low for two similar categories. They may therefore g
on of that material. This may be because of sub-material types that have an unusually
d sub-material categories in the main ICE Database considers the consumption mixtu
Average
Min Embodied
Embodied
Sample Size Carbon (kg
Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
CO2e/kg)
16 0.255 0.179
8 0.260 0.179
6 0.240 0.195
1 0.308 0.308
1 0.255 0.255
Perc
10 20 25
0.190 0.218 0.229
0.217 0.230
0.202 0.209
e of data for: Clay - All Data Collected

e of data for: Clay, Brick Hollowcore

e of data for: Clay, Brick

e of data for: Clay, Brick Hollowcore insulated
e of data for: Clay, Tile
e of data for: 0
e of data for: 0
e of data for: 0

Sample Size
(Max 5) (Max 5)
16 5.00 2.50
8 5.00 2.75
6 5.00 2.33
1 5.00 2.00
1 5.00 2.00
N/A
Material Properties (CIB
Thermal
aterial Condition conductivity (W-
m-1 K-1)
0.72
1.31
0.3
0.62
0.84
0.75
0.85
1
0.75
0.96
1.1
0.8
concrete model.
1 2 3
Clay - All Data Clay, Brick

Clay, Brick
Collected Hollowcore
0.354 0.354 0.300

0.313 0.313 0.256
0.308 0.283 0.239
0.300 0.246 0.238
0.283 0.241 0.213
0.256 0.240 0.195
0.255 0.226
0.246 0.179
0.241
0.240
0.239
0.238
0.226
0.213
0.195
0.179
EPD Number: EPD-AMZ-20140244-I

390 Yes
published by IBU - Institut Bauen &
EPD Number: EPD-ZWM-20160126-I

396 Yes
929 Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the In
930 EPD Number: MD-14004-EN publish

EPD Number: environdec EPD
1146
S-P-00750 published by Environdec
EPD Number: EPD-AMZ-20140245-I

444
1256 EPD Number: TBC published by BR

Material Profile: Clay Bricks
to see if a newer version is available.
cularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
To Main Data >>
Comments
below.
the data quality matrix.
further statistical analysis.
resource. Here you will find reference details and links to EPDs for this mate
nufacture. These carbon emissions are in addition to the emissions released by burni
May-19
Comments
ented by different mortar types. It is important that users consider if the strength of the
at needed to be fixed post completion.
Comments
er voids in the finished bricks. Average UK brick weighs 2.13 kg per

Development Association].
hs 2.13 kg per brick [Source: The Brick Development Association].
including mortar, not including waste
Comments
1900 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses CEM I, e.g. no cement

replacements in the mix. You must consider if this strength of mortar
is suitable for your application. Average UK brick weighs 2.13 kg per
Comments
1500 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses CEM I, e.g. no cement
replacements in the mix. You must consider if this strength of mortar
is suitable for your application. Average UK brick weighs 2.13 kg per
B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits to future lifecycles) are beyond the scope o
Ds) further below. Many EPDs have data for wider lifecycles
dle to construction, bricks can often appear to be a relatively high embodied carbon
. With the long lifetime of a brick based building, this should be considered when com
carbon. It is important to consider the amount of construction waste in a building proj
building. Users will need to consider if a material or product has a notable in-use of e
s on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase shou
are directed to the references section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EP
odied carbon coefficients' for the main data.
s are from all of the data collected in the backend ICE database, which is not publicly
gories. They may therefore give different data for similar sounding material sub-categ
embodied carbon data, rather than the statistical averages presented here. For exam
types that have an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-material types may have
siders the consumption mixture of various sub-material types.

0.354
0.354
0.300
0.308
0.255
are shown below
50
0.243
0.243
0.238
0.308
0.255
0.000
vided below. The individual datapoints may be found further below.
.
.
nsulated
Data Quality
are the average data quality collected for each material category. They use the same

5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Material Properties
densities of most materials varies within a sensible range. Densities within the ICE D
Density (kg m -3)
1920
2080
1000
1700
1700
1300
1500
1700
1730
2000
1920
1890
All Data Points
ta for various sub-categories. This is used to produce the histograms. It could be used
0.308
References
Reference Details
mber: EPD-AMZ-20140244-ICG1-DE
ed by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2015
mber: EPD-ZWM-20160126-ICG1-DE published by IBU - Institut

Umwelt e.V., 2016
u, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community, 2017
mber: MD-14004-EN published by EPD Danmark, 2014

mber: environdec EPD
50 published by Environdec, 2015
mber: EPD-AMZ-20140245-ICG1-DE published by IBU - Institut

Umwelt e.V., 2015
mber: TBC published by BRE, 2019

Bricks
ofile: May-19
atabase.html
mments
include some important information.
efficients for the material types.

ed. For the full datapoints, there is a separate section further
tograms and embodied carbon distribution charts.
The average data quality is shown here, along with a link to
re.
e are used to produce the histograms and may be useful for
However, EPDs have become the most important data

s to EPDs for this material.
ons released by burning fossil fuels in the production process. The data presented he
ICE DB Version
efficients
er if the strength of the mortar is suitable for their application. There have recently bee
on Data >>>
DQI Total - %
80%
80%
DQI Total - %
79%
79%
79%
79%
78%
77%
76%
DQI Total - %
78%
79%
79%
79%
77%
76%
76%
n Data >>>
B, C and D)
e beyond the scope of the ICE Database. However, some important information is pro
gh embodied carbon option [this should not be taken as a rule of thumb, it must alway
considered when comparing against other options, particularly if their lifetime is not as
aste in a building project. The material wasted has an embodied carbon impact which
s a notable in-use of end of life impact, based upon their application. Durability and lif
end of life phase should consider that it can't be guaranteed what will happen at the e
EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated impacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
istics - kg CO2e/kg
which is not publicly available. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes m
ing material sub-categories, in some instances.
sented here. For example, for some materials the average embodied carbon of all dat
aterial types may have a low market share. In such cases, they influence the statistica
Standard
CO2e/kg)
0.045 0.002
0.051 0.003
0.033 0.001
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
O2e per kg
75 80
0.296 0.305
0.306 0.321
0.267 0.282
ow.
Clay - All Data Collecte
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Datapoints
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5
Datapoints
Clay, Brick
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 1 2 3 4
Datapoints
Clay, Brick Hollowcore insulat

0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.300
E
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
Clay, Tile
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
y. They use the same pool of data as for the summary statistics further above.
DQI
(Max 5)
4.06 2.00
4.00 2.00
4.17 2.00
4.00 2.00
4.00 2.00
sities within the ICE Database may differ.
Specific heat (J
kg-1 K-1)
840 4.46428571428571E-07
921 6.83830284807484E-07
840 3.57142857142857E-07
800 4.55882352941176E-07
800 6.17647058823529E-07
840 6.86813186813187E-07
840 6.74603174603175E-07
840 7.00280112044818E-07
880 4.92643194955334E-07
840 5.71428571428571E-07
840 6.82043650793651E-07
880 4.81000481000481E-07
rams. It could be used for further statistical analysis. These values do not include any
5 6
Clay, Tile N/A
0.255 0.000
Description
EPD for building bricks
EPD for facing bricks, paving tiles and aprons.

Building with brick bivalve wall

Community.
EPD of Strøjer Tegl bricks

EPD for Hollow bricks
EPD for Brick (insulating material filled)
EPD for bricks
>>>
rocess. The data presented here includes the process carbon
V3.0 Beta
cation. There have recently been some cases in the UK where

ome important information is provided here.
as a rule of thumb, it must always be assessed on a case by case

ticularly if their lifetime is not as long as the brick based building.
embodied carbon impact which should not be neglected. In many
eir application. Durability and lifetime should also be considered as
nteed what will happen at the end of the lifetime, and there
in-use and end of life.
material types are sometimes merged in the final version of the
age embodied carbon of all data collected is a poor indicator of the

es, they influence the statistical average unfairly. For this reason,
Comments
literature.
Comments
90
0.325

available.
Clay - All Data Collected
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Datapoints
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Datapoints
Clay, Brick
2 3 4 5 6 7
Datapoints

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
Clay, Tile
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints

0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints

0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
statistics further above.
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
4.00 64%
3.00 62%
3.00 61%
1.00 54%
1.00 54%
N/A N/A
hese values do not include any modelled data, e.g. no data from
7 8
N/A N/A
0.000 0.00
Hyperlink
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
>>>
>>>
bodied Carbon - kgCO2e per kg
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per
e per kg
odied Carbon - kgCO2e per kg Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per kg
Embodied Carbon - kg
- kgCO2e per kg
CO2e per kg Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per k
>>>
>>>
Select From Drop Down List
>>>
>>>
2e per one block Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per one block
Embodied
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per Carbon -
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per one blo
one block kgCO2e per one
block
Embodied Carbon - Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per Embodied C
kgCO2e per m2 one block o
Embodied
mbodied Carbon Carbon - Embodied Carbon - Embodied Carbon -
kgCO2e per m2 kgCO2e per kgCO2e per m2 kgCO2e per m2
m2
Embodied Carb
- kgCO2e per
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
ICE DB Version:
Section Navigation
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Concrete is composed of cement, aggregates, sand, water and sometimes c
There are an almost unlimited amount of different concrete mixtures and the
database has an estimate of the UK typical concrete mixture, there is such a
Concrete is composed of cement, aggregates, sand, water and sometimes c
There are an almost unlimited amount of different concrete mixtures and the
database has an estimate of the UK typical concrete mixture, there is such a
Boundaries:
Note on strength classes: A compressive strength designation C32/40 M

this when a concrete is only specified as 40 MPa, for example.
General comments: Below there is data for many different types of concret
cement modelled with the UK average cement, which contains UK average
The data with specific cement replacement rates, e.g. 50% ggbs, are based
materials can contribute. This threshold is linked to the strength class of the
slag could reach 70-80% replacement (or even 95% with some modern mix
The ICE Cement, Mortar & Concrete Model was used to estimate the results
Finally for the data presented with a specified compressive strength class, s
carbon data challenging, without knowing the actual cement content. The as
concrete. Finding out the cement content actually used in your concrete by a
The most accurate results are obtained from directly modelling the real conc
General comments: Below there is data for many different types of concret
cement modelled with the UK average cement, which contains UK average
The data with specific cement replacement rates, e.g. 50% ggbs, are based
materials can contribute. This threshold is linked to the strength class of the
slag could reach 70-80% replacement (or even 95% with some modern mix
The ICE Cement, Mortar & Concrete Model was used to estimate the results
Finally for the data presented with a specified compressive strength class, s
carbon data challenging, without knowing the actual cement content. The as
concrete. Finding out the cement content actually used in your concrete by a
The most accurate results are obtained from directly modelling the real conc
The data is only cradle to factory gate but beyond this the average delivery
SELECT declared unit

Important Note on Data By Strength Class:
To model the embodied carbon of concrete by strength class, assumptions

at the same specified strength class. More cement is also often added into a
The data below has been modelled using the ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete
lower carbon cement replacements also influences the total cementitious co
mixture.
This adds additional uncertainty to this data by strength class. There i

min cement content - actual cement content used by the contractor). The ce
here. It is worth finding out more details on actual cement content.
In-Situ Concrete
Materials
General
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
20/25 MPa
25/30 MPa
28/35 MPa
32/40 MPa
35/45 MPa
40/50 Mpa
PAV1
PAV2
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa)
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa)
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa)
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa)
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa)

RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa)
PAV1
PAV2
Portland Lime
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa)
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa)
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa)
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa)
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa)

RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa)
PAV1
PAV2
35%
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa)
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa)
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa)
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa)
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa)
RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa)
PAV1
PAV2
% Cement Replacement - Fly Ash
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)

GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa)
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa)
RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa)
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa)
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa)
RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa)
PAV1
PAV2
% Cement Replacement - Blast Furnace Slag
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
RC 20/25 (20/25 MPa)
RC 25/30 (25/30 MPa)

RC 28/35 (28/35 MPa)
RC 32/40 (32/40 MPa)
RC 35/45 (35/45 MPa)
RC 40/50 (40/50 MPa)
PAV1
PAV2
By Volum
Note on Data By Volume and Cementitious Content:
This data has a lower uncertainty than the data by strength class. It requires
increase in accuracy of results is beneficial.
NOMINAL PROPORT
1:1.5:3
1:2:4
1:2.5:5
1:3:6
1:4:8
NOMINAL PROPORTIONS M
1:1.5:3
1:2:4
1:2.5:5
1:3:6
1:4:8
By Ceme
100 kg CEM I per m3 concrete
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
By Cementitious
100 kg average UK cement per m3 concrete
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
By Cem
% Cement Replacement - pfa

100 kg total cementitious content per m3 concrete
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
By Ceme
% Cement Replacement - Blast Furnace Slag

100 kg total cementitious content per m3 concrete
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
Precast concrete model
Here you can model any type of concrete from the ICE database, as a preca
The model adds precasting energy, eg. to power a precast factory. It assum
The boundaries are cradle to precast factory gate.
Notes:
This model offers a guideline only. It isn't capable of modelling reinfor
There is no substitute for knowing the exact cement content of concrete. Lik
will be more accurate with a specific cement content, e.g. 'X' kg cement (of s
MPa...etc). In fact, they will be a lot more accurate.
This is because to estimate the embodied carbon of concrete by a strength

concrete. The cement content for the same strength class of concrete can h
Please consider the above notes on accuracy when using this tool.
If you have an exact concrete mixture, broken down by all constituents, it ca

Concrete - Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete

- CEM I based - with total cementitious content of 300
kg per m3 of concrete
Concrete - 50% ggbs cement replacement - with total

Concrete - 30% pfa cement replacement - with total


NOTE: The below data has multiple units. Check each datapoint for the units
Pre
Materials
precast concrete pipe, DN600 unreinforced
precast concrete pipe, DN600 unreinforced per kg
precast concrete paving (Blocks, Slabs, Channels and

Kerbs)
precast concrete beams and columns -steel reinforced
with world average steel
As above but with European recycled steel rebar
precast hollowcore concrete flooring, 150mm, prestressed

steel reinforced with world average steel
As above but with European recycled steel rebar
Pr
per kg of block
Materials
concrete block, medium density solid, average strength,

per kg
concrete block, high density solid, average strength, per
kg
AAC concrete block
Per single
Medium density concrete blocks
Materials
75 mm thickness, 440 mm length, 215 mm width.
High density concrete blocks - Solid
Materials
High density concrete blocks - Cellular
Materials

High density concrete blocks - Hollowcore
Materials

Lightweight concrete blocks - AAC - Autoclaved Aerated Concrete(AAC)
Materials
440 mm length, 215 mm width.
Concrete block walls - per m
With medium density solid blocks
Materials
75 mm thickness wall
With high density solid blocks
Materials
With cellular high density solid blocks
Materials
With hollowcore high density solid blocks
Materials

With lightweight AAC blocks
Materials

The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (module A1 to A3). Mod
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Product Declarations
See the further reading section, for links to guidance on re-carbonation of co
The ICE database contains data on the cradle to gate, Modules A1-3, embo
carbon of a construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or
landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase should consider that it can'
impacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the section 'Selected e
These statistics have come from the data collected for ICE V3.0. These stat
low for two similar categories. They may therefore give different data for sim
These statistics are provided for information. It is recommended to use the m

because of sub-material types that have an unusually high or low impact. Th
various sub-material types.
Main Material
Concrete - All Data Collected
Concrete, General
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete, aerated
Concrete, Fibre reinforced
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample sizes, the percen
Main Material
Concrete - All Data Collected
Concrete, General
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete, aerated
For some of the sub-categories there are histograms and distribution charts
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break t
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break th

Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the c
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the c
Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the ch


Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the char
DQI Versi
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. The below DQI sco
Main Material
Concrete
Concrete, General
Concrete, Pre-Cast
Concrete, aerated
The material properties below were originally from CIBSE guide (insert ref).
Material
Concrete blocks/tiles:
block, aerated
block, heavyweight, 300mm
block, lightweight, 150mm
block, lightweight, 300mm
block, medium weight, 150mm
block, medium weight, 300mm
block, hollow, heavyweight, 300mm

block, hollow, lightweight, 150mm
block, hollow, lightweight, 300mm
block, hollow, medium weight, 150mm
block, hollow, medium weight, 300mm
block, partially filled, heavyweight, 300mm
block, partially filled, lightweight, 150mm
block, partially filled, lightweight, 300mm
block, partially filled, medium weight, 150 mm
block, partially filled, mediumweight,300 mm
block, perlite-filled, lightweight, 150mm
block, perlite-filled, mediumweight,150mm
block, with perlite, lightweight, 150mm
block, with perlite, medium weight, 150 mm
tiles
Concrete, cast:
aerated
aerated, cellular
aerated, cement/lime based

cellular
cellular bonded
dense
compacted,
dense, reinforced
compacted
expanded clay filling
foamed
foam slag
glass reinforced
heavyweight
lightweight
medium weight
medium weight, with lime
no fines
residuals of iron works
roofing slab, aerated

vermiculite aggregate
very lightweight
Masonry:
block, lightweight
block, medium weight
heavyweight
lightweight
medium weight
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this material, along wit
Datapoint No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
The below resources are recommended for further information. It includes li

ICE DB Ref Number
Below you will find a list of the references used to compile this material profi
Item
1
2
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
id? Check link below, to see if a newer vers
date at: http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-
<< Go To Mai
ection - Click to Go
and, water and sometimes chemical admixtures. It can also contain lower carbon cem
t concrete mixtures and the embodied carbon of various mixtures varies considerably
rete mixture, there is such a variation in concrete mixtures, that it is recommended to
and, water and sometimes chemical admixtures. It can also contain lower carbon cem
t concrete mixtures and the embodied carbon of various mixtures varies considerably
rete mixture, there is such a variation in concrete mixtures, that it is recommended to

A3 Updated
ngth designation C32/40 MPa gives a 28 day compressive strength under British cube
, for example.
ny different types of concrete and at different strength classes. There is data for concr
which contains UK average lower carbon cement replacements. There is also data for
, e.g. 50% ggbs, are based on a direct substitution of the material in place of a part of
to the strength class of the concrete. It is understood that fly ash, which has a lower e
5% with some modern mixtures that do not contain any cement). This is much higher
used to estimate the results below, unless otherwise stated. The data is offered as a '
mpressive strength class, such as 40 MPa, 50 MPa...etc, assumptions needed to be m

ual cement content. The assumed cement content for each mixture is provided in the
y used in your concrete by a contractor (which may not be the same as at the minimum
ctly modelling the real concrete mix used within a project. There is also an accompa
ny different types of concrete and at different strength classes. There is data for concr
which contains UK average lower carbon cement replacements. There is also data for
, e.g. 50% ggbs, are based on a direct substitution of the material in place of a part of
to the strength class of the concrete. It is understood that fly ash, which has a lower e
5% with some modern mixtures that do not contain any cement). This is much higher
used to estimate the results below, unless otherwise stated. The data is offered as a '
mpressive strength class, such as 40 MPa, 50 MPa...etc, assumptions needed to be m

ual cement content. The assumed cement content for each mixture is provided in the
y used in your concrete by a contractor (which may not be the same as at the minimum
ctly modelling the real concrete mix used within a project. There is also an accompa
d this the average delivery distance of ready mix concrete is updated annually on the
In-Situ Concrete
This unit is only applied to the in-situ

kg
concrete section
By Strength Class
rength class, assumptions need to be made on cement content per unit volume of con
nt is also often added into a mixture, e.g. to cure quicker, than is needed to reach the
E Cement, Mortar, Concrete model with an estimate of realistic cement contents, not m
es the total cementitious content, e.g. if using PFA or GGBS, often the total cementitio
by strength class. There is no substitute for finding out the actual cement conte
d by the contractor). The cement content for your mixture at this strength class might b
l cement content.
Per kg of concrete
0.103
0.065
0.090
0.097
0.104
0.112
0.119
0.126
0.138
0.149
0.159
0.126
0.138
With CEM I
0.070
0.097
0.105
0.113
0.121
0.129
0.136
0.149
0.161
0.172
0.136
0.149
Portland Limestone Concrete - 14% Limestone
0.061
0.154
0.090
0.097
0.104
0.111
0.117
0.129
0.140
0.153
0.117
0.129
35% natural pozzolanic ash
0.056
0.076
0.081
0.087
0.094
0.100
0.106
0.117
0.124
0.133
0.106
0.117
15% 30% 40%
0.064 0.057 0.052

0.128 0.144 0.071
0.096 0.085 0.076
0.103 0.092 0.081
0.111 0.099 0.088
0.118 0.105 0.093
0.126 0.113 0.099
0.139 0.125 0.109
0.149 0.133 0.115
0.159 0.142 0.123
0.126 0.113 0.098

0.139 0.125 0.109
25% 50% 70%
0.055 0.041 0.034
0.103 0.092 0.044
0.081 0.058 0.047
0.087 0.062 0.050
0.094 0.068 0.053
0.100 0.072 0.056

0.107 0.078 0.058
0.120 0.089 0.063
0.129 0.095 0.068
0.138 0.102 0.072
0.108 0.078 0.058
0.120 0.089 0.063
By Volume and Cementitious Content
ontent:
y strength class. It requires users to understand more about the actual cement conten
NOMINAL PROPORTIONS METHOD (Volume) - With CEM I

0.209
0.155
0.125
0.105
0.092
0.074
OMINAL PROPORTIONS METHOD (Volume) - With Average UK Cement
0.192
0.143
0.115
0.085
0.085
0.069
By Cementitious Content with CEM I
0.052
0.060
0.068
0.075
0.083
0.091
0.099
0.106
0.114
0.122
0.130
0.138
0.145
0.153
0.161
0.169
0.177
0.184
0.192
0.200
0.208
By Cementitious Content with Average UK Cement

0.049
0.056
0.063
0.070
0.077
0.084
0.091
0.098
0.105
0.112
0.120
0.127
0.134
0.141
0.148
0.155
0.162
0.169
0.176
0.184
0.191
By Cementitious Content with pfa
0% 30% 40%
0.052 0.040 0.037
0.060 0.046 0.041

0.068 0.051 0.046
0.075 0.057 0.051
0.083 0.062 0.055
0.091 0.068 0.060
0.099 0.073 0.065
0.106 0.079 0.069
0.114 0.084 0.074
0.122 0.090 0.079
0.130 0.095 0.083
0.138 0.101 0.088
0.145 0.106 0.093
0.153 0.112 0.098
0.161 0.117 0.102
0.169 0.123 0.107
0.177 0.128 0.112
0.184 0.133 0.116
0.192 0.139 0.121
0.200 0.144 0.126
0.208 0.150 0.131
By Cementitious Content with ggbs
0% 50% 70%
0.052 0.034 0.026
0.060 0.038 0.029

0.068 0.042 0.031
0.075 0.046 0.034
0.083 0.050 0.036
0.091 0.054 0.039
0.099 0.058 0.042
0.106 0.062 0.044
0.114 0.066 0.047
0.122 0.070 0.050
0.130 0.074 0.052
0.138 0.078 0.055
0.145 0.083 0.058
0.153 0.087 0.060
0.161 0.091 0.063
0.169 0.095 0.065
0.177 0.099 0.068
0.184 0.103 0.071
0.192 0.107 0.073
0.200 0.111 0.076
0.208 0.115 0.078
Precast Concrete
e ICE database, as a precast concrete.
a precast factory. It assumes that constituents travel an average of 30 miles to the pr
e.
able of modelling reinforced precast concrete.
ent content of concrete. Likewise, the exact mix of constituents will give the greatest a
ent, e.g. 'X' kg cement (of specified type, CEM I...etc) per m3 concrete, than by selec
e.
n of concrete by a strength class, such as RC 40/50 MPa, it requires assumptions on t

gth class of concrete can have a wide variation. It is also often seen as a minimum str
hen using this tool.
wn by all constituents, it can be modelled in the full ICE Cement, Mortar and Concrete
Results for precast concrete of selected

Mass per
Embodied Carbon
Declared Units declared unit -
- kgCO2e per unit
kg
m3 353 2380
m3 231 2380
m3 283 2380
m3 424 2385
m3
m3
m3
datapoint for the units
Precast concrete products
Embodied Carbon - Mass per declared

Declared Units
kgCO2e per unit unit - kg
m 71.3 488
kg 0.146 1.00
kg 0.132 1.00
kg 0.249 1.00
kg 0.194 1.00
m2 55.9 300
m2 51.3 300
Precast concrete blocks

Declared Units
kg 0.093 1.00
kg 0.093 1.00
kg 0.280 1.00
Per single block of specified dimensions

Declared Units
each 0.93 10
each 1.07 11.5
each 1.28 13.8
each 1.80 19.3
each 2.28 24.5

Declared Units
each 1.33 14.3
each 1.60 17.2
each 1.75 18.8
each 2.48 26.6
each 3.35 35.95
each 3.77 40.5

Declared Units
each 1.38 14.8

each 1.98 21.3

Declared Units
each 1.82 19.6
each 2.19 23.5

each 2.42 26
ted Concrete(AAC)

Declared Units
each 1.59 5.676
each 2.22 7.9464
each 2.38 8.514
each 3.42 12.2034
Concrete block walls - per m2 of wall including mortar, not including waste
EC - kgCO2e per Mass per declared

Declared Units
unit unit - kg
m2 11.0 110.5
m2 12.8 127.6
m2 15.1 152
m2 21.2 212.6
m2 27.1 271.6
Declared Units
unit unit - kg
m2 15.0 153.5
m2 18.1 184.6
m2 19.8 202
m2 28.0 285.6
m2 37.8 386.1
m2 42.6 435.1

Declared Units
unit unit - kg
m2 16.1 162
m2 23.0 232.6

Declared Units
unit unit - kg
m2 21.4 216
m2 26.2 262
m2 29.1 290

Declared Units
unit unit - kg
m2 20.0 78
m2 30.5 119
m2 35.4 138
m2 54.7 213
rce (module A1 to A3). Modules B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits to future life
mental Product Declarations (EPDs) further below. Many EPDs have data for wider life
nce on re-carbonation of concrete at the end of life.
gate, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to consider the amount of cons
d to consider if a material or product has a notable in-use of end of life impact, based u
should consider that it can't be guaranteed what will happen at the end of the lifetime,
ICE D
ee the section 'Selected embodied carbon coefficients' for the main data.
ed for ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data collected in the backend ICE
e give different data for similar sounding material sub-categories, in some instances.
recommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rather than the statistical aver
ually high or low impact. Those sub-material types may have a low market share. In s
Average Min Embodied

Sample Size Embodied Carbon Carbon (kg
(kg CO2e/kg) CO2e/kg)
74 0.166 0.034
22 0.112 0.065
45 0.152 0.034
6 0.482 0.339
1 0.117 0.117
er sample sizes, the percentiles are shown below
10 20 25
0.063 0.088 0.097

0.076 0.085 0.091
0.053 0.081 0.094
0.393 0.440
ams and distribution charts provided below. The individual datapoints may be found fu
: Concrete - All Data Collected
ferent file format will permanently break the chart.

r: Concrete, General
ferent file format will permanently break the chart.
r: Concrete, Pre-Cast
ent file format will permanently break the chart.
r: Concrete, aerated

r: Concrete, Fibre reinforced

r: 0
r: 0
r: 0
file format will permanently break the chart.
matrix. The below DQI scores are the average data quality collected for each materia
DQI Method (Max DQI Assurance

Sample Size
5) (Max 5)
74 5.00 2.55
22 5.00 2.64
45 5.00 2.56
6 5.00 2.17
1 5.00 3.00
N/A
m CIBSE guide (insert ref). The densities of most materials varies within a sensible ra
Material Properties (CIBSE Da
Thermal
Condition conductivity (W-
m-1 K-1)
0.24
1.31
0.66
0.73
Dry 0.24
Dry 0.25
Dry 0.26
Dry 0.3
Dry 0.28
Dry 0.29
Dry 0.3
0.77
0.83
Dry 0.31
Dry 0.32
Dry 0.35
Dry 0.4
1.35
0.48
0.76
0.62
0.86
1.35
0.55
0.74
m 0.64
0.85
0.17
0.2
0.33
0.39
1.1
0.16
0.29
0.42
0.15
0.23
0.7
1.2
0.21
0.16
At 50°C 0.19
0.3
1.7
2.2
1.9
2.3
0.26
0.6
At 50°C 0.07
At 50°C 0.08
At 50'C 0.15
0.25
0.9
Dry 1.3
Moist 1.7
Dry 0.2
Dry 0.25
Dry 0.21
Dry 0.22
Dry 0.23
Dry 0.24
Dry 0.25
Moist 0.43
Moist 0.38
Moist 0.4
Moist 0.43
0.08
0.12
0.17
0.23
Dry 0.32
Dry 0.37
Dry 0.59
Dry 0.84
Dry 0.37
Dry 0.27
Dry 0.29
Moist 0.59
0.5
0.8
1.2
1.4
At 50°C 0.73
0.96
0.35
0.45
0.7
1
0.16
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.12
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.22
0.22
Dry 0.6
Dry 0.85
Dry 1.3
Dry 0.9
Dry 0.73
Dry 0.79
Dry 0.9
Moist 0.81
Dry 0.22
Dry 0.27
Dry 0.24
Dry 0.27
Dry 0.32
Dry 0.54
Dry 0.37
Dry 0.42
Dry 0.45
Dry 0.49
Dry 0.54
d for this material, along with data for various sub-categories. This is used to produce
1 2 3
Concrete - All Data Concrete, Concrete, Pre-

Collected General Cast
0.558 0.165 0.366

0.531 0.161 0.324
0.506 0.155 0.290
0.482 0.139 0.280
0.473 0.132 0.278
0.366 0.132 0.214
0.339 0.131 0.206
0.324 0.131 0.206
0.290 0.121 0.197
0.280 0.110 0.194
0.278 0.107 0.186
0.214 0.104 0.184
0.206 0.103 0.183
0.206 0.103 0.177
0.197 0.098 0.177
0.194 0.097 0.176
0.186 0.093 0.172
0.184 0.088 0.172
0.183 0.079 0.167
0.177 0.077 0.164
0.177 0.076 0.163
0.176 0.065 0.151
0.172 0.149
0.172 0.145
0.167 0.136
0.165 0.136
0.164 0.135
0.163 0.134
0.161 0.131
0.155 0.124
0.151 0.118
0.149 0.110
0.145 0.110
0.139 0.097
0.136 0.091
0.136 0.087
0.135 0.080
0.134 0.071
0.132 0.061
0.132 0.059
0.131 0.058
0.131 0.045
0.131 0.043
0.124 0.039
0.121 0.034
0.118
0.117
0.110
0.110
0.110
0.107
0.104
0.103
0.103
0.098
0.097
0.097
0.093
0.091
0.088
0.087
0.080
0.079
0.077
0.076
0.071
0.065
0.061
0.059
0.058
0.045
0.043
0.039
0.034
er information. It includes links to information on re-carbonation of concrete at the end

Title Author
End of life – uptake of CO2 by concrete

carbonation [article in "Whole Life
Carbon and Buildings - Concrete
Mineral Products Association (M
solutions for reducing embodied and
operational CO2", Ref. TCC/05/30
ISBN 978-1-908257-17-8]
o compile this material profile.
EPD Number: BREG EN EPD N

330 Yes
Environmental Product Declar
EPD Number: BREG EN EPD N
331 Yes
Environmental Product Declar
EPD Number: EPD-SLG-20150

381 Yes
Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2
EPD Number: EPD-BBS-20120

382 Yes
EPD Number: EPD-KRO-20160

383 Yes
EPD Number: EPD-KRO-20160

384 Yes
456 Yes
Environdec, 2018

514 Yes
Environdec, 2017
Oekobau, Federal Ministry of t
929 No
Community, 2017

1003 Yes
Environdec, 2015

1004 Yes
Environdec, 2007

1152 Yes
Environdec, 2015
EPD Number: EPD-BPC-20180

1184 Yes

1185 Yes
1186 Yes

1187 Yes

1188 Yes

1189 Yes

1190 Yes
EPD Number: EPD-RMC-20180

1191 Yes
Material Profile: Concrete
cology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Comments
below.
data quality matrix.
ntain lower carbon cement replacement materials, such as pozzolanic ash or blast fur
res varies considerably. For this reason, it is particularly important to understand

at it is recommended to use data for a more specific concrete mixture in most cases.
May-19
Comments
ength under British cube method of 40 MPa, under the European cylinder method the
There is data for concrete made with 100% Portland cement (CEM I based concrete)
s. There is also data for specific cement replacement rates, e.g. of GGBS (Ground Gra
erial in place of a part of the cement. They have been modelled on the fraction of cem
sh, which has a lower embodied carbon, has a lower threshold than for blast furnace
nt). This is much higher than the upper limits of fly ash, at roughly half those values.
he data is offered as a 'what if' guideline only. The data user must ensure that the qua
umptions needed to be made on what cement content to use for the modelling. Even a
ixture is provided in the ICE database and it should be checked by the user to make s
same as at the minimum specified, which is just a minimum), give by far the most acc
ere is also an accompanying excel model, the ICE Cement, Mortar and Concrete
<<<
<<<
nt per unit volume of concrete. These vary considerable, even
is needed to reach the stated strength class.
c cement contents, not minimum cement contents. The use of

often the total cementitious content is increased over a CEM I
e actual cement content used in a mixture (not specified

is strength class might be a very different value than assumed
Comments
It is strongly recommended to avoid selecting a

'general' value for concrete. Selecting data for a
specific cement content in the concrete type will
give much greater accuracy. Data from EPD-RMC-
20180095-CBG1-EN, for average UK concrete,
produced by the British Ready-Mixed Concrete
Association (BRMCA) part of the Mineral Products
Association (MPA). Concrete mixture is 200kg CEM
I, 95 kg ggbs, 15 kg fly ash, 1915kg aggregate, 139
kg water and 1.55 kg admixture.
Assumed 150 kg cementitious content per m3
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete. Compressive strength designation C6/8
Mpa. 28 day compressive strength under British
cube method of 8 MPa, under European cylinder
method 6 MPa. Possible uses: Kerb bedding and
backing. Data is only cradle to factory gate.

concrete.Possible uses: mass concrete, mass fill,
mass foundations, trench foundations, blinding, strip
footing.

concrete.

concrete. Possible uses: garage floors.
concrete.

concrete. Possible uses: reinforced foundations.

concrete. Possible uses: reinforced foundations,
ground floors.

concrete. Possible uses: structural purposes, in situ
floors, walls, superstructure.

concrete.
concrete. Possible uses: high strength applications,
precasting.

concrete. Possible uses: domestic parking and
outdoor paving.

concrete. Possible uses: heavy duty outdoor paving.

concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.

concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
concrete.
Fly Ash
Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete

model with an estimate of realistic cement contents,
not minimum cement contents. More cement is often
added into a mixture, e.g. to cure quicker. Concrete
has a wide variation of cement contents for the
same strength class of concrete.
This adds additional uncertainty to this data by

strength class. There is no substitute for finding
out the actual cement content used in a mixture
(not specified min cement content - actual cement
content used by the contractor). The cement content
for your mixture at this strength class might be a
very different value than assumed here.
GGBS
Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete

model with an estimate of realistic cement contents,
not minimum cement contents. More cement is often


(not specified min cement content - actual cement
content used by the contractor). The cement content
for your mixture at this strength class might be a
very different value than assumed here.
he actual cement content of their mixtures. However, the
CEM I
High strength concrete. All of these values were
estimated assuming the UK average content of
cementitious additions (i.e. fly ash, GGBS) for
factory supplied cements in the UK, according to
the Mineral Products Association, plus the
proportions of other constituents.
Often used in floor slab, columns & load bearing

structure.
Often used in construction of buildings under 3

storeys.
e UK Cement
High strength concrete. All of these values were

estimated assuming the UK average content of
cementitious additions (i.e. fly ash, GGBS) for
factory supplied cements in the UK, according to
the Mineral Products Association, plus the
proportions of other constituents.
Often used in floor slab, columns & load bearing

structure.
Often used in construction of buildings under 3
storeys.
These mixtures were modelled with a CEM I

content, e.g. 300 kg per m3 equals the total
cementitious content, which is from CEM I cement.
nt
These mixtures were modelled with the UK average
cement blend, e.g. 300 kg per m3 equals the total
cementitious content, which is modelled with the
data for "General UK Average" cement.
pfa
These mixtures were modelled with some pfa as
cement replacement, e.g. 300 kg per m3 equals the
total cementitious content. The % pfa replacement
rate is applied to this amount.
GGBS
These mixtures were modelled with some ggbs as
cement replacement, e.g. 300 kg per m3 equals the
total cementitious content. The % ggbs replacement
rate is applied to this amount.
age of 30 miles to the precast factory.
s will give the greatest accuracy. In that regards, the results

concrete, than by selecting a strength class (e.g. RC40/50
quires assumptions on the amount of cement per m3 of

n seen as a minimum strength class.
ent, Mortar and Concrete model, to give the greatest accuracy.
t concrete of selected type

Embodied Carbon per kg - kg CO2e per kg
0.148
0.097
0.119
0.178
Comments
per m pipe. Not including installation, such as bedding

materials. Modelled with 17% cement (24% cement
replacement rate) content. Estimated from ICE Cement,
per kg pipe. Not including installation, such as bedding

materials. Modelled with 17% cement (24% cement
replacement rate) content. Estimated from ICE Cement,

includes steel reinforcement, 100 kg rebar per m3 concrete.
Assuming world average steel rebar. Steel rebar in Europe
is considered to have a notably lower embodied carbon.
Includes steel reinforcement, 100 kg rebar per m3 concrete.

Assuming steel rebar from European EAF recycled stock.
includes steel reinforcement, 2.77 kg rebar per 1 m2 of

150mm slab. Assuming world average steel. teel rebar in
Europe is considered to have a notably lower embodied
carbon. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar, Concrete
model.
Includes steel reinforcement, 2.77 kg rebar per 1 m2 of

150mm slab. Assuming steel rebar from European EAF
recycled stock. Estimated from ICE Cement, Mortar,
Concrete model.
Comments

Based upon IBU EPD number, EPD-BPC-20170093-CCD1-

EN, produced by British Precast.
Comments
Assumes 84.7% aggregates, 8% cement, 5% PFA and

2.3% water. Stated as average UK concrete block mixture
in EPD number EPD-BPC-20170092-CCD1-EN. EPD from
the UK Concrete Block
Association (CBA), a product group of British Precast.
Comments
Comments

Comments

Comments
Density 600 kg per m3. Average UK mixture of 61% pfa

aggregate, 14% other aggregates, 14% cement, 8%
quicklime, 3% water. Also contains small amounts of
aluminium powder as the expansion agent. These results
are based upon an EPD, number EPD-BPC-20170093-
CCD1-EN, produced by Aircrete Products Association
(APA) a product group of British Precast.
ding waste
Comments
block size 440 mm length, 215 mm width. Mortar type

Mortar or screed (1:4 cement:sand mix) (Using CEM I
cement). Doesn't include any material waste rate.
Comments

Comments

Comments

Comments

D (benefits to future lifecycles) are beyond the scope of the ICE Database. However,
s have data for wider lifecycles
ider the amount of construction waste in a building project. The material wasted has a
nd of life impact, based upon their application. Durability and lifetime should also be co
t the end of the lifetime, and there scenarios with sensitivity analysis should be used w
r the main data.

ted in the backend ICE database, which is not publicly available. The categories of su
es, in some instances.
than the statistical averages presented here. For example, for some materials the av
a low market share. In such cases, they influence the statistical average unfairly. For
0.558
0.165
0.366
0.558
0.117
50
0.134
0.105
0.149
0.494
0.117
0.000
apoints may be found further below.
Data Quality
ollected for each material category. They use the same pool of data as for the summa

4.45
4.73
4.22
5.00
5.00
Material Properties
ries within a sensible range. Densities within the ICE Database may differ.
Properties (CIBSE Data)
Density (kg m -3)
750
2240
1760
1800
620
670
720
750
770
820
870
1900
1940
920
970
1050
1150
1220
880
780
1040
930
1570
1170
1120
1330
1260
910
1070
1180
1340
2100
500
850
1200
400
700
1000
1300
580
480
700
520
2200
2400
2300
2500
780
1400
320
400
700
1040
1950
2000
2000
620
750
670
720
770
820
870
750
770
820
870
200
300
500
700
1050
1150
1350
1650
1050
920
980
1050
1000
1300
1600
1900
1650
1800
1000
1300
1600
1900
500
450
370
420
470
520
570
350
600
470
520
570
600
1350
1650
1800
1850
1850
1950
2050
1650
750
850
850
950
1050
1300
1150
1250
1350
1450
1550
All Data Points
This is used to produce the histograms. It could be used for further statistical analysis.
Concrete, aerated
0.558
0.531
0.506
0.482
0.473
0.339
Further Reading
n of concrete at the end of life.

Author / Publisher
Products Association (MPA), 2016
References
Reference Details
mber: BREG EN EPD No: 000104 published by BRE

mental Product Declaration, 2016
mber: BREG EN EPD No: 000106 published by BRE
mental Product Declaration, 2016
mber: BREG EN EPD 000104 published by BRE, 2016
mber: EPD-SLG-20150317-CAE1-DE published by IBU -

mber: EPD-BBS-20120030-IBG1-DE published by IBU -

mber: EPD-KRO-20160234-CCA1-DE published by IBU -

mber: EPD-KRO-20160221-CCA1-DE published by IBU -

mber: environdec EPD S-P-01259 published by
dec, 2018

dec, 2017
u, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and
nity, 2017

dec, 2015

dec, 2007

dec, 2015
mber: EPD-BPC-20180013-CCD1-EN published by IBU -






mber: EPD-RMC-20180095-CBG1-EN published by IBU -


Concrete
l profile: May-19
-database.html
Comments
al. It may include some important information.
print coefficients for the material types.

ta collected. For the full datapoints, there is a separate section further
e are histograms and embodied carbon distribution charts.
a quality. The average data quality is shown here, along with a link to the
and more.
ed. These are used to produce the histograms and may be useful for further
sources. However, EPDs have become the most important data resource.
o EPDs for this material.
Material
h as pozzolanic ash or blast furnace slag, which takes the place of some of the cemen
arly important to understand more details on a concrete mixture or specification

ncrete mixture in most cases.
ICE DB Version
on Coefficients
European cylinder method the same concrete mixture gives 32 MPa. It is just 2 differe
ement (CEM I based concrete). This concrete mixture is made with a 'pure cement', c
tes, e.g. of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) or fly ah.
modelled on the fraction of cement replacement material (fly ash or slag). However the
hreshold than for blast furnace slag. This implies that less fly ash can be used for a pa
at roughly half those values.
a user must ensure that the quantity of cement substitution is suitable for the specific a
o use for the modelling. Even at a specified strength class, there can be a notable var
checked by the user to make sure it is appropriate for your project. There is also data
mum), give by far the most accurate embodied carbon calculations.
ement, Mortar and Concrete model, which allows a specific concrete mixture to
d Carbon Data >>>
DQI Total - %
72%
71%
71%
71%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
DQI Total - %
71%
71%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
DQI Total - %
71%
72%
71%
71%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
DQI Total - %
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
DQI Total - % DQI Total - %
71% 71%
72% 72%
71% 71%
72% 71%
72% 71%
72% 72%
72% 72%
72% 72%
72% 72%
72% 72%
72% 72%
72% 72%
71% 70%
71% 71%
71% 71%
71% 71%
71% 71%
71% 71%
71% 71%
72% 71%
72% 71%
72% 71%
71% 71%
72% 71%
DQI Total - %
76%
76%
75%
75%
75%
75%
DQI Total - %
76%
76%
75%
75%
75%
75%
DQI Total - %
74%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
DQI Total - %
74%
74%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%

74% 74%
75% 74%
75% 74%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 76%
76% 76%
76% 76%
76% 76%
76% 76%
76% 76%

74% 73%
75% 73%
75% 74%
75% 74%
75% 74%
75% 74%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
75% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
76% 75%
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
Carbon Data >>>
dules B, C and D)
f the ICE Database. However, some important information is provided here.
ect. The material wasted has an embodied carbon impact which should not be neglec
y and lifetime should also be considered as a part of a fair comparative assessment. F
tivity analysis should be used where possible. Finally, users are directed to the refere
C) Statistics - kg CO2e/kg
available. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes merged in the final ver
ple, for some materials the average embodied carbon of all data collected is a poor in
tatistical average unfairly. For this reason, some of the material and sub-material cate
Standard
Deviation
Variance Based on a Sample (Excel Var
Embodied
Function) Embodied Carbon (kg CO2e/kg)
Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
0.115 0.013
0.028 0.001
0.075 0.006
0.070 0.005
0.000 0.000
e - kgCO2e per kg
75 80
0.183 0.197
0.132 0.135
0.185 0.197
0.538 0.547
Concrete - All Data Collec

0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 10 20 30 40
Datapoints
Concrete, General
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
0 5 10
Datapoints
Concrete, Pre-Cast
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Datapoints
Concrete, aerated
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
E
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 1 2 3 4
Datapoints

0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
pool of data as for the summary statistics further above.
DQI
(Max 5)
4.31 2.00
4.59 2.00
4.20 2.00
4.00 2.00
5.00 2.00
erties
atabase may differ.
Specific heat (J
kg-1 K-1)
1000 3.2E-07
840 6.96215986394558E-07
840 4.46428571428571E-07
840 4.82804232804233E-07
840 4.60829493087558E-07
840 4.44207533759773E-07
840 4.2989417989418E-07
840 4.76190476190476E-07
840 4.32900432900433E-07
840 4.21022067363531E-07
840 4.10509031198686E-07
840 4.82456140350877E-07
840 5.09327442317133E-07
840 4.01138716356108E-07
840 3.9273441335297E-07
840 3.96825396825397E-07
840 4.1407867494824E-07
840 1.31733021077283E-06
840 6.49350649350649E-07
840 1.15995115995116E-06
840 7.0970695970696E-07
840 1.10087045570917E-06
840 1.02365787079163E-06
840 5.5962555962556E-07
840 7.8656462585034E-07
840 5.72860723236663E-07
840 8.03099017384732E-07
840 2.2239665096808E-07
840 2.22518914107699E-07
840 3.32929782082324E-07
840 3.46481876332623E-07
840 6.23582766439909E-07
840 3.80952380952381E-07
840 4.06162464985994E-07
840 4.16666666666667E-07
840 4.46428571428571E-07
840 3.91156462585034E-07
840 8.33333333333333E-07
840 1.0989010989011E-06
840 4.31034482758621E-07
840 3.96825396825397E-07
1050 2.58503401360544E-07
2040 2.82805429864253E-07
840 9.1991341991342E-07
840 1.09126984126984E-06
840 9.8343685300207E-07
840 1.0952380952381E-06
840 3.96825396825397E-07
840 5.10204081632653E-07
920 2.37771739130435E-07
920 2.17391304347826E-07
920 2.32919254658385E-07
960 2.50400641025641E-07
840 5.4945054945055E-07
840 7.73809523809524E-07
840 1.01190476190476E-06
840 3.84024577572965E-07
840 3.96825396825397E-07
840 3.73134328358209E-07
840 3.63756613756614E-07
840 3.55596784168213E-07
840 3.48432055749129E-07
840 3.42090859332239E-07
840 6.82539682539683E-07
840 5.87507730364873E-07
840 5.80720092915215E-07
840 5.88396278051451E-07
840 4.76190476190476E-07
840 4.76190476190476E-07
840 4.04761904761905E-07
840 3.91156462585034E-07
840 3.6281179138322E-07
840 3.83022774327122E-07
840 5.20282186948854E-07
840 6.06060606060606E-07
840 4.19501133786848E-07
840 3.49378881987578E-07
840 3.52283770651118E-07
840 6.68934240362812E-07
840 5.95238095238095E-07
840 7.32600732600733E-07
840 8.92857142857143E-07
840 8.7719298245614E-07
880 5.02754820936639E-07
840 6.34920634920635E-07
840 4.16666666666667E-07
840 4.12087912087912E-07
840 5.20833333333333E-07
840 6.265664160401E-07
840 3.80952380952381E-07
840 4.4973544973545E-07
840 4.50450450450451E-07
840 4.25170068027211E-07
840 4.05268490374873E-07
840 3.89194139194139E-07
840 3.7593984962406E-07
840 4.08163265306122E-07
840 3.57142857142857E-07
840 4.81256332320162E-07
840 4.57875457875458E-07
840 4.59482038429407E-07
840 4.36507936507936E-07
840 5.29100529100529E-07
840 6.13275613275613E-07
840 8.5978835978836E-07
840 5.79150579150579E-07
840 4.6975546975547E-07
840 4.82295482295482E-07
840 5.22648083623693E-07
840 5.84415584415585E-07
840 3.49206349206349E-07
840 3.78151260504202E-07
840 3.36134453781513E-07
840 3.38345864661654E-07
840 3.6281179138322E-07
840 4.94505494505494E-07
840 3.83022774327122E-07
840 4E-07
840 3.96825396825397E-07
840 4.02298850574713E-07
840 4.14746543778802E-07
nts
d for further statistical analysis. These values do not include any modelled data, e.g. n
5 6
Concrete,
Fibre N/A
reinforced
0.117 0.000
ing
Description
See pages 18-19 for an article on calculating end of life

carbonation of concrete.
Description
EPD for readymix concrete

EPD for self compacting readymix concrete
EPD for Readymix concrete, Tarmac
EPD for TOPFORCE (Fibre Reinforced Readymix Concrete),

Tarmac
EPD for Concrete plaster standard stone gray with intent
EPD for Concrete light shaft system
EPD for Concrete paving stone with black and white mottled
header
EPD for Concrete paving stone with fine chippings

EPD for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
EPD for Hanson, C28/35 CIIIA Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for Hanson, C32/40 CIIIA Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for Hanson, GEN3 CIIIA Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for Hanson, C28/35 CIIIB Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for Hanson, C32/40 CIIIB Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for concrete railway sleepers SB35F

A German database for LCA of buildings by the Federal
Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community.
EPD for Enviroblock Dense Blocks
EPD for KLASSIC CEMENT POSTs
EPD for Enviroblock Lightweight Blocks
EPD for Hanson, UK Average Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for Hanson, GEN3 CEMI Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for Hanson, C32/40 CEMI Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for Hanson, C28/35 CEMI Ready Mix Concrete
EPD for Ready mix concrete
EPD for UK manufactured single leaf concrete cladding

panel
EPD for UK Manufactured Precast Aerated Concrete Blocks

EPD for UK Manufactured Precast Concrete Blocks
EPD for UK Manufactured 1 tonne of Generic Precast

Concrete Paving Products (Blocks, Slabs, Channels and
Kerbs)
EPD for UK Manufactured DN600 Concrete Pipe with Class B

Bedding
EPD for UK Manufactured Precast Hollowcore Flooring
EPD for UK manufactured Precast Concrete Ground Beam
EPD for UK manufactured generic ready-mixed concrete
Profile >>>
nk below.
ome of the cement content.
or specification to achieve accurate embodied carbon calculations . Whilst the I

V3.0 Beta
It is just 2 different ways of testing the compressive strength of concrete. Be careful o
a 'pure cement', containing lower carbon cement replacements. There is also data for
ag). However there are thresholds on the upper limit that each of these replacement
be used for a particular concrete mix (than slag). In certain circumstances blast furna
e for the specific application in hand.
be a notable variation in actual cement content. This makes modelling embodied

here is also data at specific cement contents below, e.g. 300 kg cement per m3
crete mixture to be modelled.

DQI Total - %
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
72%
DQI Total - %
70%
70%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
71%
DQI Total - %
73%
74%
74%
74%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
76%
76%
76%
76%
DQI Total - %
72%
73%
73%
73%
74%
74%
74%
74%
74%
74%
74%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
d here.
uld not be neglected. In many cases this can be a significant contribution to embodied
ve assessment. Finally, end of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route, such a
cted to the references section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated
ed in the final version of the publicly available ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too
ected is a poor indicator of the average embodied carbon of that material. This may b
sub-material categories in the main ICE Database considers the consumption mixture
Comments
This data doesn’t include any modelled datapoints, e.g. datapoints that hav
modelled a consumption mixture of sub-material types. It is all data collecte
from the literature.
90
0.331
0.159
0.279
te - All Data Collected
30 40 50 60 70 80
Datapoints
oncrete, General
10 15 20 25
Datapoints
rete, Pre-Cast
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Datapoints
crete, aerated
3 4 5 6 7
Datapoints
e, Fibre reinforced
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
e content
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
e content
0
.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
e content
0
1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
6.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
N/A
delled data, e.g. no data from the cement, mortar and concrete model.
N/A
0.000
Hyperlink
Hyperlink
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Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
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Go To Resource
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Go To Resource
ent.
chieve accurate embodied carbon calculations. Whilst the ICE

ys of testing the compressive strength of concrete. Be careful of
ing lower carbon cement replacements. There is also data for
e thresholds on the upper limit that each of these replacement

ar concrete mix (than slag). In certain circumstances blast furnace
ation in hand.
in actual cement content. This makes modelling embodied

ecific cement contents below, e.g. 300 kg cement per m3
odelled.
n many cases this can be a significant contribution to embodied
end of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route, such as
section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated
f the publicly available ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too
or of the average embodied carbon of that material. This may be

s in the main ICE Database considers the consumption mixture of
Comments
esn’t include any modelled datapoints, e.g. datapoints that have

onsumption mixture of sub-material types. It is all data collected
from the literature.
Comments
For small sample sizes data for a particular percentile

may not be available.
For small sample sizes data for a particular percentile
may not be available.
60 70 80
20 25
40 45 50
5 6 7
6 1.8 2
6 1.8 2
1.8 2
1.8 2

69%
66%
66%
60%
60%
N/A
a from the cement, mortar and concrete model.
N/A
0.000
Hyperlink
Hyperlink
Go To Resource
Go To Resource
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Go To Resource
ICE DB Version:
Section Navigation
Section - Click to
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
The primary glass manufacturing process consumes soda
Glass recycling rates are difficult to apply to construction (i

environmental value, where aggregates have a notably low
Glass recycling rates are difficult to apply to construction (i
environmental value, where aggregates have a notably low
Boundaries:
Materials

Glass, Multi layer safety, filled core, fire

resistant, toughened, per kg
Glass, sky light or roof, with frame, per

kg
These values apply to the thickness of pure glass. The specified th

specified. Some of the values are to be applied per 1 mm of glass.
4mm glass, 12 mm spacer, 4mm glass. This gives a total glass thic
Materials
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m2 per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex frame
Materials
per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex cavity and

ex frame

kgCO2e per m2

Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m
Materials
per mm glass, 1 mm of glass, ex cavity and

ex frame
Multi l
Materials
Embodie
Materials
Materials
- kgCO2e per m2
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per
Materials
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (modu
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Pro
Glazing has a strong influence on both level of lighting and

the building.

contribution to embodied carbon of a construction building.
assumptions on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse o
section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs s
contribution to embodied carbon of a construction building.
assumptions on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse o
section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs s
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the se
sample size is too low for two similar categories. They may

material. This may be because of sub-material types that h
Database considers the consumption mixture of various su
Main Material
1 Glass - All Data Collected
Glass, General
2
Glass, Toughened
3
Glass, Glazing, Double
4
Glass, Multi layer safety, unfilled
5
6 resistant, toughened
Glass, Glazing triple
7
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample
Main Material
1 Glass - All Data Collected
2 Glass, General
3 Glass, Toughened
4 Glass, Glazing, Double
5 Glass, Multi layer safety, unfilled
6 resistant, toughened
7 Glass, Glazing triple
8





DQI V
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. T
Main Material
Glass
Glass, General
Glass, Toughened

resistant, toughened
Material
cellular sheet
foam
solid (soda-lime)
Glass fibre/wool:
fibre quilt
fibre slab
fibre, strawboard-like
wool
wool, resin bonded

model.
Datapoint No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
Below you will find a list of the references used to compile
Item
1
2
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
till valid? Check link below, to see if a newer vers
up to date at: http://www.circularecology.com/embodie
ocess consumes soda ash, limestone and dolomite, which release some of their carb
apply to construction (i.e. flat glass) and very little data exists for the embodied carbon
ates have a notably lower embodied carbon than if the glass was recycled into anothe
apply to construction (i.e. flat glass) and very little data exists for the embodied carbon
ates have a notably lower embodied carbon than if the glass was recycled into anothe

A3 Updated
The data below is averages of all
Embodied Carbon -
Comments
kgCO2e/kg
2.5kg glass per mm thickness, per m2. Embodied ca

1.44
collected, from 109 datapoints

1.63
1.75

1.67

2.08

1.56

3.10
Glazing by thickness of glass - Per m2
ure glass. The specified thickness does not include any spacers, voids, cavity…etc. The values ex
pplied per 1 mm of glass. Be careful to multiply this by the thickness of glass that you require. Fo
This gives a total glass thickness of 8mm.The thickness of the glazing unit (20mm in this case) is n
Single glass pane - no frame

3.59
10.8
14.4
18.0
21.6
25.1
28.7
35.9
43.1
Double glazing - no frame
4.06
32.5
40.6
48.8
56.9
65.0
81.3
Triple glazing - no frame
4.37
52.4
65.5
78.6
87.3
105
Multi layer safety glass, filled core - fire resistant - no frame
5.20
52.0
62.5
72.9
83.3
Multi layer safety glass, not a filled core - no frame
3.89
31.1
38.9
46.7
62.2
Toughened glass - no frame
4.17
8.34
12.5
16.7
20.8
25.0
33.3
41.7
50.0
62.5
Skylight or roof light - with frame
268
e data resource (module A1 to A3). Modules B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits
the Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) further below. Many EPDs have data
aterial:
oth level of lighting and also thermal performance of a building. It is therefore importan
the cradle to gate, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to consider the am
a construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or product has a nota
such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase should consider that it can't b
Ds. Many of the EPDs stated impacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
the cradle to gate, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to consider the am
a construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or product has a nota
such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase should consider that it can't b
Ds. Many of the EPDs stated impacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
ICE
rbon data. See the section 'Selected embodied carbon coefficients' for the main
e data collected for ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data collected in the b
r categories. They may therefore give different data for similar sounding material sub-
ormation. It is recommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rather than the s
ub-material types that have an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-material types
n mixture of various sub-material types.
Average
Min Embodied
Embodied
Sample Size Carbon (kg
Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
CO2e/kg)
189 1.594 0.920
109 1.437 0.920
43 1.667 1.307
10 1.626 1.331
8 1.556 1.422
6 2.082 1.947
6 1.747 1.653
inly with larger sample sizes, the percentiles are shown below
10 20 25
1.291 1.320 1.357

1.250 1.295 1.296
1.377 1.486 1.507
1.345 1.476 1.486
1.443 1.462
1.973 1.996
1.663 1.671
e are histograms and distribution charts provided below. The individual datapoints ma
ata for: Glass - All Data Collected

r version of Excel.
s workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
ata for: Glass, General

r version of Excel.
s workbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
ata for: Glass, Toughened

ersion of Excel.
orkbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
ata for: Glass, Glazing, Double
rsion of Excel.
rkbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
ata for: Glass, Multi layer safety, unfilled
rsion of Excel.
ata for: Glass, Multi layer safety, filled core, fire resistant, t
sion of Excel.
kbook into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
ata for: Glass, Glazing triple

sion of Excel.
ata for: 0
on of Excel.
book into a different file format will permanently break the chart.
r data quality matrix. The below DQI scores are the average data quality collected for

Sample Size
(Max 5) (Max 5)
189 5.00 2.97
109 5.00 2.98
43 5.00 3.00
10 5.00 2.90
8 5.00 3.00
6 5.00 3.00
6 5.00 2.83
N/A
originally from CIBSE guide (insert ref). The densities of most materials varies within
Material Properti
Thermal
l Condition conductivity (W-
m-1 K-1)
0.048
At 50°C 0.056
0.052
At 10°C 1.05
0.04
0.035
0.085
At 10°C 0.04
At 10°C 0.04
At 10°C 0.037
At 10°C 0.033
At 10°C 0.032
At 10°C 0.03
At 10°C 0.031
At 50°C 0.036
oints collected for this material, along with data for various sub-categories. This is use
1 2 3
Glass - All Data Glass,

Glass, General
Collected Toughened
5.062 2.027 2.440

4.193 2.000 2.213
3.026 1.954 2.080
2.885 1.910 2.030
2.596 1.840 1.928
2.440 1.793 1.900
2.375 1.760 1.890
2.213 1.760 1.853
2.203 1.730 1.808
2.134 1.703 1.792
2.100 1.650 1.765
2.095 1.650 1.760
2.080 1.640 1.760
2.030 1.604 1.720
2.027 1.587 1.712
2.012 1.576 1.710
2.000 1.576 1.695
1.954 1.560 1.680
1.947 1.560 1.673
1.940 1.560 1.656
1.928 1.556 1.640
1.910 1.555 1.630
1.900 1.555 1.627
1.890 1.554 1.627
1.870 1.554 1.608
1.853 1.553 1.600
1.847 1.553 1.576

1.840 1.553 1.570
1.819 1.552 1.560
1.808 1.552 1.540
1.793 1.550 1.533
1.792 1.533 1.520
1.765 1.533 1.507
1.760 1.530 1.493
1.760 1.520 1.488
1.760 1.520 1.476
1.760 1.520 1.440
1.739 1.520 1.440
1.732 1.520 1.388
1.730 1.514 1.370
1.720 1.510 1.353
1.712 1.480 1.332
1.710 1.480 1.307
1.703 1.475
1.703 1.470
1.700 1.467
1.695 1.464
1.680 1.444
1.677 1.440
1.673 1.440
1.669 1.436
1.662 1.431
1.656 1.430
1.653 1.418
1.652 1.417
1.650 1.413
1.650 1.413
1.640 1.408
1.640 1.400
1.630 1.395
1.627 1.387
1.627 1.387
1.618 1.375
1.608 1.370
1.604 1.365
1.600 1.360
1.587 1.360
1.581 1.350
1.576 1.343
1.576 1.336
1.576 1.328
1.570 1.327
1.560 1.324
1.560 1.320
1.560 1.300
1.560 1.300
1.557 1.300
1.556 1.297
1.555 1.297
1.555 1.296
1.555 1.296
1.554 1.296
1.554 1.296
1.553 1.296
1.553 1.296
1.553 1.296
1.552 1.296
1.552 1.295
1.550 1.295
1.540 1.293
1.538 1.293
1.533 1.291
1.533 1.291
1.533 1.288
1.530 1.277
1.520 1.273
1.520 1.259
1.520 1.253
1.520 1.250
1.520 1.236
1.520 1.230
1.514 1.221
1.510 1.213
1.507 1.195
1.506 1.160
1.493 1.137
1.490 1.112
1.488 0.984
1.480 0.920
1.480
1.476
1.475
1.472
1.470
1.467
1.464
1.448
1.444
1.440
1.440
1.440
1.440
1.436
1.431
1.430
1.422
1.418
1.417
1.413
1.413
1.408
1.400
1.395
1.388
1.387
1.387
1.375
1.370
1.370
1.365
1.360
1.360
1.353
1.350
1.343
1.336
1.332
1.331
1.328
1.327
1.324
1.320
1.307
1.300
1.300
1.300
1.297
1.297
1.296
1.296
1.296
1.296
1.296
1.296
1.296
1.296
1.295
1.295
1.293
1.293
1.291
1.291
1.288
1.277
1.273
1.259
1.253
1.250
1.236
1.230
1.221
1.213
1.195
1.160
1.148
1.137
1.112
0.984
0.920
ences used to compile this material profile.
ICE DB Ref Number EPD? Refere
EPD Number: EPD-GA-11.2 pub

389 Yes
e.V., 2013
EPD Number: EPD-EG-11.1 pub
391 Yes
e.V., 2013
EPD Number: EPD-MGK-23.0 pu

393 Yes
Umwelt e.V., 2016
EPD Number: EPD-PPG-21.0 pu

394 Yes
Umwelt e.V., 2015
EPD Number: EPD-APG-21.0 pu

395 Yes
Umwelt e.V., 2015
EPD Number: EPD-GFEV-19.0 p

397 Yes
Umwelt e.V., 2016
EPD Number: environdec EPD S

509 Yes
2016

666 Yes
2016
668 Yes
2017

677 Yes
2017

788 Yes
2016
Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the

929 No
2017

944 Yes
2018

950 Yes
2017

968 Yes
2017

1035 Yes
2016
1053 Yes
2016

1058 Yes
2016

1064 Yes
2016

1089 Yes
2016

1095 Yes
2016

1101 Yes
2016

1126 Yes
2016
Material Profile: Glass
arecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Main Data >>
Comments
matrix.
analysis.
reference details and links to EPDs for this material.
elease some of their carbon dioxide in the melting process. This is an additional, non-
s for the embodied carbon of recycled versus primary glass. Sometimes glass produc
was recycled into another glass product. There is much to improve on recycling in the
May-19
Comments
a below is averages of all the data collected for glass. It is primarily from EPDs. See t
Comments
ss, per m2. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data
nts
s
s
m2
ds, cavity…etc. The values exclude any framing material, unless otherwise
of glass that you require. For example, if a double glazing unit is made up of
g unit (20mm in this case) is not used in this data.
Comments
Single panel of glass. Embodied carbon of the glass is the

average of data collected, from 109 datapoints
Comments
Total thickness of glass excludes any spacer thickness. Air or

argon filled.. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data
Comments
Total thickness of glass excludes any spacer thickness. Air or

argon filled.. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data
ant - no frame
Comments
Monolithic glass, core filled with fire resistant material, e.g. gel..
Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data collected,
from 6 datapoints
from 6 datapoints
no frame
Comments
Monolithic glass. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of

data collected, from 8 datapoints
Comments
Toughened. Embodied carbon of the glass is the average of data

e
Comments
Includes frame and glazing unit.. Embodied carbon of the glass is

the average of data collected, from 5 datapoints
end of life) and D (benefits to future lifecycles) are beyond the scope of the ICE Datab
w. Many EPDs have data for wider lifecycles
ng. It is therefore important to consider the implications for whole life carbon, including
portant to consider the amount of construction waste in a building project. The materia
rial or product has a notable in-use of end of life impact, based upon their application.
ould consider that it can't be guaranteed what will happen at the end of the lifetime, an
nd end of life.
ICE Database Embodied Carbon (EC) Statistics - kg CO2e/k
oefficients' for the main data.
the data collected in the backend ICE database, which is not publicly available. The c
ar sounding material sub-categories, in some instances.
on data, rather than the statistical averages presented here. For example, for some m
Those sub-material types may have a low market share. In such cases, they influenc
5.062
2.027
2.440
1.940
1.739
2.203
1.870
50
1.530
1.417
1.630
1.640
1.548
2.097
1.718
0.000
e individual datapoints may be found further below.
ed core, fire resistant, toughened
Data Quality
data quality collected for each material category. They use the same pool of data as

4.97
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Material Properties
st materials varies within a sensible range. Densities within the ICE Database may dif
Density (kg m -3)
140
130
140
2500
12
25
300
10
12
16
24
32
48
80
24
All Data Points
ub-categories. This is used to produce the histograms. It could be used for further stat
1.940
1.819
1.700
1.669
1.662
1.618
1.555
1.490
1.472
1.331
References
Reference Details
mber: EPD-GA-11.2 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt

3
mber: EPD-EG-11.1 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt
3
mber: EPD-MGK-23.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen &

e.V., 2016
mber: EPD-PPG-21.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen &

e.V., 2015
mber: EPD-APG-21.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen &

e.V., 2015
mber: EPD-GFEV-19.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen &

e.V., 2016
mber: environdec EPD SP-00928 published by Environdec,
mber: environdec EPD S-P-00976 published by Environdec,

u, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community,
mber: environdec EPD S-P 00977 published by Environdec,


e: Glass
rofile:
atabase.html
Comments
ay include some important information.
coefficients for the material types.

ected. For the full datapoints, there is a separate section further below.
histograms and embodied carbon distribution charts.
ity. The average data quality is shown here, along with a link to the data quality
more.
ese are used to produce the histograms and may be useful for further statistical
es. However, EPDs have become the most important data resource. Here you will find
.
aterial
his is an additional, non-fuel related, carbon release that is accounted for within the d
Sometimes glass products are stated to be sent for recycling, but are actually downcy
mprove on recycling in the glass sector.
on Coefficients
marily from EPDs. See the references for links to EPDs.
Carbon Data >>>
DQI Total - %
73%
65%
62%
69%
63%
63%
60%
Carbon Data >>>
ules B, C and D)
scope of the ICE Database. However, some important information is provided here.
hole life carbon, including the amount of artificial versus natural light needed for a buil
ding project. The material wasted has an embodied carbon impact which should not b
ed upon their application. Durability and lifetime should also be considered as a part o
he end of the lifetime, and there scenarios with sensitivity analysis should be used wh
C) Statistics - kg CO2e/kg
publicly available. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes merged in the
For example, for some materials the average embodied carbon of all data collected is
uch cases, they influence the statistical average unfairly. For this reason, some of the
Standard
Deviation
Embodied
Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
0.434
0.191
0.232
0.167
0.097
0.083
0.083
lable - kgCO2e per kg
75
1.688
1.553
1.765
1.730
1.634
2.151
1.853
y
he same pool of data as for the summary statistics further above.
DQI
Geographic
(Max 5)
3.27
2.73
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
ties
he ICE Database may differ.
Specific heat (J
kg-1 K-1)
840
750
840
840
840
1000
2100
840
840
840
840
840
840
840
1000
ts
d be used for further statistical analysis. These values do not include any modelled da
5
Glass, Multi
layer safety,
unfilled
1.739
1.652
1.581
1.557
1.538
1.506
1.448
1.422
Description
EPD for Skylight Smoke lift_M; 1 M² - inc frame

EPD for Glass element FE_energysave - Roof window - Skylight
EPD for Glass MAGNA Glass Ceramics; 1 m² area, 21mm thickness
EPD for Fireproof glass-Promat-PROMAGLAS; 1 m² area, 21,1 mm

thickness
EPD for fire-resistant-glass-AGC-Pyrobel ; 1 m² area, 21,1 mm

thickness
EPD for Flat Glass - Guardian - Laminated Safety Glass (VSG); 1 m²

area, 1 mm thickness
EPD for Patterned glass - SGG

MASTERGLASS/DECORGLASS/ALBARINO
EPD for Dual lacquered laminated glass - SGG PLANILAQUE® COLOR

IT STADIP
EPD for SGG PLANILUX clear float glass
EPD for SGG PARSOL Body-tinted glass
EPD for Double glazing - CLIMALIT® 4-16-44.1 mm
A German database for LCA of buildings by the Federal Ministry of the

Interior, Building and Community.
EPD for CONTRAFLAM 30. Fire resistant glazing with

tested heat insulation of 30 minutes. Safety glass.
EPD for Magnetron coated glass
EPD for Pyrolytic CVD coated glass SGG REFLECTASOL onSGG

PLANILUX and SGG PARSOL
EPD for Enameled glass - EMALIT / SERALIT / OPALIT EVOLUTION &

PICTUREit
EPD for High performance triple glazing - CLIMATOP
EPD for High performance double glazing CLIMAPLUS / CLIMALIT

PLUS
EPD for Etched glass - SGG SATINOVO MATE
EPD for Laminated safety and security glass - SGG STADIP PROTECT
SILENCE
EPD for Lacquered glass for interior application - SGG PLANILAQUE

COLOR-IT Lacquered glass for interior applicatio
EPD for Toughened safety glass - SGG SECURIT on SGG PLANICLEAR

/ DIAMANT / PARASOL
EPD for Magnetron coated glass on SGG PLANICLEAR & SGG

DIAMANT From 2 mm to 19 mm
rofile >>>
May-19
ments
important information.
he material types.
l datapoints, there is a separate section further below.
mbodied carbon distribution charts.
data quality is shown here, along with a link to the data quality
roduce the histograms and may be useful for further statistical
Ds have become the most important data resource. Here you will find
al, non-fuel related, carbon release that is accounted for within the data below.
products are stated to be sent for recycling, but are actually downcycled, e.g. into agg
ng in the glass sector.
ICE DB Version
s. See the references for links to EPDs.
>
>
E Database. However, some important information is provided here.
ncluding the amount of artificial versus natural light needed for a building, and how it in
material wasted has an embodied carbon impact which should not be neglected. In m
ication. Durability and lifetime should also be considered as a part of a fair comparati
ime, and there scenarios with sensitivity analysis should be used where possible. Fin
CO2e/kg
e. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes merged in the final version of t
some materials the average embodied carbon of all data collected is a poor indicator
nfluence the statistical average unfairly. For this reason, some of the material and sub
Variance Based on a Sample (Excel Var Function)

Embodied Carbon (kg CO2e/kg)
0.188
0.036
0.054
0.028
0.009
0.007
0.007
per kg
80
1.739
1.555
1.817
1.795
1.669
2.175
1.861
Glass - All Data Collected

6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Datapoints
Glass, General
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 1
Datapoints
Glass, Toughened
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Datapoints

2.500
2.000
1.500
E
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Datapoints

2.000
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Datapoints
Glass, Multi layer safety, filled core, fire resistant, toughened

2.250
2.200
2.150
2.100
2.050
2.000
1.950
1.900
1.850
1.800
0 1 2 3 4 5
Datapoints

1.900
1.850
1.800
1.750
1.700
1.650
1.600
1.550
1.500
0 1 2 3 4 5
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Datapoints
data as for the summary statistics further above.

2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
may differ.
4.08163265306122E-07
5.74358974358974E-07
4.42176870748299E-07
5E-07
3.96825396825397E-06
1.4E-06
1.34920634920635E-07
4.76190476190476E-06
3.96825396825397E-06
2.75297619047619E-06
1.63690476190476E-06
1.19047619047619E-06
7.44047619047619E-07
4.61309523809524E-07
1.5E-06
her statistical analysis. These values do not include any modelled data, e.g. no data fr
Glass, Multi layer safety, filled core, fire resistant,

toughened
2.203
2.134
2.100
2.095
2.012
1.947
Description
r Skylight Smoke lift_M; 1 M² - inc frame

r Glass element FE_energysave - Roof window - Skylight
r Glass MAGNA Glass Ceramics; 1 m² area, 21mm thickness
r Fireproof glass-Promat-PROMAGLAS; 1 m² area, 21,1 mm

ess
r fire-resistant-glass-AGC-Pyrobel ; 1 m² area, 21,1 mm

ess
r Flat Glass - Guardian - Laminated Safety Glass (VSG); 1 m²

mm thickness
r Patterned glass - SGG

ERGLASS/DECORGLASS/ALBARINO
r Dual lacquered laminated glass - SGG PLANILAQUE® COLOR-

DIP
r SGG PLANILUX clear float glass
r SGG PARSOL Body-tinted glass
r Double glazing - CLIMALIT® 4-16-44.1 mm
man database for LCA of buildings by the Federal Ministry of the

, Building and Community.
r CONTRAFLAM 30. Fire resistant glazing with

heat insulation of 30 minutes. Safety glass.
r Magnetron coated glass
r Pyrolytic CVD coated glass SGG REFLECTASOL onSGG

LUX and SGG PARSOL
r Enameled glass - EMALIT / SERALIT / OPALIT EVOLUTION &

REit
r High performance triple glazing - CLIMATOP
r High performance double glazing CLIMAPLUS / CLIMALIT
r Etched glass - SGG SATINOVO MATE
r Laminated safety and security glass - SGG STADIP PROTECT /

CE
r Lacquered glass for interior application - SGG PLANILAQUE

R-IT Lacquered glass for interior applicatio
r Toughened safety glass - SGG SECURIT on SGG PLANICLEAR

ANT / PARASOL
r Magnetron coated glass on SGG PLANICLEAR & SGG

NT From 2 mm to 19 mm
w.
the data below.
owncycled, e.g. into aggregates. This does not have a good

V3.0 Beta
here.
a building, and how it influences the heating and cooling load of
d not be neglected. In many cases this can be a significant

part of a fair comparative assessment. Finally, end of life relies on
sed where possible. Finally, users are directed to the references
in the final version of the publicly available ICE database, e.g. if
cted is a poor indicator of the average embodied carbon of that

Comments

literature.

Comments
90
1.947
1.650
1.989
available.
ollected
100 120 140 160 180 200
ts
ral
60 80 100 120
ts
d
30 35 40 45 50
uble
8 10 12
y, unfilled
5 6 7 8 9
fire resistant, toughened
4 5 6 7
ple
4 5 6 7
1.6 1.8 2
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
9.00 78%
8.00 73%
5.00 69%
4.00 65%
3.00 63%
3.00 63%
3.00 62%
N/A N/A
led data, e.g. no data from the cement, mortar and concrete
7 8
Glass, Glazing
N/A
triple
1.870 0.000
1.847
1.732
1.703
1.677
1.653
Hyperlink
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ol to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content and Recyclability
led Content and Recyclability Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled C
cled Content and Recyclability Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content a
ntent and Recyclability Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content an
Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content and Recyclability
cled Content and Recyclability Information and Tool
Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content and
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
ICE DB Version:
Section Navigation
Section
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
For all metals, embodied carbon is sensitive to assumptions on recycled con

Boundaries:
The majority of this data has been derived from the worldsteel Association (
considerations and also the ICE Annex A, from ICE V2.0, which contains gu
World Average Data
The below data is based upon the worldwide LCI study from Worldsteel. For
available, at www.worldsteel.org
Materials
Steel, UO Pipe
Steel, Tin-free Electrolytic Chrome Coated Steel Sheet -

Tin-free (ECCS)
Steel, welded pipe

Steel, Tinplate

Steel, Plate

Steel, Wire rod

Steel, Rebar
Steel, Section
The data above has been extracted from the worldsteel LCI, see https:
Data on recycled and virgin steel types is not provided in ICE V3. It cre
rather than basing it on actual primary data (e.g. actual recycled conte
presented where there is data from a high quality LCA resource.
Users wishing to calculate the embodied carbon of different recycled c

reading" below, and as well as the information directly below.
Users are also directed to the list of references, which contains links to
European Average Data

The ICE database only publishes regional average data when available from
Users wishing to obtain data on the embodied carbon of European steel are
a list of many EPDs from specific manufacturers, in various locations in Euro
This information is best used with an advanced appreciation of method
For further information on methods for recycling. See the ICE Database Ann
Where the in use and end of life management impacts of a material is neglig
where the EOL recyclability rate is the same as the recycled content.
For example, the Modules A-D total embodied carbon impact at an 85% end
use and EOL waste management being negligible).
For this reason, the calculator below can be used to simulate both the bene
The below tool is only recommended for advanced users, who have a f
Environmental Value of Scrap Steel
To estimate the embodied carbon impacts of steel with alternative scrap flow
worldsteel Life Cycle Inventory Methodology Report, available at https://www
Formula:
LCI embodied carbon for 1 kg of steel product including recycling = X – (RR

Where:
LCI embodied carbon scrap value of steel - kg CO2e

per kg scrap created [For Info]
Embodied Carbon of Steel, Considering Recyclability and Recycled Con
This section will calculate embodied carbon with alternative end of life recov
The calculations require the above LCI value for 1 kg of steel scrap.
Enter end of life recover rate, %
[Or effective recycled content]
The above data input field can also be used as an effective recycled conten
Therefore, where end of life waste management is negligible, the embodied

%. The term effective recycled content will be used below, implying that it is
On this basis, setting the above box to 100% simulates the impact of produc
Setting the box to 0% simulates the impact of producing a (hypothetical) full
Embodied Carbon Break

It is recommended to report both the cradle to gate results (Modules A1-3) a
transparency and with the assumed recovery rate at the end of lifetime.
Reporting both sets of results and with transparency on assumptions and th
To vary the end of life recyclability rate in the table below, use the data inpu
See also the scrap balance further below
Material
Steel, UO Pipe

Tin-free (ECCS)

Steel, welded pipe
Steel, Tinplate
Steel, Plate
Steel, Wire rod

Steel, Rebar
Steel, Section
Scrap Balance
This models the amount of net scrap at each lifecycle stage. The net scrap is
methodology report.
To vary the effective recycled content rate, use the data input box at the top o
Material
Steel, UO Pipe
Tin-free (ECCS)
Steel, welded pipe

Steel, Tinplate
Steel, Plate
Steel, Wire rod

Steel, Rebar
Steel, Section
Results simulated at an effective recycled content

This models the embodied carbon of steel at an effective recycled content. To
tool (blue shaded cell).
Material
Steel, UO Pipe

Tin-free (ECCS)
Steel, welded pipe

Steel, Tinplate
Steel, Plate
Steel, Wire rod

Steel, Rebar
Steel, Section
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (module A1 to A3). Mod
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Product Declarations

recycling method to apply.
Regardless of the method chosen for recycling steel, users are strongly enc
The modular approach of the EU wide standards EN 15978 and EN 15804 i

benefits and burdens beyond the lifecycle.
Module D is particularly relevant for steel and users are encouraged to estim
recyclability.
It is recommended to read the recycling methodology guide from ICE V2.0 (

Regardless of the method chosen for recycling steel, users are strongly enc
The modular approach of the EU wide standards EN 15978 and EN 15804 i

benefits and burdens beyond the lifecycle.
Module D is particularly relevant for steel and users are encouraged to estim
recyclability.
It is recommended to read the recycling methodology guide from ICE V2.0 (
The ICE database contains data on the cradle to gate, Modules A1-3, embo
construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or product has
end of life phase should consider that it can't be guaranteed what will happe
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the section 'Selected e
These statistics have come from the data collected for ICE V3.0. These stat
categories. They may therefore give different data for similar sounding mate
These statistics are provided for information. It is recommended to use the m

material types that have an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-materia
Main Material
Steel - All Data Collected

Steel, Bar and Rod
Steel, Sheet
Steel, Galvanised
Steel, Structural
Steel, Stainless
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample sizes, the percen
Main Material

Steel, Bar and Rod
Steel, Sheet
Steel, Galvanised
Steel, Structural
Steel, Stainless
For some of the sub-categories there are histograms and distribution charts

Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break t

Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break th

Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the


Editing this shape or saving this workbook into a different file format will permanently break the char
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. The below DQI sco
Main Material
Steel
Steel, Bar and Rod
Steel, Sheet
Steel, Galvanised
Steel, Structural
Steel, Stainless
The material properties below were originally from CIBSE guide (insert ref).
Material
stainless steel, 5% Ni
stainless steel, 20% Ni
steel
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this material, along wit
Datapoint No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
The below resources are recommended for further information.
ICE DB Ref Number

Below you will find a list of the references used to compile this material profi
Item
1
2
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
lid? Check link below, to see if a newer
o date at: http://www.circu
mptions on recycled content and end of life recyclability. See the notes on wider life cy
mptions on recycled content and end of life recyclability. See the notes on wider life cy
Cradle to Gate = A1-A3
worldsteel Association (Formerly International Iron & Steel Institute [IISI]) life cycle inv
V2.0, which contains guidance on methods for recycling.
dy from Worldsteel. For further information on their study, see the further reading sec
Embodied Carbon -
kgCO2e/kg
World average steel. UO pipe is usually large in

into a U shape by the U-press, and then into an
submerged arc welding is used for joining. UO
3.02
over long distances. System expansion was us
expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to
kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a b
World average steel. Also known as Electrolytic

with a thin layer of chrome. It can be found on t
manufacturers. ECCS is used primarily in food
2.89
Typical width between 600 - 1100 mm. System
influence of system expansion to the GWP for
-1.33 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefi
World average steel. Obtained by electro platin
resistance. It can be found on the market in coi
Galvanized Steel features excellent forming pro
bending. Applications include domestic applica
3.03 applications (e.g. body in white for vehicles und
profiled sheets, etc. Typical thickness between
steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-p
GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information
is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives
World average steel. A flat plate steel coil that

pipe is technically used to transport fluids (e.g.
2.78 furnace slag and other co-products. The influen
Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL rec
magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle
World average steel. Obtained by coating a ste

dip galvanized coil but may also be electrogalv
in sheets and is further processed into finished
construction (roof, wall and ceiling claddings, li
3.06 conditioning), domestic appliances (refrigerator
etc) and packaging. Typical thickness between
World average steel. Obtained by electro platin
or in sheets and is further processed into finish
packaging (e.g. small drums) Typical thickness
2.85
used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag an
to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for mor
('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burd
World average steel. Obtained by heat treatme

properties making the steel suitable for further
steels which can be classified into the following
structural steels, hardenable steels. It can be fo
manufacturers. Finished Cold-rolled Steel featu
2.73 suitable for fabrication by forming, pressing and
fixtures, electrical components (stators, rotors)
Typical thickness between 0.3 - 3 mm. Typical
furnace slag and other co-products. The influen
Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL rec
magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle
World average steel. Obtained by passing cold
provide corrosion resistance. It can be found on
manufacturers. Hot Dip Galvanized Steel featu
forming, pressing and bending. Applications inc
2.76 automotive applications (e.g. body in white for
applications, profiled sheets, etc. Typical thickn
used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag an
to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for mor
('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burd
World average steel. A flat steel sheet rolled on

finished products by the manufacturers. Heavy
vessels, boilers, heavy metal structures, offsho
2.46 System expansion was used on the steel, e.g.
GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP.
impact of -1.16 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude i
per kg.
World average steel. Obtained by a further thic

cold-reduction mill. It can be found on the mark
products. The various types of cold rolled steel
2.53 between 0.15 - 3 mm. Typical width between 6
other co-products. The influence of system exp
information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. M
burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, o
World average steel. Hot rolled steel from whic
found on the market in coil or in sheets and is f
hot rolled steel have applications in virtually all
2.42 energy pipelines, etc. Typical thickness betwee
World average steel. Wire rod is a rolled steel p

Particularly fine cross-sections may be achieve
this form. System expansion was used on the s
2.27
to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower
D impact of -1.15 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitud
CO2e per kg.
World average steel. Steel coil rolled on a hot-s
finished products by the manufacturers. The va
construction, shipbuilding, gas containers, pres
diamond or teardrop pattern are typically used
2.28
7 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. S
The influence of system expansion to the GWP
EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of
life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.07 kg CO2e per kg.
World average steel. For European rebar see s

market for direct use or is further processed int
highway and building construction also as prim
1.99
blast furnace slag and other co-products. The i
Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an
benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a n
World average steel. A steel section rolled on a

piling. It can be found on the market for direct u
trusses, vertical highway supports, and riverba
1.55
other co-products. The influence of system exp
information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. M
burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, o
World average steel. Engineering Steel is rolle
products by the manufacturers This steel is use
transmissions, etc. System expansion was use
1.27
expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to
85%. Module D impact of 0.31 kg CO2e per kg
World average steel. seamless tube. At an EO

2.13
benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a n
dsteel LCI, see https://www.worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/life-cycle-thinking. It is
ovided in ICE V3. It created too much unnecessary variability to results. It was o
actual recycled content used on a construction project). To avoid such variabili
y LCA resource.
of different recycled content steel and for Module D, end of life, recyclability be
rectly below.
which contains links to EPDs. Many of those EPDs have data for steel from vario
ata when available from a high quality resource. For steel, there was not data availab
n of European steel are directed to the embodied carbon tool directly below, which wi
various locations in Europe and around the world.
Further Information - Recycling and Recyclability Benef
appreciation of method for recycling, to ensure benefits of recycled content and
e the ICE Database Annex A. This guide explains the terms used to explain recycling
ts of a material is negligible, the life cycle results (Mod A-D) of a substitution method (
ecycled content.
n impact at an 85% end of life recyclability rate, match the Module A results of a recyc
simulate both the benefits of recyclability and of recycled content.
ed users, who have a full understanding of method for recycling. See ICE Annex
ith alternative scrap flows, an LCI value of steel scrap is required. The equation for th
available at https://www.worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/life-cycle-thinking.
ing recycling = X – (RR – S) Y(Xpr – Xre)

X Module A1-3, cradle to gate, embodied carbon
(RR – S) The net amount of scrap produced from the sys
RR The end-of-life recycling rate of the steel produ
The scrap input to the steelmaking process – th
S
steelmaking process.
Y(Xpr - Xre) The LCI value of steel scrap
Y The process yield of the EAF (more than 1kg s
Embodied carbon for 100% primary metal prod

Xpr
made in the blast furnace (BOF) route, assumin
Xre Embodied carbon for 100% secondary metal p
This data has been extracted from the worldste

1.673
It is equal to Y(Xpr - Xre) in the formula above
lity and Recycled Content
rnative end of life recovery rates. See the notes below on effective recycled content, w
g of steel scrap.
Enter a value from 0-100%.
85%
Suggested value of 85%.
fective recycled content of producing steel. This is because the Module D benefits as
egligible, the embodied carbon results of Modules A-D at an X% end of life recovery r
below, implying that it is an estimate based upon this assumption.
es the impact of producing a (hypothetical) fully recycled steel.
cing a (hypothetical) fully virgin steel.
mbodied Carbon Breakdown, EN 15804 Categories

esults (Modules A1-3) and the Module D results - separately. Module D results must b
the end of lifetime.
on assumptions and the result breakdowns should be considered as good practice.
elow, use the data input box at the top of this tool (blue shaded cell).
This is embodied carbon

This is benefits or burdens to
of production - cradle to
future lifecycles - from the
gate. The results here
EOL recyclability of steel.
reflect a 100:0 method
Recommended to report
(recycled content
separated out.
method).
Module A1-3, Embodied Module D, Carbon -

Carbon - kgCO2e/kg kgCO2e/kg
3.02 -1.35
2.89 -1.33
3.03 -1.41
2.78 -1.31
3.06 -1.27
2.85 -1.36
2.73 -1.34
2.76 -1.32
2.46 -1.16
2.53 -1.27
2.42 -1.26
2.27 -1.15
2.28 -1.21
1.99 -0.79
1.55 -0.34
1.27 0.31
2.13 -0.84
stage. The net scrap is as defined in the Worldsteel LCI reports. See further reading f
a input box at the top of this tool (Blue shaded cell).
Net scrap, Mod A1-3, kg Scrap recovered at EOL, Mod

per kg D, kg per kg
0.043 0.850
0.057 0.850
0.009 0.850
0.069 0.850
0.091 0.850
0.038 0.850
0.049 0.850
0.061 0.850
0.156 0.850
0.092 0.850
0.097 0.850
0.164 0.850
0.130 0.850
0.379 0.850
0.644 0.850
1.03 0.850
0.349 0.850
ve recycled content. To vary the effective recycled content rate, use the data input bo
Module A1-3, Embodied

Effective recycled content - %
Carbon - kgCO2e/kg
1.67
1.56
1.62
1.47
1.79
1.49
1.39
85.0%
1.44
1.30
1.26
1.16
1.12
1.07
1.20
1.21
1.58
1.29
(module A1 to A3). Modules B (in-use), C (end of life) and D (benefits to future lifecyc
al Product Declarations (EPDs) further below. Many EPDs have data for wider lifecyc
mptions on recycled content and end of life recyclability. This is a topic that has gener
users are strongly encouraged to report results with transparency.
15978 and EN 15804 is particularly encouraged, due to the transparency it brings to
are encouraged to estimate module D benefits in addition to the Module A-C results -
y guide from ICE V2.0 (Annex A on recycling methods) before using this data, which a
users are strongly encouraged to report results with transparency.
15978 and EN 15804 is particularly encouraged, due to the transparency it brings to
are encouraged to estimate module D benefits in addition to the Module A-C results -
y guide from ICE V2.0 (Annex A on recycling methods) before using this data, which a
e, Modules A1-3, embodied carbon. It is important to consider the amount of construc

material or product has a notable in-use of end of life impact, based upon their applic
ranteed what will happen at the end of the lifetime, and there scenarios with sensitivity
he section 'Selected embodied carbon coefficients' for the main data.
or ICE V3.0. These statistics are from all of the data collected in the backend ICE data
r similar sounding material sub-categories, in some instances.
ommended to use the main embodied carbon data, rather than the statistical average
pact. Those sub-material types may have a low market share. In such cases, they infl
Average Embodied Carbon
Sample Size
(kg CO2e/kg)
169 2.364
44 1.088
20 2.369
10 2.766
10 2.102
7 4.407
ample sizes, the percentiles are shown below
10 20
0.743 0.962
0.434 0.551
1.046 2.232
2.384 2.393
0.998 1.231
3.651
and distribution charts provided below. The individual datapoints may be found furthe
or: Steel - All Data Collected

or: Steel, Bar and Rod

or: Steel, Sheet

e format will permanently break the chart.
or: Steel, Galvanised
format will permanently break the chart.

or: Steel, Structural

or: Steel, Stainless
or: 0
or: 0
rmat will permanently break the chart.
atrix. The below DQI scores are the average data quality collected for each material ca
Sample Size DQI Method (Max 5)

169 4.40
44 4.86
20 2.90
10 5.00
10 5.00
7 5.00
N/A
IBSE guide (insert ref). The densities of most materials varies within a sensible range
Material Prope
Condition
this material, along with data for various sub-categories. This is used to produce the
1 2
Steel - All Data Collected Steel, Bar and Rod
16.155 3.200
10.542 2.580
10.318 2.560
8.000 2.400
6.290 2.360
5.327 2.350
5.300 1.990
4.514 1.910
4.425 1.800
4.419 1.500
4.064 1.220
3.950 1.090
3.911 1.089
3.680 1.030
3.606 1.016
3.600 1.010
3.592 0.981
3.446 0.960
3.439 0.959
3.341 0.900
3.240 0.899
3.200 0.898
3.200 0.891
3.200 0.839
3.155 0.799
3.139 0.767
3.044 0.756
3.044 0.750
3.027 0.745
3.026 0.743
3.018 0.655
3.008 0.628
2.970 0.597
2.910 0.553
2.908 0.553
2.900 0.551
2.889 0.551
2.880 0.485
2.850 0.451
2.810 0.447
2.770 0.420
2.762 0.369
2.750 0.360
2.730 0.282
2.730
2.721
2.721
2.710
2.700
2.660
2.605
2.600
2.580
2.563
2.560
2.560
2.559
2.537
2.528
2.523
2.521
2.519
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.460
2.459
2.458
2.443
2.424
2.400
2.395
2.389
2.388
2.385
2.383
2.380
2.370
2.360
2.350
2.350
2.299
2.256
2.234
2.230
2.220
2.214
2.150
2.096
1.910
1.847
1.827
1.817
1.800
1.735
1.680
1.678
1.640
1.520
1.500
1.500
1.438
1.404
1.354
1.280
1.277
1.237
1.220
1.200
1.100
1.090
1.089
1.040
1.039
1.030
1.016
1.010
0.981
0.975
0.968
0.960
0.959
0.900
0.899
0.898
0.891
0.839
0.820
0.799
0.784
0.767
0.756
0.752
0.750
0.745
0.743
0.655
0.643
0.628
0.597
0.553
0.553
0.551
0.551
0.451
0.447
0.420
0.369
0.360
0.282
nformation.
Title
Embodied Impact Assessment: The Methodological

Challenge of Recycling at the End of Building Lifetime
worldsteel Association, Life Cycle Inventory Methodology
Report for Steel Products
worldsteel Association, Life Cycle Inventory Study, May

2018
mpile this material profile.
ICE DB Ref Number EPD?
334 No
360 Yes
361 Yes
362 Yes
368 Yes
369 Yes
407 Yes
408 Yes
409 Yes
410 Yes
411 Yes
412 Yes
413 Yes
447 Yes
448 Yes
449 Yes
457 Yes
493 Yes
501 Yes
505 Yes
506 Yes
517 Yes
519 Yes
520 Yes
521 Yes
522 Yes
523 Yes
524 Yes
530 Yes
789 Yes
790 Yes
792 Yes
795 Yes
797 Yes
882 Yes
883 Yes
886 Yes
887 Yes
888 Yes
890 Yes
891 Yes
929 No
967 Yes
996 Yes
997 Yes
999 Yes
1000 Yes
1001 Yes
1002 Yes
1013 Yes
1014 Yes
1025 Yes
1026 Yes
1027 Yes
1028 Yes
1029 Yes
1030 Yes
1031 Yes
1032 Yes
1033 Yes
1145 Yes
1153 Yes
1154 Yes
1155 Yes
1157 Yes
1162 Yes
1163 Yes
1164 Yes
1165 Yes
1166 Yes
1169 Yes
1170 Yes
1171 Yes
1172 Yes
Material Profile: Steel
019
to see if a newer version is available.
http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-d

he notes on wider life cycle considerations and also the ICE Annex A, from ICE V2.0,
Date Last Updated
Comments
tute [IISI]) life cycle inventory (LCI) data, which is the most complete and detailed ste
the further reading section. The data below is based upon their 2018 study. Check th
Comments
O pipe is usually large in diameter and produced one piece at a time by forming plates
-press, and then into an O shape by the O-press. Because relatively thick material is
is used for joining. UO pipe is mainly used as line pipe for transporting petroleum and
stem expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-produc
or steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D i
nefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.67 kg CO2e
so known as Electrolytic Chrome Coated Steel (ECCS). Obtained by electro plating a

me. It can be found on the market in coil or in sheets and is further processed into fini
s used primarily in food cans, industrial packaging (e.g. small drums). Typical thicknes
600 - 1100 mm. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag a
ansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. At an EOL recovery rate
-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D
btained by electro plating finished cold rolled steel with a thin layer of zinc or zinc-nick
nd on the market in coil or in sheets and is further processed into finished products b
es excellent forming properties, paintability, weldability, and is suitable for fabrication
clude domestic applications, building applications (e.g. wall elements, roofing applica
n white for vehicles underbody auto parts), lighting fixtures, drums and various kinds
ical thickness between 0.3 - 3 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System ex
ace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GWP for ste
el for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.41 kg
de a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.62 kg CO2e per kg.
flat plate steel coil that is bended and welded into a tube. It can be found on the mark
to transport fluids (e.g. oil, gases, water, chemicals). System expansion was used on
co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to
rmation. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.31 kg CO2e per kg (
his gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.47 kg CO2e per kg.
btained by coating a steel substrate with organic layers such as paint or laminated film
may also be electrogalvanized coil, finished cold rolled coil or tin-free steel. It can be fo
processed into finished products by the manufacturers. Organic coated Steel is use in
and ceiling claddings, lighting, radiators etc), general industry (e.g. office furniture, hea
appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, small kitchen appliances, computer cas
pical thickness between 0.15 - 1.5 mm. Typical width between 600 - 1300 mm. System
eel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.27 k
btained by electro plating a thin finished cold rolled coil with a thin layer of tin. It can be
er processed into finished products by the manufacturers. Tin plated steel is used prim
ums) Typical thickness between 0.13 - 0.49 mm. Typical width between 600 - 1100 m
or blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the
tact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impa
it, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.49 kg CO2e per
btained by heat treatment (annealing) and strain-hardening of cold rolled steel in a wa

teel suitable for further uses (forming and bending). Finished Cold Rolled Steel includ
ssified into the following main groups: formable steels, high strength formable steels, w
nable steels. It can be found on the market in coil or in sheets and is further processed
d Cold-rolled Steel features excellent forming properties, electromagnetic properties, p
y forming, pressing and bending. Applications include domestic applications, automo
onents (stators, rotors) and various kinds of sections roofing applications, profiled she
en 0.3 - 3 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was used o
co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to
rmation. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.34 kg CO2e per kg (
his gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.39 kg CO2e per kg.
btained by passing cold rolled coil through a molten zinc bath, in order to coat the stee
ance. It can be found on the market in coil or in sheets and is further processed into fi
Galvanized Steel features excellent forming properties, paintability, weldability, and is
ending. Applications include domestic applications, building applications (e.g. wall ele
(e.g. body in white for vehicles underbody auto parts), lighting fixtures, drums and va
eets, etc. Typical thickness between 0.3 - 3 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 m
or blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the
tact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impa
it, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.44 kg CO2e per
flat steel sheet rolled on a hot rolling mill. It can be found on the market in sheets and
manufacturers. Heavy plate is used in a large number of sectors: structural steels, sh
metal structures, offshore structures etc. Typical thickness between 2 to 20 mm. The
used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of s
is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery
e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle
btained by a further thickness reduction of a pickled hot rolled coil. This step is achiev
n be found on the market in coil, but requires a further heating process before being m
ypes of cold rolled steel are used as primary material for finished cold rolled coils & co
ypical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g.
nfluence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP.
recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.27 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a be
et life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.26 kg CO2e per kg.
ot rolled steel from which the iron oxides present at the surface have been removed in
coil or in sheets and is further processed into finished products by the manufacturers.
plications in virtually all sectors of industry: transport, construction, shipbuilding, gas c
ypical thickness between 2 - 7 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System ex
eel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.26 k
re rod is a rolled steel product, produced from a semi and having a round, rectangula
ections may be achieved by subsequent cold forming (drawing). Wire rod is wound in
nsion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The infl
oducts is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL rec
O2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cyc
eel coil rolled on a hot-strip mill. It can be found on the market in coil or in sheets and
manufacturers. The various types of hot rolled steel have applications in virtually all s
ng, gas containers, pressure vessels, energy pipelines, etc. Hot rolled steel sheet with
ttern are typically used for stairs, industrial floors and tailboards for goods vehicles. Ty
ween 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace
expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel
%. Module D impact of -1.21 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude
r European rebar see seperate data. A steel reinforcing bar is rolled on a hot rolling m
is further processed into finished products by the manufacturers. This product is used
onstruction also as primary product for the wire rod process. System expansion was u
ther co-products. The influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is
more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -0.79 kg CO2e
steel section rolled on a hot rolling mill. Steel Sections include I-beams, H-beams, wid
n the market for direct use. This product is used in construction, multi-story buildings,
y supports, and riverbank reinforcement. System expansion was used on the steel, e.
nfluence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP.
recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -0.34 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a be
et life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.21 kg CO2e per kg.
ngineering Steel is rolled on a Hot Rolling mill. It can be found on the market and is fur
cturers This steel is used in the manufacture of tools, dies, components for engines, d
em expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-product
or steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At
of 0.31 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives
amless tube. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -0.84 kg CO2e pe
ife-cycle-thinking. It is provided with their permission.
ity to results. It was often found that different studies made broad assumptions
o avoid such variability, the data on world average steel is now provided. Regio
of life, recyclability benefits, should refer to reference report from worldsteel, se
ata for steel from various countries.

re was not data available on the European average embodied carbon.
directly below, which will model alternative recycled contents. They are also directed t
nd Recyclability Benefits of Steel
recycled content and recyclability are not double counted.
ed to explain recycling method in this section (substitution method, recycled content m

a substitution method (0:100) match the Module A results of a recycled content meth
dule A results of a recycled content method at 85% recycled content (Modules B-D ha
ent.
ycling. See ICE Annex A for information on method for recycling.
ed. The equation for this and the LCI value of 1 kg of steel scrap are shown below. Fo
e-thinking.
gate, embodied carbon of steel
p produced from the system
g rate of the steel product.
teelmaking process – this is the net scrap consumed in the
crap
EAF (more than 1kg scrap is required to produce 1kg steel).
00% primary metal production. This is a theoretical value for steel slab
ce (BOF) route, assuming 0% scrap input.
00% secondary metal production from scrap in the electric arc furnace (EAF), assumin
acted from the worldsteel LCI.
e) in the formula above
ctive recycled content, which under certain conditions is comparable.

a value from 0-100%.
gested value of 85%.
e Module D benefits assume the impacts of producing virgin and recycled steel based
% end of life recovery rate, is comparable to the embodied carbon results of Module A
on.
.
Module D results must be reported with
red as good practice.
d cell).
This is the total. The results here

reflect a 0:100 method
(substitution method)
Module A-D, Embodied Carbon -

kgCO2e/kg
1.67
1.56
1.62
1.47
1.79
1.49
1.39
1.44
1.30
1.26
1.16
1.12
1.07
1.20
1.21
1.58
1.29
s. See further reading for links to their
Net scrap, Mod A-D, kg per kg
0.81
0.79
0.84
0.78
0.76
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.69
0.76
0.75
0.69
0.72
0.47
0.21
-0.18
0.50
e, use the data input box at the top of this
benefits to future lifecycles) are beyond the scope of the ICE Database. However, som
ve data for wider lifecycles
s a topic that has generated considerable debate over several decades. The choice o
ency.
ansparency it brings to method for recycling. These standards requires that the lifecy
e Module A-C results - but to always report them transparently, e.g. results broken do
using this data, which also contains guidance on end of life issues for steel. The ICE
the amount of construction waste in a building project. The material wasted has an em
based upon their application. Durability and lifetime should also be considered as a p
cenarios with sensitivity analysis should be used where possible. Finally, users are di
ICE Database Embodied Carbon (EC) Statistics - kg CO2e
e main data.
n the backend ICE database, which is not publicly available. The categories of sub-m
n the statistical averages presented here. For example, for some materials the averag
In such cases, they influence the statistical average unfairly. For this reason, some of
Min Embodied Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
0.282
0.282
0.643
2.383
0.975
3.606
Percentiles - Where Available - kgCO2e
25
1.040
0.564
2.303
2.414
1.315
3.680
nts may be found further below.

Data Quality
V0.2 Beta
ted for each material category. They use the same pool of data as for the summary s
DQI Assurance (Max 5)

3.13
3.07
4.25
2.30
2.90
2.14
Material Properties
within a sensible range. Densities within the ICE Database may differ.
Thermal conductivity (W-m-1 K-

1)
29
16
45
All Data Points

is used to produce the histograms. It could be used for further statistical analysis. The
Steel, Sheet
3.060
2.890
2.880
2.810
2.760
2.730
2.730
2.721
2.710
2.563
2.530
2.460
2.459
2.420
2.370
2.280
2.220
1.100
1.040
0.643
Further Reading
Author / Publisher
Craig Jones, Construction Information Quarterly, 11(3), 2009

worldsteel, 2017
worldsteel, 2018
References
Reference Details
Worldsteel - LCI Data for Steel Products, LCI 2017, Worldsteel, 2017
EPD Number: BREG EN EPD 000078 published by BRE, 2015

EPD Number: environdec EPD S-P-01158 published by Environdec, 20

EPD Number: EPD-EF-5.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e

EPD Number: published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2013
EPD Number: EPD-FRA-0.5 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwel
EPD Number: EPD-FVS-20130195-IBG2-DE published by IBU - Institut B
EPD Number: EPD-KAL-20130273-IBA1-DE published by IBU - Institut
EPD Number: EPD-TMZ-0.3 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwel

EPD Number: EPD-LD-GB-24.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Um
EPD Number: EPD-COD-25.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umw
EPD Number: EPD-FTO-0.7 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwel
Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community, 20


EPD Number: environdec EPD N. S-P-00257 published by Environdec,
EPD Number: BREGENEPD000178 published by BRE, 2013

EPD Number: BREGENEPD000166 published by BRE, 2016
EPD Number: BREG EN EPD000136 published by BRE, 2016


Material Profile: Steel
s available.
com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Go To Main Data >>
Comments
quality matrix.
ations and also the ICE Annex A, from ICE V2.0, which contains guidance on method
May-19
elected Embodied Carbon Coefficients
Comments
data, which is the most complete and detailed steel LCI to date and can be obtained f
Start of Main Embodied Carbon Data >>>
a below is based upon their 2018 study. Check their website to see if any newer data
Comments
nd produced one piece at a time by forming plates. The plate is first pressed
the O-press. Because relatively thick material is used for making UO pipes,
y used as line pipe for transporting petroleum and natural gas in large quantity
eel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system
WP. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.35 kg CO2e per
oated Steel (ECCS). Obtained by electro plating a thin finished cold rolled coil
coil or in sheets and is further processed into finished products by the
rial packaging (e.g. small drums). Typical thickness between 0.13 - 0.49 mm.
was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The
s is 3 to 7% lower GWP. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of
old rolled steel with a thin layer of zinc or zinc-nickel to provide corrosion
s and is further processed into finished products by the manufacturers. Hot Dip
ntability, weldability, and is suitable for fabrication by forming, pressing and
g applications (e.g. wall elements, roofing applications), automotive
parts), lighting fixtures, drums and various kinds of sections applications,
Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was used on the
influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower
recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.41 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude
cle inc Mod D, of 1.62 kg CO2e per kg.
d welded into a tube. It can be found on the market for final use. A heavy-wall
ater, chemicals). System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast
m expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact
85%. Module D impact of -1.31 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+'
of 1.47 kg CO2e per kg.
with organic layers such as paint or laminated film. The substrate is mainly hot
inished cold rolled coil or tin-free steel. It can be found on the market in coil or
the manufacturers. Organic coated Steel is use in all activity sectors like
tors etc), general industry (e.g. office furniture, heating, ventilating, air
machines, small kitchen appliances, computer casings, VCR & DVD casings,
m. Typical width between 600 - 1300 mm. System expansion was used on the
hed cold rolled coil with a thin layer of tin. It can be found on the market in coil
by the manufacturers. Tin plated steel is used primarily in food cans, industrial
13 - 0.49 mm. Typical width between 600 - 1100 mm. System expansion was
roducts. The influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3
n. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.36 kg CO2e per kg
es a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.49 kg CO2e per kg.
g) and strain-hardening of cold rolled steel in a way to achieve final mechanical

g and bending). Finished Cold Rolled Steel includes a wide range of different
s: formable steels, high strength formable steels, weathering structural steels,
market in coil or in sheets and is further processed into finished products by the
t forming properties, electromagnetic properties, paintability, weldability, and is
pplications include domestic applications, automotive applications, lighting
kinds of sections roofing applications, profiled sheets, wall elements, etc.
en 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast
m expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact
85%. Module D impact of -1.34 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+'
of 1.39 kg CO2e per kg.
rough a molten zinc bath, in order to coat the steel with a thin layer of zinc to
in coil or in sheets and is further processed into finished products by the
forming properties, paintability, weldability, and is suitable for fabrication by
tic applications, building applications (e.g. wall elements, roofing applications),
erbody auto parts), lighting fixtures, drums and various kinds of sections
n 0.3 - 3 mm. Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was
roducts. The influence of system expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3
n. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D impact of -1.32 kg CO2e per kg
es a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.44 kg CO2e per kg.
g mill. It can be found on the market in sheets and is further processed into
d in a large number of sectors: structural steels, shipbuilding, pipes, pressure
etc. Typical thickness between 2 to 20 mm. The maximum width is 1860 mm.
ace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion to the
orldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module D
+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.3 kg CO2e
ion of a pickled hot rolled coil. This step is achieved at low temperature in a
t requires a further heating process before being manufactured into finished
primary material for finished cold rolled coils & coated coils. Typical thickness
m. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and
e GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more
act of -1.27 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a
O2e per kg.
ides present at the surface have been removed in a pickling process. It can be
ssed into finished products by the manufacturers. The various types of pickled
dustry: transport, construction, shipbuilding, gas containers, pressure vessels,
Typical width between 600 - 2100 mm. System expansion was used on the
duced from a semi and having a round, rectangular or other cross-section.

uent cold forming (drawing). Wire rod is wound into coils and transported in
blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system expansion
act Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of 85%. Module
, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of 1.12 kg
an be found on the market in coil or in sheets and is further processed into
of hot rolled steel have applications in virtually all sectors of industry: transport,
s, energy pipelines, etc. Hot rolled steel sheet with an anti-slip surface and a
dustrial floors and tailboards for goods vehicles. Typical thickness between 2 -
nsion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products.
oducts is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an
2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net
a. A steel reinforcing bar is rolled on a hot rolling mill. It can be found on the
oducts by the manufacturers. This product is used to strengthen concrete in
or the wire rod process. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for
ystem expansion to the GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP.
ry rate of 85%. Module D impact of -0.79 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a
nc Mod D, of 1.2 kg CO2e per kg.
mill. Steel Sections include I-beams, H-beams, wide-flange beams, and sheet
duct is used in construction, multi-story buildings, industrial buildings, bridge
ment. System expansion was used on the steel, e.g. for blast furnace slag and
e GWP for steel products is 3 to 7% lower GWP. Contact Worldsteel for more
act of -0.34 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a benefit, '+' magnitude a
O2e per kg.
olling mill. It can be found on the market and is further processed into finished
nufacture of tools, dies, components for engines, drives, equipment,
el, e.g. for blast furnace slag and other co-products. The influence of system
WP. Contact Worldsteel for more information. At an EOL recovery rate of
de is a benefit, '+' magnitude a burden). This gives a net life cycle inc Mod D, of
ate of 85%. Module D impact of -0.84 kg CO2e per kg ('-' magnitude is a

nc Mod D, of 1.29 kg CO2e per kg.
with their permission.
hat different studies made broad assumptions on recycled content,

on world average steel is now provided. Regional averages are only
ld refer to reference report from worldsteel, see the section "further
es.
ropean average embodied carbon.
native recycled contents. They are also directed to the references, which has
y are not double counted.
s section (substitution method, recycled content method, 100:0, 0:100...etc)

h the Module A results of a recycled content method (100:0), at the point
method at 85% recycled content (Modules B-D having no impact due to the in
mation on method for recycling.
CI value of 1 kg of steel scrap are shown below. For further information, see the
scrap consumed in the
red to produce 1kg steel).
is a theoretical value for steel slab

input.
m scrap in the electric arc furnace (EAF), assuming 100% scrap input.
certain conditions is comparable.

<<<
<<<
<<<
pacts of producing virgin and recycled steel based upon present conditions.
arable to the embodied carbon results of Module A with a recycled content of X

End of Main Embodied Carbon Data >>>
der Lifecycle Notes (Modules B, C and D)
ond the scope of the ICE Database. However, some important information is provided
erable debate over several decades. The choice of method for recycling should be ma
ecycling. These standards requires that the lifecycle results are broken down by lifec
s report them transparently, e.g. results broken down by the EN 15978 modules. This
guidance on end of life issues for steel. The ICE data is 'cradle to gate', which exclud
a building project. The material wasted has an embodied carbon impact which shoul
bility and lifetime should also be considered as a part of a fair comparative assessmen
ould be used where possible. Finally, users are directed to the references section, wh
se Embodied Carbon (EC) Statistics - kg CO2e/kg
is not publicly available. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes merged
here. For example, for some materials the average embodied carbon of all data colle
atistical average unfairly. For this reason, some of the material and sub-material categ
16.155
3.200
3.060
3.592
3.600
6.290
50
2.384
0.895
2.546
2.674
1.618
4.419
0.000
Data Quality
y use the same pool of data as for the summary statistics further above.

4.87
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.90
5.00
Material Properties
within the ICE Database may differ.
E Data)
Density (kg m -3)
7850
8000
7800
All Data Points

It could be used for further statistical analysis. These values do not include any mode
Steel, Galvanised
3.592
3.155
3.027
2.900
2.889
2.458
2.443
2.424
2.385
2.383
Further Reading
Author / Publisher
Information Quarterly, 11(3), 2009

References
Reference Details
Steel Products, LCI 2017, Worldsteel, 2017

EPD 000078 published by BRE, 2015

c EPD S-P-01158 published by Environdec, 2017

0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2013

d by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2013
0.5 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2013
20130195-IBG2-DE published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2013
20130273-IBA1-DE published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2014

B-24.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2017
-25.0 published by IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2016
ry of the Interior, Building and Community, 2017


c EPD N. S-P-00257 published by Environdec, 2017
EPD000178 published by BRE, 2013



May-19
ents
some important information.
s for the material types.

he full datapoints, there is a separate section further below.
and embodied carbon distribution charts.
erage data quality is shown here, along with a link to the data
ed to produce the histograms and may be useful for further
er, EPDs have become the most important data resource.

material.
ce on methods for recycling.

ICE DB Version
be obtained free of charge from the worldsteel website (www.worldsteel.org). See the
y newer data is
DQI Total - %
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
ol to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content and Recyclability
led Content and Recyclability Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled C
cled Content and Recyclability Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content a
ntent and Recyclability Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content an
cled Content and Recyclability Information and Tool
Information and Tool to Vary Embodied Carbon by Recycled Content and
n is provided here.
should be made on the basis of the goal and scope of study. There are also carbon fo
down by lifecycle stage. Module A being cradle to gate. Module B is in-use. Module C
modules. This gives users all the information they require to judge the benefits of both
which excludes the important end of life stage (see Annex A on recycling methods).
t which should not be neglected. In many cases this can be a significant contribution t
e assessment. Finally, end of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route, such a
es section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated impacts of installat
times merged in the final version of the publicly available ICE database, e.g. if sample
all data collected is a poor indicator of the average embodied carbon of that material.
material categories in the main ICE Database considers the consumption mixture of v
Standard
CO2e/kg)
1.817 3.300
0.707 0.500
0.645 0.416
0.393 0.154
0.940 0.884
0.843 0.710
75 80
2.882 3.024
1.188 1.800
2.753 2.800
3.059 3.129
3.200 3.200
4.514 5.225
18.000
16.000
14.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
0 20 40 60 80
Datapoints
Steel, Bar and Rod
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Datapoints
Steel, Sheet
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 5 10 15
Datapoints
Steel, Galvanised
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
3.500
E
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 2 4 6
Datapoints
Steel, Structural
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0 2 4 6
Datapoints
Em b o d ie d C arb o n - kg C O 2 e p e r kg Steel, Stainless
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
0 1 2 3 4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints

0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Datapoints
DQI
(Max 5)
3.66 1.85
3.20 1.82
4.00 3.25
4.00 1.10
2.20 1.40
4.14 1.00
Specific heat
(J kg-1 K-1)
480 7.6963906581741E-06
480 4.16666666666667E-06
480 1.20192307692308E-05
de any modelled data, e.g. no data from the cement, mortar and concrete model.
5 6
Steel,
Steel, Stainless
Structural
3.600 6.290
3.200 4.514
3.200 4.425
2.850 4.419
1.735 3.911
1.500 3.680
1.404 3.606
1.354
1.200
0.975
Description
A journal paper providing an overview of method

for recycling. Including explanations of the
recycled content method, substitution method and
the 50:50 method
Provides the method and background to the
worldsteel LCI
Presents a summary of the worldsteel LCI results
Description
LCI of the world steel market

EPD for Hot Rolled Flat Steel, Recycled. From a
specific manufacturer in Turkey.
EPD for Hot Rolled Flat Steel, Recycled. From a

EPD for Reinforcing steel bar, recycled. From a

EPD for Gratings & Kerb drainage, Saint-

Gobain PAM UK
EPD for Surface boxes, Saint-Gobain PAM UK
EPD for Steel rebar, recycled. Sector Average

produced by UK CARES at manufacturing
facilities in France, Spain, Turkey and Portugal.
EPD for Steel rebar, recycled. From a specific

manufacturer in France.
manufacturer in Spain.

manufacturer in Turkey.

EPD for Steel rebar (Direct reduced iron

production route). . From a specific
manufacturer in Abu Dhabi.
EPD for non-alloy structural steel (Direct

reduced iron production route). . From a
specific manufacturer in Au Dhabi.
EPD for Steel Pipe Piles, dimensions

88,9*6,3mm. Per 6 m
EPD for SS (Structural Steel) Piles
EPD for SSdr (Structural Steel) Piles

EPD for ECO-ASFALT® Plus
EPD for Schiebetor_TT

manufacturer in Abu Dhabi.
EPD for Steel pipes
EPD for steel core piles
EPD for Oil Country Tubular Goods, steel.
EPD for Steel rebar. From a specific




manufacturer in Spain.
EPD for Stainless steel rebar. From a specific

manufacturer in the UK.
manufacturer in Qatar.
EPD for Fire doors_T60, ASx; 1 m²
EPD for Steel Profiles and Accessories
EPD for HOT ROLLED STRUCTURAL

AND RAIL - 1 tonne of rail products
EPD for REINFORCING ROD,
BAR AND WIRE - LOW RELAXATION STRAND
AND LOW
RELAXATION WIRE
EPD for HOT ROLLED STRUCTURAL

PRODUCTS - STRUCTURAL
EPD for REINFORCING MESH
EPD for Fire sliding door _T30HM
EPD for Stainless steel door fittings
EPD for Steel Enamel Baths and Shower Trays
EPD for Front door_HM; 1 m² area

EPD for sectional door-Lindab-LDC_steel
EPD for Industrial and Garage Doors Condoor-

PG3-Steel 40mm; 1 m² area
EPD for Fire door_T30

Community.
EPD for stretched coil electroelded mesh cold

rolled.
EPD for c®
Gyproc® Steel Profiles and Accessories
EPD for TEKNO EVO steel piles.
EPD for Steel reinforcing bar manufactured

from iron ore
EPD for Steel reinforcing bar manufactured

from steel scrap
EPD for Steel Profiles

EPD for [Reinforcing Steel Bar
EPD for Steel – Welded Beams and Columns
EPD for steel plate. . From a specific

manufacturer in Australia.
EPD for Steel reinforcement products for

concrete. From a specific manufacturer in
Denmark.

Finland.

Norway.

Sweden.
EPD for hot-drawn reinforcing steel for
concrete in bars and coils. From a specific
manufacturer in Italy.
EPD for for hot-rolled reinforcing steel for

concrete in bar and coils. From a specific
EPD for hot-rolled reinforcing steel for

concrete in bars and coils. From a specific
EPD for Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete

Reinforcement. From a specific manufacturer
in Italy.
EPD for steel merchant bars. From a specific

EPD for hot-drawn reinforcing steel for

concrete in bars. . From a specific
EPD for SIP Kingspan

EPD for Steel rebar, recycled
EPD for steel rebar
EPD for Non-Alloy Structural Steel, recycled

EPD for Steel rebar
EPD for Steel rebar
EPD for Steel rebar
EPD for Steel rebar

using the link below.
V3.0 Beta
e (www.worldsteel.org). See the notes on wider life cycle

study. There are also carbon footprint methods which define what
e. Module B is in-use. Module C is end of life. Module D is
ire to judge the benefits of both recycled content and end of life

an be a significant contribution to embodied carbon of a
ns on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse or recycling. The
EPDs stated impacts of installation, in-use and end of life.
able ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too low for two similar
mbodied carbon of that material. This may be because of sub-

rs the consumption mixture of various sub-material types.
Comments

literature.
Comments
90
3.606
2.380
3.549 particular percentile may not be
3.560 available.
0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Datapoints
Steel, Bar and Rod
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Datapoints
Steel, Sheet
5 10 15 20 25
Datapoints
Steel, Galvanised
2 4 6 8 10 12
Datapoints
Steel, Structural
2 4 6 8 10 12
Datapoints
Steel, Stainless
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Datapoints

0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints

0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Datapoints
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
9.00 77%
5.00 66%
4.00 67%
4.00 61%
4.00 58%
3.00 58%
N/A N/A
7 8
N/A N/A
0.000 0.00
Hyperlink
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ICE DB Version:
Section Navigation
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Timber is one of the more complicated materials, when it com

tree species and because it is a naturally grown material there
Timber is one of the more complicated materials, when it com
tree species and because it is a naturally grown material there
Boundaries:
The data below is provided both with and without carbon stora
Data exclud
The data in this section excludes the carbon stored in the timbe
For data on carbon storage in timber, see further below.
The data in this section excludes the carbon stored in the timbe
For data on carbon storage in timber, see further below.
Materials
Timber - Average of all data -

No Carbon Storage
Timber, Chipboard - No
Carbon Storage
Timber, Closed panel timber

frame system - No Carbon
Storage
Timber, CLT - No Carbon

Storage
Timber, Fibreboard - No
Carbon Storage
Timber, Glulam - No Carbon

Storage
Timber, Hardboard - No
Carbon Storage
Timber, Hardwood - No
Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminate - No
Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminated strand

lumber - No Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminated veneer
lumber - No Carbon Storage
Timber, MDF - No Carbon

Storage
Timber, Open panel timber

frame system - No Carbon
Storage
Timber, OSB - No Carbon

Storage
Timber, Parquet - No Carbon

Storage
Timber, Particle Board - No

Carbon Storage
Timber, Plywood - No
Carbon Storage
Timber, Softwood - No
Carbon Storage
Timber, Wood I-Beam - No

Carbon Storage
Timber, Wood-plastic
composite - No Carbon
Storage
Data includ
The data in this section includes the carbon stored in the timber
The data in this section is more aligned with how most EPDs ha
should be aware that the end of life (EOL) stage for timber is pa
The amount of stored carbon will be given back to the atmosph

incineration, landfill, recycling or reuse. If including carbon stora
model the EOL impacts.
The carbon storage values are presented as negative in magnit

of wood, and 0.5 kgCO2e per kg is the embodied carbon to ma
embodied carbon with carbon storage, in this example, would b
The amount of stored carbon will be given back to the atmosph
incineration, landfill, recycling or reuse. If including carbon stora
model the EOL impacts.
The carbon storage values are presented as negative in magnit

of wood, and 0.5 kgCO2e per kg is the embodied carbon to ma
embodied carbon with carbon storage, in this example, would b
Embodied carbon data with carbon storage is typically a negativ

storage can only be applied to timber that ends up in a product
that the end of life stage is considered.
Materials
Timber - Average of all data -

Timber, Chipboard -
Timber, Closed panel timber

frame system - Including
Carbon Storage
Timber, CLT - Including
Carbon Storage
Timber, Fibreboard -
Timber, Glulam - Including

Carbon Storage
Timber, Hardboard -
Timber, Hardwood -
Timber, Laminate - Including
Carbon Storage
Timber, Laminated strand

lumber - Including Carbon
Storage

lumber - Including Carbon
Storage
Timber, MDF - Including

Carbon Storage
Timber, Open panel timber

frame system - Including
Carbon Storage
Timber, OSB - Including

Carbon Storage
Timber, Parquet - Including
Carbon Storage
Timber, Particle Board -

Timber, Plywood - Including

Carbon Storage
Timber, Softwood - Including

Carbon Storage
Timber, Wood I-Beam -

Timber, Wood-plastic
composite - Including
Carbon Storage
The ICE Database is a cradle to gate data resource (module A
It is also worth checking the links to the Environmental Produc
The end of life (EOL) stage for timber is particularly important

depends upon the EOL route, such as incineration, landfill, re
The ICE database contains data on the cradle to gate, Module

neglected. In many cases this can be a significant contribution
lifetime should also be considered as a part of a fair compara
what will happen at the end of the lifetime, and there scenario
installation, in-use and end of life.
This is not the main embodied carbon data. See the secti
These statistics have come from the data collected for ICE V3
final version of the publicly available ICE database, e.g. if sam
These statistics are provided for information. It is recommend

poor indicator of the average embodied carbon of that materia
statistical average unfairly. For this reason, some of the mate
Main Material
1 Timber - All Data Collected
Timber, Softwood
2
Timber, Wood I-Beam
3
Timber, Hardwood
4
Timber, OSB
5
Timber, Particle Board
6
Timber, Glulam
7
Timber, Plywood
8
9 Timber, Laminate
10 Timber, Parquet
11 Timber, Chipboard
12 Timber, Fibreboard
lumber
13
14 Timber, CLT
15
16
For some of the sub-categories, mainly with larger sample siz
Main Material
1 Timber - All Data Collected
2 Timber, Softwood
3 Timber, Wood I-Beam
4 Timber, Hardwood
5 Timber, OSB
6 Timber, Particle Board
7 Timber, Glulam
8 Timber, Plywood
For some of the sub-categories there are histograms and dist
All charts are based upon the data that includes carbon s





DQI Version:
Data quality is rated according to our data quality matrix. The
Main Material
Timber
Timber, Softwood
Timber, Wood I-Beam
Timber, Hardwood
Timber, OSB
Timber, Glulam
Timber, Plywood
Timber, Laminate
Timber, Parquet
Timber, Chipboard
Timber, Fibreboard
lumber
Timber, CLT
The material properties below were originally from CIBSE gui

Material
fir, pine
hardwood (unspecified)
maple, oak and similar hardwoods

oak, radial
oak, beech, ash, walnut
meranti
pine, pitch pine
red fir, Oregon fir
resinous woods (spruce, sylvester pine)

softwood
timber
timber flooring
willow, North Canadian gaboon
willow, birch, soft beech
Wood derivatives:
cellulosic insulation, loose fill
chipboard
chipboard, bonded with PF
chipboard, bonded with UF
chipboard, bonded with

melamine
chipboard, perforated
flooring blocks
hardboard
multiplex, beech
multiplex, North Canadian gaboon
multiplex, red fir
particle board
plywood
The below contains all of the datapoints collected for this mat
These values all include carbon storage.
Datapoint No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
The below resources are recommended for further information
ICE DB Ref Number
1
2
3
Item
2
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
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61
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65
66
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73
74
75
Mat
V3.0 - 10 Nov 2019
sion still valid? Check link below, to see if a newer vers
opy is up to date at: http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy
re complicated materials, when it comes to embodied carbon. This is for a number of
se it is a naturally grown material there is a wide range of densities. These all add com
re complicated materials, when it comes to embodied carbon. This is for a number of
se it is a naturally grown material there is a wide range of densities. These all add com

Date Last Updated
A3
Selecte
ded both with and without carbon storage.
<<< Start o
Data excluding carbon storage
xcludes the carbon stored in the timber. Carbon storage can only be claimed for susta
e in timber, see further below.
xcludes the carbon stored in the timber. Carbon storage can only be claimed for susta
e in timber, see further below.
Of which carbon
storage - kg CO2e/kg
0.493 0.00
0.400 0.00
0.452 0.00
0.437 0.00
0.715 0.00
0.512 0.00
0.815 0.00
0.306 0.00
0.698 0.00
0.504 0.00
0.390 0.00
0.856 0.00
0.345 0.00
0.455 0.00
0.811 0.00
0.664 0.00
0.681 0.00
0.263 0.00
0.483 0.00
1.44 0.00
Data including carbon storage
cludes the carbon stored in the timber. Carbon storage can only be claimed for sustai
more aligned with how most EPDs have been reporting the carbon footprint of timber
end of life (EOL) stage for timber is particularly important.
bon will be given back to the atmosphere. The amount given back depends upon the E
ling or reuse. If including carbon storage in calculations for Modules A1-3, it is particu
s are presented as negative in magnitude (-, minus). To provide an example, if -1.5 kg

per kg is the embodied carbon to make a wooden product (Mod A1-3) without carbon
bon storage, in this example, would be -1.0 kg CO2e per kg of wood.
bon will be given back to the atmosphere. The amount given back depends upon the E
ling or reuse. If including carbon storage in calculations for Modules A1-3, it is particu
s are presented as negative in magnitude (-, minus). To provide an example, if -1.5 kg

per kg is the embodied carbon to make a wooden product (Mod A1-3) without carbon
bon storage, in this example, would be -1.0 kg CO2e per kg of wood.
th carbon storage is typically a negative in magnitude number and therefore must be u

ed to timber that ends up in a product - not to excess timber that will become waste m
s considered.
Of which carbon
storage - kg CO2e/kg
-1.03 -1.52
-1.12 -1.52
-1.10 -1.55
-1.20 -1.64
-0.86 -1.58
-0.90 -1.41
-0.82 -1.64
-1.29 -1.59
-0.58 -1.28
-1.08 -1.59
-1.25 -1.64
-0.64 -1.50
-1.27 -1.61
-1.05 -1.50
-0.81 -1.62
-0.81 -1.48
-0.93 -1.61
-1.29 -1.55
-1.05 -1.53
0.58 -0.86
<<< End o
Wider Life
age for timber is particularly important, particularly if carbon storage has been included
route, such as incineration, landfill, recycling or reuse. If including carbon storage in c
materials:
es this can be a significant contribution to embodied carbon of a construction building.
onsidered as a part of a fair comparative assessment. Finally, end of life relies on ass
end of the lifetime, and there scenarios with sensitivity analysis should be used where
end of life.
ICE Database Emb
cly available ICE database, e.g. if sample size is too low for two similar categories. Th
erage embodied carbon of that material. This may be because of sub-material types th
rly. For this reason, some of the material and sub-material categories in the main ICE
Average
Sample Size
CO2e/kg)
211 -1.040 -1.546
43 -1.292 -1.546
37 -1.050 -1.167
22 -1.286 -1.470
16 -1.059 -1.378
13 -0.815 -1.072
13 -0.896 -1.342
11 -0.982 -1.477
11 -0.580 -1.068
8 -0.813 -1.280
6 -1.139 -1.238
5 -0.930 -1.198
5 -1.340 -1.506
3 -1.204 -1.306
Percentiles
10 20 25
-1.381 -1.299 -1.275

-1.505 -1.440 -1.436
-1.084 -1.065 -1.063
-1.466 -1.367 -1.357
-1.320 -1.245 -1.239
-1.071 -0.984 -0.953
-1.320 -1.284 -1.274
-1.461 -1.394 -1.387
pon the data that includes carbon storage.
e of data for: Timber - All Data Collected

e of data for: Timber, Softwood

e of data for: Timber, Wood I-Beam

e of data for: Timber, Hardwood
e of data for: Timber, OSB
e of data for: Timber, Particle Board
e of data for: Timber, Glulam

e of data for: Timber, Plywood

DQI Method
(Max 5)
211 4.81 2.85
43 4.67 2.86
37 4.95 3.00
22 5.00 2.86
16 4.88 3.00
13 4.69 2.85
13 4.85 2.92
11 4.82 2.82
11 4.82 2.82
8 5.00 2.38
6 5.00 2.67
5 4.20 2.60
5 4.60 2.40
3 5.00 2.67
N/A
N/A
Material Properties (CIBSE Data

aterial Condition
(W-m-1 K-1)
0.12
0.05
Dry 0.17
0.23
rdwoods 0.16
0.19
Moist 0.23
Dry 0.17
Dry 0.17
Moist 0.23
Dry 0.14
Moist 0.17
sylvester pine) Dry 0.12
0.12
0.13
0.14
At 50'C 0.072
At 50°C 0.14
0.14
aboon 0.12
0.14
Moist 0.17
fill 0.042
At 50°C 0.067
F Dry 0.12
Moist 0.25
F Dry 0.12
Moist 0.25
Dry 0.12
Moist 0.25
At 50°C 0.066
0 0.14
0 0.08
0 0.12
0 0.29
Dry 0.15
gaboon Dry 0.12
Dry 0.13
Moist 0.21
0.098
0.17
0.12
0.12
0.15
de carbon storage.
1 2 3
Timber - All Data Timber,

Timber, Wood I-Beam
Collected Softwood
0.580 -0.406 -1.006

0.174 -0.730 -1.013
-0.077 -0.886 -1.020
-0.240 -1.052 -1.026
-0.278 -1.061 -1.027
-0.285 -1.122 -1.029
-0.406 -1.132 -1.030
-0.417 -1.174 -1.031
-0.450 -1.194 -1.034
-0.462 -1.243 -1.038
-0.463 -1.256 -1.040
-0.465 -1.266 -1.042
-0.512 -1.269 -1.042
-0.514 -1.274 -1.042
-0.520 -1.279 -1.042
-0.551 -1.281 -1.042
-0.577 -1.281 -1.042
-0.580 -1.281 -1.042
-0.590 -1.294 -1.042
-0.591 -1.301 -1.042
-0.594 -1.340 -1.042
-0.636 -1.343 -1.042
-0.637 -1.356 -1.043
-0.637 -1.356 -1.050
-0.655 -1.366 -1.052

-0.658 -1.369 -1.053
-0.670 -1.374 -1.057

-0.674 -1.379 -1.063
-0.683 -1.380 -1.064
-0.688 -1.381 -1.064
-0.707 -1.381 -1.067
-0.711 -1.401 -1.071
-0.714 -1.436 -1.083
-0.718 -1.437 -1.084
-0.730 -1.439 -1.085
-0.731 -1.442 -1.091
-0.733 -1.482 -1.167
-0.734 -1.486
-0.748 -1.487
-0.751 -1.516
-0.754 -1.524
-0.775 -1.544
-0.789 -1.546
-0.790
-0.793
-0.813
-0.815
-0.817
-0.818
-0.824
-0.841
-0.852
-0.877
-0.886
-0.913
-0.932
-0.941
-0.944
-0.946
-0.954
-0.963
-0.963
-0.968
-0.968
-0.983
-0.996
-1.000
-1.003
-1.006
-1.008
-1.008
-1.012
-1.013
-1.015
-1.016
-1.020
-1.024
-1.026
-1.026
-1.027
-1.029
-1.030
-1.031
-1.033
-1.034
-1.038
-1.040
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.042
-1.043
-1.047
-1.050
-1.052
-1.052
-1.053
-1.057
-1.061
-1.063
-1.064
-1.064
-1.067
-1.068
-1.069
-1.071
-1.072
-1.075
-1.083
-1.084
-1.084
-1.085
-1.091
-1.100
-1.100
-1.102
-1.121
-1.122
-1.132
-1.143
-1.167
-1.174
-1.176
-1.181
-1.184
-1.193
-1.194
-1.194
-1.198
-1.199
-1.213
-1.214
-1.217
-1.221
-1.230
-1.230
-1.233
-1.235
-1.238
-1.241
-1.243
-1.248
-1.248
-1.249
-1.256
-1.258
-1.265
-1.266
-1.269
-1.269
-1.274
-1.275
-1.279
-1.280
-1.281
-1.281
-1.281
-1.283
-1.287
-1.294
-1.294
-1.296
-1.301
-1.306
-1.338
-1.340
-1.342
-1.343
-1.343
-1.346
-1.356
-1.356
-1.356
-1.361
-1.365
-1.366
-1.369
-1.374
-1.376
-1.378
-1.379
-1.380
-1.381
-1.381
-1.387
-1.399
-1.401
-1.436
-1.437
-1.439
-1.442
-1.455
-1.465
-1.467
-1.470
-1.477
-1.482
-1.486
-1.487
-1.506
-1.516
-1.524
-1.544
-1.546
e recommended for further information.
Title Author / Publishe
EN 16449:2014. Wood and wood-

based products — Calculation of CEN - European Committee for Stand
the biogenic carbon content of Standards Institute, BSI, produce the
wood and conversion to carbon market]
dioxide
EN 16485:2014. Round and sawn
timber — Environmental Product CEN - European Committee for Stand
Declarations — Product category Standards Institute, BSI, produce the
rules for wood and wood-based market]
products for use in construction
ICE DB Ref Number EPD? Reference Detail

363 Yes
2017

370 Yes
2017
EPD Number: EPDEHW20130013IB
570 Yes
IBU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V.,
EPD Number: EPD-EHW-20130012-I

901 Yes
EPD Number: EPD-MWS-20130229-

903 Yes
EPD Number: EPD-SCP-20150324-IB

904 Yes
EPD Number: EPDWEI20150284IBD

905 Yes
EPD Number: EPD-STI-20160090-IB

906 Yes
EPD Number: EPD-MWS-2060176-C

907 Yes
EPD Number: EPD-EGG-20150313-I
908 Yes

909 Yes

910 Yes
EPD Number: EPDEGG20140035IBB

911 Yes
published by IBU - Institut Bauen &

913 Yes
EPD Number: EPDKRO20150067IBD

914 Yes

915 Yes
916 Yes
Oekobau, Federal Ministry of the In

929 No
Community, 2017

942 Yes

943 Yes

EPD Number: S-P-00560 published
1206 Yes
Programme , 2017

1207 Yes
Programme , 2017

1208 Yes
Programme , 2017
Cross Laminated Timber, Wood for

1209 No
Database, 2013
Fresh sawn softwood, Wood for Go

1210 No
Database, 2013
Kiln dried hardwood, Wood for Goo

1211 No
2013
Glued Laminated Timber, Wood for

1212 No
Database, 2013
High Density Fibreboard (HDF), Wo

1213 No
Database, 2013
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL), W

1214 No
Lifecycle Database, 2013
Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF),

1215 No
Melamine Coated Particleboard, Wo
1216 No
Particleboard (Uncoated), Wood for

1217 No
Database, 2013
Planed Softwood, Wood for Good L

1218 No
2013
1219 No Plywood, Wood for Good Lifecycle
Timber frame - Closed panel system

1220 No
Timber frame - Open panel system,

1221 No

1222 Yes
Programme , 2015

1223 Yes
Programme , 2015

1224 Yes
Programme , 2017

1225 Yes
Programme , 2017
EPD Number: 4787319688.101.1 pub

1230 Yes
Environment, 2016
EPD Number: 13CA24184.104.1 pub

1231 Yes
Environment, 2013
EPD Number: 4787549627.101.1 pub
1232 Yes
Environment, 2016
1233 Yes
Environment, 2013
EPD Number: 4784193543.101.1 pub
1234 Yes
Environment, 2016
1235 Yes
Environment, 2013
EPD Number: 4788663642.101.1 pub
1236 Yes
Environment, 2018
1237 Yes
Environment, 2013
EPD Number: 4788663642.102.1 pub
1238 Yes
Environment, 2018
1239 Yes
Environment, 2013
1240 Yes
Environment, 2013

1241 Yes
Environment, 2013
EPD Number: EPDIE-18-01 publishe

1242 Yes
2018

1243 Yes
2018

1244 Yes
2018

1245 Yes
2018

1246 Yes
2018

1247 Yes
2018

1248 Yes
2018
1249 Yes
1250 Yes
1251 Yes
1252 Yes
1253 Yes
1254 Yes
1255 Yes
<<<
Material Profile: Timber

Please download a new vers
m/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
Main Data >>
Comments
information.
a separate section further below.
distribution charts.
here, along with a link to the data quality matrix.
histograms and may be useful for further statistical analysis.
most important data resource. Here you will find reference details and links
this material.
his is for a number of reasons, including carbon storage (sequestration), sustainable a

es. These all add complexity and additional variability into the embodied carbon result
May-19
Comments
be claimed for sustainably sourced timber.

Average of data collected, 211

datapoints. This is not a weighted
average. It is an average of all 76%
data collected on timber. Excludes
Carbon Storage.

datapoints. Excludes Carbon 60%
Storage.

datapoints. This dataset is based
upon a single datapoint. It may
52%
therefore be subject to larger
uncertainty than normal. Excludes
Carbon Storage.

upon a small sample size. It may
54%
Carbon Storage.
60%
Carbon Storage.

Storage.

55%
Carbon Storage.

Storage.

Storage.

52%
Carbon Storage.
55%
Carbon Storage.

Storage.

50%
Carbon Storage.

Storage.

Storage.

Storage.
Storage.

Storage.

Storage.

54%
Carbon Storage.
be claimed for sustainably sourced timber.

on footprint of timber. However, users
k depends upon the EOL route, such as

ules A1-3, it is particularly important to also
an example, if -1.5 kg CO2 is stored per kg

A1-3) without carbon storage. Then the
ood.

datapoints. This is not a weighted
average. It is an average of all 76%
data collected on timber. Includes
Carbon Storage.

datapoints. Includes Carbon 60%
Storage.

52%
uncertainty than normal. Includes
Carbon Storage.
54%
Carbon Storage.

60%
Carbon Storage.

Storage.

55%
Carbon Storage.

Storage.
Storage.

52%
Carbon Storage.

55%
Carbon Storage.

Storage.

50%
Carbon Storage.

Storage.
Storage.

Storage.

Storage.

Storage.

Storage.

54%
Carbon Storage.

ge has been included in the Modules A1-3 results. At the EOL, the amount of stored c
g carbon storage in calculations for Modules A1-3, it is particularly important to also m

construction building. Users will need to consider if a material or product has a notable
nd of life relies on assumptions on the disposal route, such as landfill, reuse or recycli
hould be used where possible. Finally, users are directed to the references section, w

similar categories. They may therefore give different data for similar sounding materia
sub-material types that have an unusually high or low impact. Those sub-material typ
ories in the main ICE Database considers the consumption mixture of various sub-ma
Standard
Deviation
Max Embodied Carbon (kg
Embodied
CO2e/kg)
Carbon (kg
CO2e/kg)
0.580 0.322
-0.406 0.214
-1.006 0.027
-1.176 0.096
-0.718 0.172
-0.551 0.174
-0.077 0.361
-0.577 0.319
0.174 0.340
-0.580 0.216
-0.983 0.095
-0.512 0.241
-1.100 0.143
-1.012 0.136
wn below
50 75
-1.061 -0.877
-1.343 -1.256
-1.042 -1.036
-1.242 -1.209
-1.012 -0.965
-0.813 -0.640
-0.932 -0.627
-0.789 -0.733
ow. The individual datapoints may be found further below.

Data Quality
DQI
DQI Temporal (Max 5) Geographic
(Max 5)
4.92 3.26
4.95 2.49
5.00 4.89
4.95 1.59
5.00 3.94
4.85 2.08
4.92 3.54
4.91 2.36
4.73 4.00
5.00 4.00
5.00 4.00
4.80 3.80
4.80 4.00
4.67 4.33
Material Properties
perties (CIBSE Data)

Specific heat (J
Density (kg m -3)
kg-1 K-1)
510 1380
90 2810
700 1880
800 1880
720 1260
700 2390
650 3050
650 2120
650 2120
650 3050
520 2280
520 3440
530 1880
510 1380
630 2760
550 1880
480 1680
720 1680
650 1200
420 2400
520 2280
520 3440
43 1380
430 1260
650 2340
650 5020
630 2260
630 5020
630 2260
630 5020
350 1260
650 1200
600 2000
880 1340
1000 1680
650 2300
450 2300
550 2300
550 2300
750 1300
1000 1300
800 1300
540 1210
700 1420
All Data Points
4 5
Timber, Hardwood Timber, OSB
-1.176 -0.718
-1.181 -0.817
-1.184 -0.954
-1.194 -0.963
-1.199 -0.968
-1.213 -1.000
-1.214 -1.003
-1.217 -1.008
-1.221 -1.015
-1.230 -1.024
-1.235 -1.075
-1.249 -1.233
-1.258 -1.241
-1.338 -1.248
-1.343 -1.296
-1.346 -1.378
-1.356
-1.361
-1.376
-1.465
-1.467
-1.470
Further Reading
Author / Publisher Description
Committee for Standardisation [British Calculation of biogenic carbon for timb

te, BSI, produce the version for the UK Provides an equation to show how to m
density and moisture content.
Committee for Standardisation [British Provides a method for calculating biog
te, BSI, produce the version for the UK emissions for wood based products, in
to model the end of life stage.
References
Reference Details Description
REG EN EPD 000083 published by BRE, EPD for MEDITE PREMIER
EPD for Wood for good, 1m3 of kiln

REG EN EPD 000124 published by BRE, planed or machined sawn timber us
structural timber.
PDEHW20130013IBC1DE published by
EPD for Gypsum fiber board
uen & Umwelt e.V., 2013
PD-EHW-20130012-IBC1-DE published by
EPD for Laminate floor (DPL)
PD-MWS-20130229-IBD1-DE published by EPD for Nadura floors NB 400 and w

uen & Umwelt e.V., 2013 NP 300
PD-SCP-20150324-IBC1-DE published by EPD for Scheucher Parkett multi-lay

uen & Umwelt e.V., 2016 Wood
PDWEI20150284IBD1DE published by
EPD for Multilayered Flooring
PD-STI-20160090-IBC1-DE published by EPD for Admonter solid wood multi

uen & Umwelt e.V., 2016 products
PD-MWS-2060176-CBC1-DE published by
EPD for Master Longlife parquet
PD-EGG-20150313-IBD1-EN published by
EPD for Eurolight coated board
PD-EGG-20150045-IBA1-EN published by
EPD for MDF coated Wood
PD-EGG-20150312-IBD1-EN published by
EPD for Eurolight raw lightweight bo
PDEGG20140035IBB1DE
EPD for Eurodecor - coated chipboa
BU - Institut Bauen & Umwelt e.V., 2014
PD-EGG-20140196-IBA1-EN published by EPD for EGGER DHF is a vapour-pe

uen & Umwelt e.V., 2014 moisture-resistant wood fibreboard
PDKRO20150067IBD2DE published by
EPD for SWISS KRONO OSB Wood
PD-EGG-20140246-IBA2-DE published by
EPD for sawn timber green
PD-EGG-20140003-IBD1-DE published by
EPD for Eurospan raw chipboard
A German database for LCA of build

al Ministry of the Interior, Building and
Federal Ministry of the Interior, Buil
17
Community.
PD-EGG-20140247-IBA2-DE published by
EPD for sawn timber dried
PD-EGG-20140248-IBA2-EN published by
EPD for sawn timber planed
-P-00070 published by Environdec, 2048 EPD for particleboard
-P-00083 published by Environdec, 2016 EPD for outdoor treated wood
EPD for particleboards and melamin

-P-00272 published by Environdec, 2017
boards
-P-00273 published by Environdec, 2017 EPD for MDF and melamine faced b
EPD for softwood lumber from Aust
-P-00560 published by Australasian EPD including rough and dresssed. Inclu
17 treated for outdoor use, with a wide
preservatives.
EPD for hardwood lumber from Aus

-P-00561 published by Australasian EPD including rough and dresssed. Inclu
17 treated for outdoor use, with a wide
preservatives.
-P-00562 published by Australasian EPD

EPD for particleboard from Australia
17
d Timber, Wood for Good Lifecycle

LCA of CLT, UK market
wood, Wood for Good Lifecycle

LCA of fresh sawn softwood, UK ma
wood, Wood for Good Lifecycle Database,

LCA of kiln dried hardwood, UK mar
d Timber, Wood for Good Lifecycle

LCA of glued laminated timber, UK m
breboard (HDF), Wood for Good Lifecycle LCA of high density fibreboard (HDF
market
er Lumber (LVL), Wood for Good LCA of Laminated Veneer Lumber (L

ase, 2013 Market
Fibreboard (MDF), Wood for Good LCA of Medium Density Fibreboard

ase, 2013 market.
d Particleboard, Wood for Good LCA of Melamine Coated Particlebo
ase, 2013 market
Uncoated), Wood for Good Lifecycle

LCA of Particleboard (Uncoated), UK
d, Wood for Good Lifecycle Database,

LCA of planed softwood, UK market
for Good Lifecycle Database, 2013 LCA of plywood, UK market
Closed panel system, Wood for Good LCA of timber frame - Closed panel
ase, 2013 market
Open panel system, Wood for Good LCA of timber frame - Open panel sy
ase, 2013 market
-P-00563 published by Australasian EPD EPD for Medium Density fibreboard

15 Version 1.1 (2017)

EPD for Plywood, Version 1.1 (2017)
15

EPD for Glued Laminated Timber, V
17
-P-00853 published by Australasian EPD EPD for Innowood composite (plast

17 products
-P-00865 published by Environdec, 2016 EPD for Laminated Beams and Prof
-P-01070 published by Environdec, 2017 EPD for particleboard, Japan
EPD for JJI-Joist, which is an engin

-P-01072 published by Environdec, 2017 oriented strand board (OSB) webbe
joist
EPD for EGO-CLT Cross Laminated

-P-01314 published by Environdec, 2018
wood panel
787319688.101.1 published by UL
EPD for North American Cellulosic F
016
3CA24184.104.1 published by UL EPD for North American Glued Lam

013 Timber
787549627.101.1 published by UL EPD for Hardboard/Engineered Woo
016 and Trim (EWST), North American
3CA24184.106.1 published by UL
EPD for Wood I-Joists, North Ameri
013
784193543.101.1 published by UL EPD for North American Laminated
016 Lumber
3CA24184.105.1 published by UL EPD for North American Laminated
013 Lumber
788663642.101.1 published by UL EPD for North American Medium De
018 Fiberboard
EPD for North American Oriented St
013
788663642.102.1 published by UL
EPD for North American Particleboa
018
EPD for North American Redwood D
013
EPD for North American Softwood L
013
EPD for North American Softwood P
013
PDIE-18-01 published by EPD Ireland,

EPD for OSB2

EPD for OSB3

EPD for OSB3 T&G

EPD for Flame retardant (FR) OSB3

EPD for OSB2 T&G

EPD for Site Protect OSB3

EPD for Site Protect Plus OSB3
EPD for EGGER OSB-Boards
EPD for Kronoply OSB
EPD for Metsä Wood Finnjoist, I-jois
EPD for Kerto LVL, Laminated Vene

(Metsä Wood)
EPD for Masonite I-beam
EPD for OSB 4 Superfinish ECO
EPD for OSB

May-19
ents
al. It may include some important
print coefficients for the material types.

ata collected. For the full datapoints, there is
re are histograms and embodied carbon
a quality. The average data quality is shown

rix.
, and more.
ed. These are used to produce the

istical analysis.
esources. However, EPDs have become the

ind reference details and links to EPDs for
e (sequestration), sustainable and non-sustainably sourced timber, moisture content o

nto the embodied carbon results. This must be appreciated when assessing timber.
>>>
>>>
d D)
are beyond the scope of the ICE Database. However, some important information is p
he EOL, the amount of stored carbon will be given back to the atmosphere. The amo
particularly important to also model the EOL impacts.
waste in a building project. The material wasted has an embodied carbon impact whic
material or product has a notable in-use of end of life impact, based upon their applicat
uch as landfill, reuse or recycling. The end of life phase should consider that it can't b
ted to the references section, which contains links to EPDs. Many of the EPDs stated
kg CO2e/kg
e, which is not publicly available. The categories of sub-material types are sometimes
ata for similar sounding material sub-categories, in some instances.
sented here. For example, for some materials the average embodied carbon of all da
impact. Those sub-material types may have a low market share. In such cases, they i
ption mixture of various sub-material types.

Carbon (kg CO2e/kg)
0.104
0.046
0.001
0.009
0.029
This data doesn’t include any modelle
0.030 datapoints that have modelled a consu
sub-material types. It is all data coll
0.130 literature.
0.102 All sub-categories may not be

0.115 These values all include carbo
0.047
0.009
0.058
0.021
0.018
kg
80 90
-0.781 -0.602
-1.190 -1.056
-1.031 -1.025
-1.197 -1.182
-0.958 -0.788
-0.591 -0.567
-0.509 -0.232
-0.688 -0.593
ow.
Timber - All Data Collected

1.000
0.500
0.000
0 50 100 150 200
-0.500
-1.000
-1.500
-2.000
Datapoints
Timber, Softwood
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.200
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
-1.000
-1.200
-1.400
-1.600
-1.800
Datapoints
Timber, Wood I-Beam

-0.900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3
-0.950
-1.000
-1.050
-1.100
-1.150
-1.200
Datapoints
Timber, Hardwood
0.000
0 5 10 15 20
-0.200
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
-0.200
E
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
-1.000
-1.200
-1.400
-1.600
Datapoints
Timber, OSB
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-0.200
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
-1.000
-1.200
-1.400
-1.600
Datapoints

0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.200
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
-1.000
-1.200
Datapoints
Timber, Glulam
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 1
-0.200
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
-1.000
-1.200
-1.400
-1.600
Datapoints
Timber, Plywood
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.200
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
-1.000
-1.200
-1.400
-1.600
Datapoints
ry. They use the same pool of data as for the summary statistics further above.
DQI Sample Size

(Max 10)
1.72 9.00
1.98 5.00
1.08 5.00
2.00 4.00
1.81 4.00
2.00 4.00
2.00 4.00
1.91 4.00
1.55 4.00
1.50 3.00
1.33 3.00
1.80 3.00
1.60 3.00
1.67 2.00
N/A
N/A
nsities within the ICE Database may differ.

1.70502983802217E-07
1.97706603400554E-07
1.29179331306991E-07
1.52925531914894E-07
1.7636684303351E-07
1.13568439928273E-07
1.16015132408575E-07
1.23367198838897E-07
1.23367198838897E-07
1.16015132408575E-07
1.1808367071525E-07
9.50357781753131E-08
1.20433560818948E-07
1.70502983802217E-07
7.47642051989878E-08
1.35396518375242E-07
8.92857142857143E-08
1.15740740740741E-07
1.7948717948718E-07
1.19047619047619E-07
1.1808367071525E-07
9.50357781753131E-08
7.0778564206269E-07
1.23661867847914E-07
7.88954635108481E-08
7.66166104811523E-08
8.42815002107037E-08
7.90488838297603E-08
8.42815002107037E-08
7.90488838297603E-08
1.49659863945578E-07
1.7948717948718E-07
6.66666666666667E-08
1.01763907734057E-07
1.72619047619048E-07
1.00334448160535E-07
1.15942028985507E-07
1.02766798418972E-07
1.6600790513834E-07
1.00512820512821E-07
1.30769230769231E-07
1.15384615384615E-07
1.83654729109275E-07
1.50905432595573E-07
grams. It could be used for further statistical analysis. These values do not include an
6 7
Timber, Particle Board Timber, Glulam
-0.551 -0.077
-0.590 -0.465
-0.591 -0.520
-0.688 -0.734
-0.707 -0.841
-0.754 -0.877
-0.813 -0.932
-0.913 -0.996
-0.941 -1.026
-0.944 -1.265
-0.963 -1.283
-1.069 -1.287
-1.072 -1.342
tion of biogenic carbon for timber products.

s an equation to show how to moderate for Go To Resource
and moisture content.
s a method for calculating biogenic carbon
ns for wood based products, including how Go To Resource
el the end of life stage.
r MEDITE PREMIER
Go To Resource
r Wood for good, 1m3 of kiln dried

or machined sawn timber used as
Go To Resource
ral timber.
r Gypsum fiber board Go To Resource
r Laminate floor (DPL) Go To Resource
r Nadura floors NB 400 and wall panels

Go To Resource
r Scheucher Parkett multi-layer parquet

Go To Resource
r Multilayered Flooring Go To Resource
r Admonter solid wood multilayer

Go To Resource
ts
r Master Longlife parquet Go To Resource

r Eurolight coated board Go To Resource
r MDF coated Wood Go To Resource
r Eurolight raw lightweight boards Go To Resource
r Eurodecor - coated chipboard Go To Resource
r EGGER DHF is a vapour-permeable,

Go To Resource
re-resistant wood fibreboard
r SWISS KRONO OSB Wood Go To Resource
r sawn timber green Go To Resource

r Eurospan raw chipboard Go To Resource

unity.
r sawn timber dried Go To Resource
r sawn timber planed Go To Resource
r particleboard Go To Resource
r outdoor treated wood Go To Resource
r particleboards and melamine faced

Go To Resource
r MDF and melamine faced boards Go To Resource

r softwood lumber from Australia,
ng rough and dresssed. Includes data on
Go To Resource
for outdoor use, with a wide range of
vatives.
r hardwood lumber from Australia,

ng rough and dresssed. Includes data on
Go To Resource
for outdoor use, with a wide range of
vatives.
r particleboard from Australia Go To Resource
CLT, UK market Go To Resource
fresh sawn softwood, UK market Go To Resource
kiln dried hardwood, UK market Go To Resource
glued laminated timber, UK market Go To Resource
high density fibreboard (HDF), UK

Go To Resource
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL), UK

Go To Resource
Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF), UK

Go To Resource
.
Melamine Coated Particleboard, UK
Go To Resource
Particleboard (Uncoated), UK market Go To Resource
planed softwood, UK market Go To Resource
plywood, UK market Go To Resource
timber frame - Closed panel system, UK

Go To Resource
timber frame - Open panel system, UK

Go To Resource
r Medium Density fibreboard (MDF),

Go To Resource
n 1.1 (2017)
r Plywood, Version 1.1 (2017) Go To Resource
r Glued Laminated Timber, Version 1 Go To Resource
r Innowood composite (plastic-) timber

Go To Resource
ts
r Laminated Beams and Profiles Go To Resource
r particleboard, Japan Go To Resource
r JJI-Joist, which is an engineered

d strand board (OSB) webbed timber I- Go To Resource
r EGO-CLT Cross Laminated Timber

Go To Resource
panel
r North American Cellulosic Fiberboard Go To Resource
r North American Glued Laminated

Go To Resource
r Hardboard/Engineered Wood Siding

Go To Resource
m (EWST), North American
r Wood I-Joists, North American Go To Resource
r North American Laminated Strand

Go To Resource
r
r North American Laminated Veneer
Go To Resource
r
r North American Medium Density
Go To Resource
oard
r North American Oriented Strand Board Go To Resource
r North American Particleboard Go To Resource

r North American Redwood Decking Go To Resource
r North American Softwood Lumber Go To Resource
r North American Softwood Plywood Go To Resource
r OSB2 Go To Resource
r OSB3 Go To Resource
r OSB3 T&G Go To Resource
r Flame retardant (FR) OSB3 Go To Resource
r OSB2 T&G Go To Resource
r Site Protect OSB3 Go To Resource
r Site Protect Plus OSB3 Go To Resource

r EGGER OSB-Boards Go To Resource
r Kronoply OSB Go To Resource
r Metsä Wood Finnjoist, I-joist Go To Resource
r Kerto LVL, Laminated Veneer Lumber

Go To Resource
Wood)
r Masonite I-beam Go To Resource
r OSB 4 Superfinish ECO Go To Resource
r OSB Go To Resource
ow.
mber, moisture content of wood, different
when assessing timber.
mportant information is provided here.
he atmosphere. The amount given back
odied carbon impact which should not be

based upon their application. Durability and
uld consider that it can't be guaranteed
Many of the EPDs stated impacts of
rial types are sometimes merged in the
ances.
mbodied carbon of all data collected is a

are. In such cases, they influence the
Comments

literature.
values all include carbon storage.

Comments

available.
These values all include carbon

storage.
a Collected
150 200 250
ints
ftwood
25 30 35 40 45 50
ints
Beam
25 30 35 40
wood
15 20 25
s
B
10 12 14 16 18
s
Board
8 10 12 14
s
am
8 10 12 14
s
od
6 8 10 12
stics further above.

76%
63%
68%
58%
65%
58%
64%
59%
63%
60%
60%
58%
58%
58%
N/A
N/A
values do not include any modelled data.
Timber, Plywood
-0.577
-0.658
-0.733
-0.748
-0.775
-0.789
-1.016
-1.248
-1.387
-1.399
-1.477
Hyperlink
Go To Resource
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Hyperlink
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Miscellanous Information
>>>
References from ICE V2.0
The references from ICE V2.0 are presented below. They may be referred to in this file, for any data that is from ICE V2.0.
The references in ICE V3 were moved to the material profiles. This will allow users to better understand which references are applicable to each material.
Ref No. Title Author Year Organisation/Publisher ISBN
1 A comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Modern Office Buildings K J Eaton & A Amato 1998 The Steel Construction Institute 1859420583
2 A comparative LCA of building insulation products made of stone wool, paper wool and flax Anders Schmidt, Allan Jensen et al. 2004 International Journal of LCA
10th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology, Ottawa, May
3 A Comparison of the Embodied and operational Environmental impacts of insulation in Office Buildings Mark Lucuik 2005
2005
U G Yasantha Abeysundra, Sandhya Babel, Shabbir
4 A decision making matrix with life cycle perspective of materials for roofs in Sri Lanka 2006 Materials and Design 2006, article in press, doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2006.09.011
Gheewala
5 A life cycle analysis of the environmental impacts of asphalt and concrete roads Gianni Pontarollo & Tim Smith 2001 IRF world road congress 2001
The Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment
6 A life cycle assessment and evaluation of construction and demolition waste Amelia Craighill & Jane Powell 1999
(CSERGE)
7 A material flow analysis and an ecological footprint of the southeast region, chapter 3 John Barrett et al 2002 Taking stock, Biffaward
8 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (ABS) LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
9 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (ABS) LCI Data Summary in Excel Format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
10 Aluminium applications and society, paper 1 automotive, expanded summary International primary aluminium institute 2000 International primary aluminium institute
11 An ecological assessment of the vernacular architecture and of its embodied energy in Yunnan, China Wang Renping, Cai Zhenyu 2006 Building and environment 41, 2006, pg 687-697
Danish Building research institute (SBI). Proceedings of the CIB conference on
12 An energy life cycle assessment model for building design Jorn Dinesen & Steen Traberg-Borup 1994
buildings and the environment.
13 An environmental comparison of bridge forms D Collings 2006 Bridge Engineering, 159, December 2006, Issue BE4, Pg 163-168
14 Approved Environmental Profile, Manufacture of 1 tonne Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag BRE Environmental Profiles 2006 BRE
15 Assessing the environmental impact of metal production processes T E norgate, S Jahanshahi, W J Rankin 2006 Journal of Cleaner Production 15, 2007, Pg 838-848
Assessment of the automotive assembly paint process for energy, environmental and economic Geoffrey J Roelant, Amber J Kemppainen and david R
16 2004 Journal of Industrial Ecology, Volume 8, Number 1-2
improvement Shonnard
Assessment of the decrease of CO2 emissions in the construction field through the selection of materials:
17 Maria Jesus Gonzalez, Justo Garcia Navarro 2005 Building And Environment; Article in press
Practical case study of three houses of low environmental impact
18 Australian LCA data - SimaPro Data RMIT Uni, Victoria University Australia 1998 RMIT Uni, Victoria University Australia
19 Background document for life cycle greenhouse gas emission factors for carpet and personal computers US environment Protection Agency 2003 US environment Protection Agency
Background Document for Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Carpet and Personal
20 US environmental protection agency 2003 US environmental protection agency
Computers
21 Best Available Techniques for the Cement Industry Cembureau 1999 cembureau
Birth to death analysis of the energy payback ratio and CO2 gas emission rates from coal, fission, wind
22 Scott W White and Gerald L Kulcinski 2000 Fusion engineering and design 48, 2000, Pg 473-481
and DT-fusion electrical power plants
Fulvio Ardente, Marco Beccali, Maurizio Cellura, Marina
23 Building energy performance: A LCA case study of kenaf-fibres insulation board 2008 Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 1–10
Mistretta
24 Building materials energy and the environment: Towards ecologically sustainable development Bill Lawson 1996 The Royal Australian Institute of Architects 1863180230
25 Building Research Establishment (BRE) environmental profiles - Clay tiles Building Research Establishment (BRE) 1996 Building Research Establishment (BRE)
26 Building Research Establishment (BRE) Environmental profiles - Glass wool Building Research Establishment (BRE) 1999 Building Research Establishment (BRE)
27 Building Research Establishment (BRE) environmental profiles - UK kiln dried timber (softwood) Building Research Establishment (BRE) 1996 Building Research Establishment (BRE)
28 Building the Environmental Performance of UK Forest Products into Construction J S Mundy and P W Bonfield 2000 BRE
29 Bulk polymerised PVC LCI Data Summary I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
30 Bulk polymerised PVC LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
31 Ceramic Floor and Wall Tile: An Ecological Building Material Giorgio Timellini, Carlo Palmonari & Alberto Fregni 2005 Tile Today, Issue 46
Stella Papasavva, Sheila Kia, Joseph Claya, Raymond
32 Characterization of automotive paints: an environmental impact analysis 2001 Progress in Organic Coatings 43 (2001) 193–206
Gunther
33 CIBSE Guide A: Environmental Design Chartered institute of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE) 2006 Chartered institute of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE) 1903287669
Closing Carbon Cycles, Chapter 4 - Gross energy requirements (GER) and gross CO2 emissions for
34 Martin Patel, E Jochem 1999 Utrecht university, The Netherlands
products of the organic chemical industry
35 CO2 emissions of the Swedish steel industry Hans Sandberg, Rune Lagneborg et al 2001 Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy
Alejandro Josa, Antonio Aguado, Atte Heino, Ewan Byars
36 Comparative analysis of available life cycle inventories of cement in the EU 2002 Cement and concrete journal 34 (2004) published by Peragmon, Elsevier
and Arnaldo Carmin
37 Comparative Analysis of Embodied Energy Rates for Walling Elements in India P S Chani, Najamuddin & S K Kaushik 2003 Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India)
Comparative energy evaluation of plastic products and their alternatives for the building and construction
38 Franklin Associates 1991 The Society of the plastics industry
and transportation industries
39 Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of composite materials O M De Vegt & W G Haije 1997 unknown, reference number ECN-I-97-050
Giuseppe M. Nicoletti a, Bruno Notarnicola & Giuseppe
40 Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Flooring Materials: Ceramic versus Marble Tile 2000 Journal of Cleaner Production; 10, 2002, pg 283-296
Tassielli
Anders Schmidt, Anders Ulf Clausen, Allan Astrup
41 Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Three Insulation Materials: Stone Wool, Flax and Paper Wool 2003 LCA Documents 8, Eco-Informa Press 3-928379-60-7
Jensen, and Ole Kamstrup
Lynn knight, Melissa Huff, Janet I Stockhausen & Robert
42 Comparing energy use and environmental emissions of reinforced wood doors and steel doors 2005 Forest Products Journal, June 2005, Vol 55, No 6
J Ross
43 Comparison of environmental impacts of two residential heating systems Lijun Yang, Radu Zmeureanu & Huges Rivard 2007 Article in Press, Building and Environment, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.02.007
44 Concrete building blocks made with recycled demolition aggregate M N Soutsos, S G Millard, J H Bungey 2006 Concrete Plant International, August 2006
45 Concrete with Ceramic Waste Aggregate R M Senthamarai and P Devadas Manoharan 2005 Cement & Concrete Composites
46 Confederation of paper industries web address: http://www.paper.org.uk/ Confederation of paper industries 2005 Confederation of the paper industries
47 Conservation of energy and natural resources by recycling building waste C Thormark 2001 Resources Conservation & Recycling
48 Conversion processes for polyolefin's I Boustead 2003 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
49 Copper Environmental Profile Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation 2004 Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation
María-Dolores Bovea, Úrsula Saura, Jose Luis Ferrero International Journal of LCA 12 (6) 439 – 447. DOI:
50 Cradle-to-Gate Study of Red Clay for Use in the Ceramic Industry 2007
and Josep Giner http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2006.06.252
Danish Building research institute (SBI). Proceedings of the CIB conference on
51 Data needed for environmental assessment of building projects Hanne Krogh and klaus Hansen 1994
buildings and the environment.
52 Defining and Improving Environmental Performance in the Concrete Industry D Higgins, L Parrott & L Sear 2000 DETR & UK Concrete Alliance
ECFA - European Federation of Concrete Admixture
53 ECFA Environmental Declaration Plasticising Admixtures 2006 ECFA - European Federation of Concrete Admixture Association
Association
54 Ecohouse 2: A Design Guide Sue Roaf, Manuel Fuentes & Stephanie Thomas 2003 Architectural Press (Elsevier) 750657340
55 Ecology of Building Materials Bjorn Berge 2000 Architectural press 750633948
56 ECO-Profiles of the European Plastics Industry, Methodology I Boustead 2003 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
EEE: A prototype tool for the evaluation of embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions of exterior Rym Baouendi, Radu Zmeureanu, Brian Bradley & Avi Centre for Building Studies, Department of Building, Civil and Environmental
57 2002
envelope of Canadian houses Friedman Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
58 Embodied CO2 of factory made cements and combinations, fact sheet 18 (P2) Chris Clear, Denis Higgins and Lindon Sear 2009 British Cement Association (BCA)
59 Embodied CO2 of UK cement, additions and cementitious material, fact sheet 18 (P1) Chris Clear, Denis Higgins and Lindon Sear 2009 British Cement Association (BCA)
60 Embodied energy - detailed methodology Tim Grant at the Centre for Design at RMIT 2001 Centre for Design RMIT University Australia
61 Embodied energy analysis of New Zealand building materials Alcorn and Baird 1996 Embodied Energy - The Current State of Play, Deakin University, Nov 1996
62 Embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions for building materials John West, Carol Atkinson & Nigel Howard 1994 Proceedings of the CIB conference on buildings and the environment, BRE
63 Embodied Energy and CO2 Coefficients for NZ Building Materials Andrew Alcorn 2003 Centre for Building Performance Research, Victoria University of Wellington
64 Embodied Energy and CO2 Emissions of Wood and Concrete Framed Buildings in Sweden L Gustavsson & R Sathre 2004 Ecotechnology, Mid-Sweden university
65 Embodied Energy Coefficients of Building Materials Andrew Alcorn 1996 Centre for Building Performance Research, Victoria University of Wellington
66 Embodied energy in buildings: Wood versus concrete - reply to Borjesson and Gustavsson M Lenzen and G Treloar 2002 Energy Policy 30, 2002, 249-255
67 Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies B V Venkaarama Reddy & K S Jagadish 2001 Energy and buildings, Elsevier
68 Energy Analysis Edited by John A G Thomas 1977 IPC science Press Technology 902852604
69 Energy and environmental impact analysis of double-glazed windows G Weir and T Muneer 1996 Napier university
Energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions related to maintenance of a residential
70 Paul Winistorfer & Zhangjing Chen 2004 CORRIM
structure
71 Energy consumption of asphalt and reinforced concrete pavement materials and construction Pablo Zapata & John Gambatese 2005 Journal of infrastructure systems, March 2005
72 Energy Performance of buildings George Baird, Michael R Donn 1984 CRC Press Inc. 849351863
73 Energy use during the life cycle of buildings: a method K Adalberth 1997 Building and environment, Vol 32, No. 4, pg 317-320
74 Environmental assessment of bio-based polymers and natural fibres Martin Patel, Catia Bastioli et al 2003 Unknown
75 Environmental Assessment of Brick Production in Greece Christopher Koroneos & Aris Dompros 2006 Bulding and Environment 42, 2007, Pg 2114-2123
Environmental Benefits of Recycling - An international Review of Life Cycle Comparisons for Key Materials
76 WRAP - Waste Resources Action Programme 2006 WRAP - Waste Resources Action Programme
in the UK Recycling Sector
77 Environmental burdens of concrete and concrete products Sirje Vares & Tarja Häkkinen 1998 Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Building Technology
Environmental declaration of the VELFAC 200 window system according to the LCA principle (EDIP
78 Velfac 2006 Teknologisk Institut (The Danish Technological Institute)
method)
79 Environmental Declaration, Nordic Timber Industry, ND Security Window Nr 310181/1- Norwegian Institute of Wood Technology 2001
80 Environmental Fact Sheet - Elevator system Schindler 3100/3300/5300 QP 04017, Schindler 2005
81 Environmental Fact Sheet - Elevator system Schindler 7000 QP 03060, Schindler 2003
82 Environmental impact of building and construction materials, Volume B: Mineral products R Clough and R Martyn 1995 CIRIA, Construction Industry Research and Information Association 860178129
83 Environmental impact of building and construction materials, Volume C: Metals N Howard 1995 CIRIA, Construction Industry Research and Information Association 860178137
84 Environmental impact of building and construction materials, Volume D: Plastics and elastomers R Clough and R Martyn 1995 CIRIA, Construction Industry Research and Information Association 860178145
85 Environmental impact of building and construction materials, Volume E: Timber and timber products J Newton and R Venables 1995 CIRIA, Construction Industry Research and Information Association 860178153
Environmental impact of building and construction materials, Volume F: Paints and coatings, adhesives
86 R Bradley, A Griffiths and M Levitt 1995 CIRIA, Construction Industry Research and Information Association 860178161
and sealants
87 Environmental Impact of Coated Exterior Wooden Cladding Tarja Häkkinen, Pirjo Ahola, Leila Vanhatalo, Arja Merra 1999 VTT Building Technology
88 Environmental Impact of producing hardwood lumber using life-cycle inventory Richard D Bergman, Scott A Bowe 2008 Wood and Fibre Science, 40(3). Pp 448-458
89 Environmental LCI data for Rockwool Rollbatt Price Waterhouse Coopers, PWC 2003 Price Waterhouse Coopers, PWC
90 Environmental Performance Evaluation of Thermal Insulation Materials and its Impact on the Building A M Papadopoulos & E Giama 2006 Building and Environment, Article in Press, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.04.012
91 Environmental Product Declaration (ISO DIS 21 930) Glasal Etex - Glasal 2007
92 Environmental Product Declaration for Steel Roof Cladding using Colorcoat HPS200 Corus 2005
93 Environmental product declaration of raw and melamine faced wood particleboard SAIB S.p.A, Italy 2007
94 Environmental Resource guide Joseph A Demkin 1997 AIA, American institute of Architects 471140430
U G Yasantha Abeysundra, Sandhya Babel, Shabbir
95 Environmental, economic and social analysis of materials for doors and windows in Sri Lanka 2006 Building and Environment 42, 2007, Pg 2141-2149
Gheewala & Alice Sharp
96 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Cement and Lime Manufacturing International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group 2007 World Bank Group
97 Epoxy resin LCI Data Summary I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
98 Epoxy resin LCI Data Summary in excel format I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
Estimate of energy consumption and CO2 emission associated with the production, use and final disposal
José María Baldasano Recio, María Gonçalves Ageitos,
99 of sheets made of PVC-P, MDPE and bituminous 2005 Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
Pedro Jiménez Guerrero
materials
100 Estimating the embodied energy of timber building products Stephen Pullen 2000 Journal of the institute of Wood Science, Vol 15 No.3, 2000
101 EU ETS Phase II Benchmarks Supporting Documentation: Ceramics Enviros Consulting Limited 2006 Enviros Consulting Limited
FEFCO European Federation of Corrugated Board FEFCO European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers, & GEO &
102 European Database for Corrugated Board Life Cycle Studies 2006
Manufacturers, & GEO & ECO ECO
Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of
103 Eurostrand - Oriented Strand Board (OSB) - Environmental Product Declaration 2005 Declaration number: AUB-EHW-10305-E
Construction and Environment
104 Evaluate the whole life environmental impact of glass in a fully glazed commercial building Mohamed R Kiani, Andrew Miller et al 2005 University of Brighton
105 Evaluation of building environmental impacts: Two case studies Stephen Carpenter & John Kokko 1996 ASHRAE transactions
106 Evaluation of CO2 payback time of power plants by LCA K Tahara, T Kojima, A Inaba 1997 Energy conservation and management, Vol 38
Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of
107 Façade Panels and Level Panels - Textura / Natura, Eterplan - Environmental Product Declaration 2007 Declaration number: AUB-ETE-10907-E
Construction and Environment
108 Gate to Gate Life Cycle Inventory of Glued-Laminated Timbers Production Maureen E Puettmann and James B Wilson 2005 Wood and Fibre Science 37, Special CORRIM Issue, 2005, Pg 99-113
109 Gate to Gate Life Cycle Inventory of I-Joist Production James B Wilson & Eric R Dancer 2005 Wood and Fibre Science 37, Special CORRIM Issue, 2005, Pg 85-98
110 Gate to Gate Life Cycle Inventory of Laminated Veneer Lumber Production James B Wilson & Eric R Dancer 2005 Wood and Fibre Science 37, Special CORRIM Issue, 2005, Pg 114-127
111 Gate to gate life cycle inventory of softwood lumber production Michael R Milota, Cynthia D West & Ian D Hartley 2005 Wood and Fibre Science, 37 Corrim Special issue, 2005, Pg 47-57
112 Gate to Gate Life Cycle inventory of Softwood Plywood Production James B Wilson and Eric T Sakimoto 2005 Wood and Fibre Science 37, Special CORRIM Issue, 2005, Pg 58-73
113 Gate to Gate Life Cycle Inventory of Oriented Strandboard Production D Earl Kline 2005 Wood and Fibre Science 37, Special CORRIM Issue, 2005, Pg 74-84
114 GBC - The green building challenge handbook Unknown 1995 http://www.gbc-ziegelhandbuch.org/eng/main.asp?Menu=3
Prepared for British Glass
115 Glass Recycling - Lifecycle Carbon Dioxide Emissions 2003 British Glass
by Enviros Consulting Ltd
University of Tennessee University of Tennessee
116 Granite Dimensional Stone Quarrying and Processing: A Life-Cycle Inventory 2008
Center for Clean Products Center for Clean Products
117 Green building Handbook Vol 2: A guide to building products and their impact on the environment Tom Woolley, Sam Kimmins 2000 E & FN Spon, Taylor & Francis Group 419253807
118 Green Building Handbook: A guide to building products and their impact on the environment Tom Woolley, Sam Kimmins 1997 E & FN Spon, Thomson Science & Professional 419226907
119 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Costs Over the Life Cycle of Wood and Alternative Flooring Materials Ann Kristin Petersen and Birger Solberg 2004 Climatic Change 64, 2004, Pg 143-167
120 Handbook of Industrial Energy Analysis I Boustead, G F Hancock 1979 Ellis Horwood Limited 853120641
121 High Density polyethylene LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
122 High Density polyethylene LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
123 High Density polyethylene pipe extrusion LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 Plastic Europe, the former APME
124 High Density polyethylene pipe extrusion LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
international Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete technology,
125 High Performance High Volume Fly Ash Concrete for Sustainable Development P Kumar Mehta 2004
Beijing, China, May 20-21 2004
University of Illinois, International workshop on sustainable development and
126 How Sustainable is Concrete? Leslie Struble and Jonathan Godfrey 1999
concrete technology
127 IISF - Stainless steel LCI spreadsheet IISF - institute of Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) 2004 IISF - institute of Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF)
128 IISI bar & wire rod BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
129 IISI bar & wire rod EAF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
130 IISI coated flat steel BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
131 IISI electrogalvanised coil BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
132 IISI engineering steel EAF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
133 IISI Finished cold rolled coil BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
134 IISI Hot dipped galvanised coil BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
135 IISI Hot rolled coil BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
136 IISI Plate BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
137 IISI section BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
138 IISI section EAF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
139 IISI Steel pipe BF route IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) - Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in
140 European Comission, IPPC 2001 European Comissions
the Cement and Lime Manufacturing Industries
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control; Draft reference document on best available techniques in the
141 European Commission 2004 European Commission
ceramic manufacturing industry, draft October 2004
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control; Draft reference document on best available techniques in the
142 European Commission 2001 European Commission
pulp and paper manufacturing industry, December 2001
143 Kingspan Therma - An Environmental Profile Kingspan 2006 Kingspan
144 KONE MonoSpace - Environmnetal Product Declaration VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland 2009
145 LCA and Embodied Energy; Some Contentious Issues W R Lawson 1996 Embodied Energy - The Current State of Play, Deakin University, Nov 1996
The Centre for Sustainable Technology, University of
146 LCA Fact Sheet, Life Cycle Analysis of Clay Brick Housing - Based on a Typical Project Home 2003 The Centre for Sustainable Technology, University of Newcastle, Australia
Newcastle, Australia
147 LCA of Road - A pilot study for inventory analysis Hakan Stripple 2001 IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute
148 Life Cycle Analysis of a Residential Home in Michigan Steven Blanchard and Peter Reppe 1998 Centre for Sustainable Systems, university of Michigan
149 Life cycle analysis of wind-fuel cell integrated system F I Kahn, K Hawboldt & M T Iqbal 2005 Renewable Energy, Vol 30, 2005, Pg 157-177
150 Life Cycle Analysis of Wood Products: Cradle to Gate LCI of Residential Wood Building Materials Maureen E Puettmann and James B Wilson 2005 Wood and Fibre Science 37, Special CORRIM Issue, 2005, Pg 18-29
151 Life cycle assessment environmental profile of cotton and polyester-cotton fabrics Eija M Kalliala & Pertti Nousiainen 1999 AUTEX Research Journal Vol 1, No. 1, 1999
152 Life Cycle Assessment for Painting Processes: Putting the VOC Issue in Perspective Ian D Dobson 1995 Progress in Prganic Coatings 27, 1996, Pg 55-58
153 Life Cycle Assessment of 4 Types of Floor Covering Jose Potting & Korenils Blok 1994 Dept. science, technology and society, Utrecht university
154 Life cycle assessment of a car tyre A. Kromer, E Kreipe, Diethelm Reichenbach and R. Stark 1999 Continental AG, Hannove, Germany
155 Life cycle assessment of a wind farm and related externalities L Schleisner 2000 Renewable energy 20, 2000, 279-288
156 Life cycle assessment of aluminium: inventory data for the primary aluminium industry - Year 2005 update International Aluminium Institute 2007 International Aluminium Institute
157 Life Cycle Assessment of Copper Products Ladji Tikana, Henrike Sievers, and Anton Klassert 2005 Deutsches Kupferinstitut – Life Cycle Centre
Building and Environment (Journal) Vol 32, No.3, pg 245-255, 1997, Pergamon,
158 Life Cycle Assessment of Flooring Materials: Case Study A. Jonsson, A-M, Tillman, T.Svensson 1995
Elsevier.
159 Life Cycle Assessment of Nickel Products Ecobalance for Nickel Industry LCA Group 2000 Ecobalance for Nickel Industry LCA Group
160 Life Cycle Assessment of Particleboards and Fibreboards A. Frühwald, J. Hasch 1999 http://www.oekobilanzen-holz.de/
161 Life Cycle Assessment of Plasterboard WRAP 2008 Waste Resources Action Programme (WRAP)
DEFRA, Web address:
162 Life Cycle Assessment of polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives: Summary Report for Consultation DEFRA 2001
http:www.defra.gov.uk/environment/consult/PVC/index2.htm
163 Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of Principle Competing Materials Martin Baitz, Johannes Kreissig and Eloise Byrne 2004 European Commission
Ulla-Maija Mroueh, Paula Eskola, Jutta Laine-Ylijoki, Kari
164 Life Cycle Assessment of Road Construction 2000 FINNRA - Finnish National Road Administration
Wellman et al
165 Life Cycle Assessment of Wood Floor Coverings Barbara Nebel, Bernhard Zimmer and Gerd Wegener 2006 International Journal of LCA 11 (3), 2006, Pg 172-182
166 Life Cycle Assessments of Natural Fibre Insulation Materials Richard J Murphy and Andrew Norton 2008 Imperial College London
167 Life cycle CO2 emissions of a photovoltaic/wind/diesel generating system Y Kemmoku, K Ishikawa, S Nakagawa, T Kawamoto & T S 2002 Electrical engineering in Japan, Vol 138, No. 2, 2002
168 Life Cycle CO2 Emissions of a Photovoltaic/Wind/Diesel Generating System Yoshishige Kemmoku, Keiko Ishikawa, Shigeyasu Nakaga 2002 Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol 1, No 2, 2002
169 Life cycle energy and environmental performance of a new university building modelling challenges and desiChris Scheuer, Gregory A. Keoleian, Peter Reppe 2003 Energy and buildings 35, pg 1049-1064
170 Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Paint Processes Stella Papasavva, Sheila Kia, Joseph Claya, and Raymon 2002 Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol. 74, No. 925, February 2002
171 life Cycle Impact Assessment of Printing Paper using Non-Wood Pulp and De-inked Pulp Katsuhito Nakazawa, Toru Katsura, Keiichi Katayama, Itar 2004 6th International Conference on EcoBalance, Tsukuba, Japan, 25-27 Oct. 2004.
172 Life Cycle Inventory for kraft sack paper Pär Weström & Cathrine Löfgre 2005 CEPI Eurokraft / Eurosac
173 Life Cycle inventory of Five Products Produced from Polylactide (PLA) and Petroleum Based Resins - Sum Franklin Associates for Athena Institute 2006 Athena Institute International
174 Life Cycle inventory of Five Products Produced from Polylactide (PLA) and Petroleum Based Resins - TechnFranklin Associates for Athena Institute 2006 Athena Institute International
175 Life Cycle Inventory of Medium Density Fibreboard Beatriz Rivela, M Teresa Moreira and Gumersindo Feijoo 2007 Int J LCA 12 (3) 143 – 150 (2007)
176 Life Cycle Inventory of Particleboard: A Case Study in the Wood Sector Beatriz Rivela, Almudena Hospido, M Teresa Moreira and 2006 International Journal of LCA 11 (2), Pg 106-113
177 Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Concrete Medgar L. Marceau, Michael A. Nisbet, and Martha G. V 2007 Portland Cement Association (US), illinois.
Presented at 8th CANMET/ACI international conference in Fly Ash, Silica Fume
178 Life Cycle Inventory of Slag Cement Concrete Jan R Prusinski, Medgar L Marceau and Martha G VanGe 2003
and Natural Pozzilans in Concrete
179 Life cycle inventory of the worldwide aluminium industry with regard to energy consumption and emissions International primary aluminium institute 2000 International primary aluminium institute
180 Life cycle of window materials - A comparative assessment M. Asif, A. Davidson & T. Muneer 2002 School of Engineering, Napier University, Edinburgh
181 Life Cyle Assessment Data Copper Sheet European Copper Institute 2005 European Copper Institute
182 Life Cyle Assessment Data Copper Tube European Copper Institute 2005 European Copper Institute
183 Life Cyle Assessment Data Copper Wire European Copper Institute 2005 European Copper Institute
SVEFF (The
SVEFF (The Swedish Paint & Printing Ink Makers
184 Lifecycle assessment of paint, Summary of IVL Report B 1338-A Swedish Paint & Printing Ink Makers 1999
Association)
Association)
185 Lightweight high-performance concrete masonry-block mix design Babrak Amiri, Gary L Krause and Maher K Tadros 1994 ACI Materials Journal, September-October 1994
International Building Lime Symposium 2005, Orlando, Florida, March 9 -11,
186 Lime – A Sustainable “Green” Building Product Wayne Kenefick and Mike Tate 2005
2005
187 Lime Activity CO2 Emissions Factors EULA - European Lime Association 2003 EULA - European Lime Association
188 Limestone Quarrying and Processing: A Life-Cycle Inventory University of Tennessee 2008 University of Tennessee
189 LISA LCA software case study, Nurses Faculty - University of Australia LISA Software 2000 LISA Software, University of Newcastle, Australia
190 Livscykelanalys av färg (Life cycle assessment of Paint) Ulrik Axelsson, Anna Jarnhammar, Karl-Olof Widell, Per Je 1999 Institutet för Vatten- och Luftvårdsforskning (IVL) report B 1338-A
191 Loose-laid carpet tiles (PA6) - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2009 Declaration number: EPD-GUT-2009111-E
192 Loose-laid carpet tiles (PA6.6) - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2009 Declaration number: EPD-GUT-2009411-E
193 Low Density polyethylene film LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
194 Low Density polyethylene film LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
195 Low Density polyethylene LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
196 Low Density polyethylene LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Article in Press,

197 Materials, Operational Energy inputs and Net Energy Ratio for Photobiological Hydrogen Production Greg Burgess, Javier Fernandez-Velasco 2006
doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.10.055
198 Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate Khaldoun Rahal 2007 Building and Environment 42, 2007, Pg 407-415
199 Metal Resources and Energy P F Chapman, F Roberts 1983 Butterworth & Co Ltd 408108010
200 New Gross Energy Requirement Figures for Material Production E Worrell, R J J van Heijningen et al 1993 Energy Vol 19. No.6 pg 627-640, Pergamon, Elsevier Science Ltd.
201 New Zealand Building Materials Embodied Energy Coefficients Database: Volume II - Coefficients Andrew Alcorn, Peter Wood 1998 Centre for Building Performance Research, Victoria University of Wellington
202 New Zealand Embodied Energy Coefficients George Baird, Andrew Alcorn, Phil Haslam 1997 Centre for Building Performance Research, Victoria University of Wellington
203 Nylon 66 LCI Data Summary in Excel format, APME I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
204 Nylon 66 LCI Data Summary, APME I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
Somerset Trust for Sustainable development, Town Hall, Langport, Somerset,
205 Planning for sustainable development and construction Somerset Trust for Sustainable Development 2000
TA10 9GR
206 Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6) LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
207 Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6) LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
208 Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66) LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
209 Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66) LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
210 Polycarbonate LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
211 Polycarbonate LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
212 Polyolefin's I Boustead 2003 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
213 Polypropylene injection moulding LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
214 Polypropylene injection moulding LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
215 Polypropylene LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
216 Polypropylene LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
217 Polypropylene orientated film LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
218 Polypropylene orientated film LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
219 Polystyrene (Expandable)(EPS) LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2006 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
220 Polystyrene (Expandable)(EPS) LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2006 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
221 Polystyrene (General Purpose)(GPPS) LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2006 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
222 Polystyrene (General Purpose)(GPPS) LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2006 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
223 Polystyrene (High Impact) LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
224 Polystyrene (High Impact) LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
225 Polyurethane Flexible foam LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
226 Polyurethane Flexible foam LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
227 Polyurethane Rigid foam LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
228 Polyurethane Rigid foam LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
CSIRO Building, Construction and Engineering, Melbourne, Australia as
229 Product Comparisons Method G D Salomonsson & M D Ambrose 1996
appearing in Embodied Energy conference at Deakin Universiity 1996
230 PVC (emulsion polymerised) LCI Data Summary I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
231 PVC (emulsion polymerised) LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
232 PVC Calendered Sheet LCI Summary Data I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
233 PVC Calendered Sheet LCI Summary Data in Excel I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
234 PVC Injection Moulding LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
235 PVC Injection Moulding LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
236 PVC pipe LCI data summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
237 PVC pipe LCI data summary in Excel I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
238 PVC Unplasticised Film (UPVC Film) LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
239 PVC Unplasticised Film (UPVC Film) LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
240 Quality based energy contents and carbon coefficients for building materials: A System approach W P S Dias & S P Pooliyadda 2004 Energy 29, 2004, 561-580
241 Quantitative assessment of embodied environmental profile of building materials Gong, Zhiqi & Zhang, Zhihui 2004 Journal of Tsinghua university, Vol. 44, No.9
242 Quantities for ordering building materials Cement and concrete institute 2006 Cement and Concrete Institute
243 Quantity based Energy Contents and Carbon Coefficients for Building Materials: A Systems Approach W P S Dias & S P Pooliyadda 2001 Energy 29, 2004, pg 561-580
244 Quarry Products Association - Sustainable Development Report 2008 Quarry Products Association 2008 Quarry Products Association -
245 Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Masonry Mortar Paul Livesey 2007 The Journal of the Building Limes Forum, Volume 14, 2007
246 Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Cement and Lime Manufacturing Industries Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, European C 2007 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, European Commission
247 Reference Document on Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques in the Ceramic ManufacturiEuropean Comission 2007 European Comission
Joint collaboration of Australian Universities, Centre for Design at RMIT
248 Report for Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in New South W Tim Grant, Karli L. James, Sven Lundie, Kees Sonneveld 2001
University, Victoria University, University of New South Wales
249 Research on lifecycle fixed resources and exhausted carbon dioxide by buildings in Japan Noboru Urushizaki, Takeo Kamioka, Chiaki Kaneko & Sat 1994 Proceedings of the CIB conference on buildings and the environment.
250 RheinzinK, Titanium Zinc - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2005 Declaration number: AUB-RHE-11105-E
251 Rockwool environmental report: The wind of change Rockwool limited 1997 Rockwool Limited
252 RT Environmental declaration Cold rolled steel sheet and coils Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
253 RT Environmental declaration Colour coated steel sheets and coils Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
254 RT Environmental declaration Metal coated steel sheet and coils Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
255 RT Environmental declaration Ruukki’s structural hollow sections, steel pipe piles and steel sections Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
256 RT Environmental Declaration: External wall element system (Nordicon) Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
257 RT Environmental Declaration: Light-weight Sandwich Element System (Panel 3Lock) Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
258 RT Environmental Declaration: Rautaruukki Oyj, Hot-rolled frames and bridge structures Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
259 RT Environmental Declaration: Rautaruukki Oyj, Roofing sheets and façade claddings (paint coated) Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
260 RT Environmental Declaration: Rautaruukki Oyj, Roofing sheets, façade claddings, purlins, framings and co Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
261 RT-Environmental declaration Hot rolled steel plates, sheet and coils Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com 2007 Rautaruukki Oyj; www.ruukki.com
262 Sandstone Quarrying and Processing: A Life-Cycle Inventory University of Tennessee 2008 University of Tennessee
263 Sikament 160 Technical data Sheet Sika Limited 2005 Sika Limited
264 Sikkens Cetol BL 21 cradle to gate data Imperial College Life Cycle Assessment Group 2003 Akzo Nobel Specialist Coatings
265 Sikkens Cetol BL 31 cradle to gate data Imperial College Life Cycle Assessment Group 2003 Akzo Nobel Specialist Coatings
266 Sikkens Cetol BL opaque cradle to gate data Imperial College Life Cycle Assessment Group 2003 Akzo Nobel Specialist Coatings
267 Sikkens Cetol BL Primer cradle to gate data Imperial College Life Cycle Assessment Group 2003 Akzo Nobel Specialist Coatings
268 Sikkens Cetol WF 955 cradle to gate date Imperial College Life Cycle Assessment Group 2003 Akzo Nobel Specialist Coatings
269 Sikkens Cetol WP 560 cradle to gate data Imperial College Life Cycle Assessment Group 2003 Akzo Nobel Specialist Coatings
270 Sikkens Rubbol WF 380 cradle to gate data Imperial College Life Cycle Assessment Group 2003 Akzo Nobel Specialist Coatings
271 Solarwall, Colorcoat assessed cladding system - Environmental Product Declaration Corus 2002 CA Building Products
272 Suspension polymerised PVC LCI Data Summary I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
273 Suspension polymerised PVC LCI Data Summary in Excel I Boustead 1999 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
274 Sustainability analysis of window frames M Asif, T Muneer & J Kubie 2005 Napier university
275 Sustainable homes: Embodied energy in residential property development, A guide for registered social landSustainable homes 1999 Sustainable homes, http://www.sustainablehomes.co.uk
276 Tecu, Copper Strips and Copper Alloys - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2007 Declaration number: AUB-KME-30807-E
277 Textile floor covering (PA 6) - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2009 Declaration number: EPD-GUT-2009211-E
278 Textile floor covering (PA 6), backing of textile fabrics - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2009 Declaration number: EPD-GUT-2009511-E
279 Textile floor covering (PA 6.6) - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2009 Declaration number: EPD-GUT-2009311-E
280 Textile mass balances and product life cycles; Ref S5471 British Textile Technology Group 1999 British Textile Technology Group
281 The Energy Embodied in Building Materials - updated New Zealand coefficients and their significance George Baird, Andrew Alcorn, Phil Haslam 1997 Centre for Building Performance Research, Victoria University of Wellington
282 The environmental impacts of the production of hemp and flax textile yarn Hayo M.G. van der Werf, Lea Turunen 2008 industrial crops and products 2 7 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 1–10
283 The European Steel Industry and Climate Change EUROFER, European Confederation of Iron and Steel Indu 2000 EUROFER, European Confederation of Iron and Steel Industries
284 The Finnish metals industry and the environment Jyri Seppala, Sirkka Koskela, Matti Melanen, Matti Palperi 2002 Resources conservation and recycling (Journal), Elsevier
285 The Future of the European Aluminium Industry: A MARKAL Energy and Material Flow Analysis D J Gielen 1998 ECN-Policy Studies
286 The Life Cycle of copper, its co-products and by-products Robert U Ayres, Leslie W Ayres and ingrid Rade 2002 International institute for Environment and Development
287 The Lifecycle assessment of Italian clay brick products Mariachiara Torricelli 2005 Unknown
288 The measure of our sustainability, Report of the world steel industry 2004 International Iron and Steel Institute 2003 IISI, International Iron and Steel Institute
289 Thermoformed, Expanded Polystyrene LCI Data Summary I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
290 Thermoformed, Expanded Polystyrene LCI Data Summary in Excel format I Boustead 2005 APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
291 Timber as a building material - An environmental comparison against synthetic building materials Phil Townsend and Chris Wagner 2002 National Association of Forest Industries Ltd
292 Tonality, ceramic cladding elements - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2009 Declaration number: EPD-CRE-2009111-E
293 Towards the holistic assessment of building performance based on an integrated systems approach Stephane Citherlet 2001 Swiss federal institute of technology
294 Uncoated wood-free fine paper - Environmental Product Declaration Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings Ltd. 2008
295 What LCA can tell us about the cement industry Steven B. Young, Shannon Turnbul & Andrea Russell 2002 Five winds international; World business council for sustainable development
296 Window and advanced glazing systems life cycle assessment Stephane Citerlet, Francesca Di Gulielmo & Jean-Bernard 2000 Energy & Buildings 32 pg 225-234
297 Wood based building materials and atmospheric carbon emissions Andrew H. Buchanan & S. Bry Levine 1999 Environmental Science & Policy 2 (1999) 427±437
298 World steel life cycle inventory - IISI methodology report IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute 2000 IISI - International Iron & Steel Institute
299 Ytong, Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) - Environmental Product Declaration Institut Bauen und Umwelt -German Institute of Construct 2005 Declaration number: AUB-XEL-11005-E
300 Cradle-to-Gate Carbon Footprint Analysis for Concrete Pipeline, Manhole Ring and Cover Slab Concrete Pipeline Systems Association 2010 Concrete Pipeline Systems Association

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Authors: Dr Craig Jones*

*corresponding author. Contact details: http://www.circulareco

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was funded by (appearing

t funded under the Carbon Vision Buildings program by the

- The disclaimer below shall be adhered to

CE) database, which must be abided by:

es without the written permission of the authors. Instead

ects and within carbon tools - so long as full reference to

ublished, modified or in any way exploited, in whole or in

mation contained in the Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE),

sentation or warranty as to accuracy, currency,

esentation nor give any warranty as to the ownership of

Attention is drawn to these areas of the ICE database:

Terms of use See terms of use worksheet.

Glossary of terms A glossary of terms.

Method Notes on the method and boundaries.

Update Notes Notes on the key changes in this version of the IC

This summaries all of the data in the ICE databa

A material profile is presented for each of the ma

For the references in this version of ICE, see the

Calculator for cement,

Calculator for steel, to modifySee

Data quality scores See the material profiles

he method and boundaries.

he key changes in this version of the ICE database.

ality matrix is applied to judge data quality.

profile is presented for each of the main materials, such as cement,

erences in this version of ICE, see the material profiles, there is a

ate excel file, distributed with the ICE database.

aterial profile for steel.

Find below a glossary of terms.

The sub-division of input and output flows between o

Derived from living organisms, but not from fossil orig

A set of criteria that defines which processes are incl

Material that is a sub-derivative of the processing op

The energy content of a fuel (as may be released thr

Capital carbon is a term that is mainly used for intras

Energy required to manufacture capital inputs (e.g. a

Carbon storage See carbon sequestration.

Carbon sequestration The extraction of carbon from the atmosphere, for ex

Material or product that is produced alongside the inv

Cradle The cradle is defined as being the earth, i.e. material

Encompasses all input and output flows (as applicab

Cradle to gate + end

Cradle to gate plus delivery to the site of use (installa

Cradle to Cradle to gate plus delivery to the site of use (installa

Energy that is delivered to a consumer, e.g. a barrel

Embodied carbon is the sum of fuel related carbon e

Is defined here as the total primary energy consumed

Feedstock energy is derived from fuel inputs that hav

Fuel related carbon

A reference unit of study normally used for comparat

The release of GHGs into the atmosphere gives rise

See Calorific Value (CV). An alternative name for GC