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Introduction
Sponges are regarded as most primitive metazoans with lower grade of body organizations. Body
of sponges is made of cells, no tissues or organs found in their body. They are sedentary animals
and look like plants. They can be differentiated from the protozoans in having cells and skeleton
in the forms of spicules.
The described scheme of classification of the phylum Porifera follows scheme by Parker and
Haswell (1964) and edited by Marshall and Williams (1974).
Definition of Porifera
A group of metazoan animal whose bodies are without any symmetry or radially symmetrical,
without mouth and nervous system and whose bodies are provided with many pores, canals and
chonaocyte cells, are recognized as Porifera or sponges.
Body skeleton, i.e., spicules and sponging fibres are the basis of the classification of Porifera.
General Characters
1. All sponges are aquatic, marine or freshwater; remain attached to some submerged
substratum.
2. Body flower-vase like or tubular, with radial symmetry or without any symmetry.
3. Multicullular body is provided with many pores or Ostia.
4. The space in between ectoderm and endoderm is filled with mesenchyme, i.e., the animal
is diploblastic.
5. Body is having canal system.
6. Flagellated cells or choanocytes line the radial canal.
7. Internal skeleton is made up of spongin fibre, siliceous or calcareous spicules.
8. Reproduction sexual or asexual, asexual reproduction takes place by the formation of
gemmules.
Scheme of classification
Phylum – Porifera
Class Subclass
(ii) Calcinea
(ii) Ceractinomorpha
Class I- Calcarea
Characters:-
Characters:-
Characters:-
Characters:-
Characters:-
Example: Euplectella
Characters:-
Example: Hyalonema
Characters:-
Class Demospongia has been divided into two Sub Classes as:
Characters:-
Hyman (1940) presented the classification of Coelenterata. Recently the name Cnidaria in place
of Coelenterata is used because Ctenophora has been separated from it and given the status of a
Phylum.
Definition
A group of diploblastic animals with radial symmetry, without organ system and anus and
having single tubular gastrovascular cavity and with tentacles and nematocysts is recognized as
Cnidaria.
1. Cnidarians are multicellular animals and first metazoan with tissue grade of construction.
2. Most of the Cnidarians are marine, though some are fresh water forms.
3. Body radially symmetrically, some are biradial.
4. A single coelenteron or gastrovascular cavity is present which opens through mouth, anus
is absent.
5. Small and narrow tentacles surround the mouth in circlet. Tentacles are used to procure
food and for defence.
6. Body is covered by epidermis, gastrovascular cavity is lined by endodermis and in
between the two there is a layer of non cellular matrix known as mesoglea.
7. Body diploblastic and so coelom is present.
8. The colonies show polymorphism with polyp and medusa as basic Zooids. Polyp
represent asexual form and medusa represents sexual zooid.
9. A special type stinging cells known as nematocysts are present. These cells help in
defence and food capture.
10. Ciliated planula larva is found.
11. In the life cycle alternation of generation and metagenesis are found.
Class I: Hydrozoa
Class I- Hydrozoa
Characters:-
1. Fresh water members of this class live singly, but the marine forms live singly or form
polymorphic colony.
2. Though only polyp or medusa is fund but sometimes both polyp or medusa may be fond
in the same animal.
3. Gastrovascular cavity is directly connected with mouth.
4. Alternation of generation is found in the life cycle.
5. Ciliated planula larva is found.
6. No stomodeum, velum present in medusa.
7. Radial canals in medusa are not branched.
8. Gametes develop from ectoderm.
Characters:-
Characters:-
Characters :-
Definition: A group of flat or ribbon like animals having bilateral symmetry, without any
segmentation, coelom, blood vascular system and anus and whose internal organs are surrounded
by parenchyma tissues, are known as platyhelminthes.
Classification: The classification system described here follows the system which as appeared in
Invertebrate Zoology Vol. I, by Parker and Haswell and edited by Marshall and Willim (1974).
ii) Unsegmented body, laceolet or ribbon like, body covered with cilia or cuticle.
iv) With the sucker and hooks they remain anchored to some organs.
v) Coelom absent but the interior of the body is filled up with parenchyma derived
from mesenchyme.
Ø Class I- Turbellaria
Ø Class V- Cestoda
Ø Class I- Turbellaria
Characters:
i) Most members are free-living, some are symbiotic, some are commensals, some are parsites.
iv) Ectodermal cilia mucous and rhabdite may be present. Mucous glands may be found in
mesenchyme.
Subclass 1. Archopora
Characters:
Example- Convulata
Subclass 2. Neophora
Characters:
ii. To complete the life cycle two hosts are required, all are endoparasites.
iii. Two suckers, one near the mouth and other posterior to it.
Characters:
Characters:
iv. Mouth may be surrounded by sucker, sucker may be absent in many cases, posteroventral
sucker present.
v. A pair of anterolateral excretory pore present.
vi. Free living and free swimming larvae possess 10-16 lateral hooks, life cycle simple.
Class V- Cestoda :
Characters:
i. Elongated, flat, ribbon-like segmented body consisting of many segments, each segment is
known as proglottid.
Characters:
Example- Amphilina
Characters:
i. Ribbon like body with many proglottids.
Definition: The animal group who are triploblastic, coelomate and whose bodies are
metamerically segmented and whose bodies are covered with soft cuticle is known as annelida.
The scheme of classification of the phylum annelida described here follows the same as appeared
in the “Invertebrate Zoology”, Vol. I, written by Parker and Haswell and edited by Marshall and
William (1974).
Ø Class-I : Polychaeta
Ø Class-II: Oligochaeta
Ø Class-III: Hirudinea
Characters:
1. Most of them are marine, 5-10 cm. in length and variously coloured.
2. External segmentation and internal septum distinct.
3. Each segment bears a lateral fleshy outgrowth help in swimming. These appendages are
known as parapodia and parapodium bears many setae.
4. Body is with a distinct head, head with eyes, pulp and tentacles.
5. Clitellum is absent.
6. Generally unisexual, fertilization external.
7. Development through trochophore larva.
Characters:
1. Body is divided into many segments, except head and anal segment. All segments are
equal.
2. Parapodium is with an endoskeleton known as aciculum.
3. Presence of mandible with teeth.
4. Most of them are free swimmers, some may live in the tube.
Characters:
Class-II: Oligochaeta
Characters:
1. Either freshwater or terrestrial forms.
2. Head indistinct and without head appendages.
3. Parapodia and bristles absent and setae remain embedded in the skin.
4. Clitellum present.
5. Sexes united, gonads few, permanent, development direct
Class-III : Hirudinea
Characters:
1. Mostly aquatic forms, either fresh water or marine, but a few may be terrestrial.
2. Body dorsoventrally flattened, divides into definite number of segments which may be
divided externally into segments.
3. Head distinct, without head appendages, may bear eyes.
4. Parapodia, Setae, tentacles absent.
5. Usually with two sucker, posterior one large and used for adhesion anterior one suctorial.
6. Coelom filled with vacuolated parenchyma and botryoidal tissue.
7. Blood vascular system haemocoelomic type.
8. Fertilization internal, development direct, and are hermaphrodite.
Class-IV : Archiannelida
Characters: