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Lymphatic Fluid
Lymph
Plasmalike liquid formed when certain blood components move out
of blood vessels into the extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate
into the lymphatic capillaries
Composition parallels that of plasma, but w/o red blood cells
Fundamental Characteristics of Plasma
Hundreds of different chemicals Lymphatic Vessels
Main component is water (92%) Along the lines of blood vessels
Proteins such as albumin and globulins, immunochemicals, fibrinogen Similar to thin-walled veins
and other clotting factors, hormones, nutrients, dissolved gases, and High numbers in hands, feet, and around the areola of the breast
waste products Flow of lymph is in one direction only- from extremities toward the
heart
A Survey of Blood Cells Lymph is moved through the contraction of skeletal muscles through
which the lymphatic ducts wend their way
Hematopoesis : production of blood cells
Relatively short life Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
Primary precursor of new blood cells: pluripotential stem cells in the Lymph nodes
marrow Thymus
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Spleen
White blood cells (leukocytes) Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
Platelets (thrombocytes) Tonsils
Differentiation Loose connective tissue framework that houses aggregations of
lymphocytes
Leukocytes
Granulocytes Lymph Nodes
- Neutrophils > Phagocytosis Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs
- Eosinophils > Attack & destroy large eukaryotic pathogens; Usually found in clusters along lymphatic channels and large blood
Also involved in inflammation & allergic reactions vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- Basophils > Parallel eosinophils in many actions Major aggregations: axillary nodes, inguinal nodes, cervical nodes
Agranulocytes
- Monocytes Spleen
Discharged by bone marrow into bloodstream,
Similar to a lymph node except it filters blood instead of lymph
live as phagocytes for a few days, then
differentiate into macrophages Filters pathogens from the blood
Responsible for
many specific & nonspecific The Thymus: Site of T-Cell Maturation
phagocytic & killing functions Thymus originates in the embryo
Processing foreign molecules & High rates of activity and growth until puberty
presenting them to lymphocytes Shrinks gradually through adulthood
Secreting biologically active Thymic hormones help thymocytes develop specificity to be released
compounds that assist, mediate,
as mature T cells
attract, & inhibit immune cells &
reactions
Dendritic cells
Miscellaneous Lymphoid Tissue May be clear (serous) or may contain red blood cells or pus
Bundles of lymphocytes lie at many sites on or just beneath the Diapedesis: how WBCs leave the blood vessels and into tissue spaces
mucosa of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts Chemotaxis: the tendency of WBCs to migrate in response to a
Tonsils specific chemical stimulus
Breasts of pregnant and lactating women Benefits:
GALT in the intestinal tract - Dilutes toxic substances
- Appendix - Fibrin clot can trap microbes and prevent further
- Lacteals spreading
- Peyer’s patches - Phagocytosis occurs immediately
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) Late Reactions of Inflammation
Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) Long-lived inflammation attracts a collection of monocytes,
lymphocytes, and macrophages to the reaction site
The Second Line of Defense Macrophages clear pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils, and
Inflammation damaged tissue
Phagocytosis B lymphocytes produce antibodies
Interferon T lymphocytes kill intruders directly
Complement Late in the process the tissue is repaired or replaced by connective
tissue (scar)
The Inflammatory Response: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury Fever: An Adjunct to Inflammation
Reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues An abnormally elevated body temperature
Classic signs and symptoms FUO: fevers of unknown origin
- Rubor (redness) Initiation of fever
- Calor (warmth) - Pyrogen sets the hypothalamic “thermostat” to a higher
- Tumor (swelling) setting
- Dolor (pain) Muscles increase heat production
Fifth symptom has been added: loss of function Peripheral arterioles decrease heat loss
through vasoconstriction
Chief Functions of Inflammation - Pyrogens can be exogenous or endogenous
Mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury Benefits:
Set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and - Inhibits
clear away harmful substances multiplication of
Destroy microbes and block their further invasion temperature-
sensitive
Stages of Inflammation microorganisms
- Impedes the
nutrition of
bacteria by
reducing the
availability of iron
- Increases
metabolism and
stimulates
immune
reactions and
naturally
protective
physiological
processes
Phagocytosis: Cornerstone of
Inflammation and Specific Immunity
General activities of phagocytes
- Survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes,
particulate matter, and injured or dead cells
- Ingest and eliminate these materials
- Extract immunogenic information (antigens) from foreign
matter
Three main types
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
Complement Cascade
Initiation
Amplification and cascade
Polymerization
Membrane attack