Cris Angelo Vispo 14 January 2011

FRM 61 T-2L

EXERCISE NO. 3
Log Rules
Objectives
 To learn how to use various log rules in the prediction of lumber yield of logs
 To compare their relative efficiency

Calculations
Below are the 15 randomly selected scaling dimensions and actual lumber yield of some
selected logs.

Table 1. 15 Randomly Selected Measurements

Log Number Diameter (inches) Length (feet) Mill Tally (bf)
17 23 8 152
27 25 8 187
37 34 8 394
38 21 8 133
47 19 8 116
58 27 8 222
7 29 12 433
8 118 12 151
9 26 12 305
28 34 12 601
48 23 12 244
18 26 16 431
29 33 16 767
19 40 20 1444
57 28 20 685

Based on these values, volumes were estimated using different formulas – Bruce and
Schumacher Approximation, Grosenbaugh’s Formula, Doyle Log Rule, ¼“ International Log Rule (ILR)
and ⅛” ILR. Also, the percent overrun/underrun was also computed.
 Table 2. Different Log Volume Values Using Different Formulas
Bruce & Schumacher Grosenbaugh Doyle ¼” ILR ⅛” ILR
183.96 187.85 180.50 185.40 204.86
219.88 224.15 220.50 221.45 244.70
420.62 427.10 450.00 423.12 467.54
151.20 154.75 144.50 152.53 168.54
121.60 124.85 112.50 122.84 135.74
258.96 263.65 264.50 260.69 288.06
451.79 459.53 468.75 463.03 511.64
8069.97 8169.15 9747.00 8159.11 9015.59
358.53 365.25 363.00 368.47 407.15
630.93 640.65 675.00 644.53 712.19
275.93 281.78 270.75 284.66 314.54
478.04 487.00 484.00 501.37 554.00
790.31 802.70 841.00 820.65 906.80
1475.00 1496.00 1620.00 1542.21 1704.10
699.20 711.50 720.00 744.54 822.70

Table 3. Percent Overrun/Underrun of Each Log and Volume Formula

Bruce &
Mill Tally (bf) Schumacher
Grosenbaugh Doyle ¼” ILR ⅛” ILR
152 -17.37 -19.08 -15.79 -18.01 -25.80
187 -14.95 -16.57 -15.19 -15.56 -23.58
394 -6.33 -7.75 -12.44 -6.88 -15.73
133 -12.03 -14.05 -7.96 -12.80 -21.09
116 -4.60 -7.09 3.11 -5.57 -14.54
222 -14.27 -15.80 -16.07 -14.84 -22.93
433 -4.16 -5.77 -7.63 -6.49 -15.37
151 -98.13 -98.15 -98.45 -98.15 -98.33
305 -14.93 -16.50 -15.98 -17.23 -25.09
601 -4.74 -6.19 -10.96 -6.75 -15.61
244 -11.57 -13.41 -9.88 -14.28 -22.43
431 -9.84 -11.50 -10.95 -14.04 -22.20
767 -2.95 -4.45 -8.80 -6.54 -15.42
1444 -2.10 -3.48 -10.86 -6.37 -15.26
685 -2.03 -3.72 -4.86 -8.00 -16.74

Next, a graph is constructed using the percent overrun/underrun as ordinate and diameter
as abscissa. The percentages, as we can see, are of negative values, meaning they are percent
underrun.
 Percent Overrun/Underrun of Different Log Volumes
20.00

0.00
Percent Overrun/Underrun

23 25 34 21 19 27 29 118 26 34 23 26 33 40 28
-20.00 Bruce & Schumacher
Grosenbaugh
-40.00
Doyle
-60.00 ¼” ILR
⅛” ILR
-80.00

-100.00

-120.00
Diameter

Figure 1. Percent Overrun/Underrun of Different Log Volumes

Questions
1. What observations can you make on the performance of each log rule used?
International Log Rule is supposedly the one that will give the most accurate log volume. But
as what can be seen in the results, the other log rules give more accurate answers.

2. What conclusions can be drawn from the analyses made?

Different log rules give different estimates on the different volume yields. Log rule to be
used should be based on the assumptions and data (legth, diameter, thickness, width, etc.)
available.
Mathematical Calculation of Log Defects

1. Given: Length of Log = 10 m Butt Rot: Diameter = 80 cm = .80 cm

Small-end Diameter = 85 cm = .85 m Length = 2.5 m
Large-end Diameter = 95 cm = .95 m
Cat Face: Depth = 15 cm = .15 m
Total Vd = ? ; Vs = ?; % S = ? Length = 3 m
Width = ⅓

Figure 2. The Log with Defects

D+ d 2 .95+.85 2
V g=0.7854 ( 2 ) L=0.7854
2( )
10=6.36174 m3

Butt Rot V d =(Cross Sectional Area of Defect) ( Lof Defect )( ⅘ )

2 3
¿ ( .80 ) ( 2.5 )( ⅘ )=1.28 m

V il =0.7854 ( Diameter of Inner log 2 ) ( L )=0.7854 ( .92 ) ( 10 )=2.82744 m 3

V os =V g−V il =6.36174−2.82744=6.36174 m3
( V os ) ( Length of Defect )
Cat Face V d =
( Length of log )( Width of Defect )
( 3.5343 )( 3 )
¿ =0.35343 m 3
( 10 ) ( ⅓ )

Total V d=Butt Rot V d + Cat Face V d =1.28 m 3+ 0.35343 m3 =1.63343 m3

V s =V g −Total V d =6.36174 m 3−1.63343 m 3=4.72831m 3

Vs 1.63343 m 3
% S= x 100= x 100=74.324 %
Vg 6.36174 m 3
2. Given: Small-end Diameter = 93 cm = .93 m Total Vd = ? ; Vs = ?; % S = ?
Large-end Diameter = 112 cm = 1.12 m

Center Rot: Diameter = 40 cm = .40 m

Cat Face: Depth = .05 m
Length = 4.5 m
Width = ½

Figure 3. The Log with Defects

D+ d 2 .93+1.12 2
V g=0.7854 ( 2 ) L=0.7854 (2 )
10=8.05035 m 3

Center Rot V d =(Cross Sectional Area of Defect)(Length of log )

¿ ( .40 )2 (10 )=1.6 m 3

V il =0.7854 ( Diameter of Inner log 2 ) ( L )=0.7854 ( .9252 ) ( 10 )=6.72007875 m3

V os =V g−V il =8.05035−6.72007875=1.33027125 m 3
( V os ) ( Length of Defect )
Cat Face V d =
( Length of log )( Width of Defect )
(1.33027125 )( 4.5 )
¿ =0.299311031 m3
1
()
(10 )
2

Total V d=Center Rot V d +Cat Face V d =1.6 m 3+ 0.299311031 m3 =1.899311031 m3

V s =V g −Total V d =8.05035 m 3−1.899311031 m 3=6.151038969 m3

Vs 6.151038969 m3
% S= x 100= x 100=76.407 %
Vg 8.05035 m3
3. Given: Length of Log = 8 m Total Vd = ? ; Vs = ?; % S = ?
Small-end Diameter = 50 cm = .50 m

Crook: 2.5 cm = .025 m

Figure 3. The Log with Crook Defect

V g=0.7854 ( d )2 L=0.7854 ( .5 )2 10=1.5708 m 3

Length of Defect 0.025

Crook V d = x V g= x 1.5708=4.90875 x 10−3=.00490875 m3
Length of log 8

V s =V g −Crook V d =1.5708−.00490875=1.56589125 m 3

Vs 1.56589125
% S= x 100= x 100=99.6875 %
Vg 1.5708
4. Different Log Defects

Table 4. Different Log Defects

Center Rot Butt Rot

Sap Rot Cat Face

Shake Heart Check

Lightning Defect Crook

Wind Check Crotch